36. PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAMPLES FROM DSDP LEG 42A

36. PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAMPLES FROM DSDP LEG 42A

Daria Bertolani Marchetti and Carla Accorsi, Instituto ed Orto Botanico, Università di Bologna,40126 Bologna, Italy

ABSTRACT

This contribution analyzes the results of two palynologicalstudies conducted on samples of Neogene sediments recovered byLeg 42A. The first was aimed at deducing climatic changes duringthe Neogene and found evidence of mild warm climates in theupper Tortonian of Site 375 and of cooler climates in the earliestPliocene of Site 374. The second reports the results of detailedstudies on individual sapropel layers recovered at Site 374 andrelates the occurrence of such layers in the Pleistocene to phases ofclimate amelioration.

PRE-MESSINIAN POST MESSINIANSAMPLES-SITES 374 AND 375

(D. Bertolani Marchetti)

Introduction

Palynological investigations were carried out onMessinian and pre-Messinian sediments recorded onDSDP Leg 42A (Figure 1). More meaningful resultswere obtained previously in the continuously cored Site132 of Leg 13 in the Tyrrhenian Basin (BertolaniMarchetti and Cita, 1975). Unfortunately many sam-ples recovered on Leg 42A were sterile and most levelscontained insufficient pollen and spores to draw up apollen spectrum. Consequently, this investigation ispreliminary and represents only a minor contributionto our knowledge of the climatic-vegetational featuresof the Messinian and pre-Messinian environments.

MethodsThe samples were prepared using standard proce-

dures: thus they were treated with hydrofluoric acid atroom temperature for 24 to 48 hours, then boiled in10% NaOH for 10 minutes, this being repeated afterwashing in hot distilled water. Finally the sampleswere washed with a solution of water and glycerine.The resulting pollen material was stored in water/glycerine mixture. Analysis was carried out using alight microscope to compare samples with those re-ported in current literature (see Bibliography), andwith acetolyzed recent samples in the collection in theIstituto Botanico of the University of Bologna.

Results.A list of samples treated for this study appears as

Table 1. Palynological analysis was worthwhile only onthose polliniferous samples from Sites 374 and 375(Table 2). Consequently the results reported here areapplicable to the eastern Mediterranean only. Further-more, of the eight samples analyzed, only three con-tained sufficient material to allow percentage calcula-

tions. For the remaining five only listings of taxaobserved were possible, ( + ) or (+ +) depending onabundance. Substantially corroded grains, Hystrichos-phaeridia and spores of Bryophyta, were not includedin the percentage calculations.

Fern remains are considered with the non-arboreousplants (NAP). Pinus pollen (arboreous plants: AP)that were found, were mainly of the species Pinushaploxylon and Pinus diploxylon. Where classificationto one of these was impossible, the pollen was assignedto a "Pinus sp. pi." group.

For details of the climatic inferences drawn from thevarious taxa the reader is referred to Bertolani Mar-chetti and Cita (1975, p. 286).

Climatic Interpretations

Samples from Site 374, Cores 12 and 22 providedno useful indications of climate during the Messinian.The sample from the side wall Core 25 which isassigned to the early Pliocene has a significant pollencontent (Plates 1, 2). Species of pine are dominant(about 45%) and are associated with other mountainconiferous pollen, Picea, Cedrus, and Podocarpus, etc.Moderately thermophylous elements are scarce. Non-arboreous plant assemblages occur which are charac-teristic of moderately warm marsh environments, e.g.,Brasenia, while the abundance of Chenopotaceae sug-gests beach environments were a probable source.

The data suggest a lowering of the boundary of theconiferous belt to near sea level in response to acooling in climate. Marshes, perhaps as swamp land orsalt marsh, were present on the coastal plain. Thepresence of nearby forests is supported by the occur-rence of moss spores of Polytrichum type. A marineenvironment is indicated by a considerable percentageof Hystrichosphaeridae in vegetative form (about 18%).

