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34338 1 + National Library Bibliothfeque nationale of Canada du Canada CANADIAN THESES ON MICROFICHE 5 CANADIENNES UCROFICHE ' V RotJ E R. F A £ c VI rJ E R NAME 6 f AUTH0R//V04T DE i ' aiitfiir , ' ^ _______ ! ___________________ N _____________________ TITLE Of THESIS/77 TRE DE LA THFSP ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Q^~~ . V* ^ A ^ \ <p A N] l^> c ^ tV \IC M Co^T'RoL k l? Ku?f\ ’SjfcK.^E.S.S _____________ ; _______ j __________________ L IMI\/FIKITv)/IIVHsF*tlT/ LL ^ V R~\ DEGREE FOR WHICH THESIS WAS RpESENTED/ . Y\A «- + C C r ‘^ . rn GRADE POUR LEQUEL CETTE THESE PUT PfifSFNTFF U l^ ^ V Q \ O Q\^-VAQ2_ YEAR THIS DEGREE CONFERREO/A/V/vfr D'OUTENTI ON OE CE nttADF ~Dv. £)• v^oA-Von NAME OF SUPERVISOR/ATOM DU D/RECTEUR DE THESE_ Permis. n. by granted to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film. The author reserves Other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or other wise reproduced without the author’s written permission. L'autorisation est. par la prisente. accord6e i la BIBLIOTHE- "(V , QUE NATIONAL£ DU CANADA da microfilmer cette thise et r de prSter ou da vendre des exemplaires du film. L'auteur se rtserve les autres droits de publico:ion; ni la thdse ni de longs extraits de cel/e-ci ne doivent etre imprimis ou autrament reproduits sans l'autorisation icrite de 1‘auteur. DATED /DATt, _ siGNFn/s/r?vF PERMANENT ADDRESS/RESIDENCE FIXE 3)00- ^ 3 ^V-g-V\X>^. ’E-civ^Ovx'Wn A\W a ~~V ol HU-tl (**74) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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Page 1: 34338 - University of Alberta

34338

1 +National Library Bibliothfeque nationale of Canada du Canada

CANADIAN THESES ON MICROFICHE

5 CANADIENNES UCROFICHE

' V R o t J E R . F A £ c VI rJ E RNAME 6 f AUTH0R//V04T D E i 'aiitfiir , ' ^ _______ !___________________ N_____________________

TITLE O f T H E S IS /77 TRE DE LA THFSP ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Q ^ ~ ~ . V* ^ A ^ \ < p A N] l^>

c ^ t V \ I C M C o ^ T ' R o L

k l ? K u ? f \ ’S j f c K . ^ E . S . S _____________ ;_______ j __________________LI M I \ / F I K I T v ) / I I V H s F * t l T / L L ^ V R ~ \

DEGREE FOR WHICH THESIS WAS RpESENTED/ . Y \A «- + C C r ‘ . r nGRADE POUR LEQUEL CETTE THESE PUT PfifSFNTFF U l ^ ^ V Q \ O Q \^ -V A Q 2 _

YEAR THIS DEGREE CO N FERR EO /A /V /vfr D 'O U T ENT I ON O E CE n ttA D F

~ D v . £)• v ^ o A - V o nNAME OF SUPERVISOR/ATOM D U D/RECTEUR D E THESE_

Permis. n. by granted to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF

CANADA to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies

of the film.

The author reserves Other publication rights, and neither the

thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or other­

wise reproduced without the author’s written permission.

L'autorisation est. par la prisente. accord6e i la BIBLIOTHE-"(V • ,

QUE NATIONAL£ DU CANADA da microfilmer cette thise etr

de prSter ou da vendre des exemplaires du film.

L'auteur se rtserve les autres droits de publico:ion; ni la

thdse ni de longs extraits de cel/e-ci ne doivent etre imprimis

ou autrament reproduits sans l'autorisation icrite de 1‘auteur.

DATED /D A T t , _ s iG N F n /s / r ? v F

PERMANENT ADDRESS/RESIDENCE F IXE 3 ) 0 0 - ^ 3 ^ V - g - V \ X > ^ .

’E-civ^Ovx'Wn A\W a~~Vol

HU-tl (**74)

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Page 2: 34338 - University of Alberta

National Library of Canada Biblioth&que nationale du Canada

Cataloguing Branch Direction du catalogageCanadian Theses Division Division des theses canadiennes

Ottawa, Canada K1A0N4

NOTICE

The quality of this microfiche is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original thesis submitted for microfilm­ing. Every effort has been_(Tiade to ensure the highest quality offreproduction possible.

If pages are missing, contact the university which granted the degree.

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Previously copyrighted materials (journal articles, published tests, etc.) are not filmed.

Reproduction in full or in part of this film is governed by the Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30. Please read the authorization forms which accompany this thesis. ’ ■ ,

Ayis

La quality de cette microfiche depend grandement de la quality de la these soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons tout fait pour assurer une quality superieure de repro­duction.

S'il manque des pages, veuillez communiquer avec I'universite qui a c6nf6r6 le grade.

La quality d'impression de certaines pages peut laisser k desirer, surtout si les pages originales ont 6t6 dactylographies a I'arded'un ruban us6 ou si I'universit6 nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de mauvaise quality.

Les documents qui font dejk I'objet d'un droit d'au- teur (articles de revue, exarnfens publics, etc.) ne sont pas microfilm6s.

La reproduction, menie partielle, de ce microfilm est soumise k la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30. Veuillez prendre connaissance des for- mules d'autorisation qui accompagnent cette these.

THIS DISSERTATION * HAS BEEN MICROFILMED1 EXACTLY AS RECEIVED

l a t h £s e ’ a £t £ m ic r o f il m £e TELLE QUE

NOUS L’AVONS REQUE/

IS

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THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA ,

THE USE OF PLANT BREEDING AND CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE!

CONTROL OF ALFALFA SICKNESS

by

TYRONE R. FAECHNER

\

\ ' .^ A TH ESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

OF MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN

PLANT BREEDING

- DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SC IENCE -V

i ..

EDMONTON, ALBERTA

F A L L , 19 77

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Page 4: 34338 - University of Alberta

THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

T he u n d e r s i g n e d c e r t i f y t h a t t h e y h a v e r . e a d , a n d

r e c o m m e n d t o t h e F a c u l t y o f G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s a n d R e s e a r c h ,

f o r a c c e p t a n c e , a t h e s i s e n t i t l e d THE USE OF PLANT

BREEDING AND CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF

ALFALFA SICKNESS s u b m i t t e d b y TYRONE FAECHNER i n p a r t i a l

f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f M a s t e r

o 4 S c i e n c e i n P l a n t B r e e d i n g .

• • • • • • I C • §▼§ • • • • • • • • • • «S u p e r v i s o r

# ....................

:

D a t e

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Page 5: 34338 - University of Alberta

ABSTRACT lH e a t t r e a t m e n t , t h r e e f u n g i c i d e s ( D e x o n , M e t a z o l o x o n ,

^ a n d Dowco 2 6 9 ) , a n d p l a n t b r e e d i n g m e t h o d s w e r e c o m p a r e d f o r

e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n t h e c o n t r o l o f a p a t h o g e n t h a t a t t a c k s t h e

r o o t s o f a l f a l f a ( M e d i c a g o m e d i a P e r s . ) . - Of e l e v e n g r o w t h

r o o m t e s t s , e i g h t w e r e u s e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e p h y s i c a l a n d

c h e m i c a l m e t h o d s o f c o n t r o l a n d t h r e e t o ' e v a l u a t e p l a n t s

s e l e c t e d f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s . T h e m ea n h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g p e r p o t w a s

d e t e r m i n e d a s w e l l a s t h e t o t a l y i e l d o f p l a n t d r y m a t t e r

p e r p o t . F i v e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d o n a n e x p e r i m e n t a l

a r e a a t S p r u c e G r o v e , A l b e r t a w h e r e - h e i g h t , p e r f o r m a n c e

r a t i n g , a n d y i e l d w e r e r e c o r d e d o n t h e b a s i s o f s i n g l e r o w

p l o t s . D i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s r e c o r d e d a s a p l o t meacn .

A l f a l f a s i c k n e s s I s c a u s e d b y a p y t h i a c e o u s f u n g u s

w h i c h w i l l i n f e c t a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g s a t t h e r o o t t i p s ,

l a t e r a l n o n c a m b i a l r o o t s , a n d n o d u l e s . B r o w n i n g a n d

l e s i c n i n g o f t h e r o o t t i s s u e r e s u l t s l e a d i n g t o r e s t r i c t e d

g r o w t h a n d t o s h o r t e r , l o w e r y i e l d i n g p l a n t s .

P a s t e u r i z a t i o n o f s i c k s o i l p r o v i d e d a n e f f e c t i v e m e a n stv.

o f c o n t r o l l i n g a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m . H e i g h t

w a s c o n s i s t e n t l y i n c r e a s e d w h i l e . d i s e a s e r a t i n g a n d y i e l d

w e r e ‘ i m p r o v e d .

F e r t i l i t y l e v e l , pH, a n d s o i l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t w e r e

s h o w n n o t t o b e c a s u a t i v e a g e n t s o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

D e x o n . d i d n o ? c o n t r o l a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s , h o w e v e r

i v

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Page 6: 34338 - University of Alberta

M e t a z o l o x o n a n d Dowco 2 6 9 d i d . D o v e o j , 2 69 w a s much jn o re

e f f e c t i v e t h a n M e t a z o l o x o n , a n d n a y h a v e a p l a c e , i n t h e

c o m m e r c i a l c o n t r o l o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . t

A l f a l f a p l a n t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r 2 c y c l e s f r o m w i t h i n

l o c a l l y a d a p t e d c u l t i v a r s a n d c o m p a r e d i n t w o d i a l l e l

c r o s s i n g s y s t e m s . G e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n dv

s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t h e d i s e a s e w a s ! e v i d e n t f r o m t h e h i g h

b r o a d s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s . Low n a r r o w s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y

e s t i m a t e s s u g g e s t e d c o n s e c u t i v e c y c l e s o f r e c u r r e n t

s e l e c t i o n w i t h w e l l - r e p l i c a t e d p r o g e n y t e s t s w o u l d b e

n e c e s s a r y t o b r e e d h i g h l e v e l s o f r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e d i s e a s e .

S e l e c t i o n p r o g r e s s was s l o w i n d i c a t i n g t h a t ; many g e n e s

may c o n t r o l t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y

t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . R e c u r r e n t p h e n o t y p i c s e l e c t i o n i n t h e

g r o w t h r o o m w a s e f f e c t i v e s i n c e i n c r e a s e d ( l e v e l s o f

r e s i s t a n c e w e r e o b t a i n e d a r d no c h a n g e , i n a g r o n o m i c

c h a r a c t e r s f o r w h i c h s e l e c t i o n w a s n o t m a d e , w a s o b s e r v e d .

G e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n w a s m o s t l y d u e t o n o n a d d i t i v e g e n e

a c t i o n i n t h e d i a l l e l c r e s s w h i c h t e s t e d p l a n t s s e l e c t e d f o r

s u s c e p t i b i l i t y s i n c e , t h e s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y iSCA)

v a r i a n c e w a s l a r g e r . t h a n t h e g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (GCA)

v a r i a n c e . I n t h e d i a l l e l c r o s s w h i c h c o m p a r e d r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e s , g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y w a s d u e t o a d d i t i v e g e n e

a c t i o n s i n c e t h e GCA v a r i a n c e w a s l a r g e r t h a n t h e SCA

v a r i a n c e .

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Page 7: 34338 - University of Alberta

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I w o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s my f e e l i n g s o f g r a t i t u d e t o

t h o s e p e r s o n s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n h e l p i n g me s t r i v e f o r

c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s a n d my d e g r e e .

I e x t e n d d e e p t h a n k s t o ray w i f e , C a r o l y n , who w a s

p a t i e n t , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d o f f e r e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t d u r i n g t h eK

m i d s t o f my s t u d y i n g a n d w r i t i n g .

\ A f i n e f r i e n d . D r . B o l t o n , p r o v i d e d m e . w i t h i n v a l u a b l e■c *

a d v i c e a n d a s s i s t a n c e i n c a r r y i n g 0 0 + t b i r p r o j e c t . I w o u l d

l i k e t o m e n t i o n t h a t D r . B o l t o n ' s t i m e a n d e x p e r i e n c e w e r e

a s s t s I t r u l y a p p r e c i a t e d .

D r . w^l^f&n r e a l i z e d my a m b i t i o n i n p i a n t b r e e d i n g , a n d

i t was und r h i s d i r e c t i o n ' t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t w a s c o m p l e t e d .

T he h e l p h e p f f e r e d d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s

m a n u s c r i p t w a s g r a t e f u l l y r e c o g n i z e d . >

D r . W e b s t e r a n d D r . C o o k s ' c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m a n d

g u i d a n c e i n d i s c u s s i o n s o n t h i s s t u d y a r e a c k n o w l e d g e d .'i ,

I am i n d e b t e d t o H a n n s J a h n a t t h e E d m o n t o n R e s e a r c h

S t a t i o n ( P a r k l a n d J a r m ) who o n i n n u m e r a b l e o c c a s i o n s

a s s i s t e d me w i t h t h e g r o w t h r o o m a n d f i e l d t e s t s .

T h e f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e o f A g r i c u l t u r e C a n a d a a n d t h e

G r a d u a t e A w a r d s O f f i c e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a i s

g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d .

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Page 8: 34338 - University of Alberta

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A b s t r a c t ...................... . ........................ i v

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s ............................................................................................................. v±t

L i s t o f T a b l e s ................................................................. ......................... ...................... x

L i s t o f F i g u r e s ......................... x i i

I n t r o d u c t i o n ......................................................................... 1

L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w ......................................................... 4

' P a t h o g e n ................. 4

C o n t r o v e r s y ........................................................ 4

H i s t o r y ................................................................................................... 5

H o s t s ........................................................ ( 8f

D i s t r i b u t i o n ............................ 9

I m p o r t a n c e .......................... I . . . - ...................................... 11’ \

S y m p t o m s ............................................. 11

I n f e c t i o n ........................................................... 12

E n v i r o n m e n t ................. 14I »

P l a n t ................................................................. . 1 8

M a n a g e m e n t ............................ 18a- '

C h e m i c a l s ' ....................................................................................................... 19

P l a n t B r e e d i n g ...................... 21

M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s ................ 3 2

M a t e r i a l s ........................................................ 3 2

M e t h o d s ......................... 3 2

G r o w t h Room ................ 3 3

F i e l d .................................................................................................................. 3 5

V l l

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TABLE OF CONTENTS c o n t i n u e d

' P a t h o g e n ...................................................................................... .................. 40

P l a n t .................................................................................................................. 45

S t a t i s t i c s .................................................................. ............................................. 47

R e s u l t s ........................................ .. ................................................................... ...................... 5 T

P a t h o g e n ..................................................................................................................... 51D

S o i l T e s t 1 ................................................ Y . . . 51

S o i l T e s t 2 ................................................................................................ 51

0 . S. S o i l T e s t ...................................................................................... 52

• T i m e o f I n f e c t i o n T e s t .................................................................. 53/

I n o c u l a t i o n T e s t ................................................. .. 54

F u n g i c i d e T e s t 1 ................................•.............................. .................. 55

F u n g i c i d e T e s t 2 ....................... ........................................................ 55

S t r a i n + F u n g i c i d e T e s t ............................................................ ^ 57

P l a n t .......................................................................l. ................................. .. ............. 58

S e c o n d C y c l e S t r a i n T e s t . ..................°........................................ 5 8 ;

T h r e e C y c l e S t r a i n T e s t ............................................................... 5 9

D i a l l e l S t r a i n T e s t ........................................................................... 6 0

L a t t i c e S t r a i n 1 ............................ ......................... ........................... 6 2

L a t t i c e S t r a i n 2 .......................... ...................... .. 6 3

S t r a i n T e s t 1 ....................... .................................................................... 64

S t r a i n T e s t 2 ........................................................................................... 6 5

O b s e r v a t i o n a l S t r a i n T e s t ........................................... 6 6

C o r r e l a t i o n s ................................................. .. 6 8i •

H e r i t a b i l i t y .............................................................................................. 70

D i s c u s s i o n . . . . ! .................... ................... .. .................................................................... 7 3

P a t h o g e n .................... ....................................................................................... 7 3

P l a n t ............... .. .................................................................................... .. 81'■ Xj

v i i ij

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TABLE OF CONTENTS c o n t i n u e d

S u m m a r y ............................... • • • • ......................... 93

B i b l i o g r a p h y . . . . . . . ......................................................................... . 1 2 6

A p p e n d i c e s ............................ 136

A p p e n d i x 1 . S o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o mt h e a r e a s e l e c t e d f o r t h e f i e l d , s i t e , 1 9 7 6 .................... 136

A p p e n d i x 2 . W e a t h e r d a t a f o r t h e f i e l d s i t e . S p r u c eG r b v e , A l b e r t a f r o m 1 9 6 7 t o 1 9 7 6 . . . 137

A p p e n d i x 3 . . C o m p a r i s b n o £ , : : B ^ r i h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g ^ ,::6f a l * f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s . i n t h e s e c o n d c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t ............................................. 138

A p p e n d i x 9 . - C o m p a r i s o n o f m ea n h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g s o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n i e s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 f o r 1 9 7 6 a p d 1 9 7 7 , .................................................... 191

A p p e n d i x 5 . H e i g h t a n d y i e l d m e a n s o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n i e si n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 ................. . 199

A p p e n d i x 6 . Mean h e i g h t s a n d y i e l d s o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n i e si n s t r a i n t e s t 1 f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 ........................................... 196

a

f

ix

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LIST OF TABLES

1 C o m p a r a t i v e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o fP h y t o p h t h o r a m e q a s p e r m a , P h v t o p h t h o r a c r y p t o q e a ,P y t h i u m u l t i m u m . a n d Pv t h i u m d e b a r y a n u m ..'...I ............... 1 0 0

2 A s u m m a r y o f t h e l o c a t i o n , r e p l i c a t i o n , a n d d e s i g no f t e s t s u n d e r t a k e n d u r i n g 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 97 7 .......................... 101

3 H e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d s t a n d s u r v i v a l s u b p l o t m e a n s o f. B e a v e r s e e d l i n g s i n s o i l t e s t 1 ..................................................... 102

4 H e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n s o f B e a v e rs e e d l i n g s i n s o i l t e s t 2 ..........................................................................103

5 H e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e ’r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a t i o np o t s o f B e a v e r s e e d l i n g s i n t h e U . S . s o i l t e s t . . , . . 1 0 4

6 M e a n s o f h e i g h t , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r B e a v e rs e e d l i n g s i n t h e t i m e o f i n f e c t i o n t e s t ................... 105

7 H e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n s o f a l f a l f as e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t .................. . . 1 0 6

8 Mean h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g s o f B e a v e rs e e d l i n g s i n f u n g i c i d e t e s t 1 ............................ ............................. 107

„ 9 H e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n s o f B e a v e rs e e d l i n g s i n f u n g i c i d e t e s t 2 ...........................................................1 0 8

10 C o m p a r i s o n o f m ea n h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g s o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n t h e s t r a i n+ f u n g i c i d e t e s t ................... ... ................... .. ................................................109

11 M e a n s f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g o fa l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p v g e n i e s i n t h e s e c o n d c y c l es t r a i n t e s t ....................° . ..............................110

12 , S u m m a r y o f m e a n h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d d i s e a s er a t i n g s o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n t h e t h r e ec y c l e s t r a i n t e s t ................. . . . 1 1 1

13 M e a n s o f h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d - d i s e a s e t a t i h g o f ~J a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n

t e s t ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2

14 G e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y , (GCA) \ a n d , j s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (SCA) m e a n s g u a r e s - f 3 n ^ V F - v a l u e s , r a t i o o f GC A: S C A , h e r i. t a b i l i t y - t r m a\t e s , a n d g e n e t i c c o e f f i c i e n t o f , v a r i a b i l i t y p f o r n e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f a l f a l f n ^ e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n t h e

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Page 12: 34338 - University of Alberta

d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t ’ 113

15 _ E s t i m a t e s o f g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y iQCA)e f f e c t s a n d s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y . (SCA) e f f e c t s f o r h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t 114

16 S u m m a r y o f h e i g h t , y i e l d a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n so f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s i n - t h e s e c o n d c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t , t h r e e c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t , - a n d d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t ............ .. ............................................................................ 115

17 C o m p a r i s o n o f m ea n h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g s o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n i e s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t1 f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 . . ; . . . 116

18 C o m p a r i s o n o f ■■ m e a n h e i g h t s a n d y i e l d s o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n i e s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d19 77 ............ . , . . . .................................. ‘................................ *................. 117

19 Mean h e i g h t s , a n d y i e l d s o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n i e s i ns t r a i n t e s t 1 f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 .............................................. 118

20 H e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n s o f a l f a l f ^p r o g e n i e s i n s t r a i n t e s t 2 f a r 1 9 7 6 . . . , * . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9

21 S u m m a r y o f a l f a l f a p r o g e n y h e i g h t ' ’a n d y i e l d m e a n sf o r e a c h f i e l d t e s t i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 ...................... 120

• . *

22 S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a g r o n o m i cc h a r a c t e r s f o r g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s i n v o l v i n g t h ea l f a l f a s i c k n e s s p a t h o g e n ............................................. 121

J23 S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a g r o n o m i c

c h a r a c t e r s f o r g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s i n v o l v i n g t h ea l f a l f a ' p l a n t ......................... . . 1 2 2

. .

29 S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a g r o n o m i cc h a r a c t e r s f o r f i e l d t e s t s i n v o l v i n g t h e a l f a l f ap l a n t i n J 9 7 6 an(* 1 9 7 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3

25 M ean ^ e i g h t s a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g s , p e r c e n t ' o fs u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , a n d - s e l e c t i o n i n t e n s i t y o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g p r o g e n i e s d e r i v e d f r o m 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m .......................... . 1 2 9

26 M e a n s , r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( b ) , a n d n a r r o ws e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s o f h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g - p r o g e n i e s s e l e c t e d i n ' r e s p o n s e t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s o v e r t w o c y c l e s \ i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m ....................................... . . . . 1 2 5

'• \

x i

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LIST OF FIGURESL

H e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n s o f B e a v e r s e e d l i n g ^f o r t h e t i m e o f i n f e c t i o n t e s t ............................. ..................... 9.6

F r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g s i n c y c l e 0 p l a n t e d ii? s i c k s o i l a n d n o n s i c k s o i l a n dg r o w n i n t h ve g r o w t h r o o m . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... 9 7

- * 'F r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n gp r o g e n i e s i n c y c l e 1 g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l i n t h e

. g r o w t h r o o m ..................* . . . . ......................... ................................... . . . . . 9 8

F r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g ,p r o g e n i e s ' i n c y c l e 2 g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l i n t h eg r o w t h r o o m ............................... 99

\\

tx i i

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INTBODOCTION

A l f a l f a ( H e d i c a g o s a t i v a L. a n d H e d i c a g o f a l c a t a L.

a n d h y b r i d s b e t w e e n t h e s e s p e c i e s ) i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t

p e r e n n i a l f o r a g e l e g u m e g r o w n i n w e s t e r n C a n a d a . I t t h r i v e s

. o n n e a r l y n e u t r a l s o i l s , r e s p o n d s t o i r r i g a t i o n , a n d w i l l

y i e l d u p w a r d s o f 9 . 5 m t e t r i c i o n s o f d r y n a t t e r p e r h a . T h i s

l e g u a e r e q u i r e s w e l l d r a i n e d s o i l w h i c h i t i a p r o v e s t h r o u g h

i t s a b i l i t y t o f i x a t a o s p h e r i c n i t r o g e n . A l f a l f a i s a

p a l a t a b l e , n u t r i t i o u s f o d d e r w i t h a c r u d e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f

a p p r o x i n a t e l y 1 7 * .

H o s t o f t h e c u l t i v a r s o f a l f a l f a o r i g i n a t e f r o m M.

s a t i v a a n d f a l c a t a . T h e f a l c a t a d e r i v e d c u l t i v a r s a r e

c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e n o r e w i n t e r h a r d i n e s s a n d d r o u g h t

r e s i s t a n c e b u t l o w e r s e e d a n d f o r a g e y i e l d s c o m p a r e d t o

c u l t i v a r s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o n t h e s a t i v a s p e c i e s . C a n a d i a n

c u l t i v a r s a r e t l* e r e s u l t o f i n t e r s p e c i f i c c r o s s e s b e t w e e n M_j.

s a t i v a a n d Hx f a l c a t a a n d a r e u s u a l l y k n o w n a s H e d i c a g o

a e d i a P e r s . .

A l f a l f a i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e d a i r y , b e e f , a n d a l f a l f a

d e h y d r a t i o n i n d u s t r i e s . C e n s u s d a t a ( ^ l b e r t a A g r i c u l t u r e ,V ' '

1 9 7 7 ) i n d i c a t e d t h e r e a r e 7 9 0 , 0 0 0 h a ( o r 6% o f t h e

c u l t i v a t e d a r e a ) i n p u r e a l f a l f a s t a n d s a n d m i x t u r e s*

c o n t a i n i n g a l f a l f a i n A l b e r t a . T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r e x p a n s i o n

h a s b e e n c o n s e r v a t i v e l y e s t i m a t e d a t 1 . 5 m i l l i o n h a , m o r e

t h a n d o u b l e t h a t j io w i n p r o d u c t i o n . T h e a n n u a l r e q u i r e m e n t s/ f

o f a l f a l f a f o r t h e d a i r y i n d u s t r y a p p r o a c h e d 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 m e t r i c

t e n s f o r \ 1 9 7 5 ( A l b e r t a A g r i c u l t u r e , 1 9 7 5 ) . i f x t h i n t h e' \

. J^ 1 ,

f

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Page 15: 34338 - University of Alberta

2

v i n c i t y o f E d m o n t o n t h e r e a r e s i x a l f a l f a d e h y d r a t i o n p l a n t s

p r o d u c i n g a b o u t 1 2 , 6 0 0 m e t r i c t o n s , y e a r l y , f r o m a n a r - o f

3 , 2 0 0 h a p e r f a c t o r y .

I n c e n t r a l , A l b e r t a , a c o n d i t i o n r e s t r i c t i n g t h e g r o w t h

o f a l f a l f a h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d ( W e b s t e r e t a l . . 1 9 6 7 ) . T h i s

s y n d r o m e h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d t o a s " a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s " a n d t h e

s o i l i n c i t i n g i t . a s " s i c k s o i l " . I n t h e d i s s e r a t i o n t h a t

f o l l o w s , t h o s e t e r m s w i l l b e u s e d .

P o o r g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a i n t h e E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a a r e a

w a s f i r s t r e c o r d e d b y G o e t t e l ( 1 9 6 2 ) who f o u n d f e r t i l i z e r s

d i d n o t c o r r e c t t h e p r o b l e m . A l t h o u g h t h e c a u s a t i v e a g e n t\ (

r e s p o n s i b l e fcjjfc, a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s n o t i s o l a t e d , W e b s t e r

e t a l ( 1 9 6 7 ) i n d i c a t e d i t w a s b i o l o g i c a l . A s e l e c t i o n . , s t u d y

w h i c h w a s ' u n d e r t a k e n b y G o p l e n a n d W e b s t e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) f a i l e d t o

d e m o n s t r a t e i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . A

n i t r o g e n i m b a l a n c e a n d p o s s i b l y a n a l u m i n u m t o x i c i t y w e r e

x c o n c l u d e d t o b e t h e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g a l f a l f a i n s i c k s o i l

( W e b s t e r a n d D e k o c k , 1 9 7 0 ) . R o o t z o n e t e m p e r a t u r e s i n s i c k

s o i l d i 4 n o t s h e d l i g h t o n a n y new a r e a n o r d i d c o r r e c t i v e

f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s ( H c E l g u n n a n d H e i n r i c h s , 1 9 7 0 ) .

W e b s t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) a t t e m p t e d , b u t d i d n o t s u c c e e d , i n

e s t a b l i s h i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a s p e c i e s o f n e m a t o d e

a n d a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . S u b s g u e n t l y , D a m i r g i e t a l . ( 1 9 7 6 )

p r o v e d a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s n o t c a u s e d b y t h e n e m a t o d e .

T h e s e a u t h o r s p r o d u c e d s y m p t o m s t y p i c a l o f a l i a l f a s i c k n e s s

u s i n g s i c k s o i l s e r i a l d i l u t i o n s . .

T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s y m p t o m s o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s have^

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Page 16: 34338 - University of Alberta

b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y G o e t t e l , 1 9 6 2 ; W e b s t e r e t a l . , 1 9 6 7 ;

W e b s t e r a n d D e k o c k , 1 9 7 0 , a n d D a n i r g i e t a j L , 1 9 7 6 , a n d may

b e r e c a p i t u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s .

1) T h e p l a n t s a r e s t u n t e d a n d c h l o r o t i c ./

2) I r r e g u l a r , b r o w n i s h l e s i o n s a p p e a r on l a t e r a l

a n d t a p r o o t s l l o w e d b y g i r d l i n g o f t h e l a t e r a l

r o o t s k ' " ■

3) O l d e r r o o t s d o n o t e x h i b i t d e e p n e c r o t i c a r e a s

b u t p o o r n o d u l a t i o n i s e v i d e n t .

A l t h o u g h t h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s h a s n o t

b e e n a s s e s s e d i n t e r m s o f y i e l d l o s s , i t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d

( E o l t o n , 1 9 7 7 ) t h a t a l f a l f a s t a n d s o n s i c k soil p r o d u c e l o w

y i e l d s . T h e d i s e a s e may b e c o n t r o l l e d b y s t u d y i n g t h e w a y i n

w h i c h i t i n t e r a c t s w i t h t h e p l a n t , a n d by e x a m i n i n g t h eI

r e s p o n s e o f t h e d i s e a s e p a t h o g e n t o c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l

t r e a t m e n t s . H o w e v e r , s u c h t r e a t m e n t s a r e f r e q u e n t l y

e x p e n s i v e a n d t h u s o f l i t t l e p r a c t i c a l v a l u e . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,

a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o o b t a i n r e s i s t a n t p r o g e n i e s b y p l a n t•»

b r e e d i n g m e t h o d s . F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s r e v e a l e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n

t h e d e g r e e o f f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e w i t h i n , a s w e l l a s b e t w e e n ,

l o c a l c u l t i v a r s . I f , t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a f e i n h e r i t e d , t h e n

r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s c d u l d b e s e l e c t e d . An a t t e m p t was a l s o m a d e

t o e l u d i c a t e t h e g e n e t i c m e c h a n i s m s w h i c h g o v e r n t h e

e x p r e s s i o n o f t h i s t r a i t . T h e o b j e c t o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y

w a s , t h e n , t o c o n t r o l t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s p a t h o g e n by

c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l t r e a t m e n t s a n d t o i d e n t i f y r e s i s t a n t

c l o n e s w h i c h c a n b e u s e d t o s y n t h e s i z e a r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r .

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Page 17: 34338 - University of Alberta

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. P a t h o g e n

a . C o n t r o v e r s y F r o m s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y

o f A l b e r t a , t h e c a s u a l a g e n t o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s a

p y t h i a c e o u s f u n g u s ( C o c k , 1 9 7 7 ; D a o i r g i e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) , t h e

i d e n t i t y o f w h i c h i b c o n t r o v e r s i a l . D i s a g r e e m e n t r e v o l v e s

a r o u n d t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p a t h o g e n a s a P v t h i u m s p .

o r a P h y t o p h t h o r a s p . . T h i s d i s a g r e e m e n t r e s u l t s f r o m t h r e e

f a c t o r s . F i r s t , t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e P h y c o m y c e t e s i s

s o m e w h a t a m b i g u o u s ( W a l k e r , 1 9 6 1 ; W a t e r h o u s e , 1 9 7 3 ) . T a b l e 1 C ..

c o m p a r e s t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

t h e s p e c i e s a n d g e n u s i n g u e s t i o n . W a t e r h o u s e ( 1 9 7 0 ) a d m i t s

t h a t P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a D r e c h s . i s a d i f f i c u l t s p e c i e s

t o c l a s s i f y a n d t h e r e i s a g u e s t i o n o f s p e c i a t i o n w i t h t h e

me g a s p e r m a c o m p l e x . ^

S e c o n d , t h e p r i m a r y i n v a d e r i s c o n f u s e d w i t h s e » n n c a r y

^ i n v a d e r s . E r w i n ( 1 9 5 4 b ) s u g g e s t e d s e c o n d a r y o r g a n i s m s m i g h t

. s u p p r e s s o r m as k P h y t o p h t h o r a c r y p t o g e a P e t h y b r i d g e a n d

L a f f t e r y i n a l f a l f a r o o t s d u r i n g u n f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r

t h i s p a t h o g e n . F r o s h e i s e r ( 1 9 6 8 ) S t a t e d P.. me g a s p e r m a w a s

e n d e m i c t o t h e s o i l o n l y r e q u i r i n g s u i t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l

c o n d i t i o n s t o d e v e l o p . T h i s i s f u r t h e r s u p p o r t e d b y t h e

w i d e s p r e a d g e o g r a p h i c i s t r i b u t i o n o f P ^ me g a s p e r m a r e p o r t e d

i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . B e a r i n g i n m i n d t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s p l u s

t h e f a c t t h a t n o P y t h i u m s p . h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e

' ^ c a s u a t i v e a g e n t o f a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n w e s t e r n C a n a d a ,A

t h e i n i t i a l i n v a d e r c a u s i n g a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s b e l i e v e d t o

. , -Ck

4

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Page 18: 34338 - University of Alberta

5

b e a Ph v t o p h t h o r a s p . .

T h e t h i r d f a c t o r w a s t i n e f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o d e v e l o p i n

a l f a l f a a g a i n s t P y t h i u m s p . a s c o m p a r e d t o P h y t o p h t h o r a s p . .

H a p l i n a n d H a n s o n 1 1 9 5 8 ) f o u n d a l f a l f a t o b e s u s c e p t i b l e t o

5 s p e c i e s o f P y t h i u m b u t i a a u n i t y t o P y t h i u m s p . | a s

d e v e l o p e d 3 d a y s a f t e r s e e d i n g . C h i a n d H a n s o n ( 1 9 6 2 )

r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o P y t h i u m

d e b a r y a num H e s s e i n a l f a l f a . I n c o n t r a s t , i m m u n i t y t o

P h y t o p h t h o r a i s u n k n o w n ( H a r k s a n d H i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 1 b ; E r w i n ,

1 9 6 2 ) a n d r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e f u n g u s h a s b e e n i n c r e a s e d o v e r

c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n ( F r o s h e i s e r a n d B a r n e s , 1 9 7 3 ; H i p e e t

a L , 1 9 7 5 ) .*

H i s t o r y G o e t t e l ( 1 9 6 2 ) f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d p o o r

n o d u l a t i o n a n d p o o r g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a i n c e r t a i n f i e l d s w e s t

o f E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a . H a j o r f e r t i l i z e r a m e n d m e n t s d i d n o t

s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e d r y m a t t e r y i e l d o f a l f a l f a p l a n t e d i n\

s i c k s o i l o v e r t h e a l f a l f a i n u n f e r t i l i z e d s i c k s o i l . T h e r e

w a s a n o t i c e a b l e y i e l d i n c r e a s e o f a l f a l f a g r o w n i n

f e r t i l i z e d , s t e a m s t e r i l i z e d , s i c k s o i l c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s

f r o m a f e r t i l i z e d , n o n s t e r i l i z e d , s i c k s o i l . I n t h e s e

g r e e n h o u s e e x p e r i m e n t s , m e n t i o n w a s m a d e o f t h e s o i l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d f r o m a l f a l f a s i c k

f i e l d s . H o w e v e r , a s w a s w i t h s u b s e q u e n t r e p o r t s , n o o n e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s o i l c o u l d b e i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e

c a s u a t i v e a g e n t .

