35756940 Truth Affidavit Regarding Right to Travel

8/13/2019 35756940 Truth Affidavit Regarding Right to Travel

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THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE

FOR THE USE OF ANYONEAND EVERYONE WHO UNDERSTANDS THAT

FREEDOM IS THE ABSOLUTE GREATEST GIFT

THAT ONE CAN RECEIVE ON EARTH.


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IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA

ATLANTA DIVISION

JON DOEAssignor, for the use of ) CASE NO.: ______________________.

Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, ) File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee).Claimant in personam, )) IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW,

$s. ) CON%&AC%, AN%%&(S%, F&A(D, )S%A%E OF EO&A NC., et al, ) AFFDA$% OF *E%%ON FO&&es+onent!s). ) DECA&A%O&- J(DEN%.

COES NO" Jon: Doe in propria persona an e/+ressl0 not '' pro se,''

a real +art0 in interest a++earing ''nunc pro tunc'' 10 2a0 of s+e3ial #isitation

an e/+ressl0 not via general a++earan3e, also hereinafter ''Affiant,'' staning in

unlimite 3ommer3ial lia1ilit0 as a so#ereign Ameri3an Citi4en, Se3ure *art0

Creitor, see5ing a ''Common-Law Reme!''2ithin the Amiralt0 viathe ''Sa#ing %o

Suitors Clause'' at (SC 6789 !9), here10 an here2ith formall0 +etitioning an

Arti3le8 Court em+lo0ing an Arti3le8 Justi3e 10 2a0 of AFFDA$% OF

*E%%ON FO& DECA&A%O&- J(DEN% on an for the public re3or,

2ith enun3iation of +rin3i+les state in Haines v Kerner, at ;,

2herein the 3ourt has ire3te that regarless if Affiant's +etition 1e eeme ''in8

artfull0 +lea,'' those 2ho are uns3hoole in la2 2ill ha#e the 3ourt loo5 to the

substance of the ''+leaings'' rather than in the form? therefore Affiant's +etition

is not re@uire to meet the same stri3t stanars as that of a ''li3ense'' attorne0,

an 3an onl0 1e ismisse for failure to state a 3laim if Affiant 3an su1stantiate

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no set of fa3ts in su++ort of his 3laim 2hi3h 2oul entitle him to relief.

Affiant's fa3tual allegations 2ithin this te/t are therefore a33e+te on their fa3e

as true, 3orre3t, 3om+lete an not misleaing, an are, to the 1est of Affiant's

a1ilit0, the truth, the 2hole truth an nothing 1ut the truth? an sai ''+leaings''

are here10 +resente along 2ith an0 an all reasona1le inferen3es that ma0 1e

ra2n therefrom. Su1se@uentl0, Affiant's +etition shoul not 1e 3onstrue

narro2l0, 1ut rather inter+rete li1erall0 so as to a33ommoate an0 an all su3h

+lausi1le im+li3ations gathere. *ursuant to %itle 67 (SC !also see the (niform

De3larator0 Jugment A3t), +etition for e3larator0 ugment is +ro#ie uner

feeral an state la2. De3larator0 ugments +ermit +arties to a 3ontro#ers0 to

etermine rights, uties, o1ligations or status. %he o+eration of the De3larator0

Jugment A3t is +ro3eural onl0. &elief uner the A3t is a#aila1le onl0 if the

re@uisite of urisi3tion, in the sense of a feeral right or i#ersit0, +ro#ie

founation for resort to the feeral 3ourts. " # $ Not e/3luing Affiant's inherent

status esta1lishing foreign urisi3tion se+arate from that to 2hi3h the &es+onent

aheres, i#ersit0 in this 3ase also esta1lishes u+on the fa3t that Affiant is a real

+art0 in interest an the &es+onent is a 3or+orate fi3tion. " % $ Furthermore,

3ontro#ersies are raise +ursuant to &es+onent's escheat via 3olle3tion in rem an

2illful a1rogation of Affiant's inherent rights B status 2hi3h are +rote3te an

guarantee via the Constitution an Amenments, i.e., the ill of &ights via the

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&es+onent le#0ing uties, o1ligations, arrest, 3harges, +rose3ution, 3on#i3tion,

senten3ing, in3ar3eration B 1o0 atta3hment, u+on Affiant. %he (. S. Constitution,

Arti3le8, Se3tion8, limits the e/er3ise of the ui3ial +o2er to 3ases of

3ontro#ers0. %he De3larator0 Jugment A3t, in its limitation to 3ases of

3ontro#ers0, refers to the Constitutional +ro#ision an is o+erati#e onl0 in res+e3t

to 3ontro#ersies 2hi3h are su3h in the Constitutional sense. A usti3ia1le

3ontro#ers0 is thus istinguishe from a ifferen3e or is+ute of h0+otheti3al or

a1stra3t 3hara3ter from one that is a3aemi3 or moot. %he 3ontro#ers0 must 1e

efinite an 3on3rete, tou3hing the legal relations of +arties ha#ing a#erse legal

interests. %here must 1e a real an su1stantial 3ontro#ers0 in meaning of

s+e3ifi3 relief through e3ree of a 3on3lusi#e 3hara3ter as istinguishe from an

o+inion a1iing 2hat la2 2oul 1e u+on a h0+otheti3al state of e#ents. %he

De3larator0 Jugment A3t allo2s relief to 1e gi#en in re3ognition of the

Claimant's rights e#en though no immeiate enfor3ement of it nee 1e as5e.

%herefore , the li#ing, 1reathing, flesh8an81loo man a++earing as Jon: Doe,

o here10 an here2ith solemnl0 state: " & $ that Affiant is o#er the age

of t2ent08one !69) 0ears? " && $ that Affiant is 3om+etent for stating the first8

han fa3ts an 5no2lege 3ontaine herein? " &&& $ that Affiant grants original

urisi3tion to this 3ourt? " & $ that Affiant has the right to +etition for

e3larator0 ugment relating to this matter? " $ that ugment on this +etition

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2ill not harm the +u1li3? " & $ that the 3ourt is inemnifie 10 the 1on of

''JON DOE?'' !see atta3he 1irth 3ertifi3ate) " && $ that Affiant has an

inherent, +ro+rietar0 right to the 3ertifie title 5no2n as ''JON DOE?'' !also

see atta3he 3o+0right noti3e 2ith affia#it of +u1li3ation atta3he) " &&& $ that

Affiant is the onl0 real +art0 in interest a3ting as 3ontri1uting 1enefi3iar0 2ho

has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE?'' " &( $ that Affiant is the onl0 inherent,

legitimate 3laimant to an0 an all e@uit0 atta3hing to ''JON DOE?'' !also see

atta3he (CC89 Finan3ing Statement) " ( $ that Affiant is entitle to an0 an all

'' interpleadedfunds'' relating to ''JON DOE?'' " (& $ that Affiant has no

re3or nor e#ien3e the &es+onent has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE?''

" (&& $ that Affiant enies the &es+onent has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE?''

" (&&& $ that Affiant enies &es+onent has a +ro+rietar0 right to ''JON DOE?''

" (& $ that Affiant has no re3or nor e#ien3e the &es+onent has any right to

''JON DOE?'' " ( $ that Affiant 1elie#es no su3h re3or nor e#ien3e e/ists?

" (& $ that Affiant oes formall0 eman an0 ''original '' 3ontra3t, not a 3o+0,

2hi3h is 1eing use against Affiant, 1e 1rought for2ar? " (&& $ that a 3ourt at

la2 re@uires the original 3ontra3t 1e entere as e#ien3e? " (&&& $ that uner the

Erie o3trine "here there is no 3ontra3t, there is no 3ase? " (&( $ that

not2ithstaning an0 an all assume 3ontra3ts signe, unsigne, 3onstru3te,

im+lie, ahere, in#isi1le, an the li5e, &es+onent is in 1ree3h of an0 an all

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su3h allege 3ontra3ts for failure of full is3losure anBor e@uita1le 3onsieration?

" (( $ that if a +art0 tries to #oi a 3ontra3t 1e3ause of a missing element an is

+re#ente from oing so, su3h instrument 1e3omes a frauulent 3ontra3t?

" ((& $ that there is no statute of limitations on frau? " ((&& $ that the

&es+onent has 1een, an, is 3urrentl0, oing 1usiness 2ithin the urisi3tion an

#enue of this 3ourt? " ((&&& $ that es+ite Affiant's numerous filings 2hi3h

3learl0 e3lare an elineate the istin3t an inherent i#ision 1et2een Affiant

an the 3ertifie title 5no2n as ''JON DOE,'' the &es+onent 2antonl0 i#erts

its 3laim against ''JON DOE?'' i.e., the &es+onent i#ersifies its harmful

a3tions against the 3ertifie title 5no2n as ''JON DOE'' 10 intentionall0

1ringing su3h harmful a3tions to 1ear u+on the real +art0 in interest 5no2n as

''Jon: Doe,'' i.e., the li#ing, 1reathing, flesh8an81loo man, via State Court

A33usation Num1er 6


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II ")$ !see aenum)

Affiant's Constitutionall08+rote3te 9st8Amenment &ight to 1e hear 10 the 3ourt

is a1rogate 10 the &es+onent on 96B9=B6


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! 1 ) a ui3ial etermination of Affiant's non8guilt !see o3ument ''Praecipe of

Judgment'' file in the 3ourt, ate


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his ina1ilit0 to +a0 a ''fine, fee, ta% or duty,'' this merit8less a3t is in erogation

to the Constitution, an is completely analogous to a most +erni3ious form of

t0rann0? i.e., the &es+onent's forsa5ing of its s2orn ut0 to re3ogni4e, honor

an+rote3t the unaliena1le, o8gi#en, Constitutionall08guarantee rights B status

inherent to the Ameri3an Citi4enr0. "hen ta5en into a33ount the multi81illion

''#ollar'' 1o08atta3hment81on inustr0 3onu3te 10 the 3or+orate de facto

S%A%E, 1etter 5no2n as ''crime prevention,'' 2here10 the ''&arehousing''

of +eo+le 2ho 10 2a0 of #i3tim8less 3harges ha#e 3ommitte no 3rimes uner

the Common+ Constitutional a2 su3h as the to+8three re#enue generators, i.e.,

''#rug #ealers,'' ''#eadbeat #ads,'' an, 0ou guesse it, ''#run #rivers,'' ( is

generating 1illions of ''#ollars'' in '' re#venues'' 10 2a0 of the S%A%E'S 2anton

''+ur"uit'' of +e3uniar0 am1ition, it's not iffi3ult to see, 2ithin su3h +rete/t, that,

the &es+onent's true moti#ating fa3tor is not for the 2ell81eing of the Citi4enr0.

