352511_Food Spoilage- Stinkies , Slimies and Biofilms

7/23/2019 352511_Food Spoilage- Stinkies , Slimies and Biofilms

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-by-

Jovana Kovačević

Food Spoilage:“Stinkies”, “Slimies”

and Bioflms

October 22, 2009



10/22/2009

2

OutlineOutline

Spoilage of FoodoSpoilage Signs

oeat, Fis!, "airy

o#!at do laboratory tests tell you aboutspoilage$

%io&l's

o(roperties and for'ationo#!y are t!ey a proble'$

)o* do *e deal *it! spoilage andbio&l's$



10/22/2009

3

Food SpoilageFood Spoilage

Undesirable

deterioration offood quality thatmay result in

changes in odor,taste andappearance of food.



10/22/2009

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Food SpoilageFood Spoilage +ypes of spoilage

icrobial

%acteria, yeasts, 'olds

on-'icrobial

Foreign 'aterials, en.y'es

/!anges not necessarily !ar'ful



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icrobial Food Spoilageicrobial Food Spoilage

ac! food uni1ue 'icrobial environ'entuni1ue spoilage agents for eac!

#!y do 'icroorganis's spoil our food$

food co'position ideal source of nutrients for'icrobes

availability of *ater and oygen suitable p)

Factors t!at a3ect spoilage Oygen, te'perature, p), a

*, !u'idity



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Spoilage organis'sSpoilage organis's

Si'ilar 'icro4ora e'erge in di3erentfoods under t!e sa'e conditions

53ected by t!e

o +ype of foodo(rocessingo(reservationoStorage conditions

"o'ination of speci&c spoilage 'icrobes

o 6nitial counts presentoutrient co'position

o/!e'ical and p!ysical para'eters


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/352511food-spoilage-stinkies-slimies-and-biofilms 7/4010/22/2009

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Spoilage SignsSpoilage Signs

Odor %rea7do*n of

proteins 8 putrefaction

eg :rotten egg;s'ell

Sli'iness

"iscoloration old on bread, blue

and green 'old on

citrus fruit and c!eese



8

Spoilage Signs<Spoilage Signs<

Souring (roduction of acid

eg sour 'il7 fro'production of lactic acid

=as for'ation eat beco'es spongy S*ollen or bubbling

pac7ages and cans



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Food +ypesFood +ypes %ased on rate of%ased on rate of

spoilagespoilage>? )ig!ly peris!able 'eat

fruit

'il7

vegetables

eggs

2? Se'i peris!able potatoes

nuts

@? Stable rice

4our

dry beans

#+

"AB



10

6nade1uate storage te'peratures

(rolonged storage ti'es

6'proper ventilation

/ross conta'ination

cessive delays bet*een receivingand storing

6nade1uate food safety standards

/o''on /auses of Food/o''on /auses of Food

SpoilageSpoilage



11

eat Spoilageeat Spoilage



12

eat spoilage</utting board conta'ination

/onveyor belts +e'perature

"elay bet*een storage and

distributionFecal conta'ination fro' intestines



13

eat Spoilage /ontinuedeat Spoilage /ontinued

FoodTypes oSpoilage

SpoilageMicroorganisms

MEAT

Fresh

(utrefactionClostridium, Pseudomonas,Proteus, Alcaligenes,Chromobacterium

Souring Chromobacterium,Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas

!red

ouldyPenicillium, Aspergillus,Rhizopus

SouringPseudomonas, Micrococcus,

acillus

=reeningLactobacillus spp,!treptococcus, Pediococcus

Sli'y Leuconostoc

"ac!!m#acked Souring=reening Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium,Leuconostoc



16

Fis! and ggs SpoilageFis! and ggs Spoilage



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Fis! and ggs SpoilageFis! and ggs Spoilage

/ontinued/ontinuedFis!(olluted *aters

+ransportation

ve!icles, boes

(oultry and ggs)u'an contact

(enetration bybacteria

/rac7s

+(A5+CA

()BS6/5D"55=

6+A6S6/F5/+OAS



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Fis! E ggs Spoilage /ontinuedFis! E ggs Spoilage /ontinued

FoodTypes o

Spoilage


F$S%

"iscoloratio

n

Pseudomonas

(utrefaction

Chromobacterium,#alobacterium,

Micrococcus

E&&S

=reen rot Pseudomonas

/olorlessrot

Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes,

Chromobacterium

%lac7 rot /olifor's



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Spoilage of il7 and "airySpoilage of il7 and "airy

(roducts(roducts

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2313/2181694147_12ce5cd763.jp



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Spoilage of il7 and "airy (roducts /ontinuedSpoilage of il7 and "airy (roducts /ontinued

Food Types of Spoilage Spoilage Microorganisms

DAIRY

MILK(pasteurized

!itter"ess Pseudomonas spp.