Tortonian floras were analyzed at Site 375 (Plate 2).Only the oldest Sample 5-5, 135-137 cm, contained arich assemblage which includes pollen from mountainconifers together with mediscratic forest elements, fern

789

D. B. MARCHETTI, C. ACCORSI

10 20° 30° 40°

•30° N

Figure 1. Leg42A drillsites in the Mediterranean Sea together with those of Leg 13.

TABLE 1List of Samples Processed

Site andLocation

Sample(Interval in cm) Age

ResultingMaterial

371South BalearicBasin

372BalearicBasin

374IonianBasin

375Ionian BasinFlorence Rise

8-2,132-1354-2, 42-444-2, 835-1,1359-1, 83-84

9-2, 0-29-2, 12-139-2, 419-2,134-135

25-side wall (at 375m)subbottom)12-1, 111-11312-2,64-6619-1,53-5622-1, 22

4-3, 30-344-4, 53-54

4-4, 55-57

5-5, 135-137

MessinianUpper PlioceneMessinianMessinian

Serravalianor

Lower Tortonian

Early Pliocene

MessinianMessinianMessinianMessinianUpper TortonianUpper Tortonian

Upper Tortonian

Upper Tortonian

SterileSterileSterileSterile

Sterile

Almost sterile

Polliniferous

Almost sterilePolliniferousSterilePolliniferousPolliniferousScarcelypolliniferousScarcelypolliniferousPolliniferous

spores and non-arboreous types such as Chernopodi-aceae, Liliiflorae, Graminaceae and Cyperaceae. Dur-ing this part of the Tortonian a moderately thermophy-lous forest belt was probably present between a moun-tain coniferous belt and a coastal plain of open grass-land. The climate would have been moderately warm.

The uppermost Tortonian Sample 375-4-3, 30-34cm, is dominated by coniferous pollen (up to 68%)including Pinus and Cedrus. Only a few questionablemediscratic elements are present. Hystrichosphaeridia,often in vegetative form, are abundant, equaling thetotal pollen and spore count. These confirm that depo-sition was in a marine environment. The climate of the

latest Tortonian is interpreted as having become decid-edly cooler, since thermophylous elements are rare orabsent.

ConclusionsThe results of these, admittedly few, analyses sug-

gest that the climate of the eastern Mediterraneanduring the Tortonian was moderately warm and thatnear the end of that stage it became cooler andthermophylous elements almost entirely disappear.Even cooler climatic conditions are indicated for theearliest Pliocene immediately after the Messinianevent. During the Messinian period itself the climatewas probably cool oscillations (Marchetti, 1961, 1966,1972).

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE SAPROPELITICSAMPLES, SITE 374 (C. A. ACCORSI)

IntroductionThe results of an investigation of three horizons

from Site 374 are reported here. They include twosapropels: one from Sample 374-5-2, 48-5lcm contain-ing 8.99% organic carbon (Kidd et al., this volume),the other from Sample 374-4, CC (2.03% org. C),which was received along with its associated host marlsand was split into four subsamples as in Figure 2 andTable 3. The other sample was of a sapropelic layercontaining 1.93% organic carbon, almost sufficient toalso qualify as a sapropel. Ages range from early Plio-cene to Pleistocene.

MethodsFor each sample 1 gram of sediment was treated

successively with HC1 (30%) for 30 minutes, cold HF(50%) for 24 hours, and HC1 (30%) for 30 minutes,

790

PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAMPLES

TABLE 2Frequency of Occurrence of Pollen and Spores of Polliniferous Levels in Pre-Messinian

and Messinian Samples of Sites 374 and 375

Sample (Interval in cm)374-22-1,

22374-12-2,

64-66374-12-1,111-113

374-25(Side Wall)

375-5-5, 37544,135-137 55-57

37544,53-54

3754-3,30-34

Messinian Early Pliocene Tortonian

AP (Arboreous Plants)