I ")$ !see aenum)

*ursuant to Se3retar0 of State Iem+'s silen3e an a3@uies3en3e of 3or+orate

offi3e e A&an*'/ U.C.C. F&0&n1/ !see atta3he o3uments), *2&/ ma**e o

3450&6 e6o, *enee 5! wa! o Se6e*a! o S*a*e 7em3, a*&&e/ *2e

/eean6e o an! ne(4/ o e0a*&on/2&3 5e*ween A&an* an an! an a00

de facto, 6o3oa*e-6omme6&a0 o&6e/ o STATE. %here10, in manifest of the

oo Faith O/for Do3trine, Affiant's aforesai (.C.C. Filings, 3ou+le 2ith

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Affiant's reser#ation an e/er3ise of all &ights an &eme0, as +ro#ie for

Affiant 10 2a0 of su3h that are unlimite to the Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause?

9th Arti3le of Amenment to the Constitution? 9= Statutes At arge? House Joint

&esolution 9>6? %he Foreign So#ereign mmunities A3t of 9>? an, (niform

Commer3ial Coe in oo5 9 at Se3tions 6


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1oun 10 the 3ourse an usage of COON A"? therefore releasing Affiant

from an0 an e#er0 unre#ealeB+resume 3ontra3tBagreement, an all the li5e thereof,

su3h as that 2hi3h is foun 2ithin the &es+onent's '' )e*uest to +harge'' !see

atta3he) 2herein sai 3harge erroneousl0 attem+ts to ma5e 3laim against Affiant

to the effe3t that '' . . . privilege to operate a motor vehicle in the "tate of

Georgia has been "!"P-N$-$ . . . '' %his +resume 3ontra3t is nothing more

than the &es+onent's erroneous attem+t to (N8Constitutionall0 infli3t its 3or+orate

3oe B +oli30 u+on Affiant. Affiant oes not 2or5 for the &es+onent. Affiant is

a free man, not a sla#e. Furthermore, ue to the fa3t that the &es+onent's

3ontra3t oes not 3om+ort to '' the supreme a& of the and,'' aB5Ba Common B

Constitutional a2, E@uit0 a2, Ci#il a2, Amiralt0 a2, nor the (niform

Commer3ial Coe, it is sim+l0 unla2ful, an 3annot a++l0 to Affiant. n a33or

2ith the aforementione la2 B 3oe, 10 star5 3ontrast, a la2ful 3ontra3t has

#$ '' /ffer, not e%cluding full disclosure.'' &es+onent's 3ontra3t is not offere

insomu3h as Affiant is 3oer3e 2hile uner uress, an it oes not +ro#ie full

is3losure. "hile it is true the Constitution +ro#ies go#ernment the right to

legislate la2s, statutes an 3oes, et cetera, the Constitution for these (nite

States of Ameri3a, Amenment , sa0s '' 0he enumeration in the +onstitution

of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained

by the people.'' Sin3e Affiant is a1solutel0 es3ene from the so#ereign

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Ameri3an *eo+le of *osterit0 !see atta3he o3umentation), &es+onent's

meling into Affiant's affairs, 2ithout Affiant's +ermission, 3ontra3t, li3ense, nor

urisi3tion for oing so, enies an is+arages Affiant's inherent, o8gi#en,

unaliena1le, Constitutionall08+rote3te rights B status. Se3tion 98Arti3le 67 of the

Constitution for the State of eorgia sa0s #irtuall0 the same as oes the > th

Amenment, i.e., '' 0he enumeration of rights herein contained... shall not be

construed to deny to the people any inherent rights &hich they may have

hitherto en1oyed.'' Hale v Henel, at 6


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rights are a refusal to incriminate himself, and the sovereign* iunity of

hiself and his property fro arrest or sei)ure, ecept under a warrant of

$oonaw. He o&es nothing to the public so long as he does not trespass

upon their rights.''

%he se3on element of a la2ful 3ontra3t is

%$ '' +onsideration for all parties for the contract.'' %he &es+onent's +resume

3ontra3t oes not +romise Affiant an0thing that Affiant shoul not alrea0

+ossess? i.e., Affiant's inherent, o8gi#en, unaliena1le, Constitutionall08+rote3te

rights B status. On the 3ontrar0, the &es+onent 3ontens that it +ro#ies Affiant

his rights B status in e/3hange for, or, in 3onsieration of, Affiant's uties an

o1ligations to ahere? i.e., Affiant, a33oring to the &es+onent, is o1ligate, 10

the &es+onent's +resume 3ontra3t, to ahere to 3ertain 3oes? 2herein the 3ontra3t

sti+ulates that sin3e Affiant oes not 3om+l0 2ith that 3oe im+ose u+on him,

a33oring to the &es+onent's +resume 3ontra3t, the &es+onent fore3loses u+on

Affiant's inherent, o8gi#en, unaliena1le, Constitutionall08+rote3te rightsBstatus. %his

is a5in to 3ommunism, an is, in fa3t, fascis. '' 4ou don't no& the country you

live in until you've been through its criminal 1ustice system.'' Nelson anela.

%he thir element of a la2ful 3ontra3t is

8$ ''5cceptance, i.e., '' a meeting of the minds,'' by all parties involved &ith the

contract.'' Affiant has ne#er a33e+te, nor oes Affiant a33e+t, any +art of the

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&es+onent's +resume 3ontra3t. n fa3t, Affiant goes to great lengths to e/+ress

ree3tion for the &es+onent's 3ontra3t. %he ;thelement of a la2ful 3ontra3t is

9$ '' 0he signatures by all parties involved &ith the contract.'' Affiant

re+eatel0 as5s the &es+onent to +rou3e an0 an all o3uments #erif0ing an0

an all 3ontra3tual agreements, 1oth signe an B or unsigne, an B or the li5e

thereof, 2hi3h 3om+ort to an0 reasona1le sem1lan3e of a la2ful 3ontra3t or

agreement mae 1et2een Affiant an the &es+onent. %o ate, the &es+onent

is in efault for non8res+onse to Affiant's emans to +rou3e the aforesai 1ills

of #erifi3ation !see atta3he Affia#it of S+e3ifi3 Negati#e A#erment, O++ortunit0

to Cure, an Counter3laim 2ith 3ertifi3ation of non8res+onse atta3he).

n 3on3lusion, the &es+onent's +resume 3ontra3t oes not 3om+ort to the

ma/ims of Common a2, E@uit0 a2, Ci#il a2, la2s of Amiralt0, nor oes it

ahere to the ne3essar0 elements in 3onstituting a la2ful 3ontra3t uner the

(niform Commer3ial Coe. %o this, the &es+onent remains silent.

Aitionall0, &es+onent fails to ans2er an0 of Affiant's numerous affia#its

e3laring rights, status, an, &es+onent's numerous state, feeral an

Constitutional infringements u+on Affiant's rights B status, not e/3luing

&es+onent's 0a6: o ;4&/&6*&on. Conse@uentl0, the &es+onent's 3or+orate

silen3e B non8res+onse to Affiant's (.C.C.89 Finan3ing Statement, an, numerous

e3larations, is tantamount to esto++le 10 2a0 of a3@uies3en3e.

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A&ma*&on, +age 996.

##. %he Su+reme Court of the State of eorgia rule:

##.# n this 3onne3tion, it is 2ell to 5ee+ in min that, 2hile the +u1li3 has an

a1solute &H% to the use of the streets for their +rimar0 +ur+ose, 2hi3h is for

tra#el, the use of the streets for the +ur+ose of +ar5ing automo1iles is a

+ri#ilege, an not a &H%? an the +ri#ilege must 1e a33e+te 2ith su3h

reasona1le 1urens as the 3it0 ma0 +la3e as 3onitions to the e/er3ise of the

+ri#ilege. See: arner # Cit0 of runs2i35, 67 S. E. 6D 9=.

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#%. n 9>9, the Su+reme Court of the State of Colorao is3usse the issue in

the follo2ing 2a0

#%.# %he Constitution of the State of Colorao, Arti3le , +ro#ies that: All

+ersons ha#e 3ertain natural, essential, an unaliena1le &H%S, among 2hi3h

ma0 1e re35one the &H%. . . of a3@uiring, +ossessing, an +rote3ting +ro+ert0?

#%.% A motor #ehi3le is +ro+ert0, an a +erson 3annot 1e e+ri#e of +ro+ert0

2ithout ue +ro3ess of la2. %he term +ro+ert0, 2ithin the meaning of the ue

+ro3ess 3lause, in3lues the &H% to ma5e full use of the +ro+ert0 2hi3h one

has the unaliena1le &H% to a3@uire.

#%.8 E#er0 Citi4en has an unaliena1le &H% to ma5e use of the +u1li3

high2a0s of the state? e#er0 Citi4en has full freeom to tra#el from +la3e to

+la3e in the eno0ment of life an li1ert0. See: *eo+le # Nothaus, 9; Colo.

69


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inaliena1le rights? that among these are life, li1ert0, the eno0ment of the fruits

of their o2n la1or !+ro+ert0), an the +ursuit of ha++iness. %he onl0 +ersons

2hi3h 3an 1e the meaning of the Arti3le a1o#e are men an 2omen, an not

3or+orations, sin3e 3or+orations are 3reate via +ri#ileges grante 10 go#ernment

an not unaliena1le OD8$EN &H%S.

#9.% %o 1e that statutes 2hi3h 2oul e+ri#e a 3iti4en of the &H%S of +erson

or +ro+ert0 2ithout a regular trial, a33oring to the 3ourse an usage of

Common a2, 2oul not 1e the la2 of the lan. See: Ho5e # Henerson, 9=

N. C. 9=, 6= A. De3. .

#@. Sin3e 3ourts ten to 1e 3onsistent in their rulings, it 2oul 1e e/+e3te that

the eorgia Su+reme Court 2oul rule in the same manner as the North

Carolina Su+reme Court, et cetera.

#. Other authorities ha#e arri#e at similar 3on3lusions

#.# %he Constitution for the (nite States of Ameri3a, Amenment I


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#. %he Constitution of the State of North Carolina, Arti3le , 6


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the &H%, orinaril0, of free transit from or through the territor0 of an0 State

is a &H% se3ure 10 the Fourteenth Amenment an 10 other +ro#isions of

the Constitution. See: "illiams # Fears, ; (. S. 6


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%8.8 &H% A legal &H%, a 3onstitutional &H% means a &H%

+rote3te 10 3ommon la2, 10 the 3onstitution, 1ut go#ernment oes not 3reate

the iea of &H% or original &H%S? it a35no2leges them. See: ou#ier's

a2 Di3tionar0, +. 6>9.

%8.9 A1solute &H% "ithout an0 3onition or en3um1ran3e as an a1solute

1on, sim+le/ o1ligatio, in istin3tion from a 3onitional 1on? an a1solute

estate, one that is free from all manner of 3onitions or en3um1ran3e. A rule is

sai to 1e a1solute 2hen, on the hearing, it is 3onfirme. See: ou#ier's a2

Di3tionar0.

%8.@ naliena1le A 2or enoting the 3onition of those things, the +ro+ert0 in,

2hi3h 3annot 1e la2full0 transferre from one +erson to another.

See: ou#ier's a2 Di3tionar0.