W e b s t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 6 7 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t a b i o l o g i c a l t o x i c

a g e n t \ w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e p r e s s e d g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a

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Page 19: 34338 - University of Alberta

p l a n t s i n s i c k s o i l ! . W e b s t e r a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s e l i m i n a t e d

s o i l f e r t i l i t y , m o i s t u r e d e f i c i e n c y , l o w pH o r a n y

c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e f a c t o r s a s b e i n g t h e c a s u a l a g e n t . I n

t h e i r s t u d y , p l a n t s f r o m s t e a m s t e r i l i z e d s o i l p r o d u c e d h i g h

d r y m a t t e r y i e l d s . C e r t a i n a l f a l f a p l a n t s , w h i c h w e r e g r o w n

i n L e o n a r d j a r s w i t h a g u e o u s s o i l e x t r a c t s f r o m v a r i o u s

l o c a t i o n s , s h o w e d a t o l e r a n c e o r r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e s i c k

s o i l .

G o p l e n a n d - W e b s t e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) a t t e m p t e d t o show ' t h a t • a

g e n e t i c b a s i s f o r s e l e c t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e t o a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s e x i s t e d . H o w e v e r , t h e a u t h o r s w e r e u n s u c c e s s f u l ,

a n d p a r t o f t h i s f a i l u r e may h a v e b e e n a r e s u l t o f t h e

s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a . T h e c r i t e r i a r e l i e d o n p i c k i n g v i g o r o u s ,‘ %

h e a l t h y p l a n t s a n d a d j a c e n t s i c k l y p l a n t s w i t h i n a n a l f a l f a -

s i c k a r e a a n d c o m p a r i n g t h e i r 1 p r o g e n i e s . T h e s e l e c t i o n

p r o c e d u r e was a t b e s t s u p e r i f i c i a l .

W e b s t e r a n d D e k o c k ( 1 9 7 0 ) d e c i d e d t o e x a m i n e f i e l d s o i l

a n d p l a n t s a m p l e s f o r n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t . N i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i s m

o f a l f a l f a w a s a f f e c t e d b y s i c k s o i l w h i c h h a d b e e n

p r e v i o u s l y c r o p p e d t o a l f a l f a . An i n d u c e d n i t r o g e n

d e f i c i e n c y a n d p o s s i b l y a n a l u m i n u m t o x i c i t y w e r e s u g g e s t e d

a s t w o f a c t o r s w h i c h a f f e c t e d t h e a l f a l f a i n s i c k s o i l .

H c E l g u n n a n d H e i n r i c h s ( 1 9 7 0 ) t r i e d t o a s s e s s

f e r t i l i z e r a n d r o o t z o n e t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s i n r e l a t i o n t o

a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l . S o i l t e m p e r a t u r e s o f 1 0 ° C , 1 5 ° C , a n d 2 0 ° C

d i d n o t r e s u l t i n a n y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r h e i g h t a n d

d r y m a t t e r y i e l d o f a l f a l f a . F e r t i l i z e r i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h

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a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r a n y o f t h e

c h a r a c t e r s m e a s u r e d . T h u s M c E l g u n n a n d H e i n r i c h s ( 1 9 7 0 )

a g r e e d w i t h W e b s t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 6 7 ) t h a t n i t r o g e n a n d

p h o s p h o r o u s f e r t i l i z e r , d i d n o t a l l e v i a t e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

B o o t z o n e t e a p e r a t u r e p r o v i d e d n o f u r t h e r c l u e s a s t o t h e

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s a n o a a l y .

T h e A g r i c u l t u r e C a n a d a ( 1 9 7 2 ) r e p o r t \ f r o m t h e S w i f t

C u r r e n t R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n c o n c l u d e d t h a t s i n c e l i t t l e

p r o g r e s s w a s aadt* i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c a u s e o f a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s a n d y e a r - t o - y e a r v a r i a t i o n i n s e v e r i t y ,o f s i c k s o i l' (

was g r e a t t h a t c o n t i n u e d s t u d y c o u l d n o t b e j u s t i f i e d .

W e b s t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) i n i t i a t e d a s u r v e y o f t h e

n e m a t o d e p o p u l a t i o n o f P a r a t v l e n c h u s p r o j e c t u s J e n k i n s s i n c e

c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h c o u n t s o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i e s h a d b e e n

o b s e r v e d i n a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l s . T h e h i g h e s t c o u n t s o f

n e m a t o d e s w e r e r e c o r d e d i n d a r k g r a y l u v i s o l i c s o i l s w h e r e

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s p r e v a l e n t . I t a p p e a r e d t h e n e m a t o d e w a s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s i c k s o i l s . To s u b s t a n t i a t e t h i s f i n d i n g

W e b s t e r a n d Hawn ( 1 9 7 3 ) u n d e r t o o k a m o r e e x t e n s i v e s u r v e y t o

d e t e r m i n e t h e d e n s i t y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f P^. p r o j e c t u s . b u t

w e r e n o t a b l e t o e s t a b l i s h a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e

n e m a t o d e a n d a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s , c e r t a i n s o i l p a r a m e t e r s a n d

c r o p p i n g h i s t o r y w e r e n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e n e m a t o d e

c o u n t s .

When a l f a l f a w a s i n f e c t e d w i t h Pj. p r o j e c t u s . n o d i s e a s e

s y m p t o m s t y p i c a l o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s c o u l d b e i n d u c e d

( D a n i r g i e t a l . . 1 9 7 6 ) . I t w a s f o u n d d i l u t i o n s o f n o n ­

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8

s t e r i l i z e d s i c k s o i l f r o m 10_1 t o 10 - 3 w e r e r e q u i r e d t o

i n c i t e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s s y m p t o m s . T h e d i l u t i o n l e v e l w a s

s u g g e s t e d t o b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h i n f e c t i o n a n d d i s e a s e

s e v e r i t y i n t h e f i e l d . T h u s O a m i r g l a n d c o l l e a g u e s w e r e o f

t h e o p i n i o n t h a t a m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a g e n t w a s i n c i t i n g

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

S e v e r a l p o i n t s a r e e v i d e n t . F i r s t , f e r t i l i z e r

t r e a t m e n t s do n o t e n c o u r a g e a l f a l f a g r o w t h i n s i c k s o i l .

T h i s m e a n s s o i l n u t r i e n t s a p p e a r t o b e a d e q u a t e a n d s o i l

f e r t i l i t y i s n o t t h e c a u s e o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . S e c o n d , s o i l

m o i s t u r e a n d s o i l pH h a v e b e e n e l i m i n a t e d a s c a u s a t i v e

a g e n t s . T h i r d , t h e c a u s e o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s b i o l o g i c a l .

S t e r i l i z a t i o n t r e a t m e n t s o f s i c J c s o i l , r e s u l t i n g i n

i n c r e a s e d a l f a l f a y i e l d s , w o u l d t e n d t o s u p p o r t t h e a b o v e

s t a t e m e n t . F i n a l l y , i n r e l a t i o n t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i n t h eV

f i e l d , t h e s y m p t o m s a p p e a r o n a l f a l f a s o w n i n f i e l d s w h i c h

h a d p r e v i o u s l y g r o w n a l f a l f a .

c - H o s t s P . m e g a s p e r m a w a s f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d : c a u s i n g

d a m a g e t o a l f a l f a ( H e d i c a g o s a t i v a J b y E r w i n ( 1 9 5 4 b ) . T h e

p a t h o g e n ^ w a s f o u n d t o b e s p e c i f i c t o a l f a l f a ( M e d i c a g o

f a l c a t a ( d i p l o i d , t e t r a p l o i d ) , a r b o r e a . H. g l u t i n o s a . H.

l u p u l i n a ) ( E r w i n , 1 9 5 4 a ) . R o o t s o f c o t t o n , s u g a r b e e t ,

a s t e r , t o m a t o , v e t c h , c a r r o t , f l a x , s w e e t c l o v e r , l a d i n o

c l o v e r , r e d c l o v e r , b e a n , c o w p e a , a n d t r e f o i l w e r e n o t

r o t t e d by t h e f u n g u s . O t h e r s p e c i e s o f P h y t o p h t h o r a w e r e n o t

p a t h o g e n i c t o a l f a l f a . P r a t t a n d M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 5 ) r e p o r t e d

o a t s , c l d v e r , c o r n , p e a s , a n d s o y b e a n s d i d n o t i n c r e a s e

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Page 22: 34338 - University of Alberta

i n f e c t i v e a c t i v i t y o f P^ B e g a s pe r m a . J o h n s o n a n d M o r g a n

( 1 9 6 5 ) w hen i n f e c t i n g g a r d e n p e a , c o a n o n v e t c h , a n d a l f a l f a

< Hed i c a g o s a t i v a c v . B u f f a l o a n d D e l t a ) w i t h P.. c r v p t o g e a

n o t e d t h e s e p l a n t s t o b e s u s c e p t i b l e . F r o s h e i s e r ( 1 9 6 8 )

l i s t e d v e t c h , g a r d e n p e a , s v e e t c l o v e r , c o v p e a , b e a n , a n d r e d

c l o v e r a s ' h a v i n g b e e n a r t i f i c i a l l y i n f e c t e d . N u m e r o u s

a u t h o r s h a v e a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t JPj_ m e g a s p e r m a i s h i g h l y

v i r u l e n t t o a l f a l f a b u t d i d n o t t e s t t h e i n f e c t i v i t y o n

o t h e r p l a n t s . T h e r a n g e o f h o s t s t o w h i c h t h i s p a t h o g e n c a n

i n f e c t , s e e m s v e r y n a r r o w a n d s p e c i f i c t o a l f a l f a .■ \A l f a l f a s i c k n e s s d i d n o t i n f e c t t h e r o o t s o f w h i t e

e r , r e d c l o v e r , z i g z a g c l o v e r , a l s i k e c l o v e r ,

s v e e t c l o v e r , b i r d s f o o t t r e f o i l , c r o w n v e t c h , f l a x , o r o a t s

i n n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d s c U ( B o l t o n , 1 9 7 7 ) . R o o t s o f b a r l e y ,

m i l k v e t c h , s a i n f o i n , a n d a l f a l f a w e r e a f f e c t e d . H o w e v e r ,

W e b s t e r e t a l . ( 1 9 6 7 ) f o u n d b a r l e y w a s n o t s e n s i t i v e t o t h e~ i

a g e n t d e p r e s s i n g g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a i n s i c k s o i l s , c o r m a c k

( 1 9 4 0 ) f o u n d m e g a s p e r m a , i s o l a t e d f r o m s v e e t c l o v e r

r o o t s , was n o n p a t h o g e n i c t o a l f a l f a . M c I n t o s h ( 1 9 6 6 )a

i s o l a t e d P^. me g a s p e r m a f r o m i r r i g a t i o n s o u r c e s i n c e n t r a l

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . H o w e v e r , t h e f u n g u s w a s n o t p a t h o g e n i c on

a l f a l f a . T h u s P h y t o p h t h o r a s p . h a v e b e e n i s o l a t e d i n w e s t e r n

C a n a d a a l t h o u g h n o i n f e c t i o n o n a l f a l f a h a s b e e n i n d u c e d .

d . D i s t r i b u t i o n D a m i r g i e t a l . . ( 1 9 7 6 ) s t a t e d a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s w a s m o s t p r e v a l e n t o n d a r k g r a y l u v i s o l i c s o i l s i n

c e n t r a l A l b e r t a . M c K e n z i e a n d D a v i d s o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) c h a r a c t e r i z e dGs e v e r a l r o o t a n d c r o w n r o t s o f a l f a l f a i n t h e P e a c e R i v e r

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10

r e g i o n o f A l b e r t a a n d B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . No c a u s a l o r g a n i s m s

w e r e i s o l a t e d a n d i d e n t i f i e d f r o m t h e a l f a l f a r o o t r o t s .

H o w e v e r , t h e s y m p t o m s w e r e d e s c r i b e d a n d a t t r i b u t e d t o

s e v e r a l f u n g i o n e o f w h i c h w a s m e g a s p e r m a .

I n e a s t e r n C a n a d a , C h i a n d C h i l d e r s ( 1 9 6 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h e

a s s o c i a t i o n o f s e v e r a l f u n g i w i t h r o o t r o t s o f a l f a l f a i n a

d i s e a s e s u r v e y o v e r f o u r y e a r s . P*. m e g a s p e r m a w a s i s o l a t e d

f r o m t h e c o r t e x r e g i o n o f y o u n g a l f a l f a r o o t s . C h i ( 1 9 7 0 )

w as a b l e t o i s o l a t e t h e f u n g u s f r o m a l f a l f a i n 21 c o u n t i e s

(76% o f t h e f i e l d s s a m p l e d ) i n O n t a r i o a n d Q u e b e c .

I n W a s h i n g t o n , a c o n d i t i o n k n o w n l o c a l l y a s a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d ( W e b e r a n d L e g g e t t , 1966) . T h e

c a u s e w a s t h o u g h t t o b e i n e f f e c t i v e o r i n s u f f i c i e n t

Rh i z c b i um me l i l o t i f o r n o d u l a t i o n . R e s u l t s f r o m E l l i o t t e t

a l . ( 1 9 6 8 , u n p u b l i s h e d ) c o n t r a d i c t W e b e r . a n d L e g g e t t s '

f i n d i n g s b y d e f i n i t e l y i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i n s u f f i c i e n t o r

i n e f f e c t i v e r h i z o b i a a r e n o t t h e c a u s e o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a c a u s e d b y P .

me g a s p e r m a h a s a w i d e g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n . A r e a s

r e p o r t i n g i t s p r e s e n c e i n c l u d e : C a l i f o r n i a ( E r w i n , 1 9 5 4 b ) ,

A u s t r a l i a ( P u r s s , 1 9 5 9 ) , I l l i n o i s ( B u s h o n g a n d G e r d e m a n n ,

1 9 5 9 ) , O h i o ( S c h m i t t h e n n e r , 1 9 6 4 ) , M i s ^ i s s i p p i i ( J o h n s o n a n d

M o r g a n , 1 9 6 5 ) , O n t a r i o ( C h i , 1 9 6 6 ^ , M i n n e s o t a ( F r o s d e i s e r ,

1 9 6 7 ) , W i s c o n s i n ( H a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 0 ) , A r i z o n a ( H i n e

e t a l . . 1 9 7 2 ) , W a s h i n g t o n ( E l g i n e t a l . . „ 1 9 7 2 ) . a n d N o r t h

C a r o l i n a ( W e l t y a n d B u s b i c e , 1 9 7 6 ) . T h e common f e a t u r e i n

t h e s e i s o l a t i o n s h a s b e e n t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e p a t h o g e n

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Page 24: 34338 - University of Alberta

11

w i t h h e a v y s o i l s , p o o r l y d r a i n e d o r h e a v i l y i r r i g a t e d , o r

w i t h p e r i o d s o f a b o v e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l .

e . I m p o r t a n c e T h e p a t h o l o g i c a l i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e

P h y t o p h t h o r a ^ g e n u s i s f a r r e a c h i n g . F o r e x a m p l e , t h i s g e n u s

c o m p r i s e s n e a r l y 70 r e p o r t e d s p e c i e s o f p l a n t p a t h o g e n s

w h i c h a r e n o n o b l i g a t e p a r a s i t e s o f h i g h e r p l a n t s ( E r w i n <et

a l i r 1 9 6 3 ) . Some o f t h e d i s e a s e s c a u s e d b'y Ph y t o p h t h o r a s p .

i n c l u d e : l a t e b l i g h t o f p o t a t o a n d t o m a t o ( P^. i n f e s t a n s ) ;

r e d s t e l e o f s t r a w b e r r i e s ( Pj_ f r a q a r i a e ) ; w i l t a n d r o o t

r o t o f a v o c a d o ( P._ c i n n amomi ) ; a n d r o o t r o t o f s o y b e a n (

J?i me g a s p e r ma v a r . s o l a e ) .

S y m p to m s E r w i n ( 1 9 5 4 b ) d e s c r i b e s t h e s y m p t o m s o fI

r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a c a u s e d b y P*. c r y p t o g e a a s : ^

1) b r o w n t o r e d n e c r o s i s , i r r e g u l a r i n s h a p e ,

m o s t l y o c c u r r i n g on t h e t a p r o o t b u t c r o w n a n d

l a t e r a l r o o t s may b e a f f e c t e d ,

2) i n t e r n a l l y i n f e c t e d a r e a s s ' u c h a s x y l e m may1

b e c o m e w a t e r - s o a k e d e v e n t u a l l y b e c o m i n g d i s c o l o r e d

a n d t u r n i n g y e l l o w , a n d , ^

' 3) l e a v e s l o s e t h e i r t u r g i d i t y t u r n i n g y e l l o w a n d

t h e r o o t s b e c o m e c o m p l e t e l y g i r d l e d .

E r w i n ( 1 9 5 4 b ) d i d n o t m e n t i o n a n y e f f e c t o f t h e d i s e a s e o n

n o d u l a t i o n . E r w i n ( 1 9 6 5 ) l a t e r r e c l a s s i f i e d .P. c r y p t o g e a t o

me g a s p e r m a . B u s h o n g a n d G e r d e m a n n ( 1 9 5 9 ) a n d M a r k s a n d

M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e s y m p t o m s o f P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t

r o t o f a l f a l f a c a u s e d b y P.. m e g a s p e r m a . M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l

(197C) f e l t t h i s w a s t h e s a m e p a t h o g e n t h a t i n c i t e d a

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Page 25: 34338 - University of Alberta

c a m b i a l r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a r e p o r t e d b y J o n e s ( 1 9 4 3 ) .

I n A u s t r a l i a , P u r s s ( 1 9 5 9 ) l i s t e d t h e s y m p t o m s o f a

r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a c a u s e d b y P._ c r y p t o g e a a n d P . p a r a s i t i c a

H o w e v e r , I r w i n ( 1 9 7 4 ) i s o l a t e d a c a s u a l o r g a n i s m o f

P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n Q u e e n s l a n d , A u s t r a l i a

w h i c h w a s P ^ m e g a s p e r ma v a r . s o j a e . T h i s w a s i n c o n t r a s t t o

P u r s s ' s ( 1 9 5 9 ) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . , A r e m a r k a b l e s i m i l a r i t y

e x i s t s a m o n g t h e s y m p t o m s d e s c r i b e d b y E r w i n ( 1 9 5 4 b ) , P u r s s

( 1 9 5 9 ) , M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) , B u s h o n g a n d G e r d e m a n n

( 1 9 5 9 ) , a n d D a m i r g i e t a L ( 1 9 7 6 ) .I

9* I n f e c t i o n I n a l l t h e s e a c c o u n t s o f P ._ m e g a s p e r m a a n d

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s , t h e p r i m a r y i n f e c t i o n f e i t e s h a v e b e e n t h e

l a t e r a l r o o t s a n d e v e n t u a l l y t h e ^ t a p r o o t s . S c o t t ( 1 9 6 5 )

d i f f e r e n t i a t e s l a t e r a l r o o t s w h i c h f o r m s e c o n d a r y

t h i c k e n i n g s f r o m f i l a m e n t o u s o r t r a n s i t o r y r o o t s w h i c h may

t h i c k e n s l i g h t l y a n d h a v e r o o t h a i r s . J o n e s ( 1 9 4 3 ) d e s c r i b e s

t w o t y p e s o f r o o t s i n a l f a l f a b a s e d o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

s e c o n d a r y g r o w t h . P e r m a n e n t , c a m b s i a l , o r n o n - t r a n s i t o r y r o o t s

f o r m a c a m b i u m a n d p h e l l o g e n w h e r e a s t r a n s i e n t o r n o n c a m b i a l

r o o t s d e v e l o p v e r y l i t t l e , i f a n y , p h e l l e u m a n d c a m b i u m .

T h u s l a t e r a l r o o t s m ay b e c a m b i a l o r n o n c a m b i a l < w h i l e t h e<7

t a p r o o t i s s t r i c t l y c a m b i a l . >

I n t h e c a s e o f PA m e g a s p e r m a ■ , M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l

( 1 9 7 0 ) a n d M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 1 b ) s u g g e s t e d t h e l a t e r a lo

, r o o t s w e r e m o s t s u s c e p t i b l e t o i n f e c t i o n . Z o o s p o r e s ( M a r k s•T

a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 1 a ) o f t h e f u n g u s e n c y s t e d o n t h e r o o t t i p s

i n t h e z o n e o f c e l l d i v i s i o n a n d c e l l e l o n g a t i o n . T h e f i n e

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Page 26: 34338 - University of Alberta

13*»

r o o t s o r n o n c a m b i a l r o o t s w e r e k i l l e d a n d l e s i o n s a p p e a r e d

o n t h e t a p r o o t f r o m w h i c h t h e s e f i n e r o o t s e m e r g e d . , L e a k a g e

o f n u t r i e n t s a t t h i s p o i n t w a s s u g g e s t e d t o i n c i s e

p e n t r a t i o n and- / i n f e c t i o n . b y t h e p a t h o g e n . T h i s i n v a s i o n a n d

l e s i o n d e v e l c 'men-f o n t h e r o o t s l e d t o r e d u c e d g r o w t h . As

s e v e r i t y o f i n f e c t i o n i n c r e a s e d c h l o r o t i c f o l i a g e , p r e m a t u r e

d e f o l i a t i o n , a n d w i l t i n g o c c u r r e d .

I r w i n ( 1 9 7 6 ) , d e s c r i b i n g r o o t i n f e c t i o n o f a l f a l f a by

P^ me g a s p e r m a v a r . s o j a e , f e l t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e l a t e r a l

a n d ^ t a p r o o t a s w e l l > a s t h e r o o t t i p w e r e i n f e c t i o n s i t e s .

T h e l a t e r a l r o o t , i n t h i s c a s e , w o u l d l i k e l y b e t r a n s i t o r y

s i n c e t h e r o o t s w e r e e x a m i n e d 3 w e e k s a f t e r g e r m i n a t i o n o f• o

s e e d . T h i s s u g g e s t e d t a p r o o t l e s i o n s a n d l o s j s o f t h e n o n ­

c a m b i a l r o o t s u n d e r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s . A t a c t i c r e s p o n s e o fft

z o o s p o r e s w a s e v i d e n t i n t h e c u l t i v a r s L a h o n t a n , H u n t e r

• R i v e r , a n d f l o a p a . I t a p p e a r e d r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e d i s e a s e i n

L a h o n t a n o c c u r r e d a f t e r h o s t p e n t r a t i o n b y z o o s p o r e g e r m* ■,

t u b e s . . ,

I n c o n t r a s t . G r a y a n d H i n e i 1 9 7 6 ) t h o u g h t e a r l y r o o t

i n f e c t i o n i n t h e f i t e l d w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n o d u l e s o f

a l f a l f a . F rom t h e n o d u l e , JP. m e g a s p e r m a c o u l d p r o g r e s s i n t o

t h e c o r t i c a l r o o t t i s s u e a n d g i r d l e t h e r o o t a t t h e p o i n t o f

a t t a c h m e n t o f t h e n o d u l e . B u t t h e r o o t s f r o m i n f e c t e d f i e l d

p l a n t s w e r e e x a m i n e d 4 m o n t h s “a f t e r s e e d i n g . T h i s j w o u l d s e em

s o m e w h a t l a t e t o j u s t i f y t h a t i n f e c t i o n o f n o d u l e s , r o o t

t i p s , a n d n o n t r a n s i t o r y l a t e r a l r o o t s h a d b e e n o b s e r v e d .i

T h e c h e m o t a x i s o f z o o s p o r e s t o t h e h o s t a s - s u g g e s t e d b y

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14

M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 1 a ) a n d I r w i n ( 1 9 7 6 ) i s w e l l

d o c u m e n t e d i n o t h e r P h y t o p h t h o r a c a u s e d * d i s e a s e s . D u k e s a n d

A p p l e ( 1 9 6 1 ) o b s e r v e d a c h e m i c a l a t t r a c t i o n o f z o o s p o r e s o fu

H i p a r a s i t i c a v a r . n i c o t i a n a e t o w o u n d e d t o b a c c o r o o t s . T h e

s u b s t a n c e c a u s i n g c h e m o t a x i s w a s n o t s p e c i f i c t o t o b a c c o . “

G o o d e ( 1 9 5 6 ) w o r k i n g w i t h f r a g a r i a e z o o s p o r e s n o t e d a

t a c t i c r e s p o n s e o f t h e z o o s p o r e s t o s t r a w b e r r y r o o t t i p s .

Z e n t m y e r ( 1 9 6 1 ) d i s c u s s e d c h e m o t a x i s o f P^ c i n n a m o m i

z o o s p o r e s t o a v o c a d o r o o t s . Z o o s p o r e s w e r e a t t r a c t e d t o t h e

r e g i o n o f rox>t t i p e l o n g a t i o n . A r o o t . e x u d a t e p r o d u c e d by

t h e l i ' v i n g ' a v o c a d o r o o t s a t t r a c t e d t h e z o o s p o r e s . M e h r o t r a

( 1 9 7 0 ) u s i n g a f l u o r e s c e n t d y e l e a r n e d t h a t z o o s p o r e s P .

m e g a s p e r m a v a r . s p - j a e a c c u m u l a t e d c n r e s i s t a n t a n d

s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t i e s o f s o y b e a n s e e d l i n g s . - T h u s , t h i s

p h e n o m e n o n o f c h e m i c a ' l a t t r a c t i o n o f t h e p a t h o g e n t o t h e

h o s t i s s u p p o r t e d b y e v i d e n c e w i t h i n t h e P h y t o p h t h o r a g e n u s .

T h e s u b s t a n c e w h i c h a t t r a c t s t h e z o o s p o r e s o f P .

meg a s p e r m a t o a l f a l f a r o o t s may b e a n a m i n o a c i d s u c h a s

t h i a m i n e . D a t a p r e s e n t e d b y E r w i n a n d K a t z n e l s o n ( 1 9 6 1 )o , ■

t e n d s t o s u p p o r t t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h i a m i n e m ay be-

i m p o r t a n t f o r s u r v i v a l o f P ^ m e g a s p e r m a i n t h e s o i l .

F u r t h e r m o r e , m i c r o o r g a n i s m s may b e p r o d u c i n g t h i a m i n e i n t h e

r h i z o s p h e r e o f t h e a l f a l f a r o o t s . ,\

h . E n v i r o n m e n t T h e s i n g l e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e

s u r v i v a l P.*. m e g a s p e r m a a n d i t s i n f e c t i o n o f a l f a l f a i s

m o i s t u r e . J o h n s o n a n d M o r g a n ( 1 9 6 5 ) w e r e a b l e t o i s o l a t e P .

m e g a s p e r m a a f t e r h e a v y r a i n s o f 2 4 . 4 cm i n A p r i l / . 1 9 6 4 .

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15

F r o s h e i s e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) a l s o i s o l a t e d t h e p ^ t ^ o g e n d u r i n g J u n e ,

1 9 6 7 w he n 17 cm o f r a i n was r e c o r d e d w i t h c o n t i n o u s r a i n f o r

12 c o n s e c u t i v e d a y s i n t h e M i d w e s t O . S . A . . B u s h o n g a n d

G e r d e m a n n ( 1 9 5 9 ) o b s e r v e d m e g a s p e r m a w a s f a v o r e d by c o o l ,

r a i n y . w e a t h e r a n d s t a n d i n g w a t e r - T h e p a t h o g e n w a srt

f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d -in t h e s p r i n g a n d f a l l . S o i l M o i s t u r e

l e v e l s b e l o w - 4 0 b a r s r e d u c e d i n f e c t i v e a c t i v i t y t o n i lv.

( P r a t t a n d H i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 5 ) . A t s o i l M o i s t u r e l e v e l s n e a r - 1 5

b a r s , i n f e c t i v e a c t i v i t y d e c l i n e d o n l y s l i g h t l y a f t e r 7

M o n t h s . A l s o , i r r i g a t i o n i n c r e a s e d d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e ( P u l l i

a n d T e s a r , 1 9 7 5 ) o f P*. a e g a s p e r M a . I r w i n ( ! 9 7 4 ) m e n t i o n e d

t ^ r e l a t i o n o f r a i n f a l l a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f PA M e g a s p e r m a

v a r . s o 1 a e \ i p p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s . L u e s c h e n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 6 )

f e l t t h a t l \ ^ d a y s o r l o n g e r o f s a t u r a t e d s o i l w o u l d c a u s ^

r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t o f m e g a s p e r m a . P o o r i n t e r n a l d r a i n a g e

o f t h e t o p g r a p h y n a y a l s o l e a d t o i n c r e a s e d i n o c u l u m l e v e l s

o f P_. m e g a s p e r m a . H o w e v e r , when d r y s o i l c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t ,

■cAd e t e c t i o n o f t h e p a t h o g e n may f a i l .

T e m p e r a t u r e w h i c h v f a v o r s d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t a h d

e x p r e s s i o n w a s n o n s i g n i f i c a n t o v e r a r a n g e o f 1 7 ° c t o 2 7 ° C

( E r w i n , 1 9 6 6 ) . T h i s c o r r e l a t e d w e l l w i t h t h e g r o w t h o f P .

Me g a s p e r m a i n v i t r o . H o w e v e r A P r a t t a n d H i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 6 )• * \

e x a m i n i n g t a p r o o t s o f r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e s e l e c t i o n s

f o u n d ^ d i s e a s e t o b e m o r e s e v e r e a t y O ° C a n d 2 4 ° C c o m p a r e d t o

16®C o r 2 8 ° C . G r a y a n d H i n e ( 1 9 7 6 ) i n d i c a t e d o p t i m a l s o i l

t e m p e r a t u r e o c c u r r e d a t 23 cm b e l o w t h e s o i l s u r f a c e J u n e

t h r o u g h A u g u s t f o r h i g h d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y . \ G r a y e t a l . ( 1 9 7 3 )

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Page 29: 34338 - University of Alberta

a d d e d t h a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 3 0 - 1 8 ° C o r 2 4 - 1 3 ° C f o r l i g h t

c y c l e | 1 . He - s ) . a n d d a r k c y c l e ( ^ h o u r s ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y , ,

c a u s e d mo 3 c W s f a s e t h a n 3 5 - 2 4 ° C .

I n o c u i e v e l s o f o n e - e i g h t h \ a n d o n e - t h i r t y s e c o n d -V>

( v / v ) g a v e t h e m o s t s e v e r e d i s e a s e t o s e e d l i n g s i n o c u l a t e dt v ■

a t 6 w e e k s o f a g e ( P r a t t a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 6 ) T h e s e a u t h o r s

( P r a t t a n d M i t c h e l l , 1976 ) a l s o s t a t e d d i l u t i o n l e v e l s o f\

1 : 8 o r 1 : 1 6 ( o r i g i n a l : d i l u e n t s o i l ) a l l b w e d e a s y d e t e c t i o n

o f PA m e g a s p e r m a . P l a n t i n g t h e i n f e c t e d s o i j . t o a l f a l f a

s e l e c t i v e l y r a i s e d i n o c u l u m ' l e v e l s t o m a k e d e t e c t i o n

s o m e w h a t e a s i e r ( P r a t t a n d H i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 5 ) . N o n h o s t c r o p s

d i d n o t r a i s e t h e i n f e c t i v e l e v e l s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , l o w

i n o c u l u m l e v e l s i n t h , e s o i l , may n o t b e d e t e c t e d b y c u r r e n t

t e c h n i q u e s . D a m i r g i e t a l . ( 1 9 7 6 ) f o u n d a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s\

m e r e s e v e r e w i t h 1 0 ~ * , 10~ 2 , n a n d 1 0 ~ 3 s o i l d i l u t i o n s

c o m p a r e d t o 10 - * a n d 1 0 ~ s .

Age a t w h i c h a l f a l f a p l a n t s a r e a t t a c k e d b y t h e

p a t h o g e n v a r i e s . P o s t - e m e r g e n c e d a m p i n g - o f f was e v i d e n t

a c c o r d i n g t o J o h n s o n a n d M o r g a n ( 1 9 6 5 ) , S c h m i t t h e n n e ro

( 1 9 6 9 ) , B u s h o n g a n d G e r d e m a n n ( 1 9 5 9 ) , W e l t y a n d B u s b i c e

( 1 9 7 6 ) , a n d G r a y e t a l . ( 1 9 7 3 ) i n g r e e n h o u s e s t u d i e s .

C o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s e x i s t f o r p r e - e m e r g e n c e d a m p i n g - o f f . I n

s u p p o r t o f p r e - e m e r g e n c e d a m p i n g - o f f , W e l t y a n d B u s b i c e

( 1 9 7 6 ) , G r a y e t a l . ( 1 9 7 3 ) , a n d B u s h o n g a n d G e r d e m a n n ( 1 9 5 9 )

r e p o r t e d i t b u t , S c h m i t t h e n n e r ( 1 9 6 4 ) a n d J o h n s o n a n d M o r g a n

( 1 9 6 5 ) f o u n d n o e v i d e n c e i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e t o s u p p o r t t h i s

v i few .

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17v

' F r o s h e i s e r ( 1 9 6 7 ) f o u n d d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y o f P .

me g a s p e r m a d i d n o t d i f f e r on a l f a l f a ^ f r o m 1 t o 6 w e e k s o f

a g e . At 12 w e e k s , t h e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y i 5 . 9 ) w a s l e s s t h a n 1

t o 6 w e e k s ( 7 . 5 - 8 . 1 ) . W e l t y a n d B u s b i c e ( 1 9 7 6 ) , t e s t i n g t h e

p a t h o g e n i c i t y o f P^ m e g a s p e r m a o v e r t i m e , d i s c o v e r e d a l f a l f a

i n c c u l a t e d ^ a t 21 d a y s o f a g e h a d t h e r o o t c o m p l e t e l y r o t t e d .

P l a n t s i n o c u l a t e d a t 2 8 , 3 5 , a n d 5 0 d a y s h a d n e c r o t i c r o o t

l e s i o n s , s t u n t i n g , a n d y e l l o w i n g . When i n o c u l a t e d a t 7 ; d a y ?

o f a g e , o n l y y e l l o w l e s i o n s d e v e l o p e d o n t h e f o l i a g e o f

a l f a l f a . G r a y a p d H i n e ( 1 9 7 6 ) i n d i c a t e d i n i t i a l f i e l d

i n f e c t i o n o f a l f a l f a - r o o t s may o c c u r h t o 8 w e e k s a f t e r

s e e d i n g . T h i s a g r e e s w i t h L u e s c h e n s ' e t a l_ . ( 1 9 7 6 ) r e s u l t s

i n w h i c h y i e l d r e d u c t i o n s d u e t o P ^ m e g a s p e r m a d a m a g e w e r e

s u s p e c t e d t o o c c i i r d u r i n g t h e s e e d i n g y e a r . P u r s s ( 1 9 5 9 )

s t a t e d f i r s t y e a r s t a n d s o f a l f a l f a a r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o

a t t a c k t h a n e s t a b l i s h e d s t a n d s . «■

T h e s u r v i v a l o f P*. m e g a s p e r m a may b e i n t h e f o r m o f

o o s p o r e s . ( F r o s h e i s e r , 1 9 6 8 ) o f c h l a m y d o s p o r e s

( S c h m i t t h e n n e r , 1 9 7 0 ) s i n c e o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s w o u l d b e k i l l e d

by e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t r e s s , m o s t n o t a b l y d r o u g h t . T h i s i s. O b.

s u p p o r t e d b y T s a o ' s ( 1 9 6 9 ) w o r k o n £_. p a r a s i t i c a . T h e

p r i m a r y i n f e c t i v e p r o p a g u l e o f P. . m e g a s p e r m a i s t h e z o o s p o r e

a n d s u s p e n s i o n s o f i t h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r i n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s

i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e ( M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 5 ) . B u t m o s t

i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e u t i l i z e d m y c e l i u m b o t h i n g r e e n h o u s e

( G r a y e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ) a n d f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s ( F r o s h e i s e r a n d

B a r n e s , 1 9 7 3 ; Lu e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ) .