#o$ri" Lactobacillus thermophilus

#%eet c$rdli" Bacillus cereus

!"##S#

&ree" discoloratio" Penicillium

&ree" to 'lackdiscoloratio"

Cladosporium

!lack discoloratio" Candida

#limi"ess (hih p)* Pseudomonas spp.

+&ass,- cheese oliforms ! lostridia



21

Spoilage of Fruits andSpoilage of Fruits and

egetablesegetables

http://timel,tid'its.%ordpress.com/2008/07/28/the%ordofodasrotti"fr$it/

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2313/2181694147_12ce5cd763.jpg





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Spoilage of Fruits and egetablesSpoilage of Fruits and egetables

FoodTypes o

Spoilage


F'ES%

F'($TSA)*

"E&ETAB+ES

%acterial softrot $r%inia caroto&era,Pseudomonas spp

=ray 'ouldrot

otryitis cinerea

A!i.opus soft

rot Rhizopus nigrican

%lue 'ouldrot

Penicillium italicum

%lac7 'ouldrot

Aspergillus niger, Alternaria

Sli'iness and



23

a'ples of Food Gualitya'ples of Food Guality

+ests +estseat E Fis! p) for vacuu' pac7aging HI0?

isual inspection for lea7age color c!ange

Faulty seals, pin-!oles

Sensory test

5erobic plate count at @0L/

6ndication of !ygiene at pac7agingpected refrigerated s!elf-life M 5(/ N i'proper cleaning of e1uip'ent,

unacceptable ti'ete'perature !istory of ra*products

http://timelytidbits.wordpress.com/2008/07/28/the-word-of-god-as-rotting-fruit/



24

+esting for icrobial Guality +esting for icrobial Guality

+otal iable /ount

nterobacteriacea

/olifor's

$scherichia coli

nterococci

!taphilococcus aureus

acillus spp

Clostridium perfringens

Dactic acid bacteria

Pseudomonas species Beasts and 'olds



25



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a'ples of Food Sub'issiona'ples of Food Sub'ission

For'sFor's



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+otal iable /ount +otal iable /ount

Total "iale o!nt also kno-n as:

)eterotrop!ic plate count H)(/?

5erobic plate count H5(/?

+otal plate count H+(/?

5erobic colony count H5//?

5erobic 'esop!ilic count

#!rpose:

+!e aerobic plate count gives t!e total nu'ber of bacteria able togro* in an oygenated or aerobic environ'ent

/oo7ed foods s!ould !ave little to no bacteria presentAesult provides a guide for s!elf-life of foods +!e !ig!er t!e count prolonged storage, andor inade1uate

coo7ing

ote ot a useful indicator for fer'ented foodsor fres! read -to-eat ra* fruits and ve etables



10/22/2009

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nterobacteriaceaenterobacteriaceae5 fa'ily of =ra'-negative, facultativelyanaerobic, rod-s!aped bacteria t!at do notfor' endospores and fer'ent variety ofsugars

6ncludes (at!ogenic 'icrobes

eg pat!ogenic $. coli, Proteus, !almonella,

!higella, 'ersinia, $nterobacter , !erratia, (lebsiella on-pat!ogenic 'icrobes

eg Citrobacter , $r%inia, #afnia



10/22/2009

29

/olifor's and/olifor's and $. coli$. coli

/olifor's +otal colifor's Fecal colifor's

o Found in !u'an and ani'al intestinal *asteso ore precise indicator of t!e presence of

se*age conta'ination t!an total colifor's

Four groups of fecal colifor's

o$nterobactero(lebsiella

o $scherichia

oCitrobacter



10/22/2009

30

$scherichia coli%est indicator of fecal sanitation proble's

/!aracteri.ed by t!e fer'entation of

gl!cose and lactose

Found 6n t!e gut of *ar' blooded 'a''als

6n t!e gut of insects and reptiles5s natural soil 'icrobial 4ora



Sanitary Guality =uidelines

Food $roupIndicator Test Result (!F%&g

Satisfactory %nsatisfactoryAero'ic !olony !ount

a""ed foods ooked hotheld food 5 5

ooked chilled food "o ha"dli" 100 1000

ooked chilled food %ith ha"dli" resered foods

100000 1000000

o" shelf life fish prod$cts meat prod$cts fr$ita"d eeta'le prod$cts

1000000 100000000

erme"ted foods resh fr$its a"d eeta'les ot applica'le ot applica'le

Total !oliform !ount

ll foods ecept fresh fr$its eeta'les

or foods co"tai"i" them 100 1000

Fecal !oliform !ount

ll foods ecept fresh fr$its eeta'les or foodsco"tai"i" them

3 3

Escherichia coli !ount

ll foods 3 3



10/22/2009

32

5erobic (late /ount5erobic (late /ount

nviron'ental S*absnviron'ental S*abs=uidelines for interpretation of bacterial counts fro's*abs and sponges as 'eans of 'onitoring t!e cleanlinessof surfaces