%9. t sho2s from these efinitions that the States ha#e an o1ligation to

a35no2lege the &H% of this so#ereign an to tra#el on the streets or

high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a. Further, the States ha#e the ut0

to refrain from interfering 2ith this &H% an, rather, to +rote3t this &H%

an to enfor3e the 3laim of this so#ereign an to it.

%@. No2 if this so#ereign an has the a1solute &H% to mo#e a1out on the

streets or high2a0s, oes that &H% in3lue the &H% to tra#el in a #ehi3le

u+on the streets or high2a0sL %he Su+reme Court of the State of %e/as has

mae 3omments that are an a++ro+riate res+onse to this @uestion.

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%@.# *ro+ert0 in a thing 3onsists not merel0 in its o2nershi+ an +ossession, 1ut

in the unrestri3te &H% of use, eno0ment an is+osal. An0thing 2hi3h

estro0s an0 of these elements of +ro+ert0, to that e/tent, estro0s the +ro+ert0

itself. %he su1stantial #alue of +ro+ert0 lies in its use. f the &H% of use

1e enie, the #alue of the +ro+ert0 is annihilate an o2nershi+ is renere a

1arren &H%. %herefore, a la2 2hi3h for1is the use of a 3ertain 5in of

+ro+ert0, stri+s it of an essential attri1ute an in a3tual result +ros3ri1es its

o2nershi+. See: S+ann # Cit0 of Dallas, 6= S. ". =9.

%@.% %hese 2ors of the Su+reme Court of %e/as are of +arti3ular im+ortan3e in

aho, 1e3ause the aho Su+reme Court @uote the Su+reme Court of %e/as an

use these e/a3t 2ors in renering its e3ision in the 3ase of O'Conner # Cit0

of os3o2, > aho .

%. %he Su+reme Court of %e/as 2ent further to sa0:

%.# %o se3ure their +ro+ert0 2as one of the great ens for 2hi3h men entere

into so3iet0. %he &H% to a3@uire an o2n +ro+ert0, an to eal 2ith it an

use it as the o2ner 3hooses, so long as the use harms no1o0, is a natural

&H%. t oes not o2e its origin to 3onstitutions. t e/iste 1efore them.

t is a +art of the Citi4ens' natural li1ert0 an e/+ression of his freeom,

guarantee as in#iolate 10 e#er0 Ameri3an ill of &H%S. See: S+ann su+ra.

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>RO>ERTYORATION


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of his life and property. His rights are such as e%isted by the la& of the land,

long antecedent to the organiation of the "tate, and can only be taen from

him by due process of +ommon a&, and in accordance &ith the +onstitution.

5mong his rights are a refusal to incriminate himself, and the immunity of

himself and his property from arrest or seiure, e%cept under a &arrant of

+ommon a&. He o&es nothing to the public, so long as he does not trespass

upon their rights.'' See: Hale # Hen5el, 6


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em1ers of this 3lass in3lue 3or+orations an those 2ho 3onu3t 3or+orate

1usiness, i.e., otor Carriers, e.g., ta/is, 1uses, etc., on the streets or high2a0s

in the =< unite states of Ameri3a. A +u1li3 3or+oration is the 'creation'of the State.

@.# A +u1li3 3or+oration is a 'creature'of the State. t is +resume to 1e in3or+orate

for the 1enefit of the +u1li3. t re3ei#es 3ertain s+e3ial +ri#ileges an fran3hises,

an hols them su1e3t to the la2s of the State an the limitations of its 3harter.

ts ''&H%S'' to a3t as a +u1li3 3or+oration are onl0 +reser#e to it 2hile it

o1e0s the la2s of its 3reation. See: ou#ier's a2 Di3tionar0, +. 7;.

. t !the +u1li3 3or+oration) is a ''+erson'' in the e0es of the la2, an la35s

3hara3ter, morals, 3ons3ien3e, an a soul. ts e#er0 a3ti#it0 must therefore 1e

ire3te an su+er#ise 10 the State. (ner the efinition of Due *ro3ess of

a2, ou#ier's a2 Di3tionar0 states in +ertinent +art:

.# %he li1ert0 guarantee is that of a natural ''+erson'' an not of artifi3ial

''+ersons''? "estern %urf Assn. # reen1erg, 6, 2here it 2as sai

K...a 3or+oration 3annot 1e eeme a Citi4en 2ithin the meaning of the 3lause of

the Constitution of the (nite States, 2hi3h +rote3ts the +ri#ileges an

immunities of Citi4ens of the (nite States against 1eing a1rige or im+aire

10 the la2 of a state.K See also 6


57/224

. %he statutes in the union of states are esigne to ire3t the a3ti#ities of the 3lass

of ''+ersons'' of 2hi3h a +u1li3 3or+oration is a mem1er. *u1li3 3or+orations are

a1solutel0 1oun 10 these statutes. t is im+erati#e that a 3ons3ien3eless entit0

not 1e allo2e to freel0 roam the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of

Ameri3a an thus eo+ari4e the so#ereign ini#iual. t is for this +ur+ose, an

this +ur+ose AONE, that the statutes of the =< states of Ameri3a 2ere ena3te,

an NO% for 3ontrol of the free, so#ereign8Ameri3an Citi4ens' &H%S.

ORIGINAL WRIT OF DEMAND TO SHOW JUO WARRANTO99;8>9=

!9>97) for efiniti#e authorit0 on this 5e0 +oint.)

%he se3on 3lass of 3iti4en originates in the 97 Ci#il &ights A3t, 2herein the

term ''3iti4en of the (nite States'' is use. %his A3t 2as later 3oifie at %itle ;6

(.S.C. M9>7. Note the lo2er83ase ''3'' in ''3iti4en''. %he +ertinent 3ourt 3ases

hol that Congress there10 3reate a municipal franchise, +rimaril0 for the

former sla#es 2ho *resient in3oln ha +re#iousl0 attem+te to free 2ith the

Eman3i+ation *ro3lamation !a 2ar measure), an later 10 the 9thamenment

1anning sla#er0 an in#oluntar0 ser#itue. Ho2e#er, 10 failing to use the

uni@ue an a++ro+riate term ''feeral 3iti4en,'' 2hi3h 2oul +ro+erl0 ientif0 an0

6

n

83lass of 3iti4ens no2 li#ing 2ithin the se#eral states, su3h as that foun in

la35Ps a2 Di3tionar0, Fourth Eition 7''8ut a state and the federal government each

has citiens of its o&n''9, an sin3e it ma0 1e rightfull0 +resume that the feeral,

state an lo3al 1o08+oliti3 no2 3onsists of intelligent men an 2omen, man0 of

2hom are attorne0s, it 2oul seem 3lear that an attem+t is 1eing mae to

confuse these t2o 3lasses of 3iti4ens 10 attem+ting to ma5e it appear as though

all 3iti4ens are ''e@ual'' uner the 9; thamenment, an later uner the Ci#il &ights

A3t of 9>;? 2hereas rather than rightfull0 ele#ating the rights an status of the

Page 44 of 12.


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6n83lass83iti4en to that of the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4en, an +ursuant to the a1use

in +o2er of the Commer3e Clause of the (. S. Constitution, Arti3le , Se3tion 7

!-rie ). ). +o. v. 0ompins, 7)), 2hi3h ultimatel0 results as

im+etus to the ''-rie doctrine,'' 10 2a0 of the ''"upremacy +lause,'' 2hile

o+erating uner a ''presumption of la&,'' the inferior 3ourts !a3ting uner Art. ,

Se3. 7, C. 9 an Art. $, Se3. C. 6 of the (. S. Constitution) no2 ar1itraril0

'revenue' the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens from their 1elo#e Constitutional,

Common8a2 #enue !the Su+reme a2 of the an), su1e3ting them to the

inferior maritime8amiralt0 la2 !3ommer3ial la2 B la2 of the 2ater), 2here10 the

9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens' inherent, o8gi#en, unaliena1le, Constitutionall08

+rote3te an guarantee rightsBstatus ma0 not 1e re3ogni4e 10 the lo2er 3ourts?

1ut rather, the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens are no2 1eing su1e3te to the t0+e of

inferior, statutor0 3oes, rules an regulations es3ri1e a1o#e, 2hi3h is in ire3t

3ontra#ention to the guarantees an +rote3tions the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens

eno0 uner the (. S. Constitution an the ill of &ights !the first 9< amenments),

2hi3h are no2 regularl0 3ir3um#ente as ire3t result of the +e3uniar0 am1ition

not un3hara3teristi3 of the ultra vires, 3or+orate83ommer3ial a3ts 3urrentl0 infli3te

u+on #irtuall0 'all' 3iti4ens no2 inha1iting Ameri3a. Ho2e#er, as 2e no2 5no2,

neither the 9;th8amenment nor its +ro+osal has e#er 1een la2full0 nor legall0

ao+te nor ratifie. Furthermore, the uarantee Clause in the (. S. Constitution

guarantees the &ule of a2 to all Ameri3ans? i.e.,

Page 45 of 12.


61/224

2e are to 1e go#erne 10 a2 an not 10 ar1itrar0 1ureau3rats !Arti3le $, Se3tion ;).

%herefore, 2hereas an0 3riminal statute 2hi3h ma0 attem+t to 3om+el the

+erforman3e of an0 ''obligation'' or ''duty'' uner 2hi3h there is no su3h a2 of

ia1ilit0 is tantamount to sla#er0, in#oluntar0 ser#itue an e/tortion, it is not a

@uestion as to 2hether ugment shoul 1e grante to the Claimant against the

&es+onent in this 3ase, insomu3h as it is the Common a2, Constitutional a2,

the Su+reme a2 of the an, Go'/ Law, 2hi3h is intene to go#ern the

human rights an status of all men an 2omen e@uall0, that is meant to +re#ail.

Affiant oes here10 an here2ith formall0 in#o5e his rights an status uner

su3h a2 2hi3h re@uires the &es+onent no2 ans2er for its ultra vires a3tions

+ursuant to Affiant's eman that &es+onent forth2ith sho2 :uo Warranto.

I II III IV

!re the 9st, 6n, r Q ;th arti3les of the aforesai affia#it B +etition)

"hereas Constitutional manate re@uires 2ithout @uestion that the integrit0 of the

arraignment 1e +reser#e at all times, the &es+onent's assertion that the only

elements allo2e therein 1e a reaing of the a33usation an a +lea from Affiant

is erroneous. (+on hearing the a33usation, an before entering a +lea, Affiant

ma0 as5 @uestions B ma5e assertions a1out, an B or, e3lare la2s B rights B status

+ertaining B raise o1e3tions to, the a33usation? su3h as 2hether the 3harge is 3i#il

or 3riminal, there10 raising the ;th8Amenment @uestion of +ro1a1le 3ause, an B

Page 46 of 12.


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or the th8Amenment @uestion of +ro+er urisi3tion B #enue, et cetera . . .