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18

T h e f u n g u s i s c a p a b l e o f s u r v i v i n g i n t h e s o i l a t

v a r i o u s s o i l d e p t h s . F r o s h e i s e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) o b s e r v e d t a p r o o t

r o t t i n g 50 cm b e l o w t h e s o i l . s u r f a c e . G r a y a n d H i n e ( 1 9 7 6 )

d e t e c t e d r o o t l e s i o n s f r o m 9 t o 90 cm b e l o w t h e s o i l s u r f a c e

b u t n o t e d s o m e a s d e e p a s 80 c m . S o i l s p r o n e t o r o o t r o t o f

a l f a l f a c a u s e d b y P_. m e g a s p e r m a a r e s i l t y l o a m s a n d

p c d z o l i z e d . ( M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 0 ) . P u r s s ( 1 9 5 9 )

s u g g e s t e d h e a v y s o i l s w i t h a n i m p e r v i o u s l a y e r w e r e

c o n d u c i v e t o s p r e a d o f P^ p a r a s i t i c a a n d PA c r y p t o g e a .

2 . P l a n t

F o l i a g e d i s e a s e s o f f o r a g e s c a u s e d a n e s t i m a t e d a n n u a l

l o s s o f 5.956 o r 6 . 2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s f r o m t h e p e r i o d 1 9 7 0 -

19 7 3 i n c e n t r a l a n d n o r t h e r n A l b e r t a ( B e r k e n k a m p , 1 9 7 4 ) .

A l f a l f a d i s e a s e , l o s s e s i n t h e O . S . h a v e b e e n - e s t i m a t e d a t

24% f o r f o r a g e a n d 9% f o r s e e d ( G r a h a m e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 ) . I n t h e

O . S . , r o o t a n d c r o w n r o t f u n g i c a u s e d a m a g e t o a t l e a s t 5%

o f t h e a l f a l f a . T h e o n l y p r a c t i c a l m e a n s t o o v e r c o m e t h e s e

l o s s e s a r e t h r o u g h c o n t r o l b y t h e u s e o f c r o p r o t a t i o n ,

c h e m i c a l s , o r r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r s .

a . Man a g e m e n t C r o p r o t a t i o n w a s n o t e f f e c t i v e i n

r e d u c i n g ^ t - ^ e ^ l e v e l o f i n f e c t i v e a c t i v i t y o f P.. m e g a s p e r m a

( P r a t t a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 5 ) . T h e c r o p s i n c l u d e d i n t h e

r o t a t i o n w e r e c o r n , o a t s , c l o v e r , , , s o y b e a n s , a n d p e a s g r o w n

f o r 3 t o 6 m o n t h s . I n t h i s g r e e n h o u s e s t u d y , i n f e c t i v e

a c t i v i t y i n s o i l p l a n t e d w i t h t h e a b o v e c r o p s w a s c o m p a r e d

t o i n f e c t i v e a c t i v i t y i n f a l l o w .

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19

C r o p s a n i t a t i o n h a s b e e n p r a c t i c e d t o r i d a n a r e a o f

t h e s o u r c e o f i n f e c t i o n . B o n d e ( 1 9 4 3 ) d o c u m e n t e d b u r n i n g

p o t a t o c u l l p i l e s t o e l i m i n a t e t h e i n f e c t i o n s o u r c e o f l a t e

b l i g h t o f p c t a t o c a u s e d b y p ^ i n f e s t a n s . T u r n e r ( 1 9 6 5 )

s u g g e s t e d r e m o v i n g a n d d i s p o s i n g o f c a c a o p o d m a t e r i a l i n

t h e f i e l d . T h i s a c t s a s a n i n f e c t i o n s o u r c e f o r P^. p a i a i v o r a

C r o p r e m o v a l b y b u r n i n g h a s n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r

c o n t r o l l i n g t h e d i s p e r s a l o f Pt m e g a s p e r m a .

F r e q u e n t i r r i g a t i o n s w i l l i n c r e a s e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y o f

U.t c i n n a m o m i ( Z e n t m y e r a n d R i c h a r d s , 1 9 5 2 ) . T h e s e w e e k l y

w a t e r i n g s < , o f a v o c a d o t r e e s m e a n t t h e d i s e a s e a p p e a r e d s o o n ' e r

a n d c a u s e d g r e a t e r d a m a g e . P u l l i a n d T e s a r ( 1 9 7 5 ) s t a t e d

t h a t w he n 10 cm o f w a t e r was a d d e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e n o r m a l

r a i n f a l l , t h e d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e a n d s e v e r i t y o f P .

m e g a s p e r m a o n a l f a l f a i n c r e a s e d . O t h e r m a n a g e m e n t f a c t o r s

w h i c h s t r e s s e d t h e a l f a l f a p l a n t s m a k i n g t h e m s u s c e p t i b l e t o

a t t a c k by P_. a e q a s p e m a ' w e r e ; i n c r e a s i n g c u t t i n g , f r e q u e n c y

frolB 2 t o 3 t i m e s p e r y e a r , s e e d i n g a t h i g h e r r a t e s (9 t o 36

k g / h a ) a n d l a t e s e e d i n g ( A p r i l 2 7 c o m p a r e d t o May 1 9 ) . T h u s ,

m i s m a n a g e m e n t w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f i n f e c t i o n o f

a l f a l f a b y P^ m e g a s p e r m a a n d r e s u l t i n l o w e r y i e l d s .

b . C h e m i c a l s T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f f u n g i c i d e s t o c o n t r o l

r o o t d i s e a s e s o f a l f a l f a h a s b e e n l i m i t e d d u e t o t h e c o s t o f

c h e m i c a l s a n d t h e i r l a c k o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s o v e r a n u m b e r o f

y e a r s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e c n l y d i s e a s e i n w h i c h a f u n g i c i d e

was c i t e d f o r d i s e a s e c o n t r o l i n a l f a l f a b y G r a h a m e t a l .

( 1 9 7 2 ) w a s s p r i n g b l a c k s t e m a n d l e a f s p o t c a u s e d b y Phom a

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20

s p . E v e n a t t h a t , t h e c h e m i c a l w a s u n e c o n o m i c a l a n d t h e

r e s i d u a l e f f e c t w a s u n k n o w n . F u n g i c i d e s s u c h a s , , D e x o n

( s o d i u m 4 - d i m e t h y l a m i n o p h e n y l d i a z o s u l p h o n a t e ) h a v e b e e n

u s e d t o c o n t r o l f u n g i i n t h e P h y c o m y c e t e c l a s s ( K r e u t z e r ,

1 5 6 3 ) .

T h e , c h e m i c a l , Dowco 2 6 9 ( 2 - c h l o r o - 6 - m e t h o x y -

4 ( t r i c h l o r o n e t h y l ) p y r i d i n e ) o r p y r o x c h l o r , w a s i n h i b i t o r y t o

P . m e g a s p e r m a , P._ c r y p t o g e a . P . c i n n a m o m i . a n d P^/ !*

m e g a s p e r m a v a r . s o j a e a c c o r d i n g t o H o i t i r i k a n d S c h m i t t h e n n e r

( 1 9 7 5 ) . D e x o n w a s n o t e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g r h o d o d e n d r o n

r o o t r o t c a u s e d b y P_. c i n n a m o m i o r r o o t r o t o f s o y b e a n

c a u s e d b y PA m e g a s p e r m a v a r . s o j a e . B u t Dowco 2 6 9 a p p l i e d a s

a d r e n c h b e f o r e d i s e a s e i n o c u l a t i o n c o n t r o l l e d Pjt. c i n n a m o m i

i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e . When a p p l i e d a s a f u n g u s t r e a t m e n t , t h e

c h e m i c a l r e s t r i c t e d s o y b e a n r o o t r o t b u t s o m e s t u n t i n g o f

t h e p l a n t s o c c u r r e d . Dowco 2 6 9 d i d n o t k i l l P h y t o p h t h o r a s p .

i n v i t r o o r e r a d i c a t e P h y t o p h t h o r a f r o m d i s e a s e d p l a n t s .

S t u t e v i l l e ( 1 9 7 6 ) a p p l i e d Dow co 2 6 9 t o a l f a l f a s e e d s

a n d e v a l u a t e d s e e d l i n g r e a c t i o n t o P.. m e g a s p e r m a . T h e

f u n g i c i d e w a s p h y t o t o x i c a t t h e 2% l e v e l ( b a s e d o n

w e i g h t / w e i g h t b a s i s a n d e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e

s e e d w e i g h t ) . Dowco 2 6 9 i n c r e a s e d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f l i v i n g

p l a n t s o f t h e P h y t o p h t h o r a - r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r A g a t e . No

d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t s w e r e o b s e r v e d , o n n o d u l e s o f a l f a l f a .

T h i s a p p e a r s t o b e a p r o m i s i n g f u n g i c i d e f o r c o n t r o l o f P .

m e g a s p e r m a . B u t Dowco 26 9 i s o n l y p r e v e n t a t i v e i n i t s

a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e p a t h o g e n ^

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c » PJLSSi B r e e d i n g T h e p r i m a r y c o n s e q u e n c e o f s e l e c t i o n

i s t o c h a n g e t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f g e n e s a f f e c t i n g t h e t r a i t

u p o n w h i c h s e l e c t i o n a c t s . I n t h i s r e g a r d , t h e g e n e t i c

p r o p e r t i e s o f a p o p u l a t i o n c a n b e a l t e r e d by t h e ■ c h o i c e o f

i n d i v i d u a l s t o b e u s e d a s p a r e n t s a n d t h i s c o n s t i t u t e s

s e l e c t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e i n i t i a l g e n e f r e q u e n c y , r a t e o f*

c h a n g e i n g e n e f r e q u e n c y , a r id m ode o f g e n e a c t i o n w i l l

d e t e r m i n e t h e m a g n i t u d e a n d d e g r e e o f s e l e c t i o n . r e s p o n s e .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , A l l a r d ( 1 9 6 0 ) h a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d f i v e s e l e c t i o n

r e s p o n s e p a t t e r n s .

R o b e r t s o n a n d R e e v e ( 1 9 5 2 ) s t u d i e d t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f

w i n g a n d Ot h o r a x l e n g t h i n D r o s o p h i l a m e l a n o g a s t e r o v e r 50

g e n e r a t i o n s . T h e p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a n c e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s u n d e r

s e l e c t i o n i n c r e a s e d a s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f r e s p o n s e t o

s e l e c t i o n . S h e l d o n ( 1 9 6 3 ) , i n d i s c u s s i n g s e l e c t i o n r e s p o n s e

f o r b o d y w e i g h t i n D r o s o p h i l a m e l a n o g a s t e r o v e r 39

g e n e r a t i o n s , n o t e d r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n c o n t i n u e d , ’ n o t0

r e a c h i n g a p l a t e a u , , i n t h e l o w l i n e s . I n t h e h i g h l i n e s , t h e

r e s p o n s e w a s a b s e n t o v e r t h e s e l e c t i o n p e r i o d s i n c e ; c u l t u r e

c h a n g e s a n d g e n o t y p e b y e n v i r o n m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s o c c u r r e d ^

F a l c o n e r ( 1 9 5 3 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n a s

p r o c e e d i n g r e g u l a r l y , s h o w i n g n o s i g n o f p l a t e a u i n g i n a

s e l e c t i o n e x p e r i m e n t f o r ’ m o u s e s i z e o v e r 11 g e n e r a t i o n s .

W o o d w o r t h e t a l . ( 1 9 5 2 ) p r e s e n t e d d a t a o n f i f t y g e n e r a t i o n s

o f s e l e c t i o n f o r p r o t e i n a n d o i l i n c o r n . T h e r e s p o n s e w a s

s l o w a n d s t e a d y w i t h a g r a d u a l s h i f t i n g o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n

m e a n s i n b o t h t h e h i g h a n d l o w p r o t e i n a n d o i l . F o r e a c h o f

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22

t h e s e s t u d i e s , e x c e p t F a l c o n e r ( 1 9 5 3 ) , t h e m a j o r d i v e r g e n c e

b e t w e e n h i g h a n d l o w l i n e s f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s s e l e c t e d

g e n e a l l y b e g a n a t g e n e r a t i o n f i v e . I n a l l t h e s t u d i e s ,

g e n e + -> v a r i a b i l i t y d i d , n o t d e c r e a s e a n d t h e s l o w , s t e a d y

r e s p o r - - ' s e l e c t i o n o v e r a n u m b e r o f g e n e r a t i o n s i s t h e

f i r s t ,-u-' - - - a c t i o n p a t t e r n ( A l l a r d , 1 9 6 0 ) .

T a - : r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n i n c o r n f o r l o w e r o i l

c o n t e x t a g e n e r a a n s ( W o o d w o r t h e t a l i # 1 9 5 2 ) w a s

t h o u g h t t o a t o p h y s i c t a t e a l t h r e s h o l d . T h i s d i d n o t

i m p l y . i x a . v . e e s ' l o w o i l c o n t e n t . T h e r e a l s o

n a y b e a c o l , a t l a d e o f r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n a s w a s

s u g g e s t e d b y A x l a r ? 360) t h e e x a m p l e m e n t i o n e d by A l l a r d

( 1 9 6 0 ) w a s s e l e c t i o n f o r l e l d i n c o r n a n d t h e f a i l u r e o f

s e l e c t i o n w a s a t t r i b u t e d :o t h e l o w h e r x t a b i l i t y o f t h i s

c h a r a c t e r .©

M a t h e r a n d H a r r i s o n ( 1 9 4 9 ) i l l u s t r a t e d a n o t h e r t y p e o f

s e l e c t i o n r e s p o n s e i n D r o s o p h i l a ’ m e l a n o g a s t e r f o r a b d m o n i a l

c h a e t a e o v e r a t l e a s t 1 0 0 g e n e r a t i o n s . T h i s t y p e o f r e s p o n s e

w as i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m ; g a i n f r o m s e l e c t i o n f o l l o w e d by a

p l a t e a u i n w h i c h t h e r e w a s n o r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n , t h e n a

g a i n i n s e l e c t i o n f o l l o w e d b y a p l a t e a u . T h e a u t h o r sv

c o n c l u d e d t h e r e w a s a l a r g e a m o u n t o f h i d d e n g e n e t i c

v a r i a b i l i t y w h i c h p r o v i d e d t h e o r g a n i s m w i t h f l e x i b i l i t y o r

p o t e n t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y t o s u r v i v e r i a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n o f

o v e r a l l ^ f i t n e s s . T h i s f l e x i b i l i t y w a s c o u n t e r b a l a n c e d b y

f r e e g e n e t i c , v a r i a b i l i t y w h i c h w a s r e l e a s e d by s e g r e g a t i o n

a s a r e s u l t o f d i r e c t i o n a l o r a r t i f i c i a l s e l e c t i o n .

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T h e l a s t t y p e o f r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n i s o n e w h i c h i s

m o s t l i k e l y t o o c c u r i n b r e e d i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o d i s e a s e s . T h e

r e s p o n s e , i s i n i t i a l l y r a p i d f o l l o w e d b y a p e r i o d o f s l o w ,

p r o g r e s s ( A l l a r d , 1 9 6 0 ) . T h e r e a s o n i n g t h o u g h t t o e x p l a i n

t h ' s r e s p o n s e i s f i x a t i o n o f a s m a l l n u m b e r o f g e n e s w h i c h

h a v e b e e n r e f e r r e d t o a s m a j o r g e n e s . T h e s l o w p r o g r e s s

r e s u l t s when t h e m a j o r g e n e s h a v e b e e n s e l e c t e d t o a p o i n t

o f f i x a t i o n and . o n l y c h a n g e s i n t h e f r e q u e n c y o f m i n o r g e n e s

o c c u r s . T h i s p a t t e r n o f s e l e c t i o n r e s p o n s e i s common i n

i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o m o s t f u n g i

d i s e a s e s o f w h e a t , b a r l e y , c o r n , a n d f l a x .

As a r e s u l t o f t h e c o n t r o l e x e r t e d b y m a j o r g e n e s f o r

d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e , F l o r ( 1 9 5 9 ) p r o p o s e d a g e n e - f o r - g e n e

h y p o t h e s i s w h i c h a s s u m e s h o s t a n d p a t h o g e n h a v e e v o l v e d

t o g e t h e r . I n r e l a t i o n t o d i s e a s e s c f a l f a l f a , t h i s

h y p o t h e s i s h a s n o t b e e n a p p l i e d .

P h e n o t y p i c r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n a s a m e t h o d o f s e l e c t i o n

h a s b e e n w i d e l y u s e d t o b r e e d r e s i s t a n c e t o d i s e a s e i n

a l f a l f a ( T w a m l e y , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e m e t h o d c o n s i s t s o f s e l e c t i n g

d e s i r a b l e c l o n e s , i n t e r c r o s s i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n s , a n d u s i n g

t h e s e e d f o r a n o t h e r c y c l e . T h e t e r m p h e n o t y p i c r e l a t e s t o

r e s i s t a n c e b e i n g c o n t r o l l e d b y f e w g e n e s w h _ c h a r e h i g h l y

h e r i t a b l e . H a n s o n e t a l . . ( 1 9 7 2 ) s u m m a r i z e d t h e r e s u l t s o f a

p r o g r a m u s i n g r e c u r r e n t p h e n o t y p i c s e l e c t i o n f o r c o n s e r v i n g

g e r m p l a s m a n d d e v e l o p i n g d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e . T h i s s e l e c t i o n

m e t h o d p r o v e d s u c c e s s f u l f o r H a n s o n a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s .

Two p r o g r a m s w e r e i n i t i a t e d , o n e a t S t . P a u l , M i n n e s o t a

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by F r o s h e i s e r a n d B a r n e s ( 1 9 7 3 ) a n d t h e o t h e r a t T u c s o n ,

A r i z o n a b y G r a y e t a l j , ( 1 9 7 3 ) t o d e v e l o p r e s i s t a n c e t o P..

m e g a s p e r m a . A g r e e n h o u s e s e e d l i n g s e l e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e

i n v o l v i n g p h e n o t y p i c r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n a n d p o l y c r o s s

p r o g e n y e v a l u t i o n w a s u t i l i z e d b y b o t h g r o u p s . E n v i r o n m e n t a l

e f f e c t s w e r e s m a l l , h e r i t a b i l i t y h i g h , a n d g e n e

r e c o m b i n a t i o n f a v o r a b l e i n b o t h s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s . T h i s

w a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n . F r o s h e i s e r a n d

B a r n e s ( 1 9 7 3 ) s t a t e d t h e l e v e l o f r e s i s t a n c e w e n t f r o m 10%

i n i t i a l l y t o 50% a f t e r 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n t o 63% a f t e r 3

c y c l e s . H i n e e t a l . ( 1 9 7 5 ) a l s o i n c r e a s e d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f

r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s f r o m 15% i n i t i a l l y t o 60% i n 1 c y c l e t o 83%

a f t e r 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n . T h u s , p h e n o t y p i c r e c u r r e n t

s e l e c t i o n i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t i v e l y i n c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e

t o P . me g a s p e r m a .-

A l f a l f a d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e i n m o s t o f t h e s t u d i e s

d i s c u s s e d by K e h r e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) h a s b e e n c o n d i t i o n e d b y a

s i m p l y i n h e r i t e d t e t r a s o m i c g e n e . . E e s i s t a n c e t o P .

m e g a s p e r m a i n a l f a l f a w a s a l s o f o u n d t o b e g o v e r n e d b y a

t e t r a s o m i c a l l y i n h e r i t e d g e n e w i t h i n c o m p l e t e d o m i n a n c e (L u

e t a l . . 1 9 7 3 ) . A c c u m u l a t i v e g e n e a c t i o n d e t e r m i n e d t h e

g e n o t y p e s a s f o l l o w s : h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t = n u l l i p l e x g e n o t y p e ;

m o d e r a t e l y r e s i s t a n t = s i m p l e x g e n o t y p e ; a n d i n c r e a s i n g

s u s c e p t i b i l i t y = d u p l e x , t r i p l e x , a n d g u a d r u p l e x . T h e s a m e

g e n e w h i c h c o n t r o l l e d r e s i s t a n c e i n a l f a l f a o f T u r k e s t a n

o r i g i n c o n t r o l l e d r e s i s t a n c e i n w i n t e r - d o r m a n t c u l t i v a r s

s u c h a s V e r n a l . T h i s s i m p l y i n h e r i t e d t r a i t w a s e l u d i c a t e d

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Page 38: 34338 - University of Alberta

. 25

. u s i n g a d i a l l e l , s e l f i n g , a n d t e s t c r o s s i n g s o t h a t 3

g e n e r a t i o n s c o u l d b e yo b s e r v e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . H e t e r o z y g c u s

p a r e n t s a n d a s n a i l f a m i l y s i z e o f 30 a l l o w e d t h e s c h e m e t o

b e q u i c k l y c o m p l e t e d .

T h e mode o f r e s i s t a n c e t o PA m e g a s p e r m a w a s e x a m i n e d by

M a r k s a n d M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 7 1 b ) . Two f a c t o r s a p p e a r e d t o b e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s i s t a n t r e a c t i o n w h i c h w e r e ; f i r s t ,

t h e s t r u c t u - o f t h e c e n t r a l s t e l e a n d s e c o n d , a•»

h y p e r s e n s i t i v e r e a c t i o n o b s e r v e d i n c o r t i c a l c e l l s o f

0g r o w i n g r o o t t i p s . I n c r e a s e d l a t e r a l r o o t n u m b e r s w i t h

l a r g e r s t e l e s a n d - c l e a r l y d e f i n e d e n d o d e r m i s c o n t r i b u t e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o r e s i s t a n c e . S e c o n d l y , a g r a n u l a r p h e n o l i c

c o m p o u n d w a s o b s e r v e d i n y o u n g , l i v i n g . c o r t i c a l c e l l s o f

t o l e r a n t c u l t i v a r s . T h i s m a t e r i a l m i g h t p o s s i b l y b e a

p h y t c a l e x i n a s h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d i n s o y b e a n ( K e e n , 1 9 7 1 ) i n

t h e r e s i s t a n t r e a c t i o n . t o PA m e g a s p e r m a v a r . s o j a e . T h i s

h y p e r s e n s i t i v e r e a c t i o n w a s c o n f i r m e d b y P r a t t a n d M i t c h e l l

( 1 9 7 5 ) i n o c u l a t i n g r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e a l f a l f a p l a n t s

w i t h z o o s p o r e s u s p e n s i o n s o f PA m e g a s p e r m a . S m a l l , l o c a l ,

n e c r o t i c l e s i o n s d e v e l o p e d i n r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s s u g g e s t i n g

h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y . I n s u s c e p t i b l e p l a n t s , t i s s u e c o l l a p s e a n d

d e a t h w e r e o b s e r v e d i n r o o t s , c o t y l e d o n s a n d l e a f l e t s .

C u l t i v a r s r e s i s t a n t t o P^, m e g a s p e r m a h a v e b e e n

d e v e l o p e d a n d o n e s u c h c u l t i v a r i s A g a t e ( Me d i c a g o s a t i v a )

^ d e v e l o p e d b y F r o s h e i s e r a n d B a r n e s ( 1 9 7 3 ) . T h e a v e r a g e

d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y i n d e x o f A g a t e ( t e s t e d a s M n P - A 2 ( S y n . 1 ) )a

w a s 2 . 4 0 w i t h 6 3 . 5X r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s . C o m p a r e w i t h t h i s .

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V e r n a l a t 3 . 8 7 a n d 6 . 2 % , S a r a n a c a t 3 . 9 5 a n d 5 . 5 % , a n d

L a h o n t a n a t 2 . 9 2 a n d 3 6 . 3 % f o r d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y a n d p e r c e n t

r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y w a s a\ ' ■ *

s c a l e o f 1 t o 5 w i t h 1 - n o s y m p t o m s a n d 5 = p l a n t d e a d . T h e p e r

c e n t r e s i s t a n c e w a s b a s e d o n p l a n t s s c o r i n g a 1 a n d 2

d i s e a s e r a t i n g .

L e h m a n e t a l . ( 1 9 6 9 ) h a s l i c e n s e d 2 g e r m p l a s m s o u r c e s

0 C 38 a n d 0 C 4 7 w i t h t o l e r a n c e t o Pj_ me g a s p e rm a . T he ^ d e g r e e

o f t o l e r a n c e , b a s e d o n a d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( 0 = n o d i s e a s e a n d

5 = c o m p l e t e l y r o t t e d r o o t ) a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e t o l e r a n t p l a n t s

w i t h a d i s e a s e r a t i n g c f 2 o r l e s s , w e r e 3 . 9 a n d 2 3 . 1 % f o r

UC37 a n d 2 . 9 a n d 3 8 . 3 % f o r t h e c h e c k L a h o n t a n , r e s p e c t i v e l y .6

I n a n o t h e r t e s t , t h e g e r m p l a s m UC47 h a d a d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f

9 . 4 a n d 1 4 .3 % t o l e r a n t p l a n t s com p ~ s d t o L a h o n t a n w i t h 2 . 9

a n d 3 2 . 1 % t o l e r a n t p l a n t s .

A g e r m p l a s m r e l e a s e f r o i n t h e P u l l m a n W a s h i n g t o n■ . . . . . __________

A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a t i o n b-y~—_ J l l g i r n - w i;'13 7 . 7 ) d o c u m e n t s t h e

p e r c e n t a g e r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s o f WDS3P1 t o P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t

r o t . T h e r e w e r e 64% r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s i n W D S 3 P 1 ^ b a s e d o n o n e

c y c l e o f g r e e n h o u s e s e l e c t i o n ; 6% i n V e r n a l ; 47% i n A g a t e ;

a n d 2% i n S a r a n a c . P e r c e n t r e s i s t a n c e w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e

n u m b e r o f p l a n t s s c o r i n g a 1 a n d 2 d i s e a s e r a t i n g .

C o m p a r i s o n o f v a r i o u s c u l t i v a r s a t t h e S t . P a u l ,

M i n n e s o t a n u r s e r y ( F r o s h e i s e r , 1 9 7 7 ) f o r P. . me g a s p e r m a

r e s i s t a n c e a r e s u m m a r i z e d a s f o l l o w s ; A g a t e - 2 . 7 0 , G r i m m -

4 . 8 6 , L a d a k - 4 . 2 6 , L a h o n t o n - 3 . 0 0 , B a m b l e r - 4 . 1 8 , j a n d V e r n a l -

4 . 5 6 . T h e a v e r a g e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y i n d e x , f a l l o w i n g e a c h

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Page 40: 34338 - University of Alberta

GP 27y *

c u l t i v a r , w a s b a s e d on a s c a l e o f 1 t o 6 w i t h 1 b e i n g ' n o

s y m p t o m s a n d 6 b e i n g a d e a d p l a n t .

V a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r s a r e m e a s u r e d a n d m e t h o d s u s e d i n

t e s t i n g p l a n t m a t e r i a l f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o d i s e a s e . F o r

e x a m p l e , G r a h a m e t a l . ( 1 9 6 5 ) l i s t s t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f m a k i n g

s e l e c t i o n s i n t h e g r o w t h c h a m b e r c o m p a r e d t o f i e l d

s e l e c t i o n . C a u t i o n m u s t b e e x e r c i s e d t h a t a n y c h a r a c t e r s

m e a s u r e d d o n o t c h a n g e when t h e p l a n t s a r e t r a n s p l a n t e d t o

t h e f i e l d . I f t h e p o p u l a t i o n s i n w h i c h s e l e & ^ i o n • h a s b e e n

p r a c t i c e d a r e b r o a d - b a s e d , n o a p p r e c i a b l e s h i f t i n o t h e r

t r a i t s s h o u l d o c c u r . H i l l e t a l . . ( 1 9 6 9 ) c o n f i r m e d t h i s

o b s e r v a t i o n a n d s t a t e d 75 o r m o r e p l a n t s p e r c y c l e o f

s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d t o p r e v e n t i n b r e e d i n g* /

d e p r e s s i o n ; \

I n l o o k i n g a t t h e c h a r a c t e r s t o s t u d y , - C a r n a h a n ( 1 9 6 3 )

e v a l u a t e d r e c i p r o c a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l f a l f a f o r - j n a t e r n a l

e f f e c t s i n s e e d l i n g h e i g h t a n d y i e l d * . T h e y a p p e a l e d t o b e

c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e n u c l e u s r a t h e r t h a n t h e c y t o p l a s m .

D e v i n e r u ' i c M u r t r e y ( 1 9 7 5 ) c o r r e l a t e d d i s e a s e r a t i n g

( 1 = l o w f r e g = n c y , 9 = h i g h f r e q u e n c y o f d i s e a s e d p l a n t s ) w i t h

s t a n d c o u n t a n d y i e l d i n a n t h r a c n o s e r e s i s t a n t a l f a l f a

l i n e s . D i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s c o r r e l a t e d f r o m 0 . 0 6 t o 0 . 6 5 w i t h

s t a n d c o u n t o v e r 2 y e a r s i n t h e f i e l d . F o r y i e l d , t i l e

c o r r e l a t i o n r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 0 1 t o 0 . 5 6 i n t h e f i e l d d a t a .

T h e u r e r a n d E l l i n g ( 1 9 6 3 ) u s e d a d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r

b a c t e r i a l w i l t o f a l f a l f a c a u s e d b y C o r v n e b a c t e r i u m

i n s i d i o s u m. T h e r a t i n g w a s b a s e d o n s c a l e o f 0 t o 5 w i t h

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28

e a c h c l a s s r e p r e s e n t i n g v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f d i s e a s e s y m p t o m s .

C l a s s 0 w a s n o e v i d e n c e o f " i l t w h i l e 5 w a s a v e r y s e v e r eA

i n f e c t i o n . T h e p h e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n ( r = 0 . 6 1 ) b e t w e e n e a c h

o f t h e s y n t h e t i c s a n d t h e i r s i n g l e ’ c r o s s e s was h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t .

F r o s h e i s e r a n d B a r n e s ( 1 9 7 3 ) f o u n d s i g n i f i c a n t

c o r r e l a t i o n s o f r = - 0 . 9 7 9 a n d r = - 0 . 8 6 5 f o r f o r a g e y i e l d a n d

a v e r a g e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y i n d e x . T h e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y i n d e x

w a s d e t e r m i n e d by a n i n d i v i d u a l s c o r e f o r e a c h p l a n t ( 1 = n o

s y m p t o m s , 5 a n d 6 = d e a d p l a n t s ) i n t h e f i e l d . L u e s c h e n e t a l .

( 1 9 7 6 ) r e l a t e d f o r a g e y i e l d t o i n f e c t i o n a n d i n j u r y c a u s e d

fcy m e g a s p e r m a a s d i d F r o s h e i s e r a n d B a r n e s ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

L u e s c h e n a n d a s s o c i a t e s a s s u m e d i n n o n i n o c u l a t e d f i e l d p l o t s

w i t h n a t u r a l r a i n f a l l t h a t P. . me g a s p e r m a w a s c a u s i n g t h e

d a m a g e . T h i s d a m a g e w a s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e l o w e r y i e l d s o f

s u s c e p t i b l e c u l t i v a r s c o m p a r e d t o t h e r e s i s t a n t l i n e s .

B e r k e n k a m p a n d B a e n z i g e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) f o u n d p e r c e n t s u r v i v a l ,

w h i c h w a s e s t i m a t e d v i s u a l l y , w a s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h l e s i o n i n g

o f t h e r o o t s ( r = 0 . 7 3 ) i n s w e e t c l o v e r . T h e l e s i o n s w e r e

c a u s e d b y P l e n o d o a u s mel i l o t i a n d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n w a s a

i n d i c a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e p a t h o g e n .

C o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y h a s b e e n u s e d a s a m e t h o d t o e v a l u a t e

a l f a l f a c l o n e s f o r t h e i r b e h a v i o r i n , c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r

c l o n e s ( B o l t o n , 1 9 4 8 ) . S p r a g u e a n d T a t u m ( 1 9 4 2 ) s t a t e d

g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (GCA) r e p r e s e n t e d a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c

v a r i a t i o n w h i l e s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (SCA) r e f e r r e d t o

d o m i n a n c e e f f e c t s , e p i s t a t i c e f f e c t s , a n d g e n o t y p e b y

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29

e n v i r o n m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s ( R o j a s a n d i g u e , 1 9 5 2 ) . T h e s e

a u t h o r s ( S p r a g u e a n d T a t u m , 1 9 4 2 ) d e f i n e d GCA a s t h e a v e r a g e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f a l i n e . i n h y b r i d c o m b i n a t i o n a n d SCA a ^

p e r f o r m a n c e o f c e r t a i n c r o s s e s w h i c h d o b e t t e r o r w o r s e t h a n

t h e a v e r a g e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e l i n e s . I n u n s e l e c t e d

m a t e r i a l , t h e GCA v a r i a n c e o r a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s w e r e g r e a t e r

t h a n t h e SCA v a r i a n c e o r n o n a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s . I f l i n e s a r e

s e l e c t e d f o r h i g h GCA, t h e n t h e c o m p o n e n t o f v a r i a n c e f o r

SCA may e x c e e d t h a t f o r GCA. T h i s i s d u e t o t h e g r e a t e r

d e g r e e o f r e s e m b l a n c e b e t w e e n s e l e c t e d l i n e s c o m p a r e d t o t h e

u n s e l e c t e d m a t e r i a l .

T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f GCA a n d SCA f o r d i a l l e l c r o s s e s o f

a l f a l f a d e p e n d s u p o n t h e c h o i c e o f p a r e n t a l c l o n e s . F o r

u n s e l e c t e d m a t e r i a l , t h e GCA v a r i a n c e h a s b e e n f o u n d t o b e

m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e v a r i a n c e f o r SCA ( P e a r s o n a n d

E l l i n g , 19 6 ^ a a h a n e t a l . , 1 9 6 2 ) . I n c o n t r a s t , S i n g h a n d

L e s i n s f o u ^ i g n i f i c a n t SCA v a r i a n c e w a s g r e a t e r t h a n

t h e GCA v a r i a n c e a n d g e n o t y p i c v a r i a n c e w a s l a r g e l y n o n ­

a d d i t i v e . B u t t h e c l o n e s e v a l u a t e d i n S i n g h a n d L e s i n s '

( 1 9 7 1 ) s t u d y h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y s e l e c t e d . T h e m e r i t s o f

b o t h t y p * o f r e s u l t s a r e u s e f u l f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t t h a t

c l o n e s w:tfc h i g h GCA e f f e c t s c a n b e u s e d t o f o r m a s y n t h e t i c

c u l t i v a r a n u m b e r o f c l o n e s . O r , a n y 2 p a r e n t s w i t h

c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h SCA e f f e c t s c a $ b e u s e d t o f o r m a 2 - c l o n e

h y b r i d .

H e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s h a v e b e e n u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e , p h e n o t y p e a n d g e n o t y p e . T h e s e

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v 30

e s t i m a t e s a r e r e l a t i v e o n l y t o , t h e p o p u l a t i o n s a n d

e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e d e r i v e d - V a r i o u s

p r o c e d u r e s h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d s u c h a s a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e

a n d r e g r e s s i o n t o e s t i m a t e t h e a m o u n t o f g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n .

I n t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e s j F a l c c m e r , 1 9 6 0 ) , t h e g e n o t y p i c

v a r i a n c e w h i c h i n c l u d e s a d d i t i v e , d o m i n a n t , a n d e p i s t a t i c

g e n t i c v a r i a n c e i s e x p r e s s e d a s a r a t i o o f t h e / e n v i r o n m e n t a l

o r p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a n c e . P r e c e d i n g f u r t h e r , a s i n t h e d i a l l e l

( G a r d n e r , 1 9 6 3 ) , t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e p r o v i d e s e s t i m a t e s

o f h e r i n a b i l i t y i n t h e b r o a d s e n s e w h i c h i n c l u d e s a d d i t i v e ,

d o m i n a n c e a n d e p i s t a t i c g e n e t i c v a r i a n c e s a n d t h e n a r r o w

s e n s e w h i c h i s a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i a n c e .