Pinus sp. ρl.Pinus haploxylonPinus diploxy IonAbiescf. KeteleeriaPiceaCedrusLarixPodocarposCryptomeriacf. CephalotaxusTaxusTaxodiaceae Seq./Tax. typusAlnusQuercusZelkovaEucommiaCaryaEngelhardtiacf. MagnoliaMyricaMoraceaeCornusRhusMeliaceaeHamamelidaceaeAmpelidaceae

NAP (Non-arboreous Plants)

GraminaceaeCyperaceaeBraseniaChenopodiaceaeCompositaecf. ThalictrumLiliifloraeNAP variaFilicalesLycopodium

BryophytaHystrichosphaeridiaCorroded grains

Mediocratic taxaAP/NAP (approximate ratio)

24.212.2

6.23.0

1.57.1

21.4

1.5

23.819.5

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.22.2

2.24.32.2

2.2

3.01.54.56.21.5__6.2-

3.018.4

6.077/23

2.22.2_2.3—6.52.22.28.7

4.34.3

15.372/28

25.07.1

14.3

21.4

7.1

3.6

3.63.6

3.6

10.7

99.97.1

10.779/21

each stage interspersed with washing. These werefollowed by two 7-minute periods of boiling in NaOH(10%) and then by immersion in HNO3 (65%) for 3minutes. If the sample was from the sapropel orsapropelic layer itself, additional treatment using anErdtman's acetolysis was employed. The last stages ofpreparation for each sample were washings succes-sively in distilled water, boiling water, and a solutionof glycerine and distilled water. The resulting materialwas introduced into a solution of distilled water andglycerine and made up to a 5-cc volume.

For the calculation of absolute pollen frequency(APF), which expresses the number of pollen plusPteridophyta spores in 1 gram of sediment, a modifica-

tion of the method of Accorsi and Rodolfi (1975) wasemployed. This involved pipeting off a 0.02-cc dropfrom each 5-cc volume solution of distilled water andglycerine mixed with the treated sample material. Thenumber of grains detected in each whole drop permit-ted the calculation of APF using the formula:

APF= n g < V p

Wp Vd

where ng =total number of grains in the drop;Vp =preparation volume;WP =preparation initial weight;Vd =volume of drop.

791


1cm

Figure 2. Levels sampled in Sample 374-4, CC.(L = olive-gray marl; S = whitish marl; M - darkbrown sapropel; U = olive-gray marl).

TABLE 3Samples of Pliocene and Pleistocene Sapropelitic Sediments and

Associated Marls Investigated From Site 374

Core SectionMeters

Subbottom Lithology Age

444459

CC (Level Upper)CC (Level Middle)CC (Level Sterile)CC (Level Lower)2, 48-5 lcm2, 0-7cm

1-250

1-300-360

Olive-gray marlDark brown sapropelWhitish marlOlive-gray marlBlack sapropel layerBlack sapropelic layer

Pleistocene

1Late PlioceneEarly Pliocene

Results

All samples were polliniferous (Table 3) except thewhitish marl, Level S, of Sample 4, CC (Figure 2). Thefive other samples were sufficiently rich in pollen andspore material (total grain counts range from 351 to2093) to allow the calculation of percentage frequen-cies as in Table 4.

An examination of the taxa recorded during thelight microscopic analysis allows the identification of anumber of groups which have environmental signifi-cance:

1) Conifers and other associated types typical of amountain forest belt: Pinus, Abies, Truga, Cedrus, etc.Additionally some species of Pinus may have beenderived from lowerlying vegetational belts (e.g., Pinustype halepensis and Pinus type brutia).

2) More or less thermophylous hardwoods such asQuercus, Ulmus, Zelkova, Carya, and Pterocarya.