Affiant ma0 e#en mo#e for is3o#er0 1efore entering a +lea. %he +ur+ose of

this is t2o fol. ! i ) t allo2s Affiant to 2eigh the issues B e#ien3e 1efore

entering a +lea, ! ii ) an allo2s the &es+onent to ientif0 Affiant as the +ro+er

+art0 to +ro3ee against. Due to the fa3t that the &es+onent is a3ting uner

Arti3le8 3olor8of8'law' 2hen restri3ting Affiant's '' freedom of speech '' uring the

arraignment, Affiant asserts that the &es+onent's infli3tion of su3h 3olor8of8'law'

a1riges his freeom of s+ee3h, an therefore a1rogates the 9st Amenment,

2herein it sa0s '' +ongress shall mae no 'law'... abridging the freedom of

speech '' !also see: Smith # S%A%E, 9 a. A++. 96? "ells # %errell, 969 a. 7).

n 3ase R 6


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of the nature and cause of the accusation ''. %he th Amenment also sa0s

'';n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en1oy the right to... trial, by an

impartial 1ury of the state and district &herein the 2alleged3 crime shall have

been committed, &hich district shall have been previously ascertained by la& ''.

n the 3ase of 6


64/224

orer to 3on#i3t, orer to senten3e, an, +roof of in3ar3eration).

V

!re the =th arti3le of the aforesai affia#it B +etition)

O.C..A. 988>9 ! 1 ), an, 988> ! a ), state res+e3ti#el0:

'' "he court shall 'receive' theplea of the accused ''th arti3les of the aforesai affia#it B +etition)

%he follo2ing 3itations are 3ase la2 2hi3h re@uires that an (N8re1utte

Affia#it 1e a33e+te as truth. n Poole v "tate of 5labama, Cir3uit CourtG

C&8>9). n aition, his

3laim is not +re3lue 10 an0 of the +ro#isions of &ule 6.6. e3ause his

Page 4 of 12.


65/224


66/224

VI-VII-VIII-I

!re the th, th, 7th Q >th arti3les of the aforesai affia#it B +etition)

%he follo2ing 3ase la2 herein 3ite re+resents affirmation for Affiant's 3lear an

numerous e3larations that +roof of +ro+er urisi3tion is re*uired 1efore mo#ing

for2ar to trial: >?urisdiction, once challenged, cannot %e assued and ust

%e decided.> !aine # %hi1outot, 9 !9 !asso # (tah *o2er Q

ight Co., ;>= F. 6 >9#efense of lac- of &urisdiction over the

su%&ect atter ay %e raised at any tie, even on appeal.> !Hill %o+

De#elo+ers # Holia0 *ines Ser#i3e Cor+., ;7 So. 6. 7 !Fla 6n DCA 9>7=))?

>$ourt ust prove, on the record, all &urisdiction facts related to the

&urisdiction asserted.> !antana # Ho++er, 9 !Stu35 # ei3al E/aminers , >; Ca 6 =9, 699 *6 7>)?

Page 51 of 12.


67/224

>$ourts are constituted %y authority and they cannot go %eyond that power

delegated to the. Af they act %eyond that authority, and certainly in

contravention of it, their &udgents and orders are regarded as nullities< they

are not voida%le, %ut siply void, and this even prior to reversal.>

!"ASON # E&&-, 7 HO". >;=, =;< 96 .E. 99 !97=0nce &urisdiction is challenged, the court cannot proceed when it clearly

appears that the court lac-s &urisdiction< the court has no authority to reach

erits, %ut rather should disiss the action.> !elo # (. S., = !&osemon #

am1ert, ;> F. 6 ;9)? ''9here &urisdiction is denied and s+uarely challenged,

&urisdiction cannot %e assued to eist 'su% silento' %ut ust %e proven.''

!Hagans # a#ine, ;9= (S =67, =, N=)? et cetera . . .

I + VII + I

!re the 9st, th Q >th arti3les of the aforesai affia#it B +etition)

%he follo2ing is 3onstrue in harmon0 2ith -A P5)0- $5B;", ;; S" 6 >6=

!9>), i.e. ( One 3annot 1e in3ar3erate for traffi3 3itations sim+l0 1e3ause one

3annot affor to +a0 a fine, fee, ta/, or, ut0. Sin3e ail 2ill not 3om+el 3om+lian3e

uner su3h 3ir3umstan3es, su3h 3om+laint fails to state a 3laim for 2hi3h relief ma0 1e

grante. %he 1uren of +roof that one can affor to +a0 is on the +laintiff.

Page 52 of 12.


68/224

Furthermore, su3h oes at least #iolate the ; thAmenment in the ill of &ights?

2herefore Affiant oes here10 an here2ith affirm that on or a1out Se+tem1er 9;th,

6


69/224

10 the 3ourt, in this non83riminal 3ase, is against the la2 an the Constitution.

E#er0 feeral a++ellate 3ourt of the (. S. is re@uire, 10 3ommon la2, to hol that

2here there is no #i3tim of intent, traffi3 3itations are a 3ommon, 3i#il, 3ommer3ial,

non83riminal fine, fee, ta/, or, ut0? See, (.S. # e25o,6> F. ;, 78> !9st Cir.

6th Cir. 9>>=), the Ninth Cir3uit Court of A++eals

!3iting 3ases from the (. S. Su+reme Court, Fifth, Se#enth, Eighth an Ninth

Cir3uits) ''C by definition, probable cause to arrest can only e%ist in relation to

criminal conduct civil disputes cannot give rise to probable cause''*aff # Ialten1a3h,

6


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VIII-I

!re the Eighth Q Ninth arti3les of the aforesai affia#it B +etition)

Arti3le $ of the Constitution for the (nite States of Ameri3a sa0s: ''"his

$onstitution, and the aws of the =nited !tates which shall %e ade in

Pursuance thereof< and all "reaties ade, or which shall %e ade, under the

(uthority of the =nited !tates, shall %e the supree aw of theand


71/224

fundaental principles of this governent.'' %he Foreign So#ereign mmunities

A3t of 9> +ro#ies that ''a foreign state... includes a political su%division

of a foreign state or an agency or instruentality of a foreign state as defined

in... 7%; (n 'agency or instruentality of a foreign state' eans any entity D

71; which is a separate legal person corporate or otherwise, and 72; which is

an organ of a foreign state or a a&ority of whose shares or other ownership

interest is owned %y a foreign state or political su%division thereof, and 73;

which is neither a citi)en of a !tate of the =nited !tates nor created under

the laws of any third country.'' !See: Chuiian # *hili++ine National an5)

(niform Commer3ial Coe, oo5 98 M6. H. J. &es. 9>6, r

Cong., 9st Sess. ''Joint resolution to assure uniform #alue to the 3oins an

3urren3ies of the (nite States. ''"hereas the holing of or ealing in gol

affe3t the +u1li3 interest, an therefore su1e3t to +ro+er regulation an

Page 56 of 12.


72/224

restri3tion? an "hereas the e/isting emergen30 has is3lose that provisions of

o%ligations which purport to give the o%ligee a right to re+uire payent in

gold or aparticular -ind of coin or currency of the =nited !tates, or in an

aount of oney of the =nited!tates easured there%y, o%struct thepower of

the $ongress to regulate the value of oney of the =nited!tates, and are

inconsistent with the declared policy of the $ongress to aintain at all ties

the e+ualpower of every dollar, coined or issued %y the =nited!tates, in the

ar-ets and in the payent of de%ts. No2, therefore, 1e it &esol#e 10 the

Senate an House of &e+resentati#es of the (nite States of Ameri3a in

Congress assem1le, %hat !a) everyprovision contained in or ade with respect

to any o%ligation whichpurports togive the o%ligee a right to re+uirepayent

ingold or aparticular -ind of coin or currency, or in an aount in oney

of the =nited!tates easured there%y, is declared to %e against pu%licpolicy


73/224


74/224

su%tler, surer eans of overturning the eisting %asis of society than to

de%auch the currency. "he process engages all the hidden forces of econoic

laws on the side of destruction, and does it in a anner which not one in a

illion is a%le to diagnose...'' John a0nar Ie0nes, E3onomist, inister of

the ritish %reasur0, Author of the 1oo5 ''0he -conomic +onse*uences /f

Peace'' !9>66 oes not refer to '+a0ment' of e1t, 1ut

rather 3learl0 states that 'any, every, and, all, obligations, debts, charges, ta%es,

duties, etc., both public and private,' ( ''shall %e discharged''. n the +re3eent

set at "tane v White, 96 inn. >

%hus, it is 3lear that as result of HJ& 8 9>6, mo#ing for2ar from June =th,

9>, no one is a1le to +a0 a e1t. %he onl0 o+tion one has is tener 10

Page 5 of 12.


75/224

transfer of e1t, an this t0+e of e1t is +er+etual. %he a1rogation of the

Constitution's gol 3lause, i.e., the tem+orar0 B inefinite sus+ension of the

a1ilit0 for one to +a0 his e1ts, seems to e+ri#e our Common a2 of an0 real

su1stan3e an lea#e a 3onse@uential #oi so far as the de 1ure go#ernment is

3on3erne. %he former su1stan3e of our +re#ious monetar0 s0stem, as +rote3te

10 the Constitution, is no2 re+la3e 2ith a s0stem of *u1li3 National Creit B

*u1li3 %rust, 2here10 e1t has 1e3ome mone0 !%he Feeral &eser#e 3alls it

mone*&Ke e5*), an it seems the onl0 +u1li3 ui3ial #enue is international

maritime8amiralt0 la2, 2hile our 1elo#e Common8a2 #enue seems to

languish as result. Sin3e the Ameri3an Citi4ens li#ing 2ithin the se#eral states

are inee Kso#ereign,K from 2here an from 2hom, uner the Common a2,

3omes the authorit0 an urisi3tion, via ''go#ernor's 3on#ention'', to +lege the

so#ereigns' la1or, +ro+ert0 an suret0 as e1tors to a privately owned

corporation !


76/224


77/224

u+e into registering their children !as a ''+rou3t of the 2ater''), in3luing an0

other ''estate +ro+ert0,'' 2ith the S%A%E? there10 +ro#iing the S%A%E title

7entitlement9, or legal interest B o2nershi+ in the so#ereigns' property !+ossession

is onl0 EDFths of the la2), 2hi3h is su1se@uentl0 use as in#estment 3ollateral

generating enormous returns hel in a33ount of private estate 2hi3h is 3reate

via a o3ument of li#e 1irth 7the sovereigns' birth record9 10 the De+artment of

%reasur0? 2here10 so#ereigns' straman !the all83a+ital8letter name on the 1irth

re3or) is e3lare ''lost at sea,'' there10 3reating a decedent 10 2hi3h to +ro1ate

sai estate, 3reating a trust 2hi3h, 10 2a0 of ''presumption of la&,'' is +resume

abandoned, an thus aministrate to 10 the acting e/e3utor 7e%ecutive9 of the

'e#states', i.e., the *resient of the Cor+oration!(N%ED S%A%ES), 2ith estate

assets e3lare ''abandoned,'' an thus ''salvaged'' !3&a*e) uner nternational8

aritime8Amiralt08a2 10 the foreign 3or+oration 5no2n as %HE (N%ED

S%A%ES OF AE&CA. Aitionall0, the so#ereign +eo+le's Constitutionall08

+rote3te, guarantee rights an status are further 3ir3um#ente ue to their un2itting

assum+tion of this fi3titious ''straman'' ientit0 an ''product#of#the#&ater'' status

2hi3h is +la3e u+on them at '' birth'' therefore, uner the corporateEmaritime

!la2 of the 2ater) urisi3tion of the de facto (N%ED S%A%ES, not e/3luing

an0 an all su1siiaries thereof, e.g., ''%HE S%A%E OF EO&A,'' ''%HE

CO(N%- OF "NNE%%,'' ''%HE C%- OF A"&ENCE$E,'' etc., the

Page 62 of 12.