T h e s e c o n d t e c h n i q u e r e l i e s o n r e g r e s s i n g t h e o f f s p r i n g

on t h e p a r e n t a s p r o p o s e d b y L u s h ( 1 9 4 0 ) . T h i s m e t h o d

i n c l u d e s a d d i t i v e , d i g e n i c , a n d h e r i t a b l e p o r t i o n s o f

e p i s t a t i c v a r i a n c e u i : ’ a p p r o p r i a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d i s a

s u p e r i o r m e t h o d f o r p r c c t i n g g a i n f r o m s e l e c t i o n ( S w a n s o n

e t a l . . 1 9 7 4 ) . S w a n s o n a n d c o l l e a g u e s c o n s i d e r e d p a r e n t -

o f f s p r i n g - r e g r e s s i o n a s t h e b e s t e s t i r '-.e o f n a r r o w s e n s e

h e r i t a b i l i t y i n a n a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s u c h a s a l f a l f a .

B r o a d s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s a r e u s u a l l y h i g h i n

a l f a l f a a s D u d l e y e t a l . ( 1 9 6 3 ) r e p o r t e d t h e m t o b e 59% t o

80% f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o r u s t i n a l f a l f a . C a r n a h a n e t a l .

( 1 9 6 2 ) , i n a s t u d y o f common l e a f s p o t r e s i s t a n c e i n a l f a l f a ,

f o u n d t h e b r o a d s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y t o b e 64% . D e v i n e e t a l .

( 1 9 7 1 ) s t a t e d r e s i s t a n c e t o a n t h r a c n o s e i n a l f a l f a w a s

h i g h l y h e r i t a b l e . T h e s e e s t i m a t e s o f b r o a d s e n s e

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h e r i t a b i l i t y i ' k p l y g e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y e x i s t s a n d p r o g r e s s

i n s e l e c t i o n c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d .

J

S'

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Page 45: 34338 - University of Alberta

MATERIALS AND METHODS

! a M a t e r i a l s

T h e m a t e r i a l s u s e d a s s o u r c e s o f r e s i s t a n t a n d

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s w e r e c u l t i v a r s o f M^ m e d i a - B e a v e r

(E) , Grimm (G) , R o a m e r ( R ) , a n d V e r n a l ( V ) . S u s c e p t i b l e

g e n o t y p e s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d by ' P * . C y c l e 0 r e f e r s t o t h e

u n s e l e c t e d p l a n t s w h i l e c y c l e 1 , 2 , a n d 3 r e f e r t o t h r e e

c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n f o r r e s i s t a n c e o r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . F o r e x a m p l e , 2VP16A w o u l d d e s i g n a t e a

V e r n a l p l a n t o r p r o g e n y i n t h e s e c o n d c y c l e o f s e l e c t i o n*

t h a t i s s u s c e p t i b l e . T h e 1 6A i s a n a r b i t a r y n u m b e r g i v e n t h e

o r i g i n a l g e n o t y p e s f r o m c y c l e 0 . I n t h e ' g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s ,

B e a v e r w a s t h e c h e c k c u l t i v a r O k „ u s e d * T h e c u l t i v a r s w h i c h

a c t e d a s c h e c k s i n a l l t h e / f i e l d t e s t s w e r e B e a v e r , G r i m m ,

R e a m e r , a n d V e r n a l . T h e c h e c k c u l t i v a r A g a t e ( B a r n e s e t a l . ,

1 97 3 ) w a s i n c l u d e d i n s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l

s t r a i n t e s t . T h e c u l t i v a r s i n t h e f i e l d w e r e r e p l i c a t e d

e i g h t t i m e s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 2 w h i l e i n s t r a i n

t e s t 1 , t h e c u l t i v a r s w e r e r e p l i c a t e d f o u r t i m e s . T h i s

i n c r e a s e d r e p l i c a t i o n o f t h e c u l t i v a r s p r o v i d e d a m o r e

a c c u r a t e c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e g e n o t y p e s .

2 . M e t h o d s

To a c h i e v e o u r o b j e c t i v e s , e i g h t g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s w e r e

u n d e r t a k e n t o s t u d y t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s

p a t h o g e n b y c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l t r e a t m e n t s . T h r e e g r o w t h

r oom t e s t s a n d f i v e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e d i r e c t e d a t e x a m i n i n g

3 2

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t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s p a t h o g e n by p l a n t

b r e e d i n g . T h e t e s t s , t h e i r l o c a t i o n , r e p l i c a t i o n , a n d

e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 2 .

a * Gpowt h Room T h e g r o w t h r o o m i n w h i c h t h e t e s t s w e r e

u n d e r t ^ l c e n w a s m a i n t a i n e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 8 ° C . L i g h t i n g

f c r 20 h o u r s p e r d a y w a s p r o v i d e d by f l o r e s c e n t b u l b s w h i c h

s u p p l i e d a b o u t 2 1 , 5 0 0 l u x a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y h5 cm a b o v e t h e

p o t s . P l a s t i c p o t s w e r e c l o s e d a t t h e b o t t o m t o p r e v e n t t h e

l o s s o f a n y p o s s i b l e t o x i c s u b s t a n c e w h i c h m i g h t b e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d i s e a s e . T h e p o t s w e r e 17 cm i n d i a m e t e r

a n d c o n t a i n e d a b o u t 1 , 800. g o f s o i l w h e n f i l l e d t o a b o u t 2

cm b e l o w t h e r i m .

T h e b i ' d a s s a y s u t i l i z e d i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s w e r e

s i c k s o i l a n d i s o l a t e s o f o r g a n i s m s f r o m s i c k s o i l . Si<jk

s o i l w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m a r e a s k n o w n t o i n d u c e a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s ; n a m e l y , a n a r e a n e a r B r e t o n , A l b e r t a , a n d l a t e r , a

s i t e a t S p r u c e G r o v e , A l b e r t a s e l e c t e d f o r t h e f i e l d t e s t s .

. .O n i n f e c t e d s o i l w a s c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e E d m o n t o n R e s e a r c hc

S t a t i o n ( P a r k l a n d F a r m ) ; a n d a v i r g i n s o i l f r o m B r e t o n ,

A l b e r t a . I n d i v i d u a l s o i l s a m p l e s w e r e . t a k e n t o a d e p t h o f 15

cm b e l o w t h e s u r f a c e f r o m s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n a

s i x t e e n t h o f a h a , a n d w e r e c o m b i n e d . T h i s c o m p o s i t e s a m p l e

w as p a s s e d , t h r o u g h a 0 . 6 cm v i d e m e s h s c r e e n , a n d t h e n w a s

t h o r o u g h l y m i x e d , a n d s t o r e d i n p l a s t i c b a g s u n t i l n e e d e d . A

p o r t i o n o f t h e c o m p o s i t e s a m p l e w h i c h w a s a t f i e l d m o i s t u r e

c a p a c i t y w a s s t e a m p a s t e u r i z e d a t 1 . 2 k g p e r cm* f o r 30

m i n u t e s a t 1 2 0 ° C , a n d s t o r e d i n p l a s t i c b a g s . F e r t i l i z e r w a s

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a d d e d b e f o r e p o t t i n g by n i x i n g 1 . 5 g o f 1 ( ) - 3 0 - 1 0 w i t h t h e

s o i l i n a p l a s t i c b a g . C o m m e r c i a l i n o c u l u m o f R h i z o b i u m

m e l i l o t i w a s s p r e a d on t h e s o i l s u r f a c e o f t h e p o t

i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r p l a n t i n g . T h e f i e l d m o i s t u r e c a p a c i t i e s

w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a n d t h e s e v a l u e s w e r e u s e d t o d e c i d e t h e

a m o u n t o f w a t e r t o a d d t o e a c h p o t b e f o r e p l a n t i n g . A f t e r

p l a n t i n g , w a t e r w a s a p p l i e d e v e r y s e c o n d d a y t o b r i n g t h e

p o t s b a c k t o f i e l d c a p a c i t y . S i c k s o i l u s e d i n t h e t i m e o f

i n f e c t i o n t e s t , f u n g i c i d e t e s t 1 , a n d s e c o n d c y c l e s t r a i n

t e s t w a s c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e f i e l d i n N o v e m b e r , 1 9 7 5 . S i c k

s o i l f o r t h e o t h e r g r o w t h ro o m t e s t s w a s o b t a i n e d i n J u l y o f

1 9 7 6 e x c e p t f o r t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t w h i c h “was c o l l e c t e d

i n O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 6 .

T h e s e c o n d t y p e o f b i o a s s a y , u s e d o n l y i n t h e

i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t , w a s i s o l a t e s , l a b e l l e d F 6 , F 9 , a n d F 1 6 , o f

p a t h o g e n s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s a c c o r d i n g t o

D a a i r g i e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 . S t o c k c u l t u r e s o f P h y t o p h t h o r a

m e g a s p e r m a . n u m b e r s 4 4 6 , 8 4 4 , a n d 8 9 2 w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m

E r w i n ( 1 9 7 6 ) . M a t s o f t h e i s o l a t e s a n d s t o c k c u l t u r e w e r e

g r o w n o n p o t a t o d e x t r o s e ag*ar m e d i u m f o r 8 t o 10 d a y s a n d

t h e n r e m o v e d , p o o l e d , a n d w a t e r a d d e d . T h e m i x t u r e w a s „

g r o u n d i n a b l e n d e r t o f o r m a p a s t e o f w h i c h f o r t y m i s o f

- t h i s p a s t e i n o c u l u m w a s p o u r e d o n t h e m o i s t s u r f a c e o f

p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l i n e a c h p o t .

L i m e , i n t h e f o r m o f f i n e l y g r o u n d c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e ,

w a s a d d e d t o t h o s e s o i l s a m p l e s t h a t s h o w e d a n a c i d

r e a c t i o n . S u c h t r e a t m e n t w a s g i v e n t p s o i l s f r o m s o i l t e s t s

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1 a n d 2 , f u n g i c i d e t e s t s 1 a n d 2, a n d t h e s e c o n d c y c l e

s t r a i n t e s t . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y w e i g h i n g

50 g o f a i r - d r y s o i l i n t o a w a x e d p a p e r c u p , a d d i n g l i m e a n d

m i x i n g w e l l , a n d b r i n g i n g t o a m o i s t c a p a c i t y . T h e s o i l w a s

l e f t f o r a w e e k b e f o r e t h e pH w a s d e t e r m i n e d . T r e a t m e n t s f o r

e a c h s o i l i n t h e g r o w t h r oom t e s t s l i s t e d a b o v e w e r e n o l i n e

t c o n t r o l ) ; 7 2 0 k g p e r h a ; 1440 k g p e r h a ; 2 1 6 0 kg p e r h a ;

a n d 2 8 8 0 kg p e r h a y ' T h e s e l i n i n g r a t e s w e r e i n t e n d e d t o

c o r r e c t t h e a c i d i t y by r a i s i n g t h e pH t o 7 . 0 . H o w e v e r t h e

h i g h r a t e o f l i m e ( 2 8 8 0 k g p e r h a ; w a s n o t a l w a y s s u f f i c i e n t

t o i n c r e a s e pH t o n e u t r a l i t y . To o v e r c o m e t h i s p r o b l e m a

g r a p h o f . t h e l i m e r a t e s a n d pH v a l u e s w a s p l o t t e d s o t h a t

t h e l i m e r a t e c o u l d b e e x t r a p o l a t e d t o pH 7 . 0 . T h u s , s o i l

m o i s t u r e , s o i l f e r t i l i t y , a n d pH w e r e c o r r e c t e d t o o p t i m u m

l e v e l s s o a s n o t t o c o n f o u n d r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e f a c t o r s w i t h

r e s p o n s e t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

T h e g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s i n v o l v e d g e r m i n a t i n g s c a r i f i e d

a l f a l f a s e e d s o n m o i s t f i l t e r p a p e r i n p e t r i d i s h e s . F i f t e e n

t o s e v e n t e e n s e e d l i n g s p e r p o t w e r e p l a n t e d w hen t h e r a d i c l e

was h a l f a c e n t i m e t e r i n l e n g t h . T h e t e s t s w e r e t e r m i n a t e d

a t 3 5 t o 40 d a y s w h e n t h e a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g s w e r e 15 t o 4 0 cm

i n h e i g h t .

b . F i e l d T h e a r e a c h o s e n f o r f i e l d t e s t s w a s s e l e c t e d

o n t h e b a s i s o f d a t a f r o m s o i l t e s t 1 i n d i c a t i n g a l f a l f a

s i c k s o i l . T h e f i e l d s i t e , 774 m e t e r s a b o v e s e a l e v e l , i s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 16 km w e s t o f E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a o n t h e s o u t h

e a s t q u a r t e r o f 1 6 - 5 3 - 2 7 W4. T h e s o i l t y p e i s a c h e r n o z e m

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w h i c h i s w i t h i n t h e b l a c k g r e a t g r o u p ( B o w s e r e t a l . _ , 1 9 6 2 ) .

I t i s a s a n d y l o a m c o m p o s e d o f 75% P e a c e H i l l s f i n e s a n d y

l e a n a n d 25% P o n o k a l o a m . T h e t o p o g r a p h y o f t h e l a n d i s

u n d u l a t i n g a n d d e p r e s s i o n a l w i t h a s l i g h t k n o l l s l o p i n g t o

t h e n o r t h . P r e v i o u s c r o p p i n g h i s t o r y o f t h i s a r e a was o a t s

t h r e s h e d f o r g r a i n f o r t h e p a s t 3 y e a r s . T h e p r e c e d i n g c r o p

w a s a l f a l f a w h i c h w a s c u t f o r h a y . T h e a l f a l f a s t a n d w a s 5

y e a r s o l d w h e n i t w a s d e c i d e d d u e t o a d e c l i n i n g , u n t h r i f t y

s t a n d t h a t i t s h o u l d b e p l o w e d u n d e r i n f a v o r o f a m o r e

p r o f i t a b l e c r o p .

P h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s o i l s e l e c t e d f o r t h e

f i e l d s i t e a r e t a b u l a t e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 . T h e f i e l d a r e a -was

s a m p l e d on A u g u s t 1 8 , 1976 a n d t h ^ s o i l s a m p l e s m a r k e d

w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m a n a r e a i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t t o t h e

f i e l d s i t e . T h i s a r e a a d j o i n i n g t h e f i e l d s i t e h a d b e e n

f e r t i l i z e d w i t h 67 k g p e r h a o f 1 1 - 5 5 - 0 b e f o r e a l f a l f a w a s

u n d e r s o w n w i t h a c r o p o f b a r l e y . T h e n i t r o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u s

l e v e l s w e r e a d e q u a t e b u t p o t a s s i u m w a s l o w f o r s a m p l e

n u m b e r s 1 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 . S u l p h u r w a s m o d e r a t e l y l o w f o r • m o s t

o f t h e s o i l s a m p l e s . No f r e e l i m e o r s u l p h a t e s w e r e d e t e c t e d

a n d o n l y a t r a c e o f s o d i u m w a s f o u n d i n a l l s a m p l e s . T h e pH

o f t h e s o i l s a m p l e s w a s s l i g h t l y a c i d i c .0

H e a t h e r d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s f o r

t h e f i e l d s t u d y s i t e a t S p r u c e G r o v e , A l b e r t a ( A p p e n d i x 2 ) .

T h e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l w a s 3 0 . 5 cm f o r Hay t h r o u g h A u g u s t

v h ^ e t h e mean t e m p e r a t u r e w a s 1 h . 8 ° C f o r t h e s a m e p e r i o d .

S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s b e t w e e n r a i n f a l l a n d

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t e m p e r a t u r e w e r e l o w a n d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( r = - 0 . 2 1 t o 0 . 0 6 ) .\

C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t i m e ( r = - 0 . 4 4 t o 0 . 0 9 )

w e r e a l s o n o n s i g n i f i c a n t b u t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

r a i n f a l l a n d t i m e i r = 0 . 7 7 ) w a s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . .

T h e f i e l d s i t e w a s d o u b l e d i s c e d , h a r r o w e d , r o t o v a t e d ,

a n d p a c k e d p r i o r t o s e e d i n g . To e l i m i n a t e f e r t i l i t y e f f e c t s ,

2 2 4 kg o f 1 1 - 5 5 - 0 p e r h a a n d 2 2 4 k g p e r h a o f 0 - 4 5 - 0 w e r e«

b r o a d c a s t w i t h a c y c l o n e s p r e a d e r on May 1 3 , 1 9 7 6 .

T h e a l f a l f a s e e d w a s s c a r i f i e d a n d c o m m e r c i a l i n o c u l u m

o f Rh i z o b l u m me l i l o t i w a s a d d e d t q t h e s e e d b e f o r e p l a n t i n g .

H a n d p u s h e d V - b e l ' t s e e d e r s w e r e u s e d t o s o w t h e s e e d t o a

d e p t h o f o n e a n d h a l f cm a t 2 5 s e e d s p e r 3 0 cm on May 1 4 ,

1 9 7 6 . W a t e r w a s a p p l i e d by s p r i n k l e r i r r i g a t i o n May 2 8 , 197 6

w h i l e handv w e e d i n g o f t h e p l o t was u n d e r t a k e n o n J u n e 1 4 ,

1 9 7 6 a n d J u l y 1 9 , 1 9 7 6 . T h e p l o t w a s s p r a y e d J u n e 2 5 , 1 9 7 6

w i t h MCPA a m i n e 80 ( ( 4 - c h l o r o - o - t o l y l ) o x y a c e t i c a c i d ) a t 2 1 0

g a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t p e r h a .

T h e a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s o f a l f a l f a c h o s e n f o r

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i s e a s e p a t h o g e n o n t h e

j p l a n t w e r e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

1) p l a n t h e i g h t ,

2) p l a n t s t a n d , )'

3 ) s t a n d s u r v i v a l ,

4 ) d i s e a s e r a t i n g ,

5) p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g , a n d

6 ) y i e l d .

P l a n t h e i g h t i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m w a s m e a s u r e d i n cm f r o m

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t h e c o t y l e d o n a r y n o d e t o t h e t i p o f t h e p l a n t ' s l e a v e s f o r

e a c h p l a n t . H e i g h t , i n c m , w a s ' m e a s u r e d f r o m t h e s o i l

s u r f a c e t o t h e l e a f t i p s i n e a c h r o w o n S e p t e m b e r . 9 , 19 7 6

a n d J u n e 1 7 , 19 7 7 f o r a l l f i e l d t e s t s . T h e p l a n t h e i g h t

a s s e s s e d i n t h e f i e l d S e p t e m b e r 9 , 1 9 7 6 i n . s t r a i n t e s t 1 was

t h e m ea n o f 2 m e a s u r e m e n t s p e r s i n g l e r o w .

T h e * p la n t . s t a n d w a s a r a t i n g o n a l l f i e l d t e s t s A u g u s t

3 , 1 9 7 6 u s i n g a r u l e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n u m b e r o f g a p s 10 dm

o r l a r g e r p e r r o w . A s c o r e o f 1 t o 9 w a s u s e d w i t h 1 m e a n i n g' I

n o g a p s o r a c o m p l e t e s t a n d a n d 9 i n d i c a t i n g 9 o r m o r e g a p s

p e r r o w . T h i s r a t i n g w a s u s e d t o a d j u s t y i e l d d a t a t a k e n

f r o m t h e f i e l d t e s t s i n 197 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 . S t a n d s u r v i v a l i n t h e

g r o w t h r o o m w a s a c o u n t o f t h e n u m b e r o f p l a n t s p e r p o t o n e

w e e k a f t e r p l a n t i n g f o r s o i l t e s t 1 .

T h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s a v i s u a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e

r o o t s o f e a c h a l f a l f a p l a n t u n d e r a s t e r e o - m i c r o s c o p e . T h e

p l a n t s w i t h r o o t s i n t a c t w e r e s o a k e d a b o u t 1 5 m i n u t e s i n a

w a t e r b a t h , t h e n t h e s o i l w a s w a s h e d o f f t h e r o o t s w i t h

r u n n i n g w a t e r . T h e r o o t s w e r e r a t e d o n a s c a l e o f 1 t o 5

w i t h 1 b e i n g c l e a n , h e a l t h y r o o t s a n d 5 b e i n g a d e a d p l a n t .

T h e r a t i n g s 2 , 3 , a n d 4 w e r e i n t e r m e d i a t e w i t h 2 b e i n g r o o t s

w i t h s l i g h t b r o w n i n g a n d l e s i o n s ; 3 , r o o t s e x h i b i t i n g

b r o w n i s h , w e l l - d e f i n e d l e s i o n s ; a n d 4 , b r o w n e d , g i r d l e d

r o o t s w i t h s e v e r e l e s i o n i n g . T h i s s c h e m e o f r a t i n g s y m p t o m s

w a s b a s e d o n o t h e r a l f a l f a d i s e a s e s t u d i e s ( F r o s h e i s e r a n d

B a r n e s , 1 9 7 3 ; G r a y e t a l A 1 9 7 3 ) . B a t i n g c l a s s e s 1 a n d 2

w o u l d i n d i c a t e r e s i s t a n c e w h i l e c l a s s e s 3 , 4 , a n d 5 w o u l d b e

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s u s c e p t i b l e t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . T h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s

m e a s u r e d o n a l l p l a n t s i n e a c h g r o w t h r o o m t e s t e x c e p t s o i l

t e s t 1 . F o r s t r a i n ^ e s t 2 , 10 r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d p l a n t s i n

e a c h r o w w e r e u p r o o t e d t o a d e p t h o f 20 t o 3 0 cm a n d r a t e d

i n t h e f i e l d . T h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r s t r a i n t e s t 2 w a s

c a r r i e d o u t o n A u g u s t 5 , 1 9 7 6 .

T h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g u s e d i n s c o r i n g r o o t r e a c t i o n t o

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i n c y c l e s 0 a n d 1 i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m w a s

d i f f e r e n t . Mo c l a s s 5 r a t i n g e x i s t e d h o w e v e r t h e p r o c e d u r e

f o l l o w e d w a s i d e n t i c a l t o t h e m e t h o d o f r a t i n g d e s c r i b e d

a b o v e .

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g f o r s t r a i n t e s t 1 w a s a m e a s u r e

o f t h e v i g o r , p r o d u c t i v i t y , a n d g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e

s t a n d i n a r o w . T h e f i e l d r a t i n g w a s b a s e d o n a s c a l e o f 1

t o 5 w i t h 1 b e i n g a n u n p r o d u c t i v e , u n t h r i f t y s t a n d a n d c l a s s

5 b e i n g a c o m p l e t e s t a n d w i t h v i g o r o u s , h e a l t h y g r o w t h !

R a t i n g s 2 , 3 , a n d a w e r e i n t e r m e d i a t e c l a s s e s o f

p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d t h r i f t n e s s o f t h e s t a n d . An a v e r a g e o f

t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l , i n d e p e n d e n t a s s e s s m e n t s o f t h e s t a n d i n

e a c h r o w w a s t a k e n o n A u g u s t 1 9 , 1 9 7 6 .

Y i e l d f o r g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s w a s m e a s u r e d o n a g r a m s p e r

p o t b a s i s . T h e m a t e r i a l w a s a i r - d r i e d i n p a p e r b a g s f o r 48

h o u r s a t 4 8 ° C . F o r s o i l t e s t 1 a n d t h e s e c o n d c y c l e

s e l e c t i o n t e s t , t h e m a t e r i a l a b o v e t h e c o t y l e d o n a r y n o d e w a s

d r i e d a n d w e i g h e d wftqULe^in f u n g i c i d e t e s t 1 a n d t h e t i m e o f

i n f e c t i o n t e s t t h e r o f t h e p l a n t s w e r e u s e d f o r y i e l d .

I n t h e r e m a i n i n g g r o w t h r o o a " t e s t s , t h e w h o l e p l a n t

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Page 53: 34338 - University of Alberta

( t o p + r o o t ) was w e i g h e d f c r y i e l d .

S t r a i n t e s t 1 wag h a r v e s t e d f o r y i e l d O c t o b e r 25V 1976

u s i n g a s i c k l e m o w e r w h i l e a l l t h e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e c u t w i t h

a M o t t mower i n 1 9 7 7 . I n 1 9 7 6 , t h e c u t m a t e r i a l f r o m a n

e n t i r e r o w w a s p l a c e d i n a c o t t o n s a c k , a i r d r i e d f o r 48

h o u r s x a t 4 8 ° C , a n d w e i g h e d t o t h e n e a r e s t g r a m . Due t o t h e

l i m i t e d d r y i n g f a c i l i t i e s a n d s u b s t a n t i a l g r e e n y i e l d , a

d i f f e r e n t p r o c e d u r e w a s f o l l o w e d w he n t h e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e

c u t o n J u n e 2 0 , 1 9 7 7 . A 3 0 0 gm s u b s a m p l e o f t h e w e e d - f r e e

g r e e n y i e l d f r o m e a c h row w a s t a k e n a n d d r i e d f o r 48 h o u r s

a t 4 8 ° C . T h e d r y w e i g h t o f t h e s u b s a m p l e was u s e d t o

c a l c u l a t e t h e g r a m s o f u r y m a t t e r p e r r o w . No w i n t e r k i l l w a s

e v i d e n t a f t e r t h e 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 w i n t e r - a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e

f i e l d s i t e w a s s u c c e s s f u l .

c * P a t h o g e n S o i l t e s t 1 w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h i d e n t i f y i n g

a n a r e a a f f e c t e d w i t h a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s f o r a f i e l d s i t e a n d

s t u d y i n g p h y s i c a l c o n t r o l o f t h e p a t h o g e n by h e a t a n d pH.

T h e t e s t w a s a s p l i t p l o t w i t h t h e s o i l s a m p l e s t r e a t e d a s

m a i n p l o t s a n d t h e c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t s a s s u b p l o t s . T h e

c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t s i n c l u d e d p a s t e u r i z a t i o n , p a s t e u r i z e d -

l i m e d , n o n p a s t e u r i z e d , a n d n o n p a s t e u r i z e d - l i m e d .

T h e s e c o n d s o i l t e s t , s o i l t e s t -2, w a s a n a s s e s s m e n t o f

, t h e s o i l f r o m t h e p r o p o s e d f i e l d s i t e f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . T h e e f f e c t o f p a s t e u r i z a t i o n w a s a l s o

e x a m i n e d a s a m e a n s o f p a t h o g e n c o n t r o l . F i v e l o c a t i o n s w e r e

s a m p l e d w i t h i n t h e f i e l d s i t e .

T h e U . S . s o i l t e s t w a s a n o b s e r v a t i o n t e s t i n w h i c h

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•v41

s o i l s f r o m d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s p u r p o r t e d t o b e

i n f e c t e d w i t h P ^ m e g a s p e r a a w e r e i m p o r t e d a n d e v a l u a t e d a t

t h e E d m o n t o n R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n { P a r k l a n d F a r m ) . A c o m p a r i s o n

o f t h e s y m p t o m s e x h i b i t e d b y B e a v e r a l f a l f a i n f e c t e d w i t h P .

m e q a s p e r m a a n d a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s t h e o b j e c t o r t h i s

p a r t i c u l a r t e s t . T h e r e w e r e l i m i t e d q u a n t i t i e s o f s o i l

a v a i l a b l e t o p o t , m a k i n g a r e p l i c a t e d t r i a l i m p o s s i b l e . T h e

s c i l s f r o m Pjj. m e q a s p e rma i n f e c t e d a r e a s w e r e : O t t a w a ,

O n t a r i o , C a n a d a * ; E a s t L a s i n g , M i c h i g a n , U . S . A . 2 ; S t . P a u l ,

M i n n e s o t a , U . S . A . 3 ; D a v i s , C a l i f o r n i a , U . S . A . ♦ .

To d e t e r m i n e t h e i n i t i a t i o n a n d p r o g r e s s ' o f a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s w i t h a v i e w f o r k n o w i n g w h e n c o n t r o l w o u l d b e

a p p r o p r i a t e , d i s e a s e d r o o t s W e re E x a m i n e d w e e k l y o v e r ai

s e v e n w e e k p e r i o d . T h i s was t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e t i m e o f

i n f e c t i o n t e s t . R e g r e s s i o n ' t e c h n i q u e s w e r e u s e d t o p r e d i c t

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t i m e a n d h e i g h t , a n d t i m e a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g . T h e s e f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s p r o v i d e d

i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i s e a s e o n a l f a l f a o v e r

t i m e .

T h e s e c o n d b i o a s s a y m e t h o d w h i c h c o n s i s t e d o f i s o l a t e s

o f t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s o r g a n i s m a n d P_. meq a s p e r m a w a s

1 C h i , C . C . 1 9 7 6 . R e s e a r c h B r a n c h , O t t a w a R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n , O t t a w a , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a .2 T e s a r , M.B. 1 9 7 6 . D e p a r t m e n t o f C r o p a n d S o i l S c i e n c e , M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v . , E a s t L a s i n g , M i c h i g a n , U . S . A . .3 F r o s h e i s ^ r , F . I . 1 9 7 6 . ^ D e p a r t m e n t o f P l a n t P a t h o l o g y , U n iv . - o f M i n n e s o t a , S t . P a u l / M i o n e s o t a , U . S . A . .* S t a n f o r d , E . H . 1 9 7 6 . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r o n o m y a n d R a n g e S c i e n c e , U n i v . o f C a l i f o r n i a , D a v i s , C a l i f o r n i a , U . S . A . .

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42 '

u t i l i z e d i n t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t . T h i s t e s t w a s u n d e r t a k e n -

w i t h ^:he i d e a t h a t a t e c h n i q u e c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d f o r

e v a l u a t i n g a l f a l f a g e n o t y p e s g r o w n i n i n o c u l a t e d s o i l i n t h e

g r o w t h r o o m . No i n f e c t i o n o f a l f a l f a b y t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s

o r g a n i s m i n p o t t e d s o i l s h a d b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d b e f o r e t h i s

' p r e s e n t t e s t . F u r t h e r m o r e , a c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s p o n s e o f

r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l

w a s t h e t h i r d a i m o f t h i s i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t . Two r e s i s t a n t

( 1 V 1 2 , 2 V 9 6 ) , a n d t w o s u s c e p t i b l e I 1 G P 1 3 0 , 1B P 1 8 8 ) g e n o t y p e s

p l u s B e a v e r w e r e p l a n t e d i n t h e p a s t e u r i z e d i n o c u l a t e d a n d

p a s t e u r i z e d n o n i n o c u l a t e d s i c k s o i l .c * i

T h e e f f e c t s o f c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s sl> " . \

w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n f u n g i c i d e t e s t 1 a n d 2 , a n d t h e s t r a i n/

+ f u n g i c i d e t e s t . T h e f u n g i c i d e s i n c l u d e d B e n l a t e ( b e n o m y l ) ,

D e x o n t f e n a m i n o s u l f ) , M e t a z o l o x o n 0( d r a z o l o x o n ) , a n d Dowco

2 6 9 - ( n u r e l l e ) . T h e c h e m i c a l s w e r e a p p l i e d a s d r e n c h e s t o t h en

s o i l s u r f a c e ' , m i x e d i n w i t h t h e s o i l , o r b o t h . Dowco 2 6 9

t ( 2 - c h l o r o - 6 - m e t h o x y 4 - i t r i c h l o r o m e t h y l ) p y r i d i n e ) ) w a s a l s o

a p p l i e d a s a f o l i a r s p r a y .

F u n g i c i d e t e s t 1 w a s a p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t o f D e xon a n d. f «

B e n l a t e a p p l i e d a s d r e n c h e s . F o r f u n g i c i d e i T e s t 2, D e x o n ,o ' .

a n d M e t a z o l o x o n w e r e a p p l i e d t o t h e s i c k s c i l by (1) m i x i n g

i n w i t h t h e s i c k s o i l , a n d (2) m i x i n g i n w i t h t h e s i c k s o i l

p l u s d r e n c h i n g ; a n d f o r Dowco 2 6 9 , i t w a s a p p l i e d t o s i c k

s o i l b y (1) m i x i n g i n w i t h t h e s i c k s o i l , (2 ) s p r a y i n g o n

t h e f o l i a g e , a n d i 3 ) s p r a y i n g o n t h e f o l i a g e p l u s d r e n c h i n g .

T h i s w a s t o d e t e r m i n e i f , t h e f u n g i c i d e s — w e r e e f f e c t i v e

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a g a i n s t a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s a n d i f o n e a p p l i c a t i o n m e t h o d w a s

■ e r e s a t i s f a c t o r y t h a n a n o t h e r i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e p a t h o g e n .

P i b a l l y , t h e s t r a i n ♦ f u n g i c i d e t e s t was a c o m b i n a t i o n

o f 3 t r e a t m e n t s a p p l i e d t o t h e c u l t i v a r B e a v e r , a r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e ( 1 V 1 2 ) , a n d a s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e ( 1 G P 1 3 0 J . T h e

t r e a t m e n t s w e r e : ( 1 ) Dowco 2 6 9 a p p l i e d a s a d r e n c h t o t h e

s o i l s u r f a c e , (2) a p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l c h e c k , (3 ) a s i c k s o i l

c h e c k . As w e l l a s t h e c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l o f t h e p a t h o g e n , t h e

g e n e t i c s o f t h e p l a n t may b e m a n i p u l a t e d t o p r o d u c e a

s u i t a b l e c o m b i n a t i o n o f g e n e s f o r I n h e r i t e d r e s i s t a n c e t ot

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . T h u s , c o n t r o l o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s b y a

c o m b i n a t i o n o f c h e m i c a l s a n d h e r i t a b l e r e s i s t a n c e may

p r o v i d e m o r e p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s t h a n e i t h e r

c h e m i c a l s o r p l a n t b r e e d i n g a l o n e . T h e s e c o n d i n t e n t o f t h e

s t r a i n ♦ f u n g i c i d e t e s t w a s t o c o m p a r e r e s i s t a n t p l a n t a n d

s u s c e p t i b l e p l a n t r e s p o n s e s u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h s h o u l d

a n d s h o u l d n o t e l i c i t t h e r e s p o n s e . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w e r e

s i c k s o i l a n d p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T h e f u n g i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s a n d m e t h o d s u t i l i z e d i n

t h e a b o v e t e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d a s f o l l o w s . B e n l a t e ( ( m e t h y l -

1 ( b u t y l c a r b a m o y l ) - 2 - b e n z i m i d a z o l e c a r b a m a t e ) ) , a s a 50%

w e t t a b l e p o w d e r , w a s a p p l i e d a t t h e c o m m e r c i a l

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f 10 o u n c e s p e r 1 0 0 0 f t 2 . D e x o n ( s o d i u m 4 -

d i m e t h y l a m i n o p h e n y l d i a z o s u l p h o n a t e ) , 7 0% w e t t a b l e p o w d e r ,

w a s p u t o n a t t h e r e c o m m e n d e d r a t e o f 10 o u n c e s p e r 1 0 0 0 f t 2

i n f u n g i c i d e t e s t 1 . I n f u n g i c i d e t e s t 2 , t h e r a t e w a s 10 gCj

a c t i v e i l g r e d i e n t ( a . i . ) p e r 6 l i t r e s o f s o i l f o r m i x i n g o r

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2 g a . i . p e r l i t r e o f w a t e r f o r d r e n c h i n g . T h e H e t a z o l o x o n ,

t e c h n i c a l p r o d u c t , - ( ( 4 - ( 3 - c h l o r o p h e n y l h y d r a z o n o ) - 3 - m e t h y l - 5 -

i s o x a z o l o n e ) ) w a s a p p l i e d a t o n l y r e c o a m e n d e d d o s a g e s d u e t o

t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f l i m i t e d q u a n t i t i e s of- t h e p r o d u c t . T h e s e

r a t e s w e r e 0 . 1 8 g a . i . p e r l i t r e o f s o i l a s a m i x a n d 0 . 2 5 ga

a . i . p e r l i t r e o f w a t e r a s a s o i l d r e n c h . Dowco 269 ( 1 2 5

a . i . e m u l s i f i a b l e c o n c e n t r a t e ) w a s p u t o n t h e s o i l a t 0 . 2 g

a . i . p ie r l i t r e o f w a t e r a s a d r e n c h o r f o l i a r s p r a y a n d 1 g

a . i . p e r 6 l i t r e s o f „ s o i l a s a m i x . T h e r e c o m m e n d e d

a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o E v a n s ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

T h e f u n g i c i d e d r e n c h i n v o l v e d m i x i n g t h e c h e m i c a l w i t h

5 0 0 m i s o f w a t e r , t h e n p o u r i n g 100 m i s o f t h e s o l u t i o n on

t h e s o i l s u r f a c e o f e a c h p o t . T h i s w a s a p p l i e d w e e k l y (4

a p p l i c a t i o n s ) e x c e p t f o r H e t a z o l o x o n a n d Dowco 2 6 9 w h i c h

w e r e p u t o n b i m o n t h l y (2 a p p l i c a t i o n s ) . . D e x o n a n d B e n l a t e

w e r e d r e n c h e d o n t h e s o i l s u r f a c e o n e w e e k a f t e r p l a n t i n g

w h e r e a s H e t a z o l o x o n a n d Dowco 2 6 9 w e r e f i r s t a p p l i e d 2 w e e k s

a f t e r p l a n t i n g . , °

To p r e p a r e t h e f u n g i c i d e m i x , t h e s o i l a n d c h e m i c a l

w e r e p l a c e d i n a p l a s t i c b a g a n h o u r p r i o r t o p l a n t i n g .