3) Typical elements of steppe (Artemisia) andMediterranean macchia or gariga environments such asthe arboreous plants (AP) Pistacia, Phyllirea, andBuxus and the non-arboreous plants (NAP) Umbellif-erae and Labiatae. Also within this group is thexerophytic taxon Ephedra.

4) Characteristic elements of salt grassland vege-tation, from areas at times flooded by the sea, such asChenopodiaceae, Graminaceae, Compositae pro parte,and Statice.

5) Hydrophytes: including a group of plants thatgrow in slow running or almost stagnant water, such asPotamogeton, Hydrocharis, Ceratophyllum, Alisma proparte, Sagittaria, Lemna, Nymphaea, and Nuphar,together with a group that is characteristic of theshores of fresh water lakes or riverbanks, such asLythrum, Alisma, Typha, Graminaceae, and Cyper-aceae pro parte. A tropical association including Nym-phaea and Brasenia is also characteristic of this latterenvironment.

Climatic and Environmental Interpretation

Sample 9-2, 0-7 cm—Early Pliocene: In this samplenon-arboreous material is dominant (AP/NAP = 34/66) (Plates 3 to 7). Conifers are abundant; for exam-ple, Pinus makes up about 20% of the total, much ofwhich is Pinus haploxylon. The other conifers arerecorded in low percentages, but nevertheless show amuch greater variation in tertiary entities (see Sequoia,Sciadopitys, Podocarpus dacrydiodes, Tsuga, Cedrus,etc.) than in the other samples examined. Hardwoodtypes are represented by Quercus (about 2%), togetherwith the thermophylous Zelkova, Carya, Platycarya,and Ulmus. Elements of a tertiary thermophylic bushyvegetation are represented by Palmae, Buxus, Laurus,Ampelidaceae, Myrica, and Pistacia. The Hydrophytegroup is well represented in this sample indicatingfresh and slow running or almost stagnant waterconditions. A further feature of this sapropelic layer isthe presence of fungal spores in much higher percent-ages than in the other samples examined.

The dominance of the NAP can be explained byderivation from a far forest source and from a belt ofherbaceous dry vegetation in the neighborhood. Theconifer elements may have come from a higher forestbelt. The remarkable amount of Hydrophyte elements,along with the associated Chenopodiaceae, suggest acoastal salt lake environment, although a delta regionremains a possibility. The climate which would beassociated with this vegetational picture is interpretedas temperate, cool, and damp.

Sample 5-48-5 lcm—Late Pliocene: In comparisonwith the assemblage described above, this sample hasa lower amount of arboreous plant derivatives andPinus makes up about half of these (Plates 5 to 7). ThePinus haploxylon percentage is considerably dimin-ished and several mountain elements disappear. Ther-mophylous wood derivatives are more prominent andthe steppe and xerophytic elements are well repre-

792


TABLE 4Frequency of Occurrence of Pollens and Spores Recorded in Pliocene and

Pleistocene Samples of Site 374

Core, SectionMeters subbottom

^ " " " " ~ • ^ ^ ^ ^ A g e

Taxa ~"~~---^^

AP (Arboreous Plants)

Pinus haploxylonPinus diploxylonAbiescf. KeteleeriaPiceaCedrusTsugaLarix-Pseudo tsugaPodocarpus dacrydioidesPodocarpusCephalotaxusTaxusSciadopitysSequoiaCallitrisJuniperusLibocedrusOther Cupressaceaecf. GinkgoFagusCastaneaBetulaAlnusSalixCorylusCarpinusQuercusUlmusZelkovaFraxinusTiliaAcerOstryaCaryaPterocaryaPlaty caryaJuglansMagnoliaCeltisPalmaeMoraceaeLaurusBuxusPistaciaPhillyreaMyricacf. TamarixCornusCeratoniaCaprifoliaceaeIlexRhamnusMyrtaceaeAmpelidaceaeSapotaceaeNAP (Non-Arboreous Plants)