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so#ereign +eo+le are 're#venued' from Common8a2 urisi3tion into 1eing hel

as lia1le trusties E sureties uner ''public policy,'' i.e., ''6o3oa*e 3o0&6!,'' an

thus suffer the e@ui#alent of public#debt#servants 2ho are no2, uner rule of

+u1li3 B 3or+orate +oli30, 1eing ''charged'' at maritime 2ith offening more than


79/224

3oe!s), statute!s), an B or the li5e thereof, +ertaining to B +ur+ortel0 3onferring

thereu+on the 6 compelled benefits of privilege6 +resume 10 2a0 of Arti3le ,

Se3. 7, C. 9 an Arti3le $, Se3. , C. 6 of the (. S. Constitution 7i.e., the

inferior ''courts''9 anBor any other ei3t 2hi3h ma0 +rei3ate its a3tions u+on the

erroneous B false +resu++osition of an0 su3h 3oes' or statutes' Constitutionalit0 as

a++lies to the flesh8an81loo Ameri3an Citi4en? "hereas su3h 3oes' B statutes'

sole +ur+ose is for +rote3ting the rightsBstatus of so#ereign men an 2omen from

the a3tions of 3or+orations, an therefore 3an a++l0 onl0 to 3or+orate8+ersonhoo.

Rema:/ &n Con1e// a/ e6oe &n *2e Con1e//&ona0 Re6o 6 an 9>;. Congressman 3Faen, ue to his ha#ing ser#e

as Chairman of the an5ing an Curren30 Committee for more than 9< 0ears,

2as the 1est +oste man on these matters in Ameri3a, an 2as in a +osition to

s+ea5 2ith authorit0 on the #ast ramifi3ations of this giganti3 +ri#ate 3reit

mono+ol0 5no2n as ''%he Feeral &eser#e,'' 2hi3h gi#es im+etus to the ''nternal

')e#venue' Ser#i3e.'' "hereas Congressman 3Faen 2as ele3te to the high

offi3e on 1oth the Demo3rati3 an &e+u1li3an ti35ets, there 3an 1e no a33usation

of +artisanshi+ loge against him. e3ause these s+ee3hes are set out on their

fa3e as re3ore in the Congressional &e3or, the0 3arr0 2eight that no amount

of 3onemnation on the +art of +ri#ate ini#iuals 3oul ho+e to 3arr0.

Page 64 of 12.


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T2e Feea0 Re/ee A Co43* In/*&*4*&one/&en* ?a6:/on'/ *&me0anne;8=;, +age 7, Se3tion H. &. 9>== reas in +art:

I0he !. ". "ecretary of 0reasury receives no compensation for representing the

!nited "tates.

Wol an sil#er 2ere su3h a +o2erful mone0 uring the founing of the unite

states of Ameri3a, that the founing fathers e3lare that onl0 gol or sil#er

3oins 3an 1e Wmone0X in Ameri3a. Sin3e gol an sil#er 3oinage 2ere hea#0

an in3on#enient for a lot of transa3tions, the0 2ere store in 1an5s an a 3laim

3he35 2as issue as a mone0 su1stitute. *eo+le trae their 3ou+ons as mone0,

or W3urren30.X Curren30 is not mone0, 1ut a mone0 su1stitute. &eeema1le

3urren30 must +romise to +a0 a ollar e@ui#alent in gol or sil#er mone0.

Feeral &eser#e Notes ma5e no su3h +romises, an are not Wmone0.X A Feeral

&eser#e Note is a e1t o1ligation of the feeral (nite States go#ernment, not

Wmone0.X %he feeral (nite States go#ernment an the (. S. Congress 2ere

not an ha#e ne#er 1een authori4e 10 the Constitution for the unite states of

Ameri3a to issue 3urren30 of an0 5in, 1ut onl0 la2ful mone0 gol an sil#er

3oin.

Page 6 of 12.


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Wt is essential that 2e 3om+rehen the istin3tion 1et2een real mone0 an +a+er

mone0 su1stitute. One 3annot get ri3h 10 a33umulating mone0 su1stitutes, one

3an onl0 get ee+er into e1t. "e the *eo+le no longer ha#e an0 Wmone0.X

ost Ameri3ans ha#e not 1een +ai an0 Wmone0X for a #er0 long time, +erha+s

not in their entire life. No2 o 0ou 3om+rehen 2h0 0ou feel 1ro5eL No2,

o 0ou unerstan 2h0 0ou are W1an5ru+t,X along 2ith the rest of the 3ountr0L

WFeeral &eser#e Notes are unsigne 3he35s 2ritten on a 3lose a33ount.

Feeral &eser#e Notes are an inflata1le +a+er s0stem esigne to 3reate e1t

through inflation !e#aluation of 3urren30). "hene#er there is an in3rease of the

su++l0 of a mone0 su1stitute in the e3onom0 2ithout a 3orres+oning in3rease in

the gol an sil#er 1a35ing, inflation o33urs.

Wnflation is an in#isi1le form of ta/ation that irres+onsi1le go#ernments infli3t

on their 3iti4ens. %he Feeral &eser#e an5 2ho 3ontrols the su++l0 an

mo#ement of Feeral &eser#e Notes has e#er01o0 foole. %he0 ha#e a33ess to

an unlimite su++l0 of Feeral &eser#e Notes, +a0ing onl0 for the +rinting 3osts

of 2hat the0 nee. Feeral &eser#e Notes are nothing more than +romissor0

notes for (. S. %reasur0 se3urities !%8ills) a +romise to +a0 the e1t to the

Feeral &eser#e an5.

W%here is a funamental ifferen3e 1et2een W+a0ingX an Wis3hargingX a e1t.

%o +a0 a e1t, 0ou must +a0 2ith #alue or su1stan3e !i.e. gol, sil#er, 1arter or

Page / of 12.


113/224


114/224

WAssets of the e1tor 3an also 1e h0+othe3ate !to +lege something as a

se3urit0 2ithout ta5ing +ossession of it) as se3urit0 10 the lener or uner2riter.

%he Feeral &eser#e A3t sti+ulate that the interest on the e1t 2as to 1e +ai

in gol. %here 2as no sti+ulation in the Feeral &eser#e A3t for e#er +a0ing

the +rin3i+le.

W*rior to 9>9, most Ameri3ans o2ne 3lear, alloial title to +ro+ert0, free an

3lear of an0 liens or mortgages until the Feeral &eser#e A3t !9>9)

WH0+othe3ateX all +ro+ert0 2ithin the feeral (nite States to the oar of

o#ernors of the Feeral &eser#e in 2hi3h the %rustees !sto35holers) hel

legal title. %he (. S. 3iti4en !tenant, fran3hisee) 2as registere as a W1enefi3iar0X

of the trust #ia his B her 1irth 3ertifi3ate. n 9>, the feeral (nite States

h0+othe3ate all of the +resent an future +ro+erties, assets an la1or of their

Wsu1e3tsX the 9;th8Amenment (. S. 3iti4en to the Feeral &eser#e S0stem.

Wn return, the Feeral &eser#e S0stem agree to e/ten the feeral (nite States

3or+oration all the 3reit Wmone0 su1stituteX it neee. i5e an0 other e1tor,

the feeral (nite States go#ernment ha to assign 3ollateral an se3urit0 to their

3reitors as a 3onition of the loan. Sin3e the feeral (nite States inPt ha#e

an0 assets, the0 assigne the +ri#ate +ro+ert0 of their We3onomi3 sla#es,X the

(. S. 3iti4ens, as 3ollateral against the un+a0a1le feeral e1t. %he0 also

+lege the unin3or+orate feeral territories, national +ar5s, forests, 1irth

3ertifi3ates, an non+rofit organi4ations, as 3ollateral against the feeral e1t.

Page of 12.


115/224

WAll has alrea0 1een transferre as +a0ment to the international 1an5ers.

(n2ittingl0, Ameri3a has returne to its +re8Ameri3an &e#olution, feual roots,

2here10 all lan is hel 10 a so#ereign an the 3ommon +eo+le ha no rights

to hol alloial title to +ro+ert0. On3e again, "e the *eo+le are the tenants an

share3ro++ers renting our o2n +ro+ert0 from a So#ereign in the guise of the

Feeral &eser#e an5. "e the *eo+le ha#e e/3hange one master for another.

W%his has 1een going on for o#er eight0 0ears 2ithout the Winforme 5no2legeX

of the Ameri3an *eo+le? 2ithout a #oi3e +rotesting lou enough. No2 itPs eas0

to gras+ 2h0 Ameri3a is funamentall0 1an5ru+t. "h0 onPt more +eo+le o2n

their +ro+erties outrightL "h0 are >


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/oee&1n Ame&6an C&*&Ken/2&3 !"+" D=== is

limited to maritime causes of action begun and carried on in rem 2enrichment

&ithout cause3, &hile under 6saving to suitors6 clause of D===, suitor &ho

holds in personam claim that might be enforced by suit in personam under

admiralty 1urisdiction of federal courts may also bring suit, at his election, in

Page 11/ of 12.


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state court or on >coon law> side of federal court. avergne v Western +o.

of North 5merica, ;nc . 7a9 =?D "o >d F? 7superseded on other grounds by

statute as stated in +ramer v 5ssociation ife ;ns. +o. 7a 5pp Dst +ir9 DF

a 5pp -A;" D=?9.'' 6 Am Jur 6 AD&A%- M 966. Sin3e the Enrollment

A3t of ar3h , 97, the (. S. go#ernment has 1een o#erlai onto the States

an i#ie the (. S. go#ernment into militar0 istri3ts, 2ith a *ro#ost arshall

o#er ea3h istri3t uner the De+artment of "ar. %his A3t forms the 1asis of

our ilitar0 Sele3ti#e Ser#i3e A3t of June 6;, 9>;7, 3. 6=, 6 Stat. >), 2here

the0 ao+te the (.C.C. &ules in formulating Feeral Common a2. %his is

1e3ause aritime Commer3ial %ransa3tions uner the (.C.C. are ini3ati#e of the

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Feeral Common a2 of Amiralt0 !see N%E&*OO %D # CHA& -H, 7>7>G. %hen in 9>, E@uit0, Ci#il an Amiralt0 2as

merge uner one rule? uner the F.&.C.*. this is all lai out in #olume 6;, +g.