A f t e r t h o r o u g h s h a k i n g t h e m i x t u r e w a s w e i g h e d b a c k i n t o

e a c h p o t .

Dowco 2 6 9 w a s a p p l i e d a s a f o l i a r s p r a y b y m i x i n g t h e

. f u n g i c i d e w i t h 5 0 0 m i s o f w a t e r . O ne h u n d r e d m i s w a s s p r a y e dr-

o n t h e a l f a l f a f o l i a g e o f e a c h p o t . T h e s p r a y Was a p p l i e d

t w i c e s t a r t i n g ^ 2 w e e k s a f t e r p l a n t i n g . Bo s t e p s w e r e t a k e n

t o p r e v e n t d r a i n a g e o f t h e Dowco 2 6 9 f r o m t h £ f o l i a g e i n t o

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Page 58: 34338 - University of Alberta

t h e s o i l .

As a n a d d e d n o t e , D e x o n a n d B e n l a t e a r e r e g i s t e r e d

p r o d u c t s i n C a n a d a . D e x o n h a s Jcnown a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t•Ov

p y t h i a c e o u s f u n g i w h e r e a s B e n l a t e h a s n o k n o w n a c t i v i t y<

a g a i n s t t h e s e f u n g i . H e t a z o l o x o n a n d Dowco 2 by a r e

e x p e r i m e n t a l c h e m i c a l s i n C a n a d a h o w e v e r Dowco 2 6 9 h a s

s u b s e q u e n t l y b e e n w i t h d r a w n a s a n e x p e r i m e n t a l c h e m i c a l

( E v a n s , 1 9 7 6 ) .

d . P l a n t T h e c r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i o n i n c y c l e s 0 , 1 , 2 ,

a n d 3 u e r e h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e

c h o i c e o f t h e s e t w o t r a i t s w a s d u e t o o b s e r v a t i o n s ( B o l t o n ,

1 9 7 7 ) t h a t t a l l e r p l a n t s o c c u r r e d a m o n g a l f a l f a s i c k p l a n t s

a n d u p o n e x a m i n a t i o n i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , t h e s e t a l l e r p l a n t s

h a d l e s s d i s e a s e d r o o t s t h a n t h e p l a n t s w h i c h a p p e a r e d s i c k .

T h e s e e d l i n g s i n e a c h c y c l e o f s e l e c t i o n w e r e e v a l u a t e d a t

35 t o 4 0 d a y s o f a g e a n d e i g h t p o p u l a t i o n s i n t o t a l f o r

c y c l e 1 w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d t o r e p r e s e n t r e s i s t a n t a n d

s u s c e p t i b l e g r o u p i n g s o f t h e 4 c u l t i v a r s o r i g i n a l l y u s e d i n

c y c l e 0 . F o r c y c l e s 2 a n d 3 , c u l t i v a r s w e r e d i s r e g a r d e d t o

g i v e o n l y 2 p o p u l a t i o n s , p n e r e s i s t a n t a n d t h e o t h e r- 1.

s u s c e p t i b l e . G e n o t y p e s f r o m t h e p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d

i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m t o t h e f l o w e r i n g s t a g e , a n d p o l y c r o s s e d

x w i t h i n e a c h p o p u l a t i o n b y t r a n s f e r r i n g p o l l e n ' o n a t o o t h p i c k

f r o m p l a n t t o p l a n t . A t m a t u r i t y t h e p o d s w e r e h a r v e s t e d ,

t h r e s h e d , a n d s t o r e d . T h e p a r e n t p l a n t s f r o m t h e s e l e c t i o n

p r o g r a m w e r e t r a n s p l a n t e d i n t o a r e s e r v e f i e l d n u r s e r y a t

t h e E d m o n t o n B e s e a r c h S t a t i o n ( P a r k l a n d F a r m ) .

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T h e s e c o n d c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t w a s u s e d t o e v a l u a t e

g e n o t y p e s o f c y c l e 2 a n d t o i n i t i a t e a t h i r d c y c l e f o r

f u r t h e r t e s t i n g . T h i s t e s t i n c l u d e d 5 9 r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s ,

2 3 s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , a n d t h e c h e c k . c u l t i v a r s B e a v e r a n d

A g a t e . F rpm t h i s t e s t , s e e d o f c y c l e 3 w a s u s e d t o c a r r y o u t

t h e t h r e e c y c l e s t r a a n t e s t .f>

T h e t h r e e - c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t i n v o l v e d a p p r a i s i n g a s m a l l

n u m b e r o f g e n o t y p e s f r o m c y c l e 1 , 2 , a n d 3 w i t h a v i e w t o

e x t r a p o l a t i n g a t r e n d o f s e l e c t i o n f o r ' t h e r e s i s t a n t a n d

s u s c e p t i b l e p o p u l a t i o n s o v e r 3 c y l e s o f s e l e c t i o n . T he s m a l l

n u m b e r o f g e n o t y p e s u n d e r t e s t w a s d u e t o t h e l a c k o f b e n c h

s p a c e i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m .

T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e g e n e t i c f a c t o r s g o v e r n i n g t h ^

i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s t h e o b j e c t

o f s t u d y i n t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t . Two h a l f d i a l l e l

p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m f i r s t c y c l e g e n o t y p e s a n d

t h e p a r e n t a l c l o n e s i n e a c h d i a l l e l w e r e c o m p o s e d o f :

R e s i s t a n t D i a l l e l - 6 X 6 D i a l l e l c r o s s ( F I s © n l y ) v

C l o n e 1 ( V e r n a l , O . S . )

C l o n e 2 ( V e r n a l , O . S . )

Clone-j-3 ( B e a v e r , C a n a d a )

C l o n e 4 ( B e a v e r , C a n a d a )

C l o n e 5 ( V e r n a l , O . S . )

C l o n e 6 ( B e a v e r , C a n a d a )

S u s c e p t i b l y . D i a l l e l - 5 X 5 D i a l l e l c r o s s ( F 1 s o n l y )

C l o n e 1 ( G r i m m , O . S . )

C l o n e 2 ( B e a v e r , C a n a d a )

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Page 60: 34338 - University of Alberta

m

C l o n e 3 ( V e r n a l , O . S . )

C l o n e 4 ( V e r n a l , O . S . )

C l o n e 5 ( V e r n a l , O . S . )

T he o r i g i n o f t h e p a r e n t a l c l o n e s i s i n d i c a t e d i n

p a r e n t h e s i s .

T h e f i v e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e e v a l u a t i o n

o f 3 7 3 g e n o t y p e s i n c o m p a r i s o n t o 4 c h e c k c u l t i v a r s . Of

t h e s e g e n o t y p e s , .1 5 6 w e r e r e p l i c a t e d 4 t i m e s , 109 t w i c e , a n d

108 w e r e o b s e r v a t i o n r o w s . T h e g e n o t y p e s i n c l u d e d i n e a c h

t e s t d e p e n d e d o n q u a n t i t i e s o f a v a i l a b l e s e e d s t o c k . T h e

d a t a i n t h e r e p l i c a t e d t e s t s w e r e a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g t o a

r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k d e s i g n a n d , i n s o m e c a s e s , t h e

l a t t i c e d e s i g n a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e n u m b e r o f e n t r i e s i n e a c h

t e s t .

3 X S t a t i s t i c s

T h e d a t a f r o m t h e g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s a n d f i e l d t e s t s

w e r e a n a l y z e d by a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ( S t e e l a n d T o r r i e ,

1 9 6 0 ; C o c h r a n a n d C o x , 1 9 5 7 ) . A s p l i t ; p l o t d e s i g n ( S t e e l a n d

T o r r i e , 1 9 6 0 ) w a s u s e d t o a n a l y z e t h e d a t a f o r l a t t i c e ,

s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 2 , a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 . T h e m a i n p l o t s w e r e !

t h e g e n o t y p e s a n d c h e c k c u l t i v a r s w h i l e s u b p l o t s w e r e y e a r s \

( 2 ) . T h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d i a l l e l s i n t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t

a s s u m e d p r e s e l e c t e d p a r e n t s a n d i n c l u d e d o n l y F I s . T h u s ,

G r i f f i n g * s ( 1 9 5 6 ) m e t h o d 4 a n d m o d e l 1 w a s u s e d .

I n e a c h g r o w t h r o o m t e s t , h e i g h t , s t a n d s u r v i v a l , a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g m e a n s p e r p o t r e p r e s e n t e d a r e p l i c a t e w h i l e

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Page 61: 34338 - University of Alberta

f o r y i e l d , t h e t o t f a l d r y m a t t e r p e r p o t w a s c o n s i d e r e d a

r e p l i c a t e . S i n g l e p l a n t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e

d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t b u t t h e m e a n s p e r p o t .were u s e d f o r

c o m p a r i n g t h e g e n o t y p e s . F o r t h e f i e l d t e s t s , a s i n g l e r o w

w a s c o n s i d e r e d a r e p l i c a t e . T h e d i m e n s i o n s f o r a row w e r e

3 . 3 m e t e r s i n l e n g t h f o r l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 1 . 6

m e t e r s l o n g f o r t h e o t h e r f i e l d t e s t s . S p a c i n g b e t w e e n a l l

f i e l d r o w s was 6 5 cm .

M e a n s i n e a c h g r o w t h r o o m t e s t w e r e f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d by

D u n c a n ' s m u l t i p l e r a n g e t e s t ( D u n c a n , 1 9 5 5 ) a t t h e 5% l e v e l

c f p r o b a b i l i t y . F i e l d t e s t m e a n s f o r s t r a i n t e s t 2 w e r e a l s o

a n a l y z e d by D u n c a n ' s m u l t i p l e r a n g e t e s t . F o r t h e s e c o n d

c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t , l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 2 , a n d s t r a i n

t e s t 1 , t h e m e a n s o f t h e g e n o t y p e s w e r e c o m p a r e d b y t h e

l e a s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e (LSD) ( S t e e l a n d T o r r i e , 1 9 6 0 )

a t t h e p < 0 . 0 5 a n d p < 0 . 01 l e v e l s . M e a n s f o r t h e r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e s , s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , a n d c h e c k c u l t i v a r s w e r e

c o m p a r e d u s i n g a n u n p a i r e d t - t e s t ( S t e e l a n d T o r r i e , 1 9 6 0 )

i n t h e s e c o n d c y c l e s e l e c t i o n t e s t , t h r e e c y c l e s e l e c t i o n

t e s t , d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t , l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 2 , a n d

s t r a i n t e s t 1 . S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( r ) ( S t e e l

a n d T o r r i e , 1 9 6 0 ) b e t w e e n t h e a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s w e r e ,

r e p o r t e d f o r e a c h f i e l d t e s t a n d g r o w t h r oom t e s t . A

c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y (CV) ( S t e e l a n d ’T o r r i e , 1 9 6 0 ) w a s

c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h v a r i a b l e w i t h i n e a c h g r o w t h r o o m t e s t

a n d f i e l d t e s t .

F r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e p l o t t e d f o r h e i g h t o f t h e

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Page 62: 34338 - University of Alberta

49

r e s i s t a n t , s u s c e p t i b l e , a n d u n s e l e c t e d g e n o t y p e s o v e r t w o

c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n f o r a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e h e i g h t m e a n s o f c y c l e 2 , a n d c y c l e 1 a n d 0 w a s

d u e t o a d i f f e r e n c e i n s i c k s o i l s u s e d f o r g r o w i n g t h e

p l a n t s o f c y c l e 2 v s c y c l e 0 a n d 1 . T h e g r a p h s f o r h e i g h t i n

c y c l e 1 a n d 2 r e p r e s e n t p e r c e n t o f p l a n t s i n e a c h h e i g h t

c l a s s v s t h e h e i g h t c l a s s . T h e r e w e r e u n e g u a l s a m p l e s i z e s

f o r t h e r e s i s t a n t , s u s c e p t i b l e , a n d u n s e l e c t e d g e n o t y p e s i n

e a c h c y c l e . No f r e g u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n\

c y c l e s 0* 1 , a n d 2 w e r e i l l u s t r a t e d s i n c e t h e r e w a s a

d i f f e r e n c e i n d i s e a s e r a t i n g s c h e m e s , a n d s i c k s o i l s u s e d

b e t w e e n c y c l e 2 , a n d c y c l e 0 a n d 1 .

N a r r o w s e n s e lH2 N) h e r i t a b i l i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d f o r

h e i g h t o v e r 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n by L u s h ' s ( 1 9 4 0 ) m e t h o d o f

p a r e n t - o f f s p r i n g r e g r e s s i o n w h e r e H2 N = 2 b ( 1 0 0 ) a n d

b = r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f o p e n p o l l i n a t e d p r o g e n i e s on

p a r e n t a l c l o n e s . H e r i t a b i l i t y a c c o r d i n g t o G a r d n e r ( 1 9 6 3 )

w a s c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t f o r b r o a d (H2 B)

a n d n a r r o w (H2 N) s e n s e a s f o l l o w s :

H2 B= (4VGCA + 4VSCA) 1 0 0 / 4VGCA + 4VSCA, + VE

H2 N= (4VGCA) 1 0 0 / 4VGCA + 4VSCA +VE

w h e r e VGCA, VSCA, a n d VE a r e t h e g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y

(GCA) v a r i a n c e , s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (SCA) v a r i a n c e ,

a n d e r r o r (E) v a r i a n c e c o m p o n e n t s , . r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e

s e c o n d c y c l e , s t r a i n t e s t , t h e b r o a d s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s

w e r e c a l c u l a t e d by F a l c o n e r ' s ( 1 9 6 0 ) m e t h o d o f p a r t i t i o n i n g

t h e g e n o t y p i c v a r i a n c e . T h e g e n e t i c c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n

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Page 63: 34338 - University of Alberta

(CV) w a s d e t e r m i n e d by t a k i n g t h e s q u a r e r c o t o f t h e g e n e t i c

v a r i a n c e , d i v i d i n g by t h e p o p u l a t i o n m e a n , a n d m u l t i p l y i n g

by 100 ( F r a k e s e t a l . . , 1 9 6 1 ) .

S i m p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s { S t e e l a n d T o r r i e ,

1 9 6 0 ) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f o r t h e t i m e o f i n f e c t i o n t e s t . T h e

e q u a t i o n t o o k t h e f o r m o f :

Y ' = A B ' X '

Y' = e s t i m a t e d v a l u e f o r Y ( d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e )

A = Y i n t e r c e p t

B*= r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

X '= i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e

T h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s t i m e w h i l e h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e

r a t i n g w e r e t h e d e p e n d e n t ^ v a r i a b l e s .

-c

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Page 64: 34338 - University of Alberta

RESULTS

1. P a t h o g e n

a * So i l T e s t ■1 Som e 20 s o i l s f r o m t h e v i c i n i t y o f

E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a w e r e a s s e s s e d f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e p a t h o g e n . T h e s o i l s a m p l e ,

c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t , a n d s o i l s a m p l e by c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t

i n t e r a c t i o n m ean s q u a r e s f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d s t a n d

s u r v i v a l w e r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t e x c e p t f o r t h e c o n t r o l

t r e a t m e n t m ea n s q u a r e s i n s t a n d s u r v i v a l w h i c h w a s n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t .

P l a n t s grown^ i n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l ( T a b l e 3) w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r a n d h i g h e r y i e l d i n g c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s

f r o m n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l a n d n o n p a s t e u r i z e d - l i m e d s o i l .

L i m i n g d i d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e p l a n t h e i g h t o r y i e l d

i n p a s t e u r i z e d o r n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l .

T y p i c a l a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s s y m p t o m s w e r e o b s e r v e d o n

p l a n t s r a i s e d i n e i g h t o f t h e t w e n t y n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l

s a m p l e s . T h e m ean h e i g h t a n d y i e l d o f p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n t h e

u n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l w e r e 2 7 . 0 cm a n d 2 . 4 g , r e s p e c t i v e l y . O n e

p a r t i c u l a r s o i l s a m p l e y i e l d e d p l a n t s i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l

w i t h a m ea n h e i g h t o f 1 3 . 6 cm a n d 0 . 6 g o f d r y m a t t e r .

P l a n t s f r o m t h i s ' s o i l w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r i n mean

h e i g h t a n d y i e l d r c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s f r o m t h e o t h e r

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s o i l s a m p l e s .

b * S o i l T e s t £ F r o m t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e , h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t F - v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , ' a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g t r e a t m e n t m ean s q u a r e s . T h e s i g n i f i c a n t m ea n

51

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Page 65: 34338 - University of Alberta

s q u a r e s f o r y i e l d a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g w e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o

i n c l u s i o n ' o f t h e p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l t r e a t m e n t . The s i c k

s c i l s a m p l e s 1 t o 5 ( T a b l e h) f r o m t h e f i e l d s i t e g r e w

p l a n t s w h i c h w e r e l o w e r i n h e i g h t a n d y i e l d h a v i n g m o r e

d i s e a s e d r o o t s t h a n p l a n t s w h i c h w e r e g r o w n i n p a s t e u r i z e d

s i c k s o i l . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d f o r d i s e a s e

r a t i n g a n d y i e l d a m o n g p l a n t s g r o w n i n a n y o f t h e s o i l s

s a m p l e d i n t h e f i e l d . T h e p l a n t s f r o m s i c k s o i l 1 , 2, 3 , a n d

4 w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r t h a p p l a n t s g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l 5r.\

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) u s i n g D u n c a n ' s new m u l t i p l e r a n g e t e s t . A p p a r e n t l y ,

s i c k s o i l f r o m t h e f i e l d s i t e w a s e s s e n t i a l l y u n i f o r m i n

c a u s i n g a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

c - S o i l T e s t O b s e r v a t i o n p o t s o f s o i l s f r o m

d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s p u r p o r t e d t o b e i n f e c t e d w i t h P .

m e q a s p e r m a w e r e p l a n t e d w i t h B e a v e r a l f a l f a ( T a b l e 5 ) . T h e

O n t a r i o s o i l p r o d u c e d p l a n t s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t d i s e a s e

r a t i n g , a n d l o w e i s t y i e l d a n d h e i g h t . P l a n t s i n t h e t w o

M i n n e s o t a s o i l s a n d C a l i f o r n i a s o i l w e r e t a l l e r , h i g h e r

y i e l d i n g a n d l e s s d i s e a s e d t h a n p l a n t s f r o m t h e M i c h i g a n a n d

O n t a r i o s o i l s . T h e a v e r a g e d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f 3 . 2 9 f o r p l a n t s

g r o w i n g i n t h e s e s o i l s w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e

d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l

( 2 . 5 2 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e m ean y i e l d a n d h e i g h t o f B e a v e r g r o w n

i n s i c k s o i l w a s l o w e r t h a n t h e m ean h e i g h t a n d y i e l d o f

p l a n t s f r o m me q a s p e r m a i n f e c t e d s o i l . E x t e r n a l d i s e a s e

s y m p t o m s o n a l f a l f a r o o t s c a u s e d b y a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s a n d P .

me q a s p e r m a a p p e a r e d s i m i l a r . H o w e v e r , P ^ me q a s p e r m a c a u s e d

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Page 66: 34338 - University of Alberta

■ o r e e x t e r n a l r e d d e n i n g o f t h e a l f a l f a r o o t t i s s u e .

d . T i m e o f I n f e c t i on T e s t T h e mean s q u a r e s o f

t r e a t m e n t s w e r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e

r a t i n g . P l a n t h e i g h t i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( T a b l e 6) f r o m

2 t o 7 w e e k s b u t d i s e a s e r a t i n g s o f t h e p l a n t s a t 5 , 6 , a n d

7 w e e k s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r .

F i g u r e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e i n c r e a s i n g h e i g h t w h i l e t h e d i s e a s e

r a t i n g h a s l e v e l l e d o f f a t 5 w e e k s . T h e a l f a l f a b e g a n t o

b l o o m a t 6 w e e k s a n d w a s f l o w e r i n g a t 7 w e e k s . C r o w n b u d s

d e v e l o p e d 6 w e e k s a f t e r p l a n t i n g . /

F r o m t h i s t i m e o f i n f e c t i n r e s t i t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t

t h e c a u s a l a g e n t o f a l f a l f a s i c k n t ? p r i m a r i l y a t t a c k s t h e

r o o t t i p s , n o n c a m b i a l l a t e r a l r o o t s , t h e j u n c t i o n w h e r e t h e

n c n c a m b i a l l a t e r a l r o o t s a t t a c h t o t h e t a p r o o t , a n d t h e

n o d u l e s ; ; i f p r e s e n t . On t h e t a p r o o t , som e o f t h e e m e r g i n g

l a t e r a l r o o t s a r e r o t t e d o f f c o m p l e t e l y a n d a new l a t e r a l

r o o t ' w a s o b s e r v e d b e i n g f o r m e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e d e s t r o y e d

o n e . As w e l l , s o m e o f t h e l a t e r a l r o o t s , l e s s t h a n o n e - h a l f

cm f r o m t h e r o o t t i p , w e r e e n t i r e l y g i r d l e d . T h e l a t e r a l

r o o t , i n t h i s c a s e , d i d n o t h a v e a n y e v i d e n c e o f l e s i o n s o r

b r o w n i n g w i t h i n t h e a r e a o f g i r d l i n g . H o w e v e r , o n o l d e r

l a t e r a l r o o t s , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c - b - r o v n i n g a n d l e s i o n s w e r e

o b s e r v e d . T h i s s u g g e s t s g i r d l i n g o f t h e l a t e r a l r o o t s i s

f o l l o w e d b y i n d u c t i o n o f l e s i o n s a n d b r o w n i n g w h i c h i n d i c a t e

r o o t t i s s u e c o l l a p s e . D a m i r g i e t ( 1 9 7 7 ) h a v e

p h o t o g r a p h e d s o m e o f t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d p r e s e n t e d t h e m

i n t h e i r p a p e r .

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Page 67: 34338 - University of Alberta

N o d u l e s d e v e l o p e d o n a b o u t 9 - t o 5 - w e e k - o l d p l a n t s a n d

t h o s e t h a t w e r e p r e s e n t w e r e s m a l l , w h i t i s h a n d c o n t a i n e d

l i t t l e , i f a n y , l e g h a e m o g l o b i n . I t a p p e a r e d t h e s e n o d u l e s

( w e r e i n e f f e c t i v e .

L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d b e t w e e n

d i s e a s e r a t i n g a n d t i m e , a n d h e i g h t a n d t i m e , a n d f o u n d t o

b e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e e q u a t i o n s w e r e : Y' = 1 . 0 9 + 0 . 3 1 X

a n d Y"= - 6 . 1 6 + 5 . 9 6 X w h e r e X i s t i m e , Y ' i s t h e d i s e a s e

r a t i n g , a n d Y" i s t h e h e i g h t . E i g h t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e

t o t a l v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n d i s e a s e r a t i n g a n d t i m e w a s

a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e f i r s t e q u a t i o n . I n t h e s e c o n d e q u a t i o n ,

9 6 * o f t h e v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n h e i g h t a n d t i m e w a s e x p l a i n e d .

e * I n o c u l a t i o n T e s t P a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , . i n o c u l a t e d

w i t h o r g a n i s m s p r e p a r e d a s t h e s e c o n d b i o a s s a y , a n d

n o n i n o c u l a t e d p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l w e r e p l a n t e d w i t h

d i f f e r e n t a l f a l f a g e n o t y p e s . T h e r e w e r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t

t r e a t m e n t m ean s q u a r e v a l u e s d e t e c t e d f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g

w h i l e m e a n s q u a r e s o f h e i g h t a n d y i e l d w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . .

T h e p l a n t s f r o m g e n o t y p e s g r o w i n g i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k

s o i l h a d c l e a n r o o t s , b u t w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

i n h e i g h t a n d y i e l d f r o m p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n p a s t e u r i z e d

i n o c u l a t e d s i c k i s o i l ( T a b l e 7 ) . P l a n t s o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

g e n o t y p e , 1 G P 1 3 0 , w e r e t a l l e r , b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o , i n

c o m p a r i s o n t o p l a n t s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e 2 V 9 6 i n

p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . T h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s ., d i d n o t

p r o d u c e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r , h i g h e r y i e l d i n g p l a n t s i n

p a s t e u r i z c d v ? S 3kCk s o i l c o m p a r e d t o B e a v e r p l a n t s o r p l a n t s

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Page 68: 34338 - University of Alberta

f r o m t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s . I n p a s t e u r i z e d i n o c u l a t e d

s i c k s o i l , t h e m e a n d i s e a s e r a t i n g s o f t h e a l f a l f a g e n o t y p e s

w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r . B u t t h e

d i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r p l a n t s i n

p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s o f g e n o t y p e s

g r o w i n g i n p a s t e u r i z e d i n o c u l a t e d s i c k s o i l . P h y t o p h t h o r a

s p e c i e s ( C o o k , 1977) w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m p l a n t s g r o w n i n t h e

i n o c u l a t e d p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l .

f . F u n g i c i d e T e s t J T h e r e s u l t s f r o m a t e s t o f t w o

f u n g i c i d e s , D e x o n a n d B e n l a t e , a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 8 .

H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t m ea n s q u a r e s i n a l l t h r e e o f t h e

a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d w e r e o b t a i n e d . P l a n t s g r o w i n g

i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l w e r e t a l l e r w i t h c l e a n r o o t s a n d

h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n t h e n o n p a s t e u r i z e d ' s i c k °

s o i l o r i n s i c k s o i l t r e a t e d w i t h f u n g i c i d e . T h e f u n g i c i d e

t r e a t e d s o i l d i d n o t y i e l d p l a n t s w h i c h w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t i n h e i g h t , d i s e a s e r a t i n g o r y i e l d f r o m p l a n t s

g r o w i n g i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . P l a n t s f r o m D e x o n

t r e a t e d s o i l w e r e s l i g h t l y l e s s d i s e a s e d w i t h a l f a l f $ tI

s i c k n e s s , a l t h o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y , c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s

f r o m t h e n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l .

g. F u n g i c i d e T e s t 2 T he f u n g i c i d e t e s t r e p o r t e d ’ i n

T a b l e 9 i n c l u d e d D e x o n , H e t a z o l o x o n , a n d Dowco 269 e k c h r^

a p p l i e d t o s i c k s o i l . T h e mean s q u a r e s o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s

w e r e h i g h l y s i s f n i f i c a n t f o r t h e p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s m e a s u r e d .

M i x i n g Dowco 2 jS 9 i n t o s i c k s o i l a n d m i x i n g p l u s

s p r a y i n g r e s u l t e d i n p l a n t s w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r d i s e a s e

with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Page 69: 34338 - University of Alberta

r a t i n g s c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l

( T a b l e l . T h e p l a n t s f r o m Dowco 269 t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r y i e l d i n g f o r t h e s o i l m i x t h a n p l a n t s„)

f r o m u n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . T h e Dow co 2 6 9 s p r a y t r e a t m e n t

w a s n o t a s e f f e c t i v e a s m i x i n g o r s p r a y i n g p l u s d r e n c h s i n c e

t h e p l a n t s w e r e m o r e d i s e a s e d a n d l o w e r y i e l d i n g when o n l yO

s p r a y e d . No s i g n i f i c a n t h e i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s ><ere o b t a i n e d f o r

p l a n t s f r o m Dowco 2 6 9 t r e a t e d s o i l c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s i n

n c n p a s t e u r i z e d ' s i c k s o i l . B o o t s ° f r o m p l a n t s i n ' t h e Dowco 2 6 9

s o i l e x c e p t . t h e s p r a y t r e a t m e n t w e r e a s w h i t e a n d c l e a n a s

r o o t s f r o m p l a n t s , , g r o w n i n t h e p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . T h e r e

w e r e n o v i s u a l e f f e c t s o f Dowco 2 6 9 o r h e t a l z o l o x o n on t h e

a l f a l f a n o d u l e s .

P l a n t s g r o w n i n t h e h e t a z o l o x o n t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l h a d00 (

b r o w n i n g a n d l e s i o n s o n t h e r o o t s b u t t h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g w a so £,

l o w e r c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s g r o w n i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l

( T a b l e 9 ) . I n H e t a z o l o x o n t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l * p l a n t h e i g h t*

a n d y i e l d w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n p l a n t s g r o w n i n

u n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . P l a n t s , f r o m s i c k s o i l a p p l i e d w i t h

. h e t a z o l o x o n , w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n m ea n y i e l d ,

h e i g h t , o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r e i t h e r c f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

m e t h o d s . c

T h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f 9 w h i c h w a s g i v e n t o p l a n t s g r o w nf '

i n D e x o n t r e a t e d s o i l w a s b a s e d o n a s m a l l , s t u n t e d r o o tO *s y s t e m a n d v e r y n e c r o t i c l a t e r a l r o o t s ( T a b l e 9) . No n o d a l e s

w e r e o b s e r v e d o n a n y o f t h e p l a n t r o o t s f r o * D e x o n t r e a t e d*

s o i l . P l a n t s g r o w n i n s o i l t o w h i c h D e x o n h a d b e e n a p p l i e d

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w e r e l o w e s t i n y i e l d a n d h e i g h t , a n d n o s i g n x f i c a n t

d i f r e n c e e x i s t e d i n a e a n h e i g h t , y i e l d , o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g

b e t w e e n p l a n t s g r o w n i n D e x o n s o i l s i x o r D e x o n s o i l n i x

p l u s d r e n c h . One l a s t r e s u l t w a s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n p l a n t s g r o w n i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l i n w h i c h t h e y

h a d c l e a n r o o t s , h i g h y i e l d s , a n d w e r e t a l l c o a p a r e d t o

p l a n t s f r o w a l l t h e e t h e r f u n g i c i d e t r e a t a e n t s a n d t h e(

u n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l t r e a t a e n t .

S t r a i n ♦ F u n g i c i d e T e s t T h e a e a n s q u a r e s w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g . T he r b o t s

o f t h e p l a n t s f o r t h e t h r e e g e n o t y p e s g r o w n i n t h e Dowco 2 6 9

t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l w e r e r a t e d c l e a n a n d w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y*• V, r i '

d i f f e r e n t f r o a p l a n t s o f t h e s a n t y g e n o t y p e * ‘ t f r o w i j L g ^ i n

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e 1 0 } . P l a n t s o f t h e g J n o ^ !> * : ■ I

1V12 y i e l d e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y w o r e i n D ow c o 2 6 9 s i c k s o il •

c c a p a r e d t o n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . T h e r e w a s n o

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e - b e t w e e n t h e a e a n h e i g h t o f p l a n t s o f

e a c h g e n o t y p e g r o w n i n Dowco 2 6 9 s i c k s o i l c o a p a r e d t o

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . T h e p l a n t s f r o a e a c h g e n o t y p e w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n a e a n h e i g h t , a n d y i e l d , a n d l o w e r i n

a e a n d i s e a s e r a t i n g w h e n g r o w n i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l v si.

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l . Ho s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e

d e t e c t e d b e t w e e n 1V12 p l a n t s g r o w n i n e i t h e r p a s t e u r i z e d

s i c k s o i l o r Dowco 2 69 s i c k s o i l f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , o r

d i s e a s e r a t i n g . H o w e v e r , f o r ‘ t h e o t h e r 2 g e n o t y p e s t h e

p l a n t s w e r e t a l l e r a n d h i g h e r y i e l d i n g w h e n g r o w n i n

p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l a s c o a p a r e d t o t h e Dowco 2 6 9 s i c k

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s o i l .

T h e p l a n t s o f 1GF130 g r o w n i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l

i l l u s t r a t e d t h a t t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e c o u l d y i e l d a s

■ u c h a s i p l a n t s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e 1V12 ( T a b l e 1 0 ) .

H o w e v e r , w hen p l a n t s o f 1V12 a n d 1G P 130 w e r e g r o w n i n

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , t h e a e a n s o f p l a n t s r o r t h e

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n h e i g h t

( 2 7 % ) , d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( - 2 2 % ) , and . y i e l d (35%) c o a p a r e d t o

t h e a e a n o f p l a n t s f r o a t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e . T h e a e a n s

o f t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s w e r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r

i n h e i g h t (15%) a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( - 2 3 % ) r e l a t i v e t o t h e

a e a n o f B e a v e r o l a n t s . '

Slant

a . S e c o n d C v c l p S e l e c t i o n T e s t H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t

g e n o t y p e a e a n s q u a r e s f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g

w e r e f o u n d . T h e a e a n f o r p l a n t s f r o a t h e , r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s

w a s g r e a t e r by 11% f o w e i g h t , 18% f o r y i e l d , a n d 10% l e s s

f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g c o a p a r e d t o t h e a e a n o f p l a n t s f r o a t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . T h e s e a e a n d i t f e n c e s w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 1% p r o b a b i l i t y l e v e l f o r h e i g h t a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g ^ E i e r e a s t h e y i e l d d i f f e r e n c e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t

a t t h e 5% p r o b a b i l i t y l e v e l . T h e a e a n o f t h e r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e s w a s 11% h i g h e t t h a n t h e a e a n o f t h e B e a v e ri V ' '

g e n o t y p e a n d t h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t p 5 0 . 0 5 . T h e

r a n g e o f a e a n y i e l d s a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g s w a s b r o a d e r f o r0

p l a n t s f r o a t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s a s c o a p a r e d t o p l a n t s

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f r o a t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s .

T h e g e n o t y p e , 2 V 9 6 , w a s t h e a o s t o u t s t a n d i n g s i n c e t h i s

g e n o t y p e h a d t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d i n g p l a n t s w i t h a l o w d i s e a s e

r a t i n g ( A p p e n d i x 3 ) . T h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e , 2 V P 6 0 , h a d

t h e s h o r t e s t , l o w e s t y i e l d i n g p l a n t s w h i l e a t s o f t h e

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e , 2V 4 4 A , w e r e t h e l o w e s t i n d i s e a s e

r a t i n g . The c u l t i v a r s B e a v e r a n d A g a t e , p l a n t e d in .

n o n j - i . z e d s i c k s o i l , d i d n o t p e r f o r a a s w e l l a s a

DC .j o i t h e r e s i s t a p t g e n o t y p e s | 2 V 9 6 , 2 V 1 0 2 , 2 V 1 2 ) i n c

y a i d a . a cl s e a s e r a t i n g . B e a v e r 1 p l a n t s g r e w n i n p a s t e u r i z e d

s i c k s o i l o u t p e r f o r m e d a l l o f t h e g e n o t y p e p i n h e i g h t ,\

y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e f a t i n g .

b . T h r e e C y c l e S t r a i n T e s t A t e s t o f l i n e s r e s i s t a n t

a n d s u s c e p t i b l e t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s f r o a 3 c y c l e s o f

s e l e c t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 2 . H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t

g e n o t y p e a e a n s g u a r e s w e r e f o u n d f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g . T h e a e a n o f a l l r e s i s t a n t g e n o y t p e s

i n d i c a t e d t h e p l a n t s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y o a . \ e r , l e s s

d i s e a s e d , a n d y i e l d e d a o r e i n c o a p d r i s o n t o t h e a e a n o f

p l a n t s f r o a a l l t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s . T h e s e s i g n i f i c a n t

a e a n d i f f e r e n c e s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) ^ r e 39% ( h e i g h t ) , - 1 4 * ( d i s e a s e

r a t i n g ) , a n d 8 0 * ( y i e l d ) .