GraminaceaeCyperaceaeChenopodiaceaeStaticeArtemisia

9-2

360

EarlyPliocene

%

7.3711.96

0.15_

0.152.030.220.080.080.370.520.150.080.680.450.450.15-0.08-

0.15_0.150.900.450.152.030.300.45___—

0.22-

0.080.080.08—

0.150.370.220.081.051.280.220.60—_—-—--

0.30

7.363.08

25.860.160.15

5-2

300

LatePliocene

%

1.4810.37

0.24__

0.280.10--

0.05-_--

0.140.28_

0.48-

0.050.190.140.430.380.240.244.970.190.190.05__

0.05—

0.140.05-

0.05_

0.100.140.050.100.100.810.05—

0.100.05—0.050.19—

0.14-

7.881.91

20.830.14

28.86

4, CC Level L

%

1.7125.64

—_

0.29—-—-------

0.57—----

0.851.711.14—

0.296.551.130.29—__-—-—--__

0.290.570.29—

0.57-

0.29__—-—-

0.29-

8.833.42

12.25—

7.97

4, CC Level M

250

Pleistocene

%

2.2729.24

0.670.27—

0.27-

0.13-

0.27-----0.53-

0.27-

0.270.271.200.801.071.200.537.740.670.94-

0.270.13--------_

0.130.130.400.27--_—-

0.270.130.13--

6.380.949.450.13

12.25

4, CC Level U

%

0.274.850.27------

0.27-----

0.54------

0.810.811.35-2.691.350.27——--

0.54—0.54--

0.27-1.080.541.881.080.54--

0.27-0.27-----

14.282.695.66--

793


TABLE 4 - Continued

Core Sect ion

Meters s u b b o t t o m

~ " " " ^ ^ ^ ^

^ ^ - ~ ^ _ ^ Age

Taxa ^^~~-- -^^^

EricalesEphedraGnetumCompositae (Tubuliflorae type)Compositae {Liguliflorae type)PlantagoUmbelliferaeLiliifloraeAmaryllidaceaePotamogetonJuncaceaeAlismaLemnaNymphaeaNupharCeratophyllumSagittariaHydrocharisBraseniaLy thrumTyphaStratiotesAraceaeThalictrumOther RanuncolaceaeRosaceaeLabiataeScrophulariaceaeCistaceaeGeraniaceaeLeguminosaeCaryophyllaceaeRubiaceaeThymeleaceaeUrticaceaeCampanulaPolygonumAmaranthaceaeSaxifragaceaeHypericumRumexEuphorbiaceaeNAP variaFilicalesEquisetalesLycopodiumFungal sporesHystrichosphaeridiaMediocratic taxaMediocratic taxa (% on AP)AP/NAP (approximated ratio)Total Pollen and PteridophytasporesAPF

9-2

360

EarlyPliocene

0.082.630.151.500.532.180.450.97-

9.252.251.880.450.080.080.150.150.080.75-

0.970.080.150.530.530.080.15--_0.080.080.37-

0.220.08-0.080.30-—

0.150.460.830.37-

5104.58.34

24.3334/66

133022750

5-2

300

LatePliocene

0.144.44_2.000.670.721.150.100.05--

0.670.14-----—

0.910.10-—1.910.570.330.19-

_0.380.330.20--

0.190.05-0.380.190.03-1.200.38--

843.98.24

36.3623/77

209335500

4, CC Level L

1.995.12—1.990.850.570.570.85-

0.29--

0.29-------

0.29-——2.282.281.141.14--1.71-——--------1.711.99--

322.4

10.5624.8643/57

3511500

4, CC Level M

250

Pleistocene

0.404.54-2.540.531.070.271.07-

0.13—------------0.941.201.210.27-

0.270.270.800.270.130.13-

0.13---0.130.13-2.081.87--

824.7

13.2126.1751/49

74914750

4, CC Level U

0.271.35-1.621.080.27-

39.88-

0.27-

0.270.81-------0.27---

0.270.81---0.270.27-1.620.540.270.27------3.232.97-

0.2745

2.912.6761.8421/79

3711750

sented. Elements of fresh water environments arealmost absent and those of the herbaceous xerophylousbelt considerably increase (Artemisia and Chenopodi-aceae).