6= of the F.&.D. Feeral &ules De3isionsG? this means that 3ommon la2 is

uner amiralt0. %his is 2h0 title 67 9 ga#e the istri3t 3ourts of the (nite

States original urisi3tion e/3lusi#e of the States for all 3ases of amiralt0

maritime urisi3tion uner the sa#ing to suitors 3lause. %here10 3ommon la2 is

#este in istri3t 3ourts of the (nite States, a33esse via the Sa#ing to Suitors

Clause. Arti3le Se3tion gi#es the istri3t 3ourts of the (nite States

ui3ial +o2er in all 3ases of amiralt0 an maritime urisi3tion.

%his is the onl0 sie of the 3ourt that has Arti3le8 ui3ial +o2ers uner the

"ar *o2ers A3t of Amiralt0. %his is the reason one 3annot orinaril0 fin a

3ommon8la2 reme0 in state 3ourt. %he follo2ing la2s +ro#ie reme0 uner

the 3ommon la2 2ithin the amiralt0:

#. %he suits in Amiralt0 A3t ; (.S.C.A. A++eni/ se3tions ;98=6.

%. %he Amiralt0 E/tension A3t ; (.S.C.A. Se3tion ; (.S.C.A. Cha+ter 9; se3tion 9;


135/224

reser#e or a3@uire for the use of the (nite States, irres+e3ti#e of

o2nershi+ !A) the +remises of the (nite States i+lomati3, 3onsular,

militar0. . . an lan a++urtenant or an3illar0 thereto. !) resien3es in foreign

States an the lan a++urtenant or an3illar0 thereto irres+e3ti#e of o2nershi+.

. %he False Claims A3t of title 9 (.S.C.A. se3tion 6> !a) !).

. %he anham A3t of title 9= se3tion 996= !a).

. %he *ostal A33ounta1ilit0 an Enhan3ement A3t of title > se3tions 98>9.

#.%he Amiralt0, maritime an *ri4e 3ases title 67 se3tion 9 !9) !6).

##.%itle =< A++eni/ se3tion !3) sole relief Q reme0 uner the traing 2ith

the enem0 a3t Q !e) No +erson shall 1e hel lia1le in an0 3ourt for or in

res+e3t to an0thing one or omitte in +ursuan3e of an0 orer, rule, or

regulation mae 10 the +resient uner the authorit0 of this a3t.

%itle 67 (SC Se3. 9 Amiralt0, maritime an +ri4e 3ases states in +art:

%he istri3t 3ourts shall ha#e original urisi3tion, e/3lusi#e of the 3ourts of the

states, of !9) an0 3i#il 3ase of amiralt0 or maritime urisi3tion, sa#ing to

suitors in all 3ases all other remeies to 2hi3h the0 are other2ise entitle.

%he Feeral Statutes Annotate, $ol. > on +age 77 states: '' saving to suitors, in

all cases, the right of a common la& remedy, &here the common la& is

competent to give it.''Hone ;ns. +o. v North Pacet +o., 9 o2a 6;6 !979).

Su++lementar0 to general +rin3i+les of la2 a++li3a1le, unless is+la3e 10

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+arti3ular +ro#isions of the (niform Commer3ial Coe, the +rin3i+les of la2 an

e@uit0, in3luing the la2 mer3hant an the la2 relati#e to 3a+a3it0 to 3ontra3t,

+rin3i+al an agent, esto++el, frau, misre+resentation, uress, 3oer3ion, mista5e,

1an5ru+t30, or other #aliating or in#aliating 3ause, shall su++lement its

+ro#isions. A suitor therefore has the right to 1e trie at 3ommon la2, e#en

though the 3ase 3omes uner a maritime urisi3tion. One nee onl0 ma5e the

eman in his 1riefs to the 3ourt? i.e., in the s+a3e to the right of the 3enter of

the first +age, o++osite the 3a+tion of the 3ase, there shall 1e +la3e !9) the 3ase

num1er, an !6) the nature of the a3tion? su3h as amiralt0, antitrust, 3ontra3t,

eminent omain, frau, negligen3e, +atent, se3urities, etc.

%he urisi3tion of a 3ase is re@uire to 1e ientifie before an0 3ase 3an

+ro3ee. f a uge ta5es ui3ial noti3e of the nature of a 3ase 2ithout

3ommuni3ation of su3h to one of the +arties, ho2 3an sai +art0 5no2 in 2hat

terms he is to 3ou3h su3h 3aseL e a2are that this is +re3isel0 2hat ha++ens

in "050- /< G-/)G;5 Bs. J/N $/-, A33usation Num1er 6


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T2e Un6on/*&*4*&ona0 #9*2 amenmen* , 97.96

8. Floria ree3ts the 9;thamenment on De3. , 97.9

9. Ala1ama ree3ts the 9;thamenment on De3. , 97.9;

@. North Carolina ree3te the 9;thamenment on De3. 9, 97.9=

. Ar5ansas ree3ts the 9;thamenment on De3. 9, 97.9

. South Carolina ree3ts the 9;thamenment on De3. 6, 97.9>

Page 122 of 12.


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#. ississi++i ree3ts the 9;thamenment on Jan. 9, 97.6

##. ouisiana ree3ts the 9;thamenment on Fe1. , 97.6, DOO, by &hich every one of

these ten "tates &as arranged into districts and circuits.

60hey have been called upon by +ongress to act through their legislatures upon

at least t&o amendments to the +onstitution of the !nited "tates. 5s "tates they

have ratified one amendment, &hich re*uired the vote of t&enty#seven "tates of

the thirty#si% then composing the !nion. When the re*uisite t&enty#seven votes

Page 12 of 12.


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&ere given in favor of that amendment ( seven of &hich votes &ere given by

seven of these ten "tates ( it &as proclaimed to be a part of the +onstitution of

the !nited "tates, and slavery &as declared no longer to e%ist &ithin the !nited

"tates or any place sub1ect to their 1urisdiction. ;f these seven "tates &ere not

legal "tates of the !nion, it follo&s as an inevitable conse*uence that in some

of the "tates slavery yet e%ists. ;t does not e%ist in these seven "tates, for they

have abolished it also in their "tate constitutions but Kentucy not having done

so, it &ould still remain in that "tate. 8ut, in truth, if this assumption that

these "tates have no legal "tate governments be true, then the abolition of

slavery by these illegal governments binds no one, for +ongress no& denies to

these "tates the po&er to abolish slavery by denying to them the po&er to elect

a legal "tate legislature, or to frame a constitution for any purpose, even for

such a purpose as the abolition of slavery.

65s to the other constitutional amendment having reference to suffrage 7the Dth

5mendment9, it happens that these "tates have not accepted it. 0he conse*uence

is, that it has never been proclaimed or understood, even by +ongress, to be a

part of the +onstitution of the !nited "tates. 0he "enate of the !nited "tates

has repeatedly given its sanction to the appointment of 1udges, district attorneys,

and marshals for every one of these "tates yet, if they are not legal "tates, not

one of these 1udges is authoried to hold a court. "o, too, both houses of

Page 12 of 12.


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+ongress have passed appropriation bills to pay all these 1udges, attorneys, and

officers of the !nited "tates for e%ercising their functions in these "tates.

65gain, in the machinery of the internal revenue la&s, all these "tates are

districted, not as Q0erritories,R but as Q"tates.R

6"o much for continuous legislative recognition. 0he instances cited, ho&ever,

fall far short of all that might be enumerated. -%ecutive recognition, as is &ell

no&n, has been fre*uent and un&avering. 0he same may be said as to 1udicial

recognition through the "upreme +ourt of the !nited "tates.

60o me these considerations are conclusive of the unconstitutionality of this part

of the bill no& before me, and ; earnestly commend their consideration to the

deliberate 1udgment of +ongress.

6Within a period less than a year the legislation of +ongress has attempted to

strip the e%ecutive department of the government of some of its essential po&ers.

0he +onstitution, and the oath provided in it, devolve upon the President the

po&er and duty to see that the la&s are faithfully e%ecuted. 0he +onstitution,

in order to carry out this po&er, gives him the choice of the agents, and maes

them sub1ect to his control and supervision. 8ut in the e%ecution of these la&s

the constitutional obligation upon the President remains, but the po&ers to

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e%ercise that constitutional duty is effectually taen a&ay. 0he military

commander is, as to the po&er of appointment, made to tae the place of its

President, and the General of the 5rmy the place of the "enate and any

attempt on the part of the President to assert his o&n constitutional po&er may,

under pretense of la&, be met by official insubordination. ;t is to be feared that

these military officers, looing to the authority given by these la&s rather than

to the letter of the +onstitution, &ill recognie no authority but the commander

of the district and the General of the army.

6;f there &ere no other ob1ection than this to this proposed legislation, it &ould

be sufficient 2grounds to veto3.6

Conse@uentl0, no one 3an 3onten that the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' are no2, nor,

2ere e#er, u+hel as 1eing #ali an 3onstitutional. n a oint a3tion, the states

of eorgia an ississi++i 1rought suit against the *resient an the Se3retar0 of

"ar ! "all. =


147/224

War, the General of the 5rmy, and @a1or#General Pope, acting under orders of

the President, are about setting in motion a portion of the army to tae military

possession of the state, and threaten to subvert her government and sub1ect her

people to military rule that the state is holding inade*uate means to resist the

po&er and force of the -%ecutive $epartment of the !nited "tates and she

therefore insists that such protection can, and ought to be afforded by a decree

or order of this court in the premises.6

%he a++li3ations for inun3tion 10 these t2o states to +rohi1it the E/e3uti#e

De+artment from 3arr0ing out the +ro#isions of the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' ire3te

to the o#erthro2 of their go#ernment, in3luing the issolution of their state

legislatures, 2ere enie on the grouns that the organi4ation of the go#ernment

into three great e+artments, the e/e3uti#e, legislati#e an ui3ial, 3arrie

limitations of the +o2ers of ea3h 10 the Constitution. %his 3ase 2ent the same

2a0 as the +re#ious 3ase of ississi++i against *resient Johnson, an 2as

ismisse 2ithout aui3ation u+on the un3onstitutionalit0 of the ''&e3onstru3tion

A3ts.''

n another 3ase, e% parte "illiam H. 3Carle ! "all. =


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Su+reme Court. After the 3ase 2as argue an ta5en uner a#isement, an

1efore 3onferen3e in regar to the e3ision to 1e mae, Congress +asse an

emergen30 A3t, ar3h 6, 977, 9= Stat. at . ;;, #etoe 10 the *resient an re8

+asse o#er his #eto, re+ealing the urisi3tion of the (. S. Su+reme Court in

su3h 3ase. esmir3hing its o2n staning, honor an re+utation, the Su+reme

Court ismisse the a++eal 2ithout +assing u+on the 3onstitutionalit0 of the

''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' uner 2hi3h the non8militar0 3iti4en is hel 10 the

militar0 2ithout 1enefit of the 2rit of habeas corpus, in #iolation of Se3tion >,

Arti3le of the (. S. Constitution, 2hi3h +rohi1its sus+ension of the 2rit of

habeas corpus. "ith su3h emergen30 A3t of ar3h 6, 977, Congress attem+ts

to +la3e the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' 1e0on ui3ial re#ie2 an re3ourse, there10

a#oiing tests of 3onstitutionalit0. t is re3ore that one of the Su+reme Court

Justi3es, rier, +rotests against the a3tion of the 3ourt as follo2s:

60his case &as fully argued in the beginning of this month. ;t is a case &hich

involves the liberty and rights not only of the appellant, but of millions of our

fello& citiens. 0he country and the parties had a right to e%pect that it &ould

receive the immediate and solemn attention of the court. 8y the postponement

of this case &e shall sub1ect ourselves, &hether 1ustly or un1ustly, to the

imputation that &e have evaded the performance of a duty imposed on us by the

+onstitution, and &aited for legislative interposition to supersede our action, and

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relieve us from responsibility. ; am not &illing to be a partaer of the eulogy

or opprobrium that may follo&. ; can only say . . . ; am ashamed that such

opprobrium should be cast upon the court and that it cannot be refuted.6

(ner the un3onstitutional K&e3onstru3tion A3ts,'' those ten states 2ere organi4e

into militar0 istri3ts, an their la2full083onstitute legislatures 2ere illegall0

remo#e 10 Kmilitar0 for3eK an 2ere then re+la3e 10 rum+, so83alle

legislatures, se#en of 2hi3h 3arrie out militar0 orers pretending to ratif0

the 9;th amenment as follo2s:

Ar5ansas, A+ril , 977?