I n t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s , t h e a e a n o f p l a n t s f r o a

c y c l e s 1 , 2 , a n d 3 w e r e n o t s i g n i f t e c r t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o a

e a c h o t h e r i n h e i g h t , d i s e a s e r a t i n g , a n d y i e l d ( T a b l e 1 2 ) .

d e a n s o f c y f l e 2 a n d 3 s i n t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s w e r e ,v ' r ' I * f * *' ' w ' *? ’ , ' '

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t (p S O .O S ) i n h e i g h t f r o a t h e a e a n s o f■m-

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Page 73: 34338 - University of Alberta

60V

p l a n t s i n c y c l e 1 a n d 3 o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s .

G e n o t y p e s 1V12 a n d 2 V 102 p r o d u c e d p l a n t s w h i c h w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r ( 1 1 % ) , l e s s d i s e a s e d ( - 2 2 % ) , a n d h i g h e r

y i e l d i n g (160%) t h a n p l a n t s f r o m 2G P 1 3 0 a n d 3 G P 1 J 0 . T h e

r a n g e o f l e a n h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s

g r e a t e r f o r p l a n t s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s c o m p a r e d t o

p l a n t s o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s . B e a v e r g r o w n i n t h e

p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , p r o d u c e d t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d i n g ,

t a l l e s t p l a n t s w i t h c l e a n r o o t s .

c . D i a l l e l S t r a i n T e s t P r o g e n i e s f r o m a s i x b y s i x

d i a l l e l o f r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s , a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s

f r o m a f i v e b y f i v e d i a l l e l w e r e t e s t e d a n d t h e r e s u l t s

p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 3 . T h e m e a n s q u a r e s w e r e h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e g e n o t y p e s i n h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e

r a t i n g . Mean d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( - 2 6 % ) , y i e l d ^ 1 0 7 % ) , a n d h e i g h t

(38%) o f p l a n t s i n t h e r e s i s t a n t d i a l l e l w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s f r o m t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

d i a l l e l .

P l a n t s o f t h e c r o s s e s 1 ¥ 1 2 b y 1 B 1 7 9 , 1 B 1 7 9 b y 1 V 9 , a n d

1E 1 5 2 b y 1V9 w e r e t a l l e r , h i g h e r y i e l d i n g a n d h a d a l o w e r

a v e r a g e d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( 2 . 2 2 ) i n c o m p a r i s o n t o B e a v e r p l a n t s

a n d o t h e r r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e c r o s s e s ( T a b l e 1 3 ) . T h e

r e s i s t a n t c r o s s e s 1V57 by 1 B 1 5 2 a n d 1V57 b y 1B103 h a d

s h o r t e r a n d m o re d i s e a s e d p l a n t s t h a n p l a n t s . f t p f t h e r e s t

o f t h e r e s i s r o s s e s . P l a n t s o f t w o g e n o ^ ^ ^ ^ a s e c o n d

c y c l e (2V 96) a n d a t h i r d ' c y c l e (3Y 102C) , w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r i n d i s e a s e r a t i n g .•

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Page 74: 34338 - University of Alberta

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W i t h i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l , p l a n t s o f t h e c r o s s e s

1GP130 b y 1VP17 a n d 1BP113 by 1VP62 w e r e t h e h i g h e s t

y i e l d i n g a n d l e a s t d i s e a s e d ( T a b l e 1 . T h e c r o s s i n t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l w h i c h h a d t .ie s h o r t e s t , l o w e s t y i e l d i n g

p l a n t s a n d a p o o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g * P 1 7 b y 1 V P 5 8 . P l a n t s

o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e , 1 G P 1 3 0 , w e r e l e s s d i s e a s e d ,

t a l l e r , a n d p r o d u c e d a o r e y i e l d c o a p a r e d t o t h e a e a n d i s e a s e

r a t i n g , h e i g h t , a n d y i e l d o f p l a n t s f r o a t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

d i a l l e l . B e a v e r a l f a l f a g r o w n i n t h e p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k , s o i l

h a d c l e a n r o o t s , a d t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d .

D e a n s g u a r e s c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f h e i g h t a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r t h e r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l s

a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 h . T h e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t g e n e r a l

c o a b i n i n g a b i l i t y (GCA) a e a n s g u a r e i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e

h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (SCA) a e a n

s g u a r e i n t h e r e s i s t a n t d i a l l e l f o r h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e

r a t i n g . I n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l , t h e s i g n i f i c a n t SCA a e a n

s g u a r e i s e g u a l t o t h e GCA a e a n s g u a r e f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r

h e i g h t a n d l a r g e r t h a n GCA f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g .

T h e e s t i a a t e s o f c o a b i n i n g a b i l i t y ( T a b l e 15) s h o w t h a t

g e n o t y p e s 1B179 a n d 1V9 i n t h e r e s i s t a n t d i a l l e l w o u l d b e

g o o d c o a b i n e r s a s p a r e n t s b a s e d o n t h e e s t i m a t e s o f GCA

e f f e c t s . I f 1V57 w e r e u s e d a s a p a r e n t , i t w o u l d b e a p o o r

g e n e r a l c o m b i n e r i n a a u l t i c l o n e s y n t h e t i c s i n c e s h o r t ,

d i s e a s e d p l a n t s w o u l d b e p r o d u c e d . ' I n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

d i a l l e l , s h o r t p l a n t s w i t h d i s e a s e d r o o t s w o u l d b e o b t a i n e d

b y a a k i n g c r o s s e s w i t h f V P 5 8 a s a p a r e n t . H o w e v e r , c r o s s e s

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w i t h 1G P 130 a s a p a r e n t i n a s y n t h e t i c o f many c l o n e s w o u l d

b e d e s i r a b l e s i n c e t h i s g o o d g e n e r a l c o m b i n e r w o u l d*

p r o p a g a t e t a l l p l a n t s w i t h l i t t l e d i s e a s e . T h e s u s c e p t i b l e

c r o s s 1VP17 by 1VP58 w o u l d b e a s u i t a b l e 1 2 - c l o n e h y b r i d

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e s t i m a t e s o f SCA e f f e c t s a s s h o r t , d i s e a s e d

p l a n t s w o u l d r e s u l t . T h e c r o s s 1V12 b y 1V57 s h o u l d b e a g o o d

s p e c i f i c c o m b i n a t i o n d u e t o a h i g h p o s i t i v e SCA e f f e c t f o r

h e i g h t a n d h i g h n e g a t i v e SCA e f f e c t f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g .

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s

a v e r a g e d o v e r 3 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n w i t h u n s e l e c t e d B e a v e r

i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 6 . T h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e m ean w a s 9%

h i g h e r t h a n t h e B e a r e r g e n o t y p e m ean a n d 26% h i g h e r t h a n t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e m e a n i n h e i g h t . F o r y i e l d , t h e m ea n o f

t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s w a s 19% a n d 54% g r e a t e r t h a n t h e

E e a v e r a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e m e a n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n

d i s e a s e r a t i n g , t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e m e a n w a s 8% a n d 16%

l e s s t h a n t h e B e a v e r a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e m e a n s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

d . L a t t i c e S t r a i n T e s t 1. T h e 1 9 7 6 a n d 197 7 d a t a

i n d i c a t e d h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t e d a m o n g

i n d i v i d u a l g e n o t y p e s i n m ea n h e i g h t s , y i e l d s , a n d

p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g s . T h e Mean s q u a r e s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l

g e n o t y p e s f o r t h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n w a s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t b u t

t h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n d i d n e t p r o v i d e a n y g a i n i n a c c u r a c y f o r

t h e c h a r a c t e r s a n a l y z e d o v e r t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k

d e s i g n . T h u s , t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k d e s i g n was u s e d

i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e r e s u l t s . H e a n s o f t h e g e n o t y p e s a v e r a g e d

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o v e r 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 17 x o r t h e

c h a r a c t e r s m e a s u r e d i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 . T h e r a n g e o f m e a n s i n

t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s f o r t h e a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s s t i l d i e d

w a s w i d e r t h a n e i t h e r t h e r a n g e o f m e a n s i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

o r c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s . T h e g e n o t y p e m e a n o f t h e r e s i s t a n t

p l a n t s w a s h i g h e r i n y i e l d , h e i g h t , a n d p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g ,

b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o , c o m p a r e d t o t h e mean o f p l a n t s

f r o m e i t h e r s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s o r c u l t i v a p g e n o t y p e s .

T h e m ean o f p l a n t s f r o m 2 R 1 6 3 a n d 1B29 w a s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e m e a n o f p l a n t s f r o m 1GP130

a n d 1VP17 i n h e i g h t ( 1 9 7 6 - 1 1 * ) , y i e l d ( 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 * , 1 9 7 7 - 7 0 * ) ,

a n d p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g ( 3 5 * ) ( A p p e n d i x 4) . T h e mean o f

p l a n t s f r o m t h e s e g e n o t y p e s ( 2 B 6 6 A , 1 B 2 4 , 1 B 2 9 , 2 B 1 6 3 ,i

2 B 1 0 6 , 1 V 5 7 , 1 B 7 3 , 2 B 7 6 , 1 B 1 1 0 , 2V13) w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h e

mean o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s b y 6 * , 4 * , 3 4 * , 2 8 * , a n d

2 0 * i n h e i g h t 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 ; y i e l d 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 ; a n d p e r f o r m a n c e

r a t i n g , r e s p e c t i v e i r y . C o m p a r e d t o t h e m e a n o f p l a n t s f r o m

t h e c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s , t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e e v e n g r e a t e r

e x c e p t f o r y i e l d i n 1 9 7 7 .

e « L a t t i c e S t r a i n T e s t 2 When a n a l y z e d a s a r a n d o m i z e d

c o m p l e t e b l o c k d e s i g n , h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i v i d u a l

g e n o t y p e m ea n s q u a r e s w e r e f o u n d f o r h e i g h t i n . 1 9 7 6 a n d

1 9 7 7 , a n d y i e l d i n 1 9 7 7 . T h e r e c t a n g u l a r l a t t i c e d e s i g n

i n c r e a s e d a c c u r a c y o v e r t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k d e s i g n

( 1 0 0 * ) b y 1 4 5 * a n d 1 1 4 * f o r h e i g h t i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 ,• fr-

/

r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h u s , h e i g h t m e a n s h a v e b e e n a d j u s t e d

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n a n a l y s i s . T h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n

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w a s n o t a n y m o r e e f f e c t i v e . t h a n t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e

b l o c k d e s i g n f o r y i e l d i n 197 7 a n d t h e 197 7 y i e l d m e a n s a r eI

p r e s e n t e d a s b e i n g a n a l y z e d b y t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k

d e s i g n . T h e m e a n s o f p l a n t s f r o m r e s i s t a n t / s u s c e p t i b l e , a n d

c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s a v e r a g e d o v e r 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n w e r e

n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r i n h e i g h t f o r

197 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 a n d i n y i e l d ( T a b l e 1 8 ) .

T h e m ean o f p l a n t s f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e s ( A p p e n d i x 5) - 2 V 8 , 1 G 2 0 , 2 V 9 9 A , 2V 62A , 2 G 1 58

w a s 10% a n d 9% h i g h e r f o r h e i g h t i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 , a n d 54%

g r e a t e r f o r y i e l d c o m p a r e d t o t h e m ea n o f p l a n t s f r o m t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s ( 2 V P 5 4 , 1 V P 5 8 , 2 V P 4 3 , 1 G P 1 3 3 , 1 G P 2 1 ) .

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e m ea n o f t h e c u l t i v a r p l a n t s , t h e

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e m e a n o f t h o s e p l a n t s w a s 4%, 3%, a n d 9%

h i g h e r , f o r 1 9 7 6 h e i g h t , 1 9 7 7 h e i g h t , a n d y i e l d r e s p e c t i v e l y .

P l a n t s f r o m t h e g e n o t y p e , 1 G 2 0 , w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r

t h a n 1GP21 p l a n t s i n h e i g h t ( 1 9 7 6 - 3 3 % , 1 9 " ) 7 - 1 5 % ) , a n d y i e l d

( 7 6 % ) .

f . S t r a i n T e s t J. T h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k d e s i g n

a n a l y s i s f o r h e i g h t i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 a n d y i e l d i n 1 9 7 7

i n d i c a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t m ea n s q u a r e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l g e n o t y p e s .o '

T h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n d i d n o t i m p r o v e t h e a c d u r a c y o f t h e

g e n o t y p e m ean s q u a r e s o v e r t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k

d e s i g n f o r a n y o f t h e a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d . T h u s ,

r e s u l t s f r o m t h e d a t a w e r e p r e s e n t e d a s b e i n g a n a l y z e d b y

t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e b l o c k d e s i g n . Ho s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e d e t e c t e d a m o n g t h e m e a n s o f p l a n t s f r o m

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r e s i s t a n t , s u s c e p t i b l e , o r c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s ( T a b l e 1 9 ) .

T h e mean o f p l a n t s f r o m t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s ( 2 V 5 6 A ,*

2 V 5 1 , 2 B 7 5 A , 2 B 1 1 0 , ~ 7 4 , 2B108A) w a s a b o v e t h e m ean o f

p l a n t s f r o m t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s 1 V P 5 1 , 1 V P 6 0 , 1 V P 1 9 ,

1 6 P 2 0 , 1 R P 1 , a n d 1RP62 b y 22% a n d 20% i n h e i g h t f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d

1 9 7 7 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d 130% f o r y i e l d i n 1 9 7 7 ( A p p e n d i x 6 ) .

F o r t h e s e s a m e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s , t h e i r m e a n w a s l a r g e r

t h a n t h e . m ea n o f p l a n t s f r o m t h e c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s b y d%

a n d 5% i n h e i g h t f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 a n d d5% i n y i e l d . T h e

g e n o t y p e , 2 V 5 6 A , w a s a s u p e r i o r l i n e s i n c e i t s p l a n t s w e r e

t a l l a n d h i g h y i e l d i n g . I n c o n t r a s t , p l a n t s f r o m 1VP19 w e r e

s h o r t a n d l o w y i e l d i n g .

g . S t r a i n T e s t 2 H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t mean s q u a r e s f o r

i n d i v i d u a l g e n o t y p e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e 2 c h a r a c t e r s

m e a s u r e d . T h e m ean o f p l a n t s f r o m r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s ( T a b l e

2 0) a v e r a g e d o v e r 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y

l e s s d i s e a s e d (3%) t h a n t h e mean o f p l a n t s f r o m e i t h e r t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s o r c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s . T h e r a n g e o f

mean h e i g h t s a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g s w a s w i d e s t f o r p l a n t s f r o m

t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s , n e x t t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , a n d

l a s t , t h e c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s . . P l a n t s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e 2V96 w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r b y 18% a n d h a d 13%

l e s s d i s e a s e d r o o t s t h a n p l a n t s o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e

2 V P 9 8 . The m ea n d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f B e a v e r p l a n t s i n s t r a i n

t e s t 2 ( 2 . 7 3 ) ( T a b l e 2 0 ) w a s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e g r o w t h ro o m

t e s t s i n w h i c h B e a v e r p l a n t s w e r e r a t e d 2 . 7 1 ( T a b l e 1 6 ) .

I n i t i a l f i e l d i n f e c t i o n i n s t r a i n t e s t 2 was o b s e r v e d

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'I'v,t o o c c u r a m o n t h - a n d - a - h a l f a f t e r s e e d i n g a t w h i c h t i m e t h e

p l a n t s w e r e 10 cm t a l l a n d t h e r o o t s 8 t o 10 cm l o n g . T h e r e

was i n f e c t i o n on t h e r o o t t i p s a n d l a t e r a l n o n c a m b i a l r o o t s .

O b s e r v a t i o n o f p l a n t r o o t s t o a d e p t h o f 15 t o 20 cm i n

s t r a i n t e s t 2 f o l l o w i n g t h e o v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d r e v e a l e d

t h e l a t e r a l n o n c a m b i a l r o o t s t o b e c o m p l e t e l y r o t t e d1-

a l t h o u g h n o l e s i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d on t h e t a p r o o t . I t was

a l s o o b s e r v e d i n t h e a r e a a d j a c e n t t o t h e f i e l d s i t e t h a t

a l f a l f a w a s m o r e s e v e r e l y a f f e c t e d b y a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s t h a n

c h e c k c u l t i v a r s i n t h e f i e l d t e s t s . T h e a l f a l f a i n t h e a r e a

a d j o i n i n g t h e f i e l d s i t e h a d b e e n u n d e r s o w n w i t h b a r l e y a n d

i n o c o n t r o l o f w e e d s w a s p r a c t i c e d i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t y e a r

a n d s e c o n d y e a r .

h . O b s e r v a t i o n a l S t r a i n T e s t T h i s u n r e p l i c a t e d f i e l d

t e s t i n c l u d e d p l a n t s w i t h a w i d e r r a n g e o f h e i g h t s i n t h e

e s t a b l i s h m e n t y e a r t h a n i n 19 76 i T a b l e 2 1 ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,

t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n w a s g r e a t e r f o r h e i g h t i n 1 9 7 7 . T h e

r a n g e o f h e i g h t s a n d y i e l d s f o r 19 76 a n d 1 9 7 7 w e r e t h e

w i d e s t o f a n y o f t h e f i e l d t e s t s . T h e m e a n h e i g h t a n d y i e l d

o f p l a n t s f o r t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t r a i n t e s t w e r e t h e h i g h e s t

o f t h e 1 . 6 m l o n g f i e l d t e s t s w h i c h i n c l u d e d l a t t i c e s t r a i n

t e s t 2 , s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 2 . .

O b s e r v a t i o n s r e c o r d e d w e r e c o n s i s t e n t f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 '

a n d w e r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c h e c k

c u l t i v a r s . V e r n a l p r o d u c e d p l a n t s w i t h a m e a n h e i g h t a n d

y i e l d w h i c h w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h e m e a n s o f t h e o t h e r c h e c k

c u l t i v a r s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 ( A p p e n d i x 4) w h i l e t h e

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Page 80: 34338 - University of Alberta

mean o f R o a m e r p l a n t s w a s l o w i n h e i g h t a n d y i e l d i n l a t t i c e

s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 ( A p p e n d i c e s 9 a n d 6) . T h e

m ean o f B e a v e r p l a n t s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 a n d s t r a i n

t e s t 1 w e r e t h e t a l l e s t a n d h i g h e s t y x e l d i n g ( A p p e n d i c e s 5 v

a n d 6 ) .

T h e s u m m a r y o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i e l d t e s t s f o r 197 6

a n d 1 9 7 7 ( T a b l e 21) i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1

h a d p l a n t s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t mean h e i g h t i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1977

f o l l o w e d by t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t r a i n t e s t , l a t t i c e s t r a i n

t e s t 2 a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 . T h e h i g h e s t s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n f o r

h e i g h t w a s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 w h i l e t h e l o w e s t "

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n f o r h e i g h t w a s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 .

T h e 1 9 7 7 m ea n y i e l d , c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y , s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n , a n d r a n g e o f m e a n s f o r p l a n t s i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n

t e s t 2 a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t

o f p l a n t y i e l d a n d h e i g h t was m o r e a c c u r a t e i n 197 7 * t h a n i n

1 9 7 6 a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s . o f v a r i a b i l i t y f o r , , . , t h e

f i e l d t e s t s .

T h e s p l i t p l o t a n a l y s i s o f p l a n t h e i g h t f o r l a t t i c e

s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d 2 , a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 , a n d o f p l a n t y i e l d

f o r l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 f o r 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 i n d i c a t e d

s i g n i f i c a n t g e n o t y p e m e a n s q u a r e s . T h e y e a r By r e p l i c a t i o n ,

a n d y e a r b y g e n o t y p e i n t e r a c t i o n m ean s g u a r e s w e r e h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t e x c e p t t h e y e a r b y r e p l i c a t i o n i n t e r a c t i o n mean

s q u a r e f o r y i e l d i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 w h i c h was o n l y

s i g n i f i c a n t . D a t a f r o m t h e s p l i t p l o t a n a l y s e s w e r e n o t

p r e s e n t e d s i n c e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s . o f v a r i a b i l i t y d i d n o t

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68

i n d i c a t e a n y g a i n i n sa c c u r a c y : f o r y i e l d i n l a t t i c e s t r a i nr<

t e s t 1 a n d h e i g h t i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 2 ; o r v e r y l i t t l e ,

f o r h e i g h t i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1 a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 ( T a b l e

2 1 ) .

I n t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e f o u r c u l t i v a r s f r o m l a t t i c e

s t r a i n 1 a n d 2 , t h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t mean s q u a r e s t o r

t h e f i e l d t e s t b y c u l t i v a r i n t e r a c t i o n f o r h e i g h t i n 1 "6

a n d 1 9 7 7 , a n d y i e l d i n 1 9 7 7 . T h e r e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t F - v a l u e s

f o r f i e l d t e s t m e a n s q u a r e s f o r h e i g h t ( 1 9 7 6 ) a n d y i e l d

(1<?77) . When t h e s e c u l t i v a r s w e r e a n a l y z e d o v e r y e a r s w i t h i n

e a c h f i e l d t e s t , t h e r e was s i g n i f i c a n t m e a n s q u a r e s f o r yea ;r

by c u l t i v a r i n t e r a c t i o n f o r h e i g h t i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t 1

a n d 2 , a n d s t r a i n t e s t 1 , a n d f o r y i e l d i n l a t t i c e s t r a i n

t e s t 1 .

No p o s t - e m e r g e n c e d a m p i n g - o f f w a s o b s e r v e d i n a n y o f

t h e f i e l d t e s t s o r g r o w t h r oom t e s t s . As w e l l , n o r e c o r d o f

d e a t h i n w h i c h t h e de=».th c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o a l f a l f a

was p r e v a l e n t i n t h e f i e l d s i t e a n d a d j o i n i n g f i e l d .

C o r r e l a t i o n s S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a m o n g

a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s u t i l i z e d i n s t u d y i n g t h e a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s o r g a n i s m w e r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( T a b l e .22) . T h e

o n l y e x c e p t i o n s w e r e f o r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n s t a n dI • , '

s u r v i v a l a n d y i e l d ( r = 0 . 2 1 * ) , aftid s t a n d s u r v i v a l a n d h e i g h t

( r = 0 . 1 6 n . s . ) i n s o i l t e s t 1 ; y i e l d a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n

t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t ( T a b l e 2 2 ) ; a n d h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e

s i c k n e s s f o r t h h r o o m t e s t s o r f i e l d t e s t s w a s- . ' *>

n o t e d . I t wa'el o b s e r v e d o r s e t a i l ( E g u i s t e m' a r v e n s e )

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Page 82: 34338 - University of Alberta

r a t i n g i n t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t a n d s t r a i n + f u n g i c i d e t e s tO

( T a b l e 22) .)

I n s o i l t e s t 1 , t h e s m a l l v a r i a t i o n i n s t a n d s u r v i v a l

d i d n o t r e s u l t i n a h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t , c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

i t a n d y i e l d o r h e i g h t . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n h e i g h t a n d

d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( r = 0 . 9 5 * * ) w a s p o s i t i v e i n t h e t i m e o f

i n f e c t i o n t e s t s i n c e d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n c r e a s e d f r o m 1 . 5 4 t o

2 . 9 9 a s d i d t h e h e i g h t ( 4 . 8 t o 3 3 . 4 cm) ( T a b l e 2 2 ) . T h e

n o n s i g n i f i c a n t r - v a l u e s i n t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t a n d t h e l o w

r - v a l u e ( r = 0 . 3 4 * ) i n t h e s t r a i n + f u n g i c i d e t e s t w e r e a

r e s u l t o f t h e s m a l l v a r i a t i o n i n d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( T a b l e 2 2 ) .

& p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n y i e l d a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n

t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t was d u e t o h i g h e r y i e l d i n g p l a n t s

g r o w i n g i n t h e i n o c u l a t e d p a s t e u r z i e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e 2 2 ) .

C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a m o n g ’ a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s*

u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e C o n t r o l o f t h e p a t h o g e n b y p l a n t b r e e d i n gi

a r e p r e s e t d . T a b l e 2 3 a n d 2 4 . T he r - v a l u e s i n t h e g r o w t h

r o o m t e s t s ( T a b l e 23 ) w e r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e

c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r t h e s e c o n d v

c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t w a s t h e l o w e s t o f t h e t h r e e g r o w t h room

t e s t s ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s b e t w e e n t h e

f i e l d t e s t s a n d g r o w t h t e s t s f o r y i e l d a n d h e i g h t w e r e l o w " 1

a n d n o n s i g n i f i c a n t ( r = - 0 . 1 8 t o 0 . 1 2 ) . D i s e a s e r a t i n g i n t h e

g r o w t h r o o m a n d p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g i n t h e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e

n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d ( r = - 0 . 1 1 t o - 0 . 0 4 ) .

I n t h e f i e l d t e s t s , a l l t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t w i t h - t h e e x c e p t i o n o f d i s e a s e r a t i n g v s h e i g h t

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Page 83: 34338 - University of Alberta

i n 1 9 7 6 f o r s t r a i n t e s t 2 w h i c h w a s n o n s i g n i f i c a n t ( T a b l e

2 9 ) . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i a b l e s m e a s u r e d i n

d i f f e r e n t y e a r s w a s l o w e r t h a n t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n

v a r i a b l e s s t u d i e d w i t h i n e a c h y e a r . T h e s i m p l e - c o r d H a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t -he o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t r a i n t e s t w e r e 0 . 9 3 * *

b e t w e e n h e i g h t i n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 , 0 . 3 6 * * f o r h e i g h t ( 1 9 7 6 )

a n d y i e l d ( 1 9 7 7 ) , a n d 0 . 9 7 * * f o r h e i g h t ( 1 9 7 7 ) a n d y i e l d

( 1 9 7 7 ) .

j * He r i t a b i l i t y T h e a n a l y s i s o f h e i g h t o v e r 2 c y c l e s o f

s e l e c t i o n , f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a■t ■■■ v

s i c k n e s s i n t h e , ; g r o w t h r oom i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e s 2 , 3 . '

a n d 9 . F i g u r e 2 d e p i c t s t h e r e s p o n s e o f u n s e l e c t e d m a t e r i a l

i n s i c k s o i l a n d i n n o n s i c k s o i l . T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

m ean h e i g h t s o f p l a n t s i n s i c k s o i l ( 1 2 . 2 ) a n d n o n s i c k s o i l

( 1 8 . 0 ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 1% l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y . I n

F i g u r e 3 , t h e f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e s a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s i s w x t h x n t h e f r e q u e n c y

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e u n s e l e c t e d m a t e r i a l . T h e f r e q u e n c y

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s i n F i g h r e ^9 i s

p r o g r e s s i n g u p w a r d s a n d p a r t o f t h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s o u t s i d eot h e f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e u n s e l e c t e d m a t e r i a l ^

T h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e m ean h e i g h t ( c y c l e 1 - 1 8 . 1

c m ; c y c l e 2 - 2 6 . 5 cm) w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e

u n s e l e c t e d g e n o t y p e m e a n h e i g h t ( c y c l e , 1 - 1 8 . 0 c m ; c y c l e . 2 -*

2 3 . 9 cm) i n c y c l e 1 b u t w a s i n c y c l e ^ t p < 0 . 0 1 ( T a b l e 2 5 ) .

T h e m e a n h e i g h t of; t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t v ^ s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e m e a n ^ y e i g h t c t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s

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71

a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n c j c l e s s 1 a n d 2 . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e a m o u n t e d t o

15% a n d 10% f o r h e i g h t i n c y c l e 1 a n d 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e

s u s c e p t i b l e a n d r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s e a n s s e r e - -n o t

v s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n d i s e a s e r a t i n g f o r c y c l e 1 h u t i n

c y c l e 2 , t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e n e a n w a s 10% l o w e r ( p s 0 . 0 1 )

i n d i s e a s e r a t i n g t h a n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e n e a n .' ' v

S e l e c t i o n i n t e n s i t y w a s 13% i n c y c l e 0 w h i l e f o r c y c l e s 1

a n d 2, t h e i n t e n s i t y i n c r e a s e d t o 6% a n d 8%-, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

f o r t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s . ^ j rhe n a r r o w s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y

o f . . h e i g h t f o r t h e c o m b i n e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t a n d

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s w a s l o w d e c r e a s i n g f r o m 30% i n c y c l e "1

t o 18% i n c y c l e 2 f o r h e i g h t ( T a b l e 26) . T h e r e g c ^ s i c t ® •

c o e f f i c i e n t s u s e d i n e s t i m a t i n g h e r i t a b i l i t y w e r e „

n o n s i g n i f i c a n t f o r h e i g h t i n t h e r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e

g e n o t y p e s a n a l y z e d s e p a r a t e l y ( T a b l e 2 6 ) .' t »

T h e n a r r o w " s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g w a s i n

d i r e c t c o n t r a s t t o t h e h e r i t a b i l i t y o f h e i g h t a s i t

i n c r e a s e d f r o m 12% t o 22% i n c y c l e s 1 t o 2 f o r t h e r e s i s t a n t

p l u s s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s c o m b i n e d ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . H e r i t a b i l i t y

o f d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e i n c r e a s e d f r o m

12% t o 18% i n c y c l e 1 t o c y c l e 2 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r d i s e a s e

r a t i n g w e r e n o n s i g n i f i c a n t i n c y c l e s 1 a n d 2 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) .1 ■ ’

T h e v a l u e s o f b r o a d s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y f r o m t h e s e c o n d• - ?' * ’

** ‘ ~ v ; (1 "

C y c l e s e l e c t i o n t e s t w e r e 42% a n d 4% f o r h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e

r a t i n g i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s . T h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e

h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e w a s 41% a n d 51% f o r h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e

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Page 85: 34338 - University of Alberta

r a t i n g . H e i g h t w a s h i g h l y h e r i t a b l e i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e a n d

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s b u t t h e h e r i t a b i b l i t y o f d i s e a s e r a t i n g

i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s w a s l o w ; . T h e g e n e t i c

c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y w a s h i g h e s t f d r d i s e a s e . a t i n g

( 8 . 3 1 ) i n t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s a n d ' l o w e s t f o r d i s e a s e

r a t i n g ( 1 . 3 % ) i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s . T h e g e n e t i c CV

w a s i n t e r m e d i a t e f o r h e i g h t a t 7 . 7 % a n d 6 . 9 % f o r t h e

r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T h e e s t i m a t e s o f h e r i t a b i l i t y f o r h e i g h t i n t h e d i a l l e l

s t r a i n t e s t ( T a b l e 14 ) r a n g e d f r o m 98% t o 99% f o r b r o a d

s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y a n d 32% t o 96% f o r n a r r o w s e n s e

h e r i t a b i l i t y . H e r i t a b i l i t y o f d i s e a s e r a t i n g , was h i g h f o r

b r o a d s e n s e at ; 96% t o 98% a n d l o w e r f o r n a r r o w s e n s e a t 11%

t o 3 3 % . ; H i g h e r h e r i t a b i l i t i e s , , w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e

r e s i s t a n t d i a l l e l r e l a t i v e t o t h e s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l . T h e s e '

d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t p S O . 0 1 f o r b r o a d a n d n a r r o w

s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y o f d i s e a s e r a t i n g a n d f o r n a r r o w s e n s e•■v > ■ '• . ■ v "3 '

h e r i t a b i l i t y o f - h e i g h t . T h e ' ‘g e n e t i c c o e f f i c i e n t " o f

v a r i a b i l i t y w a s l o w e s t f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

d i a l l e l .

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Page 86: 34338 - University of Alberta

DISCUSSION

1. P a t h o g e n

a . I n t e r a c t i o n o f P l a n t a n d P a t h o g e n I n f e c t i o n o fI ' '

a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g s b y t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s p a t h o g e n d i d n o t'

i n c r e a s e a f t e r 5 w e e k s ( T a b l e 6 ; F i g u r e 1 ) . T h e d i s e a s e

i n f e c t i o n r e a c h e d a p l a t e a u w h i c h way h a v e b e e n c a u s e d b y

e i t h e f ^ t h e i n o c u l u m l e v e l i n t h e s u b s t r a t e , o r , t h e p l a n t s

d e v e l o p i n g a r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e d i s e a s e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n

c o i n c i d e s w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t i n f e c t e d f i e l d s t e n d t o

■ a i n t a i n g o o d s t a n d s b u t r e m a i n u n p r o d u c t i v e ( B o l t o n , 1 9 7 7 J .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e o p t i m u m t i n e t o r a t e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s. . . s . ^ , - .• <m) . - n" s y m p t o m s i s a t 5 w e e k s u n d e r t h e g r o w t h r o o m c o n d i t i o n ' s

' ■■

m a i n t a i n e d i n t h i s t e s t .

H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , a m o n g

d i s e a s e l u t i n g \L y i e l d , a n d h e i g h t ( T a b l e 2 2 ) / / i n d i . c a t e d a

c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n a m o n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e s . ‘ p o s t - e m e r g e n c e

d a m p i n g - o ^ ^ d r r e c o r d o f d e a t h o f p l a n t s d u e t o a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s o c c u r r e d i n t h e g r o w t h r $ b m t e s t s o r f i e l d t e s t s .‘o'

T h e s e d a t a i n d i c a t e a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d i s e a s e i n f e c t i o n

a n d r e d u c t i o n i n h e i g h t a n d y i e l d o f p l a n t s g r o w n i n s i c k

s o i l .. ■ "Ja

T h e S M i s e a s e r a t i n g 1 i n t h e f i e l d , f o r s t r a i n t e s t 2 ,

toojjs^ p l a c e t w o - a n d - d r h a l f m o n t h s a f t e r s e e d i n g . I t s h o u l d

c a r r i e d o u t h a l f - a - m o n t h p r e v i o u s l y s o ^ t h a t

i r f f x i n g s i n t h e f i e l d w o u l d h a v e t a k e n ' p l a c e a t t h e s a m eP s ■ ' *

g r q w t h s t a g e o f t h e ' p l a n t s . a s th ja t* i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m . .

o w e v e r , t h e m ea n „ d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f B e a v e r i n t h e g r o w t h - ;

J “ ' \■'■■V ! 0

'.tv - , . ,73 . ■ '■

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Page 87: 34338 - University of Alberta

room ( T a b l e 16) a n d i n t h e f i e l d ( T a b l e 20) w e r e s i m i l a r ." V “

B u t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s o f

g e n o t y p e s e v a l u a t e d i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s a n d f i e l d t e s t s

w e r e l o u a n d n o n s i g n i f i c a n t . T h i s w o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e n e e d

f o r f i e l d t e s t i n g o f g e n o t y p e s .