$nterpretation

F( o!nt#er Area

S-aed+og

on.ersion

o!nts onS!race/0ased on 12cm1 s!raceareasampled3

/lean I P /FC I >P I P /FC c'2

/onta'inated >0 to 20/FC

2>P 8 2> Q P to >0/FC c'2

ery/onta'inated

R 20 /FC R 2> R >0 /FC c'2 )alues *ill +ary depending on size of t,e surface area sampled- To calculate t,e num'er of

'acteria per cm. ta/e t,e total !F% and di+ide 'y t,e surface area s*a''ed-



10/22/2009

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/o''on Spoilage/o''on Spoilageicroorganis'sicroorganis's

!he%anella putrefaciens

Pseudomonas sppo=ra' negative

oAod s!aped

ootileo5erobic

oon-spore for'ing

o%io&l' for'ershttp://%%%.lille.i"ra.fr/lille_e"/$"ites_et_recherches/"os_$"ites/pta/i"terfaces_'acteries_alime"ts_s$rfaces_solides

Pseudomonas aeruginosa



Pseudomonas aeruginosa

htt ://%%%.micro'eli'rar .or /asmo"l /details.as ;id<545a" <



10/22/2009

35

%io&l's%io&l's

)*ariety of microorganismsarranged in a comple+

relationship to one another andembedded in a mass ofe+tracellular polysaccharides of

their o%n maing-

(http://%%%.perso"al.ps$.ed$/fac$lt,/j/e/jel5/'iofilms/*



%io&l's /ontinued%io&l's /ontinued

/o''unities of bacteriaad!ering to

nviron'ental surfaces

Diving tissues 6nd*elling 'edical devices 6ndustrial or potable *ater

syste' piping

atural a1uatic syste's Food processing facilities

o Floors, *aste *ater pipes,bends in pipes, rubber seals,conveyor belts, stainless

steel surfaces HKu'ar and5nand, >99?=># >icro'iolo, etters. 228:203210.

http://%%%.micro'eli'rar,.or/



10/22/2009

38

#!y do bacteria for' bio&l's$#!y do bacteria for' bio&l's$

(rotection fro' t!e environ'entoSaniti.ers

o5ntibiotics

utrient availability and'etabolic cooperativity

5c1uisition of ne* genetic traits



10/22/2009

39

%io&l' for'ation

!ttp***personalpsuedufacultyTeTelPbio&l's



10/22/2009

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/ontrol of icrobial Spoilage/ontrol of icrobial Spoilage

=ood 'anufacturing practices

/leaning and sanitation(rocessing environ'ent

1uip'ent)andling *it! 'ini'al p!ysical da'age

#as!ing Hin so'e case?

(roper storage te'perature

Aapid 'ove'ent of food t!roug!processing plant

+reat'ents<

preservation



10/22/2009

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+e'perature basedo /!illingo Aefrigerationo Free.ingo (asteuri.ation

o /anning

#ater activity reductiono "e!ydrationo 5ddition of salts and sugars

6rradiationodi&ed 5t'osp!ere (ac7agingFer'entation

+reat'ent *it! c!e'icals

o Sorbic acid, p!enylp!enates, dip!enyl andiodop!ors, fu'igation *it! sulfur-containing dusts

Food preservationFood preservation



10/22/2009

43

AeferencesAeferences> "avey and OU+oole H2000? icrobial %io&l's fro' ecology to

'olecular genetics icrobiol olec %io Aev H?V-V

2 Forsyt!e, SJ, and (A )ayes >99 Food )ygiene icrobiology and)5//( @rd d pp @ 5spen (ublis!ers 6nc, aryland

@ 6/SF 200P icroorganis's in Foods icrobial cology of Food/o''odities 2nd d pp V@ Klu*er 5cade'ic(lenu' (ublis!ers,

e* Bor7, B ars!, J, ) Duo, ) #ang 200@ 5 t!ree-tiered approac! to

di3erentiate Disteria 'onocytogenes bio&l'-for'ing abilities FSicrobiology Detters 2220@-2>0

P !ttp***personalpsuedufacultyTeTelPbio&l's

!ttp***@sy'paticocatanianicolasAiverW20%io&l'Tpg

V !ttp***lilleinrafrlilleXengunitesXetXrec!erc!esnosXunites gptainterfacesXbacteriesXali'entsXsurfacesXsolides

!ttp***personalpsuedufacultyTeTelPbio&l's

9 !ttp***'icrobelibraryorgas'onlydetailsasp$idNPPEDangN

>0 !ttpti'elytidbits*ordpressco'2000V2t!e-*ord-of-god-as-

rotting-fruit>> !ttpfar'@static4ic7rco'2@>@2>>9>VX>2cePcdV@Tpg



+!an7 youY

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352511_Food Spoilage- Stinkies , Slimies and Biofilms