Floria, June >, 977?>

North Carolina, Jul0 ;, 977?7

ouisiana, Jul0 >, 977?;, 977?;9

Ala1ama, Jul0 9, 977?;6

eorgia, Jul0 69, 977.;

Of the a1o#e8se#en states 2hose legislatures 2ere remo#e an re+la3e 10

rum+, so83alle legislatures, si/ !), i.e., ouisiana, Ar5ansas, South Carolina,

Ala1ama, North Carolina an eorgia, ha +re#iousl0 ratifie the 9thAmenment?

2ithout 2hi3h the 9thAmenment 3oul not an 2oul not ha#e 1een ratifie.

Page 134 of 12.


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Furthermore, go#ernments of the states of ouisiana an Ar5ansas ha 1een

formerl0 reaffirme uner a +ro3lamation issue 10 *resient A1raham in3oln,

De3em1er 7, 97?;; an the go#ernments of North Carolina !a0 6>, 97=.;= ),

eorgia !June 9, 97=.;), Ala1ama !June 69, 97=.; ), an, South Carolina !June

uner 2hi3h the a1o#e

state legislatures 2ere illegall0 remo#e an unla2ful rum+ or +u++et, so83alle

legislatures are su1stitute in mo35 authorit0 to ratif0 the 9;th

amenment, are

un3onstitutional an are null an #oi, ab initio, not e/3luing an0 an all

a3tions +erforme thereuner. %hose ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' of Congress, an all

a3tions an things one thereuner, are illegal, unla2ful an in #iolation of

Arti3le $, Se3tion ; of the (nite States Constitution, 2hi3h re@uires the

(. S. go#ernment to guarantee e#er0 state in the (nion a &e+u1li3an form of

go#ernment, 2here10 2e the *eo+le are to 1e go#erne 10 a2 an not 10

ar1itrar0 1ureau3rats. %he0 also #iolate Arti3le , Se3tion , an, Arti3le $ of

the Constitution, 2hi3h entitles e#er0 state in the (nion re+resentation 10 t2o !6)

ul08ele3te state Senators, or e@ual suffrage in the Senate.

V.

%he Se3retar0 of State e/+resses ou1t as to 2hether three8fourths of the

re@uire states ha#e ratifie the 9;thAmenment, as is sho2n 10 his +ro3lamation

Page 135 of 12.


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of Jul0 6


152/224

From all of the histori3 fa3ts o3umente a1o#e an 1elo2, the truth is

ines3a+a1le? that, the 9;thamenment: a$ 2as ne#er +ro+erl0 +ro+ose? 5$ 2as

ne#er +asse for ratifi3ation? 6$ 2as ne#er +ro+erl0 ratifie as an arti3le of

amenment to the (. S. Constitution? $ shoul 1e e3lare un3onstitutional 10

the 3ourts? e$ has a1solutel0 no la2ful effe3t 2hate#er? $ is null, #oi an has

a1solutel0 no legal effe3t 2hate#er. Arti3le $ of the (. S. Constitution e3lares:

''"his $onstitution, and the aws of the =nited !tates which shall %e ade in

Pursuance thereof . . . shall %e the supree aw of theand6, the (. S. Su+reme 3ourt oes not u+hol its #aliit0, 1ut,

rather, seems to state other2ise. For e/am+le, the 3ourt ma5es the assertion that:

60he legislatures of Georgia, North +arolina and "outh +arolina had re1ected the

Page 13/ of 12.


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2Dth3 amendment in November and $ecember, DOO. Ne& governments &ere

erected "no* e0e6*eQQQ$ in those "tates 7and in others9 under the direction of

+ongress. 0he ne& "4n6on/*&*4*&ona0QQQ$ legislatures ratified the amendment, that

of North +arolina on July , DO, that of "outh +arolina on July , DO, and

that of Georgia on July >D, DO.6

%he 3ourt re3ogni4es the fa3t that the so#ereign state Citi4ens of eorgia, North

Carolina an South Carolina, three of the original states of the (nion, 2ith #ali

an e/isting Constitutions on e@ual footing 2ith all other original states of the

(nion, an those later amitte into the (nion, all 2ere usur+e 10 2a0 of

unele3te legislatures 1eing un3onstitutionall0 installe 10 Congress. uestion:

"hat Constitutional rights oes Congress ha#e to re+la3e &e+u1li3an forms of

ul083reate state go#ernments, installe 10 the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le, an

then re#erse the #otes of su3h ul08re3ogni4e state legislatures' ree3tion for the

9;thamenmentL %he ans2er is: B0BEI %he fa3t that these three states, an

se#en other Southern states: #$ ha e/isting Constitutions? %$ 2ere re3ogni4e as

mem1er8states to the (nion, again an again? 8$ ha alrea0 1een 3alle u+on 10

Congress to a3t through their legislatures u+on t2o Amenments the 9th an

9;th? 9$ ha their state go#ernments reaffirme uner *resiential *ro3lamations,

is seen 10 all, e#en the casual o1ser#er, as 1eing 1rushe asie 10 Congress in

this statement 10 the 3ourt, that: 6 0he legislatures . . . had re1ected the 2Dth3

Page 13 of 12.


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amendment . . . Ne& governments &ere erected in those "tates under the direction

of +ongress. 0he ne& legislatures ratified the amendment 2Juo 9arranto:3''.

%he (. S. Su+reme Court hols in "hite #. Hart, 979, 9 "all. ;, =;, that

at no time 2ere these Southern states out of the (nion. %hough in Coleman

the 3ourt i not aui3ate u+on the in#aliit0 of the A3ts of Congress 2hi3h

set asie those state Constitutions an a1olishe their state legislatures, the 3ourt

sim+l0 infers to the fa3t that the states' legall083onstitute legislatures ha alrea0

ree3te the 9;th amenment, an that these 6ne& legislatures6 2ere, 10 militar0

for3e, ''erected'', an not 'elected.' Among the o1#ious fa3ts is that the state of

$irginia 2as also one of the original states 2ith its Constitution an egislature

in full o+eration uner 3i#il go#ernment at the time, an the fa3t that the other

si/ Southern states, 2hi3h 2ere gi#en the same treatment 10 Congress uner the

un3onstitutional K&e3onstru3tion A3ts,K all ha legal Constitutions an &e+u1li3

forms of go#ernment in ea3h state, as is re3ogni4e 10 Congress 10 2a0 of its

amission of those states into the (nion. E#er0 3ourt 3ertainl0 must ta5e

ui3ial 3ogni4an3e of the fa3t that 1efore an0 state is amitte 10 Congress into

the (nion, Congress +asses an Ena1ling A3t, re3ogni4ing the so#ereign +o2ers of

the inha1itants of the territor0 to ao+t a Constitution, an to set u+ a &e+u1li3

form of go#ernment as a 3onition +re3eent to the amission of that state into

the (nion? an u+on a++ro#al of su3h Constitution, Congress then +asses the A3t

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of Amission for su3h state into the (nion. All of this is ignore an 1rushe

asie 10 Congress in the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts.'' n Coleman, the 3ourt sa0s:

6Whenever official notice is received at the $epartment of "tate that any

amendment proposed to the +onstitution of the !nited "tates has been adopted,

according to the provisions of the +onstitution, the "ecretary of "tate shall

forth&ith cause the amendment to be published, &ith his certificate, specifying

the "tates by &hich the same may have been adopted, and that the same has

become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the +onstitution of the

!nited "tates.6

n Ha2se #. Smith, 9>6


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''0he language of the article is plain, and admits of no doubt in its

interpretation. ;t is not the function of courts or legislative bodies, national or

state, to alter the method &hich the +onstitution has fi%ed.6

t is here10 formall0 amitte that in none of these 3ases 2hi3h the 3ourts a#oi

the 3onstitutional issues in#ol#e in the 3om+osition of the Congress 2hi3h

ao+te the Joint &esolution for the 9; thamenment, o the 3ourts e#er +ass

u+on the 3onstitutionalit0 of the Congress 2hi3h +ur+orte to ao+t the Joint

&esolution for the 9;thamenment, as 7< of its &e+resentati#es an 6 of its

Senators 2ere, in effe3t, for3i1l0 ee3te or enie their seats an their #otes on

the Joint &esolution +ro+osing the amenment, in orer to +ass the same 10 a

t2o8thirs #ote, as is +ointe out in the Ne2 Jerse0 egislature &esolution of

ar3h 6, 977. %he 3onstitutional re@uirements set forth in Arti3le $ of the

Constitution +ermit the Congress to +ro+ose amenments onl0 2hene#er t2o8

thirs of 1oth houses shall eem it ne3essar0? that is, t2o8thirs of 1oth houses

as then 3onstitute 2ithout for3i1le ee3tions. Su3h a fragmentar0 Congress also

#iolates the Constitutional re@uirements of Arti3le $? that no state, 2ithout its

3onsent, shall 1e e+ri#e of its e@ual suffrage in the Senate. %here is no su3h

thing as gi#ing life to an amenment illegall0 +ro+ose an ne#er legall0 ratifie

10 three8fourths of the states. %here is no su3h thing as amenment 10 la3hes?

no su3h thing as amenment 10 2ai#er? no su3h thing as amenment 10 a3@uies3en3e?