To t e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s

i d e n t i c a l t o P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t c a u s e d by m e g a s p e r m a ,

s o i l s f r o m a r e a s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d O t t a w a , O n t a r i o ,

r e p u t e d t o b e i n f e c t e d w i t h t h e p a t h o g e n , w e r e so w n w i t h

a l f a l f a ( T a b l e 5 ) . T h e d i s e a s e r a t i n g s o f p l a n t s g r o w n o n

t h e s e s o i l s w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e

r a t i n g s o f p l a n t s g r o w n o n a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l . On t h e

a s s u m p t i o n £ . m e q a s p e r ma c a u s e s a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s , t h i s ,w o u l d

i m p l y e i t h e r a l o w e r i n o c u l u m l e v e l ^ i s p r e s e n t i n s o i l s f r o m

c e n t r a l A l b e r t a t h a n f r o m t h e f o u r P h y t o p h t h o r a - i n f e c t e d

s o i l s , o r , £ . m e q a s p e r ma w a s m o r e v i r u l e n t t h a n i t w a s i n

t h e - a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l s . A v i s u a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f p l a n t r o o t s

? "f r o m t h e P h y t o p h t h o r a - i n f e c t e d s o i l a n d s i c k s o i l r e v e a l e d

b o t h , d i s e a s e s p r o d u c e d t h e s a m e e x t e r n a l s y m p t o m s . T h e r e w a s

n o t m u c h d i f f e r e n c e i n m ea ^ y i e l d a n d h e i g h t o f t h e p l a n t s

g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l r e l a t i v e J z o t h e m e a n o f p l a n t s r a i s e d i n‘ - : . . ■

t h e ' ' P h y t o p h t h o r a - i n f e c t e d 7- s o i l s . T h e s i m i l a r i t y o f d i s e a s e*

s y m p t o m s c a u s e d b y e a c h p a t h o g e n s u g g e s t s t h a t m e q a s p e r m a

i n d u c e s a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . ,

E x a m i n i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n ^ n e c e s s a r y f o r P .

me q a s p e r m a . j o s u r v i v e , t h e f u n g u s h ^ f b e e n f o u n d t o b e

p o o r l y s t r a i n e d s o i l s o r s o ie n d e m i c t o , p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s o r s o i l s w i t h h i g h w a t e r

■ * j

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Page 88: 34338 - University of Alberta

t a b l e s ( F r o s h e i s e r , 1 9 6 8 ) . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s way n o t e x i s t t o

i n t h o s e p a r t s o f C a n a d a w h e r e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s f o u n d .

T h e i n f l u e n c e o f s o i l m o i s t u r e on t h e s e v e r i t y o f a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s h a s n o t b e e n s t u d i e d a n d s h o u l d b e i n v e s t i g a t e d , : ;

F u r t h e r m o r e , s o i l s i n p o o r l y d r a i n e d a r e a s u s u a l l y h a v e

h i g h c l a y c o n t e n t . T h e t e x t u r e o f t h e s o i l a t t h e f i e l d

l o c a t i o n ( S p r u c e G r o v e , A l b e r t a ) p l u s e t h e r a l f a l f a s i c k

a r e a s ( B o l t c n , 1 9 7 7 ) s u g g e s t s a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s o c c u r s o n

l i g h t - t e x t u r e d s o i l s .

I n r e l a t i o n t o t h e f i e l d l o c a t i o n a t S p r u c e G r o v e ,

A l b e r t a , t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f E g u i s e t u m a r v e n s e o r h d ^ s e t a i l

w o u l d a p p e a r t o i n d i c a t e t h e s o i l h a s e. c h w a t e r t a b l e ' ; "

T h e i n t e r n a l ' d r a i n a g e a n d n o r t h w a r d s l o p i n g t o p o g r a p h y o f

■‘vjt' jjk f i e l d l o c a t i o n may a l s o c o n t r i b u t e l o t h e h e i g h t o f t h eA l

w a t e r t a b l e . F r o s h e i s e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) f o u n d t h a t 17 cm o f r a i n f e l l

i n t h e m o n t h o f J u a e w h e r e £ j . mejg&feperma w a s i s o l a t e d .

A l m o s t t w i c e t h a t a m o u n t o f r a i n f e l l i n t h e h - m o n t h

i n t e r v a l s f r o m 1 9 6 9 t o 1 9 7 6 a t t h e f i e l d s i t e ( A p p e n d i x - 2 ) .

a l f a l f a . r o o t s (T j . T h e p l a n t s w e r e r a t e d 2 a n d n o

S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r ^ d e t e c t e d a m o n g p l a n t s o f t h e

s o i l . T h e f a i l u r e t o i n d u c e , s e v e r e s y m p t o m s o f a l f a l f a

T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t e n v i r o n m e n t a l ^ c o n d i t i o n s

f a v o r a b l e f o r s u r v i v a l o f P . me q a s p e r m a .

I n t h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t i i s o l a t e s o f o r g a n i s m s f r o m

a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l , a n d c u l t u r e s o f m e q a s p e r m a , when .

a p p l i e d t o p A s t e j a r ; k s o i l , c a u s e d , s m a l l l e s i o n s o n

d i f f e r e n t g e n o t y p e s g r o w i n g i n i n o c u l a t e d p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k

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76

\s i c k n e s s o r P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t i m p l i e s . t h a t e i t h e r t h e

i s o l a t e s a n d c u l t u r e s w e r e t o o o l d t o b e v i r u l e n t , o r , t h e

p l a n t s w e r e ' d e v e l o p i n g a r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e d i s e a s e . T h i s

e x p e r i m e n t s h o u l d b e r e p e a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h i s w a s

i n d e e d t h e c a s e . T h e i n o c u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e , i f s u c c e s s f u l ,

c o u l d p r o v i d e a r e l i a b l e m e t h o d o f i n f e c t i o n * * f o r f u t u r e

s t u d i e s , a n d s o i m p r o v e t h e a c c u r a c y w i t h w h i c h g e n o t y p e s

f o r f e s ' T ’s t a n c e c o u l d b e m a d e .

P l a n t s i r o m t h e c u l t i v a r A g a t e , i n t h e s e c o n d c y c l e

s t r a i n t e s t , p r o v e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e d i s e a s e d t h a n•> .1 tr*'

B r a v e r p l a n t s ( A p p e n d i x 3 ) . I n y i e l d a n d h e i g h t , t h e g a t e

p l a n t s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e B e a v e r

p l a n t s ( A p p e n d i x 3 ) . A g a t e i s r e p u t e d t o b e w i n t e r h a r d y a n d

r e s i s t a n t t o P . me q a s p e r m a ( L u e s c h e n g t a l i r 1 9 7 6 ) , b u t i t

w a s n o t b r e d f o r w e s t e r n - C a n a d i a n c o n d i t i o n s a n d may n o t b e

a d a p t e d t o * t h i s a r e a . I n s t r a i n t e s t 1 ( A p p e n d i x 6 ) ,

r e s u l t s s h o w e d B e a v e r p l a n t s t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r t h a n

A g a t e b y 3 0 * a n d 18* i n 19.76 a n d 1 9 7 7 . T h u s - ; ; w a s‘i f f '" 1' " '

c o n c l u d e d t h a t A g a t e w a s a t b e s t e q u a l t o B e a v e r . T h i s w o u l d

i n d i c a t e A g a t e i s n o t r e s i s t a n t t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s a n d

c o u l d s u g g e s t a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s n o t c a u s e d b y P .

me q a s p e r m a . ,J

O t h e r r e s e ^ p s h d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f

t h e p a t h o g e n a n d p l a n t i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h d e t e r m i n i n g t h e

e x t e n t a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l f a l f a s i C k r i e s s i n A l b e r t a

( C o o k , 1 9 7 7 ) . Two o t h e r . a r e a s w h i c h s h o u l d b e p u r s u e d a r e ;c

f i r s t , a s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t s o f l o n g t e r m s t o r a g e . o n t h e

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Page 90: 34338 - University of Alberta

s i c k n e s s p a t h o g e n i n t h e s o i l , a n d i t s a b i l i t y t o r e i n f e c t

a l f a l f a , ^ a n d s e c o n d l y , a r o t a t i o n s t u d y i s n e e d e d t o

d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e p a t h o g e n o n s u c c e s s i v e s t a n d s o f

a l f a l f a g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l . T h e s e s t u d i e s c o u l d b e

u n d e r t a k e n i n a g r o w t h r o o m .

I n s u m m a r y , t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s w e r e f o r m u l a t e d

f r o m o u r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f . t h e p a t h o g e n a n d

p l a n t . A l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i n f e c t i o n i s i n i t i a t e d i n a l f a l f a

s e e d l i n g s , a m o n t h t o a m o n t h - a n d - a - h a l f o l d , a t t h e r o o t

t i p s , l a t e r a l n o n c a m b i a l r o o t s , a n d t h e n o d u l e s , when

p r e s e n t . I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a l o w o r n o n p a t h o g e n i c l e v e l

o f i n o c u l u m e x i s t s i n c e r t a i n s o i l s a n d d u r i n g t h e l i f e o f

t h e f i r s t s t a n d t h i s l e v e l i n c r e a s e s , a n d p e r s i s t s i n t h e

s o i l . I n s u c c e e d i n g a l f a l f a s t a n d s , t h e a b u n d a n c e o f

i n o c u l u m p r e s e n t e n s u r e s a p a r a s i t i c a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

p l a n t a n d p a t h o g e n l T h e p l a n t ' s g r o w t h ° i s s e v e r e l y

r e s t r i c t e d f o r t h e l i f e o f t h e s t a n d a n d a l f a l f a y i e l d s a r e

l e w . T h e n o d u l e s a l s o may b e c o m e i n e f f e c t i v e s o t h a t t h e

n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i s m o f t h e p l a n t may b e c o m e s e v e r e l y

a f f e c t e d r e s u l t i n g i n s t u n t i n g o f t h e p l a n t a n d y e l l o w i n g o f

t h e l e a v e s . T h i s w o u l d s u p p o r t t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e by

G o e t t e l ( 1 9 6 2 ) a n d W e b s t e r - e t a l . ( 1 9 6 7 ) t h a t a f t e r t h e

f i r s t s t a n d o f a l f a l f a , s u b s e q u e n t s t a n d s a r e a f f e c t e d b y* 1

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s , a n d s h o w t y p i c a l s y m p t o m s . ^ Ls<

b . Co n t r o l b y P h y s i c a l a n d C h e m i c a l T r e a t m e n t s T h e

f i r s t c o n t r o l m e a s u r e t e s t e d w a s h e a t a n d t h e r e s u l t s ^ f t o m .

j '- > • ^t h i s p h y s i c a l t r e a t m e n t c o n f i r m e d e a r l i e r o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t

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a g e n t c a u s i n g a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s b i o l o g i c a l ( W e b s t e r

t a l . , 1 9 6 7 ) . P a s t e u r i z i n g s i c k s o i l e i t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y

r e d u c e d a l f a l f a - ^ s i c k n e s s o r e r a d i c a t e d i t . . S o i l t r e a t e d i ni

t h i s m a n n e r a l w a y s p r o d u c e d t a l l p l a i n t s w i t h h i g h y i e l d s a n d

c l e a n r o o t s ( T a b l e s 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 , a n d 1 0 ) . T h i s a g r e e s w i t h

t h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b y W e b s t e r e t a l . ' ( 1 9 6 7 ) who u s e d t h e

s o i l s t e r i l a n t , V a p a m , a n d s t e a m s t e r i l i z a t i o n o f s i c k s o i l ,(

a n d G o e t t e l ( 1 9 6 2 ) who n o t e d s t e r i l i z i n g s i c k s o i l i m p r o v e d

y i e l d s o f p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n s i c k s o i l . T h e p a s t e u r i z a t i o n o f

a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l s o n a f i e l d s c a l e w o u l d b e i m p r a c t i c a l a n d

e c o n o m i c a l l y n o t f e a s i b l e .

O t h e r p h y s i c a l t r e a t m e n t s s u c h a s l i m i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g ,

a n d s o i l m o i s t u i e , a p p l i e d a t o p t i m u m l e v e l s , d i d n o t

i n c r e a s e y i e l d , h e i g h t , o r l o w e r d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f p l a n t s

g r o w i n g i n s i c k s o i l t o a l e v e l a p p r o a c h i n g t h a t o f p l a n t s

g r o w i n g i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e s 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 , , . . . and

. 1 0 ) ' . W e b s t e r e t a l T ( 1 9 6 7 ) a n d M c E l g u n n a n d H e i n r i c h s ( 1 9 7 ( )K

a l s o r e a c h e d t h e s a m e c o n c l u s i o n s i n t h e i r s t u d i e s u s i n g

f e r t i l i z e r , l i m e , a n d m o i s t u r e , o r a n y c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e -I ■ '

f a c t o r s t q C o r r e c t g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a i n s i c k s o i l .

T h e s e c o h d t y p e o f c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t t e s . t e d w a s

c h e m i c a l f u n c i * . > . D e x o n d i d n o t c o n t r o l ^ a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s

a s t h e r o o t s p l a r s f r o m s i c k s o i l t r e a t e d w i t h t h i s

f u n g i c i d e w e r e a - d i s e a s e d a s r o o t s f r o m p l a n t s i n t h e

n o n p a s t d u r i z e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e s 8 a n d . 9 ) . T h i s t r e a t m e n t

d i d n o t r e s u l t ' i n t a l l e r , h i g h e r y i e l d i n g p l a n t s . T h e

a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e o f D e x o n w a s b e l i e v e d t o b e p h y t o t o x i c when

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a p p l i e d a t 10 t i m e s t h e r e c o m m e n d e d r a t e u n f u n g i c i d e t e s t 2

( T a b l e 9 ) . B e n l a t e i s p u r p o r t e d t o c o n t r o l o r g a n i s m s o t h e r

t h a n p y t h i a c e o u s f u n g i , a n d i t s u s e m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d t o

r e s u l t i n m o r e s e v e r e r o o t s y m p t o m s , l o w e r p l a n t y i e l d a n d

p l a n t h e i g h t . T h i s w a s n o t t h e c a s e ( T a b l e 8 ) . P l a n t s f r o m

t h e B e n l a t e t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g f r o m a l f a l f a

g r o w n i n t h e D e x o n t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l o r i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d

s i c k s o i l . '

J l e t a z o l o x o n p r o v i d e d s o m e p r o t e c t i o n a s t h e d i s e a s e

r a t i n g , o f a l f a l f a r o o t s was l e s s f o r t h i s t r e a t m e n t t h a n f o r

r o o t s o f p l a n t s g r o w n i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e 9 ) .

A h i g h e r y i e l d a n d h e i g h t o f p l a n t s g r o w n i n M e t a z o l o x o n ^

t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s _ _ f r o m u n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k

s o i l w a s e x p e c t e d . T h e r e s u l t s d i d n o t s h o w t h i s .

Dowco 2 8 9 w a s t h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g f u n g i c i d e ( T a b l e 9 ) .

F o o t s o f p l a n t s f r o m Dowco 2 6 9 t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l w e r e r a t e d

■ d l e a n a n d h e a l t h y . T h e y i e l d o f . t h i s f u n g i c i d e t r e a t e d s i c k’■ft '•

s o i l w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e , y i e l d o f p l a n t s f r o m

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k ''‘- s o i l . H e i g h t wa%— « o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e may r e ^ u i r e r V f u r t h e r s t u d y

a n d so/lfe- a d j u s t m e n t f o r o p t i m u m g r o w t h o f \ a l f a l f a i n Dowco

2 6 9 t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l . » \ J JT h e d r e n c h - o i x a p p l i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e d i d n o t i m p r o v e

h e i g h t o r y i e l d ^ o r d e c r e a s e d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f t h e a l f a l f a

p l a n t s c o m p a r e d t o p l a n t s f r o m t h e s o i l m ix ( T a b l e 9 ) . T h i s

w a s t r u e f o r D e x o n a n d '’• h e t a z o l o x o n . S p r a y i n g Dowcq 2 6 9

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c o n t r o l l e d , a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s b u t n o t a s e f f e c t i v e l y a s Dowco

2 6 9 s o i l m ix o r s p r a y - s o i ^ m i x a p p l i c a t i o n s j u d g e d b y t h e

h e i g h t , y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f p l a n t s f r o m t h e s e

t r e a t m e n t s . ■

S t u t e v i l l e (1 9 7 6 ) s t a t e d Dowco 2 6 9 i s a c . t i v e a g a i n s t

s c i l - b o r n e p y t h i a c e o u s f u n g i . T h e f u n g i c i d e g a v e s e e d l i n g

p r o t e c t i o n t o a l f a l f a * g r o w i n g i n s o i l s i n f e s t e d w i t h P .

me q a s p e r m a ( S t u t e v i l l e , 1 9 7 6 ) . R e s u l t s f r o m o u r e x p e r i m e n t s

f o r Dowco 2 6 9 i n d i c a t e d a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g s w e r e p r o t e c t e d

when g r o w n i n a l f a l f a s i c k s o i l i T a b l e s 9 a n d 1 0 ) . T h i s

w o u l d i m p l y t h a t a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s a p y t h i a c e o u s f u n g u s .

B e a v e r p l a n t s g r o w n i n Dowco 2 6 9 t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l w e r e ,

s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s d i s e a s e d a n d h i g h e r y i e l d i n g t h a n B e a v e r

p l a n t s i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . T h e p l a n t s o f

t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e (1V12) w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t i n h e i g h t , y i e l d , o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g w hen g r o w n i n

e i t h e r Dowco 2 6 9 t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l o r p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l .

When 1V12 p l a n t s wej^e g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l w i t h a n d w i t h o u t

Dowco 2 6 9 , t h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

m ean d i s e a s e r a t i n g s . B e a v e r p l a n t s w e r e s h o r t e r i n h e i g h t ,

a l t h o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o , t h a n p l a n t s o f 1V12 i n Dowco *

2 6 9 t r e a t e d s i c k s o i l . T h i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t c h e m i c a l s a n d

p l a n t s e l e c t i o n , i n c o m b i n a t i o n , s h o u l d b e f u r t h e r .*

i n v e s t i g a t e d .

D o w c o - c ' ^ 6 9 c o n t r t f f c l e d a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s b y e i t h

’ V : .d r e n c h i n g i t o n t h e s o f l s u r f a c e ( T a b l e 1 0 ) , o r m i x i n g i t

w i t h t h e s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e 9 ) . B o t h a e t h c d s o f a p p l i c a t i o n

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81

w o u l d s e e n p r a c t i c a l , b u t t h e c o s t o f t h e c h e m i c a l may b e a

l i m i t i n g f a c t o r f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,

Dowco 2 6 9 h a s ’ ^en w i t h d r a w n ( E v a n s , 1 9 7 6 ) f o r f u r t h e r

e v a l u a t i o n , b u c , t h e s e p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t4

f u n g i c i d a l c o n t r o l i s p o s s i b l e .

I n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , t h e p l a n t s o f a r e s i s t a n t

g e n o t y p e , s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e , a n d B e a v e r w e r e n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r i n h e i g h t , y i e l d , o rr

d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . T h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t \

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e a c h g e n o t y p e i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l v s

n t p a p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l f o r t h e a h o v e a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s .

H o w e v e r , w h e n p l a n t s o f t h e & g e n o t y p e s w e r e g r o w n , i n

n o n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , t h e ^ 3 r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e w a s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n e i t h e r t h e s u c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e o r

B e a v e r i n h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g , a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y1'

g r e a t e r t h a n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e i n y i e l d . T h e s e

r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t p l a n t , b r e e d i n g i s a s u i t a b l e

a l t e r n a t i v e t o c h e m i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . r

• ' > '

2#* P l a n t

a . r o n t r o l b y P l a n t &&l a e d i n q I n v e r y f e w i n s t a n c e s w e r e

p l a n t s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t - g e n o t y p e s , g r o w n i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d

s i c k s o i l , t a l l e r , h e a v i e r , o r l e s s d i s e a s e d t h a n B e a v e r

p l a n t s g r o w n i n p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l ( T a b l e s 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 ,

a n d 1 6 ) . When a l l t h e g e n o t y p e s w e r e g r o w n i n s i c k s o i l ,

t h o s e s e l e c t e d f o r r e s i s t a n c e y i e l d e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y t e l l e r ,

h e a v i e r p l a n t s w i t h l e s s d i s e a s e t h a n ... e i t h e r p l a n t s f r o mo

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Page 95: 34338 - University of Alberta

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s o r f r o m B e a v e r ( T a b l e s 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , a n d

1 6 ) . E v i d e n t l y , t h ^ r e w a s a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f

m i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w he n t h e c y c l e 0 p l a n t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r

r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e s o m e

p l a n t s may h a v e e s c a p e d i n f e c t i o n b y a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . T h ej

r e s u l t s o f t h e s e 2 p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e f i e l d

t e s t s w h e r e s o m e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y

t a l l e r a n d h i g h e r y i e l d i n g t h a n c e r t a i n r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s

o r c u l t i v a r s ( A p p e n d i c e s 4 , 5 , a n d 6 ) . I n t h e f i e l d t e s t s ,

t h e m ean o f p l a n t s f r o m t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s w a s n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e m e a n o f s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s-*T\

o r c u l t i v a r g e n o t y p e s f o r h e i g h t , y i e l d , p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g ,.. ' - *' - t u *

o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g ( T a b l e s 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 , a n d 2 0 ) .

„ • T h e s e c o n d c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t , t h r e e c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t ,j

a n d t h e . f i e l d t e s t s , a l l s h o w e d a w i d e r r a n g e o f a g r o n o m i c

c h a r a c t e r s f o r . t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e

' s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s w he n a v e r a g e d o v e r c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n

( T a b l e s 1 1 , 1 2 , , 1 8 , 1 9 , a n d 2 0 ) . T h e p r e s e n c e o f a ’• ' ' ■ I

g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t g e n e c o m b i n a t i o n s when e x p r e s s e d 1

* - p h e n o t y p i c a l l y w o u l d a c C f c u n t f o r t h e w i d e r r a n g e o f t h o s e 1

a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d w i t h i n t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s

a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s .

R e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , g r o w n i n

p a s t e u r i z e d s i c k s o i l , w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i nC

h e i g h t a n d y i e l d ( T a b l e s 7 a n d 1 0 ) , b u t i n n o n p a s t e u r i z e d

s i c k s o i l , t h e r e , w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t - d i f f e r e n c e s i n h e i g h t ,

y i e l d , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h e"•->S ........

« ■ . ^

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Page 96: 34338 - University of Alberta

bJ' >

h e i g h t r e s p o n s e o f u n s e l e c t e d g e n o t y p e s g r o w n i n s i c k a n d

n c n s i c k s o i l s ( F i g u r e 2) .

C y c l e 1 r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t i n m e a n h e i g h t f r o m t h e s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s

( T a b l e 2 5 ; F i g u r e 3 ) . I n c y c l e 2 , t h e r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e w a s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e p l a n t s o f t h e s u s c e p t i b l e

g e n o t y p e s i n h e i g h t a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g , a n d f r o m t h e p l a n J

o f t h e u n s e l e c t e d g e n o t y p e s i n h e i g h t ( T a b l e 2 5 ; F i g u r e a

T h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t s e l e c t i o n f o r a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s

r e s i s t a n c e i s b e i n g c o n t r o l l e d b y many g e n e s a n d

c o n s e q u e n t l y , c h a n g e i n r e s p o n s e t o s e l e c t i o n i s s l o w . T h e

s e l e c t i o n r e s p o n s e s o f t h e r e s i s t a n t p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e p o p u l a t i o n f o l l o w t h e t r e n d i l l u s t r a t e d ^ b y .

S h e l d o n ( 1 9 6 3 ) , R o b e r t s o n a n d R e e v e ( 1 9 5 2 ) , a n d W o o d w o r t h e t

a l . ( 1 9 5 2 ) . I t w o u l d b e i n t e r e s l a j iw j t o e v a l u a t e t h r e e m o r e

c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n t o d e h f l N M H h i f - a m a j o r ’d i v e r g e n c e

o c c u r s b e t w e e p t h e t w o p o p l f f l H B n f e s . I t wai& c o n c l u d e d / v

d i r e c t i o n a l s e l e c t i o n f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n d s u s c f ? W F f t b i l i t y t o• V / J

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s w a s e f f e c t i v e in t h e g r o w t l ) 7 r o o m , a n d

s h o u l d b e c o n t i n u e d .; . v ' /

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e a b o v e r e s u l t s , d a t a f r o m t h e t h r e e

c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t ( T a b l e 12) i n d i c a t e d a d o w n w a r d t r e n d f r o m

c y c l e 2 t o 3 i n y i e l d , h e i g h t , a n d d i s e a s e r a t i n g , f o r t h e

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m c y c l e 2 t o 3 w e r e

n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a n d t h i s w o u l d s u g g e s t s e l e c t i o n w a s

e f f e c t i v e . H o w e v e r , t h e s a m p l e o f g e n o ^ p e s r e p r e s e n a B

e a c h c y c l e w a s s m a l l . A l s o , i n F i g u r e s J3 a n d h f o r c y c l e j

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a n d 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e d a t a s h o w e d p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e s t o

s e l e c t i o n . j

C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n h e i g h t v s d i s e a s e r a t i n g a n d y i e l d

v s d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n t h e g r o w t h r o o m t e s t s i n v o l v i n g t h e '

p l a n t w e r e h i g h a n d s i g n i f i c a n t ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . T h e a s s u m p t i o n

was m a d e t h a t t a l l e r , h i g h e r y i e l d i n g p l a n t s w o u l d b e

r e s i s t a n t t o d i s e a s e , w h i l e s h o r t e r p l a n t s w i t h l o w e r y i e l d s

w o u l d b e s u s c e p t i b l e . T h e f i e l d t e s t s w e r e i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h

t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i n m i n d .

T h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n f o r a n a l y z i n g t h e , f i e l d t e s t s g a v e

no i m p r o v e m e n t i n a c c u r a c y o v e r t h e r a n d o m i z e d c o m p l e t e

b l o c k d e s i g n w i t h t h e e x e r t i o n o f l a t t i c e s t r a i n t e s t . ^ 2 .

T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e l a t t i c e d e s i g n f o r l a t t i c e s t r a i n1 ‘ ‘ ^ .f. <■ c

t e s t 2 i n 1 9 7 6 w a s d u e t o d i f f e r e n t i a l w e e d i n g . . T h u s m o s t o f

t h e v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n e a c h f i e l d . . t e s t r a n t h e i ^ h g t h o f t h e

f i e l d t e s t o r i n a . n o r t h ^ s o u t h d i r e c t i o n . '

T h e r e ' w e r e d i f f e r e n c e s am o n g t h e m e a n s o f t h e , f o u r

c u l t i v a r s i t b m e a c h ’ f i e l d t e s t f o r h e i g h t ajnd y i e l d i n 19 7 6

= ■-j'* "■ ■ 1a n d 1 9 7 7 . I t a p p e a r s t h a t a g e n o t y p e by y e c j r i n t e r a c t i o n w a s

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s ' ; > H o w e v e r , t h e r e w a s n o

f i e l d t e s t b y c u l t i v a r i n t e r a c t i o n f o r h e i g h t ( 1 9 7 7 ) / anrd

y i e l d ( 1 9 7 7 ) .. T h i s s u p p o r t s d a t a f r o m s o i l t e s t 2 (Ta)ALe U)

a n d c o n f i r m s t h a t t h e f i e l d s i t e w a s u n i f o r m l y / s i c k

t h r o u g h o u t .* *

E s t a b l i s h m e n t - y e a r r e s u l t s w e r e l e s s r e l i a b l e / t h a n t h e

s e c o n d - y e a r r e s u l t s a s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a r i a b i A i t y were‘ ” ■ * 7 .

h i g h e r f o r 1 9 7 6 t h a n f o r 1 9 7 7 ( T a b l e 2 1 1 . G e n o t y p e s w h i c h

■ f '

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Page 98: 34338 - University of Alberta

performed c o n s i s t e n t l y in the f i e l d and in. th e growth rooa

in c lu d e d 2*36 , 2V1S, 2 fP o 2 ,„ 1Gt*130, and 1f c j ‘< ae l i n e s

such as 2V12, 2B29, and 2BF113 were in c o n s . a t a t h e i rI

p e r f c r a a n c e . P l a n t s f ro a th e g e n o t y p e , 2 ¥ i - jere' h i g h l y

r e s i s t a n t in the growth rooa (Table 11) but th e h e i g h t , ,

y i e l d , and p e r fo r a a n c e r a t i n g o f i t s p l a n t s d id no t r e v e a l

i t t c be a s u p e r io r g en otyp e in t h e f i e l d (Appendix 4) . The

g e n o t y p e s , 2B29 and 2BP113 were j u s t th e o p p o s i t e , do ing

poorly in th e growth rooa (Table 11) but p e r f o r a i n g w e l l in

the f i e l d (Appendix 4 ) .

ffith data f ro a the growth rooa t e s t s and f i e l d t e s t s , a‘ I

w o l t i c l o n e s y n t h e t i c c u l t i v a r r e s i s t a n t t o a l f a l f a s x c k n e s s

co u ld be d e v e lo p e d . The s y n t h e t i c would in c l u d e t h e

g e n o ty p e s 1B29, 1B73, 2E76, 2T13, 2V96, 2B163, andV2h187. /

s y n t h e t i c s u s c e p t i b l e /to a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s would c o n s i s t o f

c lb n c s f r o a th e f o l l o w i n g g e n o t y p e s , 1G P20/ 1GP21, 1GP130,

1 , 1BP188, and 17P19. The s y n t h e t i c s c o u ld be i n c r e a s e d

tci s ee d and t e s t e d a t d i f f e r e n t . l o c a t i o n s in f i e l d t r a i l s* v.

to s tu d y t h e i r a g r o n o a ic a e r i t .

A n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n e x p e r i a e n t co n d u cted in th e growth

rcoa by Tan (1977) coapared 20 c o a a e r c i a l c u l t i v a r s p l u s 5

s e l e c t e d l i n e s . Of th e 5 s e l e c t e d l i n e s , 2 were r e s i s t a n t t o

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s (B2, H3). The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t when

th e d i f f e r e n t g e n o t y p e s were i n o c u l a t e d with c o a a e r c i a l

i n o c u l u a , p l a n t s f r o a 2V96 (B2) were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r

y i e l d i n g than th e o t h e r e n tr and were 36% above t h e

e x p e r i a e n t a l nean. The t o t a l s e e d l i n g dry weight Of 2? 12

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Page 99: 34338 - University of Alberta

06

(B3) p l a n t s was about 106* l o r e than th e e x p e r i n e n t a l Bean.

P la n t s o f 2V12 (R2) had a h ig h e r y i e l d c f n i t r o g e n (30%

above th e average) w h i l e 2V96 (R3) p l a n t s were 6% below t h e

o v e r a l l aean . Thus, s o a e g en o ty p es which were r e s i s t a n t t o

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s appear t o be i n h e r e n t l y high y i e l d e r s o f1 J ,

dry n a t t e r and n i t r o g e n .

R e s u l t s froa t h e growth rooa s u g g e s t th a t th e

g e n e t i c f a c t o r g o v e rn in g th e r e a c t i o n t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s>

c o n t r o l l e d by aany g e n e s . T h is c o n c l u s i o n i s based on the

high broad s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s in t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t

(Table 14) and second c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t (Table 1 1 ) , and th e

s low p r o g r e s s in s e l e c t i n g f o r r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y

i n c y c l e 1 and 2 (P ig u re 3 and a ) .

The high broad s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s in th e r e s i s t a n t

and s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l s i f p l y a h ig h aacunt of' e p i s t a t i c ,a.

m t r a a l l e l i c , and i n t e r a l l e l i c i n t e r a c t i o n s (Table 14) . ks ,a

r e s u l t , th e high broad s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s f o r d i s e a s e

r a t i n g and h e i g h t o f t h e r e s i s t a n t .and s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l s

would support t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t n o n a d d i t i v e g e n e t i cI ' • \

v a r i a t i o n has been e x h a u s t e d . Furt^heraore, t h e low narrow

s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s f o r h e ig h t and d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f t h e

r e s i s t a n t and s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a d d i t i v e

g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n was s n a i l . These d a ta a g r e e , with t h o s e

r e p o r te d by i d a a s and Seaen iuk (1958) who s t a t e d t h a t i n one• - T *

g e n e r a t i o n , a d d i t i y e g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n c o u ld be d e p l e t e d in

s e l e c t i n g f o r lea f sp o t? r e s i s t a n c e .

G e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y was i n f l u e n c e d by a d d i t i v e and

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Page 100: 34338 - University of Alberta

n o n a d d i t iv e gene a c t i o n in t h e r e s i s t a n t and s u s c e p t i b l e

d i a l l e l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , s i n c e the . r a t i o o f GCA t o SCA wag

s a a l l or eq u a l (Table 1 4 ) . These r e s u l t s are e x p e c te d s i n c e>5)

t h e p a re n ts o f the progeny in t h e d i a l l e l s have been s u b j e c t

t o one c y c l e o f s e l e c t i o n t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . The r e s u l t s

agree w i th t h o s e o f Singh and L e v in s (1971) who found SCA t o

■ere im portant than GCA s i n c e t h e c l o n e s had been s e l e c t e d

fo r GCA.. Two-clone s y n t h e t i c s i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l

co u ld be s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f s u p e r i o r SCA due t o S C A

being e q u a l t o o r l a r g e r than GCA. In c o n t r a s t , th e

r e s i i ' t a n d i a l l e l i n d i c a t e d t h a t a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n

was l a i a n d GCA t e r than SCA. M u l t i c l o n e s y n t h e t i c s

c cu ld be fo r a e d in th e r e s i s t a n t d i a l l e l based on t h e

g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s o f th e p a r e n t a l c l o n e s .

D i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y were h i g h l y

h e r i t a b l e in th e d i a l l e l s (Table 14) and t h i s a g r e e s with

Twaaely*s (1974) r e p o r t . The h e r i t a b i l i t y of r e s i s t a n c e was

h igh er than t h a t o f s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . However, w ith a d d i t i v e

g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n b e in g lo w , and a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s ‘ b e in g

p d l y g e n i c a l l y i n h e r i t e d , a nuaber o f c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o nv* ’ •

would be n e c e s s a r y t o f i x f a v o r a b l e c o a b i n a t i o n s o f g e n e s t o

p ro v id e a high d eg r ee o f R e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o . ■ ; o '

a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

Broad s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s c a l c u l a t e d i n t h ^

second c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t supported t h e d a ta o b ta in e d i n t h e

d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t (Table 1 4 ) . In t h e second c y c l e s t r a i n

t e s t , t h e h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i a a t e s were h igh r .ag ing i? o a 41%

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fl) 88

I t o 51% f o r h e igh t ahd d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n t h e r e s i s t a n t and

s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o ty p e s e x c e p t f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g in '5* t h e

s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l (4%) . The g e n e t i c CV was lt>w f o r d i s e a s e*

r a t i n g in th e s u s c e p t i b l e g e h o t y p e s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t

g e n o t y p ic v a r i a t i o n was be ing d e p l e t e d . The g e n e t i c CV was

a l s o low f o r d i s e a s e r a t i n g i n t h e s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l

* (Table 1 4 ) .

Response over 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n f o r a l f a l f aC!

s i c k n e s s r e s i s t a n c e has l e d t o i n c r e a s e d h e ig h t and low er

d i s e a s e r a t i n g s (Table 2 6 ) . Low narrow s e n s e ■h e r i t a b i l i t y

e s t i m a t e s f o r h e ig h t and d i s e a s e r a t i n g in c y c l e 1 and 2I

would s e e n t o i n d i c a t e a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n was s m a l l .

These e s t i m a t e s a re c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d in

th e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s t ^(Table 1 4 ) . Thus, b reed in g f o r

r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s must be

based on c o n s e c u t i v e * c y c l e s o f r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n i n v o l v i n g

w e l l - r e p l i c a t e d progeny t e s t s .

Three methods o f c a l c u l a t i n g h e r i t a b i l i t y were u sed ,

two r e l y i n g on a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e , and t h e o t h e r on

r e g r e s s i o n . A s o r e a c c u r a t e a n a l y s i s was su g g es ted ' t o

acco u n t f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e broad s e n s e

h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s o b t a in e d /in t h e d i a l l e l s t r a i n t e s tv i '

(Table 14) as compared to t h e s eco n d c y c l e s t r a i n t e s t

(Table 2 6 ) . The a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e i n th e d i a l l e l s t r a i n4

t e s t was based on s i n g l e p l a n t s w h i le i n th e second c y c l e

s t r a i n t e s t , th e mean o f p l a n t s per p ot was u sed . The narrow

s e n s e , h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s - from t h e r e g r e s s i o n o f

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Page 102: 34338 - University of Alberta

e »

o f f s p r i n g on .parent (Table 26) a g reed t *ie e s t i a a t e s in

th e d i a l l e l s (Table 14) which c o n f i n s r e s u l t s f r o a Swanson

e i a l t 0 9 7 4 ) .B u sb ice e£ a j . (1972) t a b u l a t e d th e p o s s i b l e range o f

■ 0s e g r e g a t e s a f t e r 1, 2 , and 3 g e n e r a t i o n s o f randoa B a t in g .