The late Pliocene environments suggested by thisassemblage indicate a marine coast with a climatecomparatively warmer and drier than that of the early

Pliocene. This change may be related to a eustatic risein sea level which broke into the early Pliocene coastalbasins.

Sample 4, CC—Pleistocene: In the lowest subsample(Level L) the APF was calculated at 1500, the lowestpollen abundance recorded for any of the samples,which is probably related to its marl composition.

794


Percentages of arboreous plant derivatives, representedmainly by conifers, are considerably lower than thoseof herbaceous types. The only tertiary elements arePinus haploxylon and Zelkova (Plate 7).

As noted previously the whitish marl of Level Sbetween Levels L and M was entirely devoid of pollen.

The central part of this sapropel horizon, Level M,contained a fairly rich assemblage (APF = 14,750) butone which was poorly conserved and showed frequentconclusions (Plate 7). In comparison with Level L, thearboreous elements show a slight increase (AP/NAP =51/49) mostly in the form of Pinus in relatively highpercentages. Thermophylous derivatives are in theminority, but they make up a greater proportion of theAP total and are more varied.

The marl of the uppermost subsample, Level U, hasan expectedly low pollen frequency (APF = 1750)(Plate 5), and the arboreous vegetation is again domi-nated by the non-arboreous, with the AP/NAP revert-ing to 21/79. The arboreous elements are mostlythermophylous types including Zelkova, together withCarya and Pterocarya which were not present in theunderlying levels. The total assemblage is entirelydominated by herbaceous elements such as Gramina-ceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae, Liliiflorae.

The results of analyzing the subsamples of this corecatcher allow an interpretation of changing environ-ments within a narrow period of sediment deposition.The assemblages show an upward warming in climatewhich is interpreted as a regression phase of a coldoscillation. According to this interpretation, the deriva-tives of a coniferous belt, indicative of cold conditions,almost dominate in the lower and middle levels. InLevel M, we can identify the development of ther-mophylous forest with a rich undercover. This hard-wood vegetation is replaced by a herbaceous cover inthe upper level which would be developed in a warmdry climate.

Conclusions

Only the core catcher group of subsamples can givean insight to continuous environmental changes duringthe deposition of an individual sapropel horizon. Thisshows that the sapropel in question was depositedduring a warming in climate. The other samples allowsome comparison with conditions during deposition ofsimilar sediments in the Pliocene. On the other hand,the small number of samples studied do not permitdiscussion of the causes of basinwide stagnation.

The early Pliocene assemblage characterizes adamp, cool, temperate climate. This can be comparedwith the results of the analysis of a sample from thelowermost Pliocene (374-side wall Core 25), as de-scribed in the first part of this contribution. Thisexercise shows a climatic change from cold to some-what warmer conditions in the sapropelic layer. In allthree Pliocene samples examined the floras are impov-erished and many tertiary elements are absent.

The early Pleistocene group of subsamples fromSample 374-4, CC, are interpreted as the result of awarming trend following a cold oscillation in climate.

It is possible that this may also have been the case forthe Pliocene sapropel and sapropelic layers investi-gated and that we should confirm whether cold (gla-cial?) climates may have extended into pre-Quaternarytime.

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796


PLATE 1

10 µm 10 µm

Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 - Scale A. Figures 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 - Scale B. All the grains figured in this plate wereobtained from Site 374, Side Wall Sample 25.

FigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigure

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1011

Pinus.Pinus.Brasenia.The same grain using a different focus.The same grain at higher magnification.Compositae (Liguliflorae-type).The same grain at higher magnification.Compositae (Tubuliflorae-type).The same grain using a different focus.Polytrichum spores (Bryophytà).Chen opodiaceae.