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an no su3h thing as amenment 10 an0 other means, 2hate#er, e/3e+t 10 the

means s+e3ifie in Arti3le $ of the Constitution itself. t oes not suffi3e to sa0

that there ha#e 1een hunres of 3ases e3ie uner the 9;thamenment, an

there10 su++l0 the 3onstitutional efi3ien3ies in its +ro+osal or ratifi3ation as

re@uire 10 Arti3le $. f hunres of litigants i not @uestion the #aliit0 of

the 9;thamenment, or i @uestion the same +erfun3toril0, 2ithout su1mitting

o3umentar0 +roof of the fa3ts of re3or 2hi3h mae its +ur+orte ratifi3ation

or ao+tion un3onstitutional, their failure 3annot 3hange the Constitution for the

millions in Ameri3a. %he same thing is true of la3hes? the same thing is true of

a3@uies3en3e? an, the same thing is true of all ill83onsiere 3ourt e3isions, as:

To a/6&5e 6on/*&*4*&ona0 0&e *o an a00e1e amenmen* w2&62 nee 6ame &n*o

5e&n1, a66o&n1 *o /3e6&&6 me*2o/ 0a& own &n A*&60e V, 6anno* 5e one

w&*2o4* o&n1 &o0en6e *o A*&60e V &*/e0. %his is true 1e3ause the onl0

@uestion o+en to the 3ourts is 2hether the allege 9;th amenment 1e3ame a +art

of the Constitution through the methos re@uire 10 Arti3le $. An0thing 1e0on

that 2hi3h a 3ourt is 3alle u+on to hol in orer to #aliate an amenment

2oul 1e e@ui#alent to 2riting into Arti3le $ another moe of amenment 2hi3h

has ne#er 1een authori4e 10 the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le. On this +oint,

therefore, the onl0 @uestion is, 2as the 9;thamenment +ro+ose an ratifie in

a33oran3e 2ith Arti3le $L n ans2ering this @uestion, it is of no real moment

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that e3isions ha#e 1een renere in 2hi3h the +arties i not 3ontest nor su1mit

+ro+er e#ien3e, nor, that the 3ourt assumed that there 2as a 9;thamenment.

f a statute ne#er in fa3t +asse 10 Congress, 1ut through some error of

aministration an +rinting got into the +u1lishe re+orts of the statutes, an if,

uner su3h su++ose statute, 3ourts ha le#ie +unishment u+on a num1er of

Citi4ens 3harge uner it, an if the error in the +u1lishe #olume 2as

is3o#ere an the fa3t 1e3ame 5no2n that no su3h statute ha e#er +asse in

Congress, it is unthin5a1le that the 3ourts 2oul 3ontinue to aminister

+unishment in similar 3ases, on a non8e/istent statute 1e3ause +rior e3isions ha

one so. f that 1e true as to a statute, 2e nee onl0 reali4e the greater truth

2hen the +rin3i+le is a++lie to the solemn @uestion of the 3ontents of our

Constitution. "hile the efe3ts in the metho of +ro+osing an the su1se@uent

metho of 3om+uting Kratifi3ationK is 1riefe else2here, it shoul 1e note that

the failure to 3om+l0 2ith Arti3le $ 1egan 2ith the first a3tion 10 Congress.

%he #er0 Congress 2hi3h +ro+ose the allege 9; th amenment uner the first

+art of Arti3le $ 2as itself, at that #er0 time, #iolating the last +art as 2ell as

the first +art of Arti3le $ of the Constitution. "e 2ill see ho2 this 2as one.

VII.

%here is one, an onl0 one, +ro#ision of the Constitution for the (nite States

2hi3h is fore#er immuta1le 2hi3h 3an ne#er 1e 3hange or e/+unge.

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160/224

ratifi3ation. E#en a 3onstitutionall08re3ogni4e Congress is gi#en 1ut one

#olition in Arti3le $? that is, to #ote 2hether to +ro+ose an amenment on its

o2n initiati#e. %he remaining ste+s 10 Congress are manator0. f t2o8thirs

of 1oth houses shall eem it ne3essar0, Congress shall +ro+ose amenments? if

the egislatures of t2o8thirs of the states ma5e a++li3ation, Congress shall 3all

a 3on#ention. For the 3ourt to gi#e Congress an0 +o2er 1e0on that 2hi3h is

foun in Arti3le $ is tantamount to 2riting ne2 material into Arti3le $. t is

in3on3ei#a1le that the Congress of these (nite States 1e allo2e to +ro+ose,

3om+el su1mission to, an then gi#e life to an in#ali amenment 10 resol#ing

that its efforts ha su33eee regarless of its 3om+lian3e 2ith the +ositi#e

+ro#isions of Arti3le $. No further 3itations shoul 1e ne3essar0 in sustaining

the +ro+osition that neither the Joint &esolution +ro+osing the 9; thamenment,

nor its ratifi3ation 10 the re@uire three8fourths of the states in the (nion, are,

nor, 2ere e#er, in 3om+lian3e 2ith the re@uirements of Arti3le $ of the (. S.

Constitution. "hen the manator0 +ro#isions of the Constitution are #iolate,

the Constitution itself stri5es 2ith nullit0 the A3t that i #iolen3e to its

+ro#isions. %hus, the Constitution stri5es 2ith nullit0 the +ur+orte 9;th

amenment. %he 3ourts, 1oun 10 oath to su++ort the Constitution, are there10

re*uired to re#ie2 ''a00'' of the e#ien3e herein su1mitte, an, measuring the

fa3ts +ro#ing #iolations of the manator0 +ro#isions of the Constitution 2ithin

Page 145 of 12.


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Arti3le $, finall0 rener ugment e3laring the +ur+orte 9; th amenment ne#er to

ha#e 1een ao+te as re@uire 10 the Constitution. %he Constitution ma5es it

the s2orn ut0 of all uges to u+hol the Constitution 2hi3h stri5es 2ith

nullit0 the 9;thamenment? as Chief Justi3e arshall +oints out for a unanimous

3ourt in ar1ur0 #. aison !9 Cran3h 9 at 9>):

60he framers of the constitution contemplated the instrument as a rule for the

government of courts, as &ell as of the legislature.6

6Why does a 1udge s&ear to discharge his duties agreeably to the constitution of

the !nited "tates, if that constitution forms no rule for his governmentM6

6;f such be the real state of things, that is &orse than solemn mocery.

0o prescribe, or to tae this oath, becomes e*ually a crime.6

60hus, the particular phraseology of the +onstitution of the !nited "tates

confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all &ritten

constitutions, courts, as &ell as other departments, are bound by that

instrument.6

f the feeral 3ourts are refuse to hear argument on the in#aliit0 of the 9; th

amenment, e#en 2hen the issue is +resente s@uarel0 10 the +leaings an the

e#ien3e is +resente as a1o#e, re3ourse must then ta5e the form of an arousal

of +u1li3 sentiment in fa#or of +reser#ing the Constitution an our institutions

Page 146 of 12.


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an freeoms uner 3onstitutional go#ernment, so that the future se3urit0 of our

3ountr0 2ill 1rea5 the +oliti3al 1arriers 2hi3h ma0 attem+t to +re#ent ui3ial

3onsieration of an0 an all su3h un3onstitutionalit0 1earing the li5es thereof.

''. . . for ; have s&orn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form

of tyranny over the mind of man.6

%homas Jefferson.

F4*2e no*e/ an aena, 97, +rotests as follo2s:

6"ince the reorganiation of the "tate government, Georgia has elected "enators

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and )epresentatives. "o has every other "tate. 0hey have been arbitrarily

refused admission to their seats, not on the ground that the *ualifications of the

members elected did not conform to the fourth paragraph, second section, first

article of the +onstitution, but because their right of representation &as denied

by a portion of the "tates having e*ual but not greater rights than themselves.

0hey have in fact been forcibly e%cluded and, inasmuch as all legislative po&er

granted by the "tates to the +ongress is defined, and this po&er of e%clusion is

not among the po&ers e%pressly or by implication, the assemblage, at the

capitol, of representatives from a portion of the "tates, to the e%clusion of the

representatives of another portion, cannot be a constitutional +ongress, &hen the

representation of each "tate forms an integral part of the &hole.

60his amendment is tendered to Georgia for ratification, under that po&er in the

+onstitution &hich authories t&o#thirds of the +ongress to propose amendments.

We have endeavored to establish that Georgia had a right, in the first place, as

a part of the +ongress, to act upon the *uestion, Q"hall these amendments be

proposedMR -very other e%cluded "tate had the same right.

60he first constitutional privilege has been arbitrarily denied.

6Had these amendments been submitted to a constitutional +ongress, they never

&ould have been proposed to the "tates. 0&o#thirds of the &hole +ongress

Page 152 of 12.


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never &ould have proposed to eleven "tates voluntarily to reduce their political

po&er in the !nion, and at the same time, disfranchise the larger portion of the

intellect, integrity and patriotism of eleven co#e*ual "tates.6=

%he Floria egislature, 10 &esolution of De3em1er =, 97, +rotests as follo2s:

6et this alteration be made in the organic system and some ne& and more

startling demands may or may not be re*uired by the predominant party previous

to allotting the ten "tates no& unla&fully and unconstitutionally deprived of their

right of representation to enter the Halls of the National egislature. 0heir

right to representation is guaranteed by the +onstitution of this country and

there is no act, not even that of rebellion, can deprive them of its e%ercise.6

%he South Carolina egislature 10 &esolution of No#em1er 6, 97, +rotests as

follo2s:

6-leven of the "outhern "tates, including "outh +arolina, are deprived of their

representation in +ongress. 5lthough their "enators and )epresentatives have

been duly elected and have presented themselves for the purpose of taing their

seats, their credentials have, in most instances, been laid upon the table &ithout

being read, or have been referred to a committee, &ho have failed to mae any

report on the sub1ect. ;n short, +ongress has refused to e%ercise its

Page 153 of 12.


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+onstitutional functions, and decide either upon the election, the return, or the

*ualification of these selected by the "tates and people to represent us. "ome of

the "enators and )epresentatives from the "outhern "tates &ere prepared to tae

the test oath, but even these have been persistently ignored, and ept out of the

seats to &hich they &ere entitled under the +onstitution and la&s.

6Hence this amendment has not been proposed by Qt&o#thirds of both HousesR of

a legally constituted +ongress, and is not, +onstitutionally or legitimately, before

a single egislature for ratification.6

%he North Carolina egislature +rotests 10 &esolution of De3em1er , 97 as

follo2s:

60he


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House, although they all, e%cept the "tate of 0e%as, had "enators and

)epresentatives duly elected and claiming their privileges under the +onstitution.

;n conse*uence of this, these "tates had no voice on the important *uestion of

proposing the 5mendment. Had they been allo&ed to give their votes, the

proposition &ould doubtless have failed to command the re*uired t&o#thirds

ma1ority.

6;f the votes of these "tates are necessary to a valid ratification of the

5mendment, they &ere e*ually necessary on the *uestion of proposing it to the

"tates for it &ould be difficult, in the opinion of the +ommittee, to sho& by

&hat process in logic, men of intelligence could arrive at a different conclusion.67

?o&n* Re/o04*&on Inee6*&e 2as ne#er +resente to the

*resient of the (nite States for his a++ro#al, as *resient Anre2 Johnson

states in his message of June 66, 97.9< %herefore, the so83alle Joint &esolution

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