797


PLATE 2

Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4-Seale A. Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, and9-Scale B.Figure 1 Tracheid in radial section; bordered

pits of "modern" type (Abies?). Sam-ple 374-12-1, 111-113 cm.

Figure 2 Hystrichosphaeridia. 374, Side WallSample 25.

Figure 3 Hystrichosphaeridia. 374, Side WallSample 25.

Figure 4 Compositae (Liguliflorae-typé). Sam-ple 375-4-3, 30-34 cm.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Filicales (cf. Cystopteris). Sample375-5-5, 135-137 cm.Unidentified pollen. Sample 374-12-2,66-68 cm.Chenopodiaceae. Sample 375-4-3,30-34 cm.

Graminaceae. Sample 375-5-5, 135-137cm.The same grain in a different positionand focus.

798


PLATE 3

All the grains figured in this plate are from Sample Figure 4 Sequoia.374-9-2, 0-7 cm. Figure 5 Carya.Figure 1 Cedrus. Figure 6 Podocarpus.Figure 2 Podocarpus dacrydioides. Figure 7 Zelkova.Figure 3 Pinus haploxylon. Figure 8 Carpinus.

799

D. B. MARCHETTI. C. ACCORSI

PLATE 4

•*-13

Figures 1, 2, 7, and 8-Scale A. Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10,11, 12, and 13-Scale B. Location: grains 1 and 2 fromSample 374-5-2, 48-51 cm; grains 3, 4, 5, and 6 fromSample 374-4, CC, level U; grains 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12from Sample 374-9-2, 0-7 cm.Figure 1 Tsuga (canadensis-typè).Figure 2 Pinus diploxylon.Figure 3 Liliißorae.Figure 4 The same grain in a different position

and focus.

FigureFigureFigureFigureFigure

Figure 10Figure 11

Figure 12Figure 13

The same grain at one extremity.Liliiflorae.Liliiflorae.The same grain at a different focus.Pistacia.

Myrica.Myrica.

Corylus.Alnus.

800


PLATE 5

10 µm 10 µm

All grains are from Sample 374-5-2, 48-51 cm, except 4and 5 which are from Sample 374-9-2, 0-7 cm.Figure 1 Ephedra (distachya-typé).Figure 2 Ephedra (fragilis-type).Figure 3 Graminaceae.Figure 4 Compositae (Liguliflorae-type).Figure 5 Cyperaceae.Figure 6 Chenopodiaceae.

FigureFigureFigureFigureFigure

FigureFigure

789

1011

1213

The same grain using a different focusChenopodiaceae.The same grain using a different focusThalictrum.Chenopodiaceae.

Campanula.Artemisia.

801


PLATE 6

lOµm

Figure 1-Scale A. Figures 2 and 5-Scale B. Figures 3, 4, Figure 36, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13-Scale C. All Figures are Figure 4from Sample 374-9-2, 0-7 cm except Figure 2. Figure 5Figure 1 Picea. Figures 6-12Figure 2 Pterocarya. Figure 13

Castanea.Unidentified pollen.Hystrichosphaeridia.Fungal spores.Fungal spores?

802

PLATE 7


10µm

Location: grains 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 11 from Sample374-9-2, 0-7 cm; grain 4 from Sample 374-4, CC, levelL; grain 8 from Sample 374-4, CC, level M; grains 9, 10,12, 13, 14, and 15 from Sample 374-5-2, 48-51 cm.Figure 1 Potamogeton.Figures 2, 3 Potamogeton at different foci.Figure 4 Ericales.Figures 5, 6 Lemna at different foci.Figure 7 Alisma.

Geraniaceae.Hypericum.monolete spora.Brasenia.

Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figures 12, 13 Lythrum in polar view at two different

foci.

Figures 14, 15 The same grain, two differentequatorial views.

803

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36. PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAMPLES FROM DSDP LEG 42A