The a s s u a p t i o n i n d e t e r a i n i n g t h e array o f g e n o ty p e s i s t h a t

r t h e o r i g i n a l c r o s s i s between two t e t r a g e n i c l i n e s . In l i g h t

of t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s , we have e v a l u a t e d 2 c y c l e s o f

s e l e c t i o n with randoa B a t in g and c o u ld e x p e c t t h e d u p le x ,

t r i a l l e l i c , and t e t r a g e n i c g e n o ty p e s t c be p r e s e n t . The

d i a l l e l s would c o n t a in th e sa n e g en o ty p e s s i n c e th e a a t e r i a la

was s e l e c t e d f o r 1 c y c l e . Thus, b e f o r e any c o n c l u s i v e

e v id e n c e can be o f f e r e d on t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s r e s i s t a n c e o r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y , i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y

t o e v a l u a t e progeny fro n t h e t h i r d c y c l e o f s e l e c t i o n t o

exp ose t h e f u l l array o f g e n o t y p e s .

The aethod o f s e l e c t i o n used t o d e v e lo p r e s i s t a n c e and

s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s r e l i e d on h o r i z o n t a l , or

f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e or s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . Based 'on t h e/ -

h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i a a t e s (Tab les 14 and 2 6 ) , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f

i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t p h enotypes was r e l i a b l e . B e l l - r e p l i c a t e d

progeny t e s t s a i n i a i z e d e n v i r o n a e n t a l v a r i a t i o n i n t h e

growth rooa and l e d t o t h e s u c c e s s o f p h en o ty p ic r e c u r r e n tx ' I

s e l e c t i o n . One d i s a d v a n t a g e o f u s i n g t h i s f o r a o f a a s s

s e l e c t i o n i s t h a t i n i n t e r p o l l i n a t i n g a l l p l a n t s , t h e r e aay

be s c a e s e l f - f e r t i l i z e d s eed produced. However, t o o v e r c o a e

t h i s p r o b l e a , C o n t r o l l e d p o l l i n a t i o n c o u ld be u t i l i z e d in

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Page 103: 34338 - University of Alberta

th e for* o f a d i a l l e l a l th o u g h t h i s p i a c e s a r e s t r i c t i o n on■» *

- the nuaber cf'f g e n o t y p e s one can e v a l u a t e . ' P o l f c r o s S in g ;

w ith in the p o p u l a t i o n s a l lo w ed a a x ia u a e x p r e s s i o n o f

h e t e r o z y g o s i t y and randoa Bating o v er 2 c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n .« <This p rev en ted i n b r e e d i n g d e p r e s s io n and u t i l i z e d h e t e r o s i s .

As w e l l , th e nuaber o f p l a n t s s e l e c t e d per c y c l e was aore

than 75 which H i l l e£ aJt (1969) c o n s id e r e d a a in ia u a t o

s u p p re s s any a p p r e c i a b l e change i n a g r o n o a ic t r a i t s not

s e l e c t e d . Thus r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n for- p h e n o ty p ic c h a r a c t e r s

has been an e f f e c t i v e ae thod o f A l lo w in g a w e a l th o f g e n e t i c

r e c o a b i n a t i o n t o occur p ro v id in g new s o u r c e a a t e r i a l f o r th e

next c y c l e o f s e l e c t i o n .

A h y p o t h e s i s was put forward t o e x p l a i n t h e b a s i s o f

r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s . The

a s s u a p t i o n aade in t h i s th eory was t h a t a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s

r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y was c o n t r o l l e d by aany g e n e s .

On the b a s i s o f t h i s p r e a i s e i t waa th o u g h t t h e s e l e c t i o n

c r i t e r i a o f h e ig h t and d i s e a s e r a t i n g r e p r e s e n te d n e t

a s s i m i l a t i o n r a t e (HAH) o f t h e p l a n t . S e l e c t i n g t a l l y p l a n t s

with low d i s e a s e r a t i n g s would nean t h e >plants* c a p a c i t y , t o

a a n d fa c tu r e a s s i a i l a t e s would ex ce e d the< r e q u i r e a e n t s o f t h e ' ’ I

b a c t e r i a , B h izob iua a e l o l o t i . and t h e p a r a s i t i c a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s p a thogen . This i s supported by Tan*s (1977) work i n

which two r e s i s t a n t g e n o ty p e s were fo u nd t o be h igh y i e l d e r s

o f dry a a t t e r and' n i t r o g e n . The r e a a i n i n g p h o t o s y n t h a t e s

would be a e t a b o l i z e d 6r . s tored by t h e p l a n t and r e s u l t i n

high dry a a t t e r product lv i tyr^T4)us a high HAB\would a l l o w

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91

t h e p la n t t o l i v e w ith t h e tv o o r g a n i s e s , and a t th e sane

t i n e y i e l d high . r e t u r n s o f f o r a g e . In th e s u s c e p t i b l e

g e n o t y p e s , s h o r t . p l a n t s l i i th h igh d i s e a s e r a t i n g s would have

a low n e t l i a b l e pool o f a s s i a i l a t e s . C o n seq u e n t ly , t h e r e

would be adequate a n o u n ts o f p h o t o s y n t h a t e s t o n e e t t h e

n eed s o f th e two o r g a n i s e s , but l i t t l e r e s i d u a l would be

l e f t f o r high dry n a t t e r y i e l d s .

To i n c r e a s e MAR i n t h e a l f a l f a p l a n t i n v o l v e s b re e d in g

f o r a t r a i t i n h e r i t e d i n a c o u p l e r way. This co u ld e x p l a i n* * I

why r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o a l f a l f a - s i c k n e s s a r e

thought t o be c o n t r o l l e d by aany g e n e s and i t nay be t h e

r e - on f o r the low n a r r o w /s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s o b t a in e d in

t h e d i a l j l e l s t a in t e s t f o r d i s e a s e r a t i c g (Table 1 9 ) ,

V arious con p o n en ts o f MAR which would i n c r e a s e y i e l d i n c l u d e

l a r g e r p h o to s y n th e t i c : area ( i n c r e a s i n g nuaber , w e ig h t , a r e a ,

or s t r u c t u r e o f l e a v e s ) , few er s t e n s ( d e c r e a s i n g nuaber ,

l e n g t h , or s t r u c t u r e ) , or i n c r e a s i n g . e f f i c i e n c y o f

p h o t o s y n t h e s i s t c a r l s o n e£ a l . , 1 9 7 0 ) , I t wo> Id be

i n t e r e s t i n g t o coapare n e t a s s i n i l a t i o n r a t e s o f p l a n t s fron

r e s i s t a n t g e n o t y p e s , s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , and c u l t i v a r s .

In c o n c l u s i o n , t h e o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e s have been

a c h ie v e d by i n v e s t i g a t i n g and t e s t i n g a nuaber o f p h y s i c a l

and c h e a i c a l t r e a t a e n t s and by u n d e r ta k in g a p la n t b r e e d in g

Frograa . Heat . o f f e r s t h e b e s t 6 c o n t r o l o f th e a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s pathogen , but i t i s i a p r a c t i c a l . C h e a i c a l c o n t r o l

o f t h e pathogen u s in g Dovco 269 , would s e e n t o be a f e a s i b l e

aethod i f t h a t c h e a i c a l or a s i a i l a r one were a v a i l a b l e , and

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92

i

c o a a e r c ia J ' a p p l i c a t i o n We^e e c o n o a i c a l . Genot:ypes with

r e s i s t a n c e bave y i e l d a d v a n ta g e s o f 90% t o S0% over

u n s e l e c t e d a a t e r i a l and s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o t y p e s , 'thus, t h e

o u t lo o k f o r p la n t b r e e d in g s e e a s o p t i a i s t i c and the u l t i a a t e

c o n t r o l o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s l i e s i n d e v e l o p i n g a c u l t i v a r

with r e s i s t a n c e t o th e d i s e a s e .

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Page 106: 34338 - University of Alberta

SUMMARY

1. The agent which i n c i t e s a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s i s a p y t h ia c e o u s

fungus . The symptoms it' c a u s e s on a l f a l f a p l a n t s re se m b le

t h o s e cau sed by P^ a egasp eraa . Hoyever, th e en v iro n m e nta l

c o n d i t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e . s u r v i v a l o f Pj. aeqasperma a re

d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d with a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

A l f a l f a s i c k n e s s o c c u r s on l i g h t t e x t u r e d s o i l s t h a t appear

t o be w e l l - d r a i n e d w h i le Px a egasp eraa has been found in

heavy s o i l s t h a t were p o o r ly d ra in ed ..< * .

2. A r e l a t i o n s h i p between d i s e a s e r a t i n g and h e i g h t , and

d i s e a s e r a t i n g and y i e l d a c c o u n ted f o r t h e s h o r t e r p l a n t s

w ith low er y i e l d s when t h e p l a n t s were grown i n s i c k s o i l .

This a g reed with o b se r v a t io n 's t h a t i n f e c t e d f i e l d s ^ a v e good

s ta n d s but a re low y i e l d i n g .t3 . The a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s pathogen a t t a c k s °the r o o t 1! t i p s ,

ncncambial l a t e r a l r o o t s , and n o d u le s r e s u l t i n g i n hrowniiig,

l e s i o n s , and g i r d l i n g o f t h e r o o t s . T h is e v e n t u a l l y l e a d s t o»

c o l l a p s e and d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e r o o t t i s s u e which a f f e c t s

h e i g h t and y i e l d o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s .

h . Heat t r e a tm e n t o f s i c k s o i l was a s u p e r i o r c o n t r o l method

but i t would be i m p r a c t i c a l t o use on a f i e l d s c a l e .

5 . Lime, f e r t i l i z e r , and m o i s t u r e , a t l e v e l s f o r optimum

growth, were ^ e l i m i n a t e d a s c a u s t i v e a g e n t s o f a l f a l f a

s i c k n e s s and -did no t improve a l f a l f a growth i n s i c k s o i l .* 1 o/

6 . H e ig h t , d i s e a s e r a t i n g , and y i e l d o f p l a n t s from s i c k

s o i l t r e a t e d with Dexon were not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

from p l a n t s grown i n n o n p a s t e u r iz e d s i c k s o i l , and'• X J C :

93

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Page 107: 34338 - University of Alberta

c o n s e q u e n t l y , Dexon did not c o n t r o l a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

7. Chem icals such a s M etazo loxoa and Dowco 269 were

e f f e c t i v e in c o n t r o l l i n g t h e a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s pathogen. . But,* '

Cowco 269 was t h e aore i m p r e s s iv e and a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h a t

f u n g i c i d e as e i t h e r a s o i l drench or s o i l mix s a t i s f a c t o r i l y

p r o t e c t e d a l f a l f a r o o t s a g a i n s t t h e s i c k n e s s pathogen.

8 . High bread s e n s e h e r i t a j b i l i t i e s j u s t i f i e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n

/ t h a t g e n o t y p i c ' v a r i a b i l i t y . e x i s t s between and .w ith in l o c a l l y

adapted c u l t i v a r s "for a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s s e l e c t i o n .

9 . low narrow s e n s e h a b i t a b i l i t i e s f o r h e i g h t and d i s e a s e

r a t i n g i n t h e r e s i s t a n t and s u s c e p t i b l e g en o ty p es i n d i c a t e d

t h a t a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n was s n a i l and ' s u c c e s s i v e

c y c l e s o f r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n would be n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p

high l e v e l s o f r e s i s t a n c e and low l e v e l s o f s u s c e p t i b i l i t y

t o a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

10. In th e f i e l d t e s t s , r e s u l t s from t h e second year were

■ore r e l i a b l e and u s e f u l f o r s e l e c t i o n purposes than / t h o s e

observed in t h e e s t a b l i s h a e n t y e a r .

11. S e l e c t i o n p r o g r e s s has been s l o w , i n t h e two c y c l e s o f

s e l e c t i o n e v a l u a t e d which i a p l i e s many g en es a r e i n f l u e n c i n g

d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y .

12. S i n p i e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , among h e i g h t , y i e l d ,

and d i s e a s e r a t i n g in t h e growth room, were h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t . However, c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r agronomic

c h a r a c t e r s between f i e l d and growth room were low and

n o n s i g n i f i c a n t . C o n s e q u e n t ly , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o use f i e l d

t e s t s t o d e term in e t h £ e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f growth room—V

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s e l e c t i o n .

13. fie'current p h e n o ty p ic s e l e c t i o n in the growth room was

e f f e c t i v e s i n c e high broad s e n s e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s were

o b t a in e d in r e s i s t a n t and s u s c e p t i b l e g e n o ly p e s and t h e r e

was p r o g r e s s i n s e l e c t i o n a f t e r 2 c y c l e s . No major s h i f t

o ccu r re d in any o f t h e agronomic c h a r a c t e r s n o t s e l e c t e d in

th e growth r o o i a cc o r d in g t o f i e l d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e

g e n o t y p e s .

1 4 . H i g h s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y v a r i a n c e i n \ t h e

r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e d i a l l e l s i n d i c a t e d n o n a d d i t i V e

g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n was l a r g e a n d t h i s w a s e x p e c t e d s i n c e t h e \■ \ j * r \

p a r e n ts o*f th e progeny had i>een s e l e c t e d f o r one c y c l e . \

S p e c i f i c c o m b in a t io n s o f t h e s e p a r e n t s^ cou ld be

i n t e r p o l l i n a t e d t o form s u i t a b l e t w o - c l o n e h y b r id s w h i le■I •

m u l t i c l o n e s y n t h e t i c s c o u l d b e f o r m u l a t e d f r o m t h i s m a t e r i a l

a s w e l l .

15. I t was co n c lu d ed t h a t p h y s i c a l , chemical^^ajidL—pLlaitt^^

b r e e d in g methods o f c o n t r o l o f a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s were

d i s c o v e r e d i n t h i s s t u d y . P a s t e u r i z a t i o n has p r a c t i c a l

l i m i t a t i o n s w h i le f u n g i c i d a l c o n t r o l c o u ld be e x p e n s iv e andv

s h o i j t - t e r n . P l a n t b re e d in g p r o v id e s a p r a c t i c a l lo n g - t e r m

s o l u t i o n t o , a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s .

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FIGURE Height and disease rating means of Beaver seedlings for the time of'infection test

DiseaseRating(1-5)*

Hei gfrt (cm)

< „ 2 3 4 5 6 7y f s , Time (weeks)

*1 = clean roots,. 5 = dead plantTime (weeks)

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FIGURE 2 Frequency distributions of alfalfa seedlings in cycle 0 planted fn sick soil and nonsicksol I and grown in the growth room.

325Genotypes

* Unselected in sick soil' Unselected in nonsrctc soi 1

300

275

250

225

200

175 W

150Number Genotype means-Unselected in sick soil (12.2) yUnselected in nonsick soil (18.0).

Plants

100

— t

r__

Height Classes

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FIGURE 3 Frequency distributions of alfalfa seedling progenies 1n cycle 1 grown 1n sick soil1n the growth room.

% of Plants

Genotypes o-o Susceptible o-o Resistant a—a Unselected

22

20

18

16

14

12 Genotype weans ^Susceptible (15.7) iinselected (18.0)

10

6

6

4

2

Height Classes (cm)

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% Of Plants

FIGURE 4

22

2d

18

16

14

10

8

6

4

2

- b V '

Frequency distributions of alfalfa seedling progenies In cycle 2 grown 1n sicksoil In the growth room. : ^

/ Genotypeso-o Susceptible o-o Resistant a—* Un selected

/ /

Genotype weans Susceptible (23.9> Unselected (23.9 Resistant (26.5

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 2 8 30Height Classes (cm)

34 36 38VOVO

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TABLE 1 Comparative morphological characteristics of Phytophthdra megasperma. Phytophthora oryptogea, Pythlum ultlmura, and Pythlum debaryanum.

Fungus Oogbnlum Oospore Sporanglun v Antherd1aRange (y) Average (y) Range (y)^ Average (yV Range (y) Average (y)

Phytophthora cryptogea* 24-34 28.3 19-29 23.725-49

X . 36.7 x 21.9 Pt

Phytophthora megasperma** 42-52 47.4 37-47 41.4

16-2915-60

' f' Pt

Pythlun debaryanua*** - 15-28 21.0 12-20 17.0 15-26 19 NPt

Pythlum ultlmum*** 19.6-22.9 20.6 / X 14.7-18.3 16.3 12-28 2 0 NPt/ - —• ~ --------- -

/•From Ashby, S.F. 1929. Further note on/the production of sexual organs 1n paired cultures of speciesand strains of Pjwtop^thora. Brlst. Mycol. Soc. Trans. 14:254-260

••From Waterhouse, 6 .M. 19S(>. The genus/ Phytophthora--d1agnos1s and figures from original papers.Commonwealth Mycol. Inst. Mycol. Paper No. 12

•••From Htddleton, J.T. 1943. The taxonon\y, host range, and geographic distribution of the genus Pythlum. Memoirs of the Torrey Bot. Club No. 20

+P ■ paragynous,, NP ■ non-paragynous /

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101

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102

)

TABLE 3 Height, yield, and stand survival subplot means of Be\yer seedlings 1n soil test 1.

c '

Treatment Height Yield Stand Survival(cm) (g) (plants per pot)

Pasteurized soil 29.1 ,a* 3.2 a 12.7

Pasteur1zed-I1med soil 28.1 ab 3.0 b 12.0

Nonpasteurized soil 27.0 be 2.4 c 12.6

Nonpasteurlzed-Hmed soil 26.2 c 2.1 d 12.5

Mean 27.6 2.7 12.5

CV**(X) . 9-3 22.1 13.4

♦Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p £ 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple range test

**CV = coefficient of variability

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103

TABLE 4 Height, y ie ld , and disease rating means o f Beaver seedlings1n so il t e s t 2.

Treatment Height Yield Disease Rating(cm) (g) . (1-5)*

Sick soil 1 20.6 b*** 0.5 b 2.81 c

S1ck soil 2 20.2 b 0.4 b 2 .86. c

Sick soil 3 19.6 b 0.4 b 2.62 be

Sick soil 4 19.5 b v 0.4 b 2.82 c

S‘% soil 5 17.3 b 0.4 b 2.57 b

Pasteurized sick soil 24.8 4 1.7 a 1.00 a

Mean 20.3 0 .6 2.45

CV**(%)

t'i? 1

4.7 25.1 6 .8

*1 = clean roots, 5 * dead plant

**CV * coefficient of variabilityr

***Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple range test

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104

TABLE 5 Height, yield, and disease rating of observation pots of Beaver seedlings In the UlS. soil test.

\ ■ -

\Treatment Height Yl4ld Disease Rating

(cm) (g) (1-5)*

Minnesota soil** 27.4 3.7 ,( 3.17

^Jftnnesota soil** 24.3 2 .7 3.06

California soil** 21.7 2.4 3.00

Michigan soil** 20.1 2.4 3.44

Ontario soil** 15.6 1.7 3.79

Mean 21.8 2.6 3.29

Alfalfa sick soil*** 21.2 2.3 2.52

*1 = clean roots, 5 = dead plant**So1ls reputed to be Infected with Phytophthora megasperma were

Imported and tested at the Edmonton Research. Station (Parkland

Farm), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

***Means are average of 5 replicates

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105

i ' .

\TABLE 6 Means of height and disease rating for Beaver seedlings

1n the time of Infection test.i

Treatment Height(cm)

Disease Rating (1-5)*

2 weeks 4.8 f*** 1.54 a f3 weeks 10.2 e 1.99 b4 weeks , 20.2 d 2.55 c5 weeks 24.6 c 2.85 d/6 weeks 30.6 b 2.98 d7 weeks

x-33,4 a 2.99 d :

Mean 20.6 2.47CV**(%)

Vj

6 . 0 v 6.0

\

*1 = clean roots, 5 - dead plant**CV = coefficient of variability

***Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p £ 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple range test

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106

TABLE 7 Height, y ie ld , and disease rating means ofa l fa l fa seedling progenies 1n the

. inoculation te s t .

Treatment Height (cm) \

Yield(g)

Disease Rating (1-5)*

I

Pasteurized sick soilBeaver 24.3 3.5 1.00 a***1GP130 Z4.0 3.0 1.00 a1V12 24.0 2.9 1.00 a2V96 22.8 3.3 1.00 a1RP188 22.6 3.3 1.00 a

Pasteurized inoculatedsick soil

2V96 24. fa 4.2 2.00 b1VI2 24.2 3.4 2.00 b1GP130 23.3 3.5 2.00 b1RP188 22.3 3.5 2.00 bBeaver 22.2 3.2 2.00 b

Mean 23.2 3.4 1.50Standard Deviation 1 .8 0 .6 0.5CV*-(%) 7.5 17.8 0.0

*1 * clean roots, 5 = dead plant**CV = coefficient of variability

***Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p <_ 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple range test

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107

TABLE 8 Mean heights, yields, and disease ratings of\Beaver seedlings'In fungicide test 1. v\

■ ' \ Treatment Height Yield Disease Rating

(•cm) (g) (1-5)

Pasteurized sick soil 32.3 a*** 1.5 a 1.00 a

Non-pasteurlzed sick'soil 26.7 b 0.7 b 2.94 b

Benlate 26.2 b 0.7 b 2.88 b

Dexon 25.4 b 0.6 b 2.86 b

Mean 27.7 0.9 2.42

CV**(%) 8.5 21.0 4.9

*1 = clean roots, 5 = dead plant**CV = coefficient of variability

***Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the p < 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple range test

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TABLE 9 Height, y ie ld , and disease rating means o f Beaver seedlingsin fungicide te s t 2.

Treatment Height Yield Disease Rating(cm) (g) (1-5)*

Pasteurized sick soil 27.8 a*** 9.1 a - 1.00 aNon-pasteurized sick soil 24.2 b 4.1 cd " 2.81 dDowco 269 Spray 24.2 b 3.9 cd 2.17 bDowd) 269 mix 24.2 b 5.5 b 1.03 aMetazolozon mix . ■23.3 b 3.2 d 2.55 c *Dowco 269 spraty drench '2 2 .7 b 5.1 be l.T)4 a ,Metazoloxon mix drench 22.4 b 3.0 d 2.62 cDexon mix 8.3 c 0.7 e 4.00 eDexon mix drench. 6.2 c ,0.5 e

oo

e

Mean 20.4 ’ / 3.9 2.36CV**(%) 9*1 23.6O 4.6'

*1 = clean roots, 5 = dead plant \ 1

**CV = coefficient of variability***Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different

at p £ 0.05 by Duncan*sinew.multiple range test

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TABLE 10 Comparison o f mean heights, y ie ld s , ana diseaseratings o f a lfa lfa seedling progenies 1p thestrain + fungicide test.

Treatment Height Yield(cm) (/g)

Disease Rating (1-5)*

Pasteurized sick soilJ1GP130

Beayer1V12

ttowco 269-siclc soil- ' 1VI2 > • >-Beaver K16P130

Non-pas te.uri zed sick soil &1V12 23.7 abedBeaver . 20.6 efg

' 1GP130 18.6 gh

Mean 22.1,

CV**(%) 9.3

L ■ o . \

,24.6 a*** . / 3.1 ab 1.00 a24.5 ab / 3.4 a 1.00 a23.8 abc / 2.9 abc 1.00 a

v - / ■ ■ V" 22.7 abede 2.6 bed 1.00 a

21.5 cdef 2.6 bed * 1.00 a18 8 gh • 1 -8 /g 1.00 a

2.3 c^ef*2 .<> fg 1 p g a

2.5

17.7

-2.29 b 2.99 c 2.97 c

1.58 ;\

8 .-9 "■i \ 'p

K\*1 = clean roots, 5 = dead plant >

**CV= coefficient of variability***Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different

at p £ 0.05 by Duncan's nWmultiple range.test . . . .

-

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X)CD~o—ioQ.CoCDCl

■oCD

C/)(/>TABLE 11 Means for height, yield, and disease rating of

alfalfa seedling progenies in the second cycle strain test.

Genotype

R e s is ta p T ^ ^ 'V ^ 'Susceptible \Beaver (Pasteurized , sick so il)***

8eaver*** ,Agate**** ... |

Height “ (cm)

Mean \ " Range

26.523.928.7

23.925.7

22.0-29.5'18.0-28.3 27.5-30.2

/ v22.4-26.1

Mean

Yield*( 9)

^ . 6

2.24.3i2.4 2.6

Range

1.5-4.2 1.3-3.1 3.9-4.8

2.1-3.0

Disease Rating . M - 5 ) *Mea . '^-— Range

2.-54

2.821.00

2.482.85

1.84-3.162.54-2.961 .0 0 -1 .0 0

1.92-2,,84,.

Mean.Standard Deviation CV**(%) -

&

25.82.76.8

/ -

2 . 5,

0.7 15.0

2 . 5 3

0.44.6 .5

° *1 = d ea n roots, 5 = dead plant^CV coefficient of variability

***Means-averaged over 8 replicates **.**C«ltivar not included in analysis of variance

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\\

11

TABlE 12 Summary of mean heights, yields; and'disease ratings of alfalfa seedling progenies in the three cycle strain test.

Genotype ‘ „ Height Yield? Disease Rating(cm) (9 ) (1-5)*

Resistant °1V121V102 ' / 1V49

\ 1V100 \Mean

27.5 a***20.8 efg 19.9- fgh16.8 i j , ■21.3 \

3.5 b 2.0 ef2.5 de1.2 g2.3

2.32 be 2.58 d+h 2.70 ghi j 2.69 f* j 2.57

2 VI02 2V12 2V100

•2V96 • '’2V49Mean > -

26.1 ab V24.3 be23.3 cde 21.6 def21.2 def23.3 ' ,

3.0 bed 3.2 be

-o 2.6 cde2.9 bed .2.9 bed3.0

2.28 b 2.45 b *f•■ 2.44 bede 2.37 bed 2.47 b-*g 2.41

3V12B .3V96BBV100iV49B3V102BMean

23.5 cd23.5 cd22.1 c-*-f ..21.2 c+f20.2 fgh22.2

3.4 b, 3.0 bed

2 .5 de 2.6 cde 1.9 ef 27

2.32 be 2*32 be 2/54 c+h 2.54\ c- i 2.65 V i 2.48

MeanCall resistant genotypes)22.3 2.7 2.48 . 'Suscedtible

1BP75 1RP188 1RP155. . 1GP13Q Mean \

18.3 ghi17.8 h ij16.8 i j 16.0 ijk17.3 ,

1.9 ef1.9 ef 1.5 efg 1.3 efg 1.7

2.63 efgh 2.87 ijk 2.92 jk 3.01 k 2.86

2GP130 \ 14.0 k x 1.3 efg 2.98 k3BP75A \ 3GP130 \ Mean V

15.4 jk 14.0 k 14.7

1..2 g1.2 g j ,1.2 g

2.74 jk ' 2.92 hij 2.83

Mean(all susceptible genotypes) 16.0 1.5 •2.87Beaver (pasteuri-zed sick soil)* 28.4 a ... ' 6.0 a 1.00 aMeanCV**(%)

20.69.F

2.421.4

2.53r *»7.2

, % % . ■>*1 = clean )®dts, 5 = dead plant l

**CV = coefficient of variability /***Means. followed by the same letter rfrewnot significantly ?differe>it

- A p < 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple rShge test. When a mean is \ followed by more than four letters,, only the begintring and last letters are written. ,

1 ■ :1 .V :'

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TABLE 13 Means of height, yield, and disease rating of alfalfa seedling progenies in the diallel strain test.

\ - Genotype»

Height(c»)

field(9)

Disease(1-

Ra5)*

Resistant Diallel 1V12 x 1V57t 27.0 b-f** 3.3 ef 2.32 cd1V12 x 1B179 30.0 abc 4.1 bcde 2.21 - cd1V12 x 1B152 27.3 bcde 3.6 de 2.15 c1VI2 x 1V9 26.8 b-f 3.9 bcde 2.26 Cdl1VI2 x IB103 27.8 a-*e 3.7 cde 2.32 edi1V57 x 1B179 28.2 abed 4.0v.bcde 2.34 edi1V57 x 1B152 21.8 hijk 1.9 ghi 3; 12 9

' 1V57 x 1V9 26.3 c-g 3.5 de 2.31 Cdl1V57 x 1B103 22.6 ghij 2.2 gh 2.46 e1B179 x 1B152 27.4 bcde 3.6 de 2.41 de

v 1B179 x 1V9 30.4 ab 4.2 bed 2.23 cd1B179 x 1B103 29.5 abc 4.4 abed 2.23 cd1B152 x 1V9 31.6 a 4.6 ab 2.22 cd1B152 x 1B103 27.6 bcde* 4.2 bcde 2.24 cd1V9 x 1B103 28.1 abed 4.7 ab 2.13 cMean 27.5 3.7 2.34

Susceptible Diallel1GP130 x 1BP113 19.2 jkl 1.7 ghi 3.06 fg1GP130 x 1VP17 21.9 hijk 2.3gh 2.87 f1GP130 x 1V58 19.1 jkl 1.7 gh1 3.18 f1GP130 x 1VP62 20.1 1Jkl 2.0. ghi 3.44 h1BP113 x 1VP17 22.6 ghij 2.1 ghi 3.18 f1BP113 x 1VP58 20.6 h-1 1.7 gtil 3.19 f1BP113 x 1VP62 23.3 e~1 2.2 gh 3.03 fg1VP17 x 1VP58 17.4 1 1.2 1 3.39 h1VP17 x 1VP62 18.2 kl 1.5 hi 3.06 fg1VP58 x 1VP62 17.8 1 1.5 hi 3.17 9Mean 20.0 1.8 3.15

Beaver (pasteurized sick soil) 28.7 abc 5.2 a 1.00 aBeaver (pasteurized sick soil) 28.0 a-e 5.1 a 1.00 aBeaver 24.0. e-*l 2.5 fg 3.09 92V96 24.1 d-h 3.6 de 1.81 b3V102C 24.3 Chh 3.5 de 2.20 cd1GP130 20.9 h-1 1.9 ghi 3.04 Fg

Mean 24.6 3.1 2.544.3CV**(*) 8.4 15.5

■*1 = clean roots, 5 * dead plant; **CV * coefficient of variability;***Means followed by the sane letter are not significantly different at

p < 0.05 by Duncan's new Multiple range test. When a Mean 1s followed by more than four letters only the beginning and last letters are written

tFirst parent Is female parent

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TABLE 14 General combining1 abl11ty (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and F-values, ratio of GCA;SCA, herltablllty estimates, and qenetlc coefficient of variability for height and disease ratlnq of alfalfa seedling progenies In the dlallel strain test.

Genotype Source of Variation df HeightMean

Square F

Dls

jar*1 ng

Resistant DlallelCrosses 14 338.3 3.8* 2.84 22.0**Within crosses

GCA SCA

59

13.44.2

27. 7 " 8. 7**

0.0920.047

19.2**9.9**

GCA:SCA ratioBroad sense herltablllty ( I)

' Harrow sense herltablllty (X) Genetic £Vi(?) /

/

3:1984619

2:1983322

Susceptible DlallelCros*esr_ ..... ' 9 219.5 4.1** 0.92 4.9**

f ' * Within crosses GCA SCA

45

5.84.1

17.0** 12.0**

0.0'0.0

3.1**6.4**

GCA-.SCA ratioBroad sense herltablllty (X) Narrow sense herltablllty (X) Genetic CVt(X)

o

1:1993223 •

1 :2 96 11 10

♦•Indicates slgnlfl cance at the p <0.01 level; tCV ■ coefficient of variabTTity

o

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TABLE 15 Estimates of general combining ability (GCA) effects and specific combining abllfty (SCA) effects for height and disease rating of alfalfa seedling progenies In the dlallel strain test..

Genotype -Estimates of SCA Effects Estimates of GCA effects

Resistant dlallel Height

Disease Rating

Susceptible UiallelHeight

Disease Rating

Parents 1V12 1V57 1B179 1BT 5-2 1V9 1B103

* 1V12 1V57 1B179 1B152 1V9 1B103

Parents 1GP130 1BP113 1VP17 1VP56 1VP62

1GP130 1 BP T13 VVP17 1VP58 1VF62

1V572.277

■0.162

0 .0 1 1

1B179■0.2511.632

0.043■0.134

1 BP 113 -2.885

1VP171.9440.782

1B152 0.027

■2.512 ■1.751

•0.2070.4600.021

■0.2040.115

1VP580.8410.344

-1.026

0.004■0:0780.152

*s— « standard error of the means

1V9-2.5230.360

-0.1902.932

0.154-0.1570.071

-0.090

1VP620.100

-1.759-1.700-0.159

0.189-0.048-0.063-0.078

IB 103 0.471

-1.757 0.560 1.304

-0.579

0.1710.0070.001

-0.1840.021

0.493 s -

0.049 s-

0.479 s—

0.053 s-

0.224■2.8152.380

-0.6541.519

-0.654

\-0.091. 0.243

-0.074 £-. 132

*,0.141 -0.069

0.364 1.972

-0.258 1.9 It)

-0.169

-0.043-0.050-0.0130.113

-0.006

r - - :

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TABLE 16 Sumnary of height, yield, and disease rating means o of alfalfa seedling progenies 1n the second cycle

strain test, three cycle strain test, and dlallelstrain test.

Genotype Height % of(cm) Beaver

^— -Resistant 25.3 109

Susceptible\

20.1 87

Beaver (pasteurized 28.5 123sick soil)

Beaver 23.1 100

liean 23.

*1 = clean root, 5 = dead plant

Yield % of Disease % of (g) Beaver Rating Beaver

(1-5)*

2.8 119 2.48 92

,1.8 78 2.92 108

5.1 215 1.00 37

2.4 100 2.71 100to

c

2.6 2.54

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TABLE 17 Comparison of mean heights, yields, and performance ratings of alfalfa progenies in lattice strain test 1 for 1976 and 1977.

Genotype Height(cm)

J 9 7 6 1977L )

Yield(9)

1976 1977

Performance Rating (5-1)*

1976

Resistant

Mean 51.9 72.6 294 654 .3.26Range 43.0-58.3 66.5-79.5 190-447 379-926 2.50-4.50

Susceptible

Mean 51.7 71.8 280 606 3.20Range 48.5-54.8 68.5-77.0 188-339 439-757 2.50-3.75

Cultivars 'ftMean 48.4 70.3 258 608 2.97

Range 46.8-53.9 69.0-71.8 216-365 538-689 2.38-3.38

Mean 51.6 72.3 290 646 3.22

Standard Deviation 4.6 4.3 89 '' 156 0.68

C V**(%)

— a- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6.9 4.8 25.5 20.0 18.8V .

*5 = productive stand, 1 = unproductive stand**CV = coefficient of variability

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TABLE 18 Comparison of mean heights and yields of alfa lfaprogenies 1n lattice 1977.

strain test 2 for 1976 and

Genotype1 ■\ 1976

Height(cm)

1977

Yield(g)1977

Resistant/ ' ■

Mean 44.5 67.9 323Range 36.7-51.6 62.2-72.5 223-^5

Susceptible/

Mean 45.9 67.6 327

Range // 35.7-52.0 60.7-73.9 210-526

Cultivars •

Mean 45.4 68.4)

348

Range 42.7-49.0 67.Q-70.2 309-395

Mean 45.0 67.9 327

Standard Deviation 8.4 5.1 101

CV*(%) 10.6■

5.9 27.6

*CV = coefficient of variability V

.. \\

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TABLE 19 Mean heights and yields of alfalfa progenies in strain test 1 for 1976 and 1977.

V -

Genotype Height Yield(cm) ' (g)

1976 1973 1977

Resistant

Mean 33.0 61.4 311

Range 24.0-41.0 53.0-72.0 140-501

Susceptible

Mean 34.3 61.2 275

Range 26.0-43.0 55.0-68.0 155-404

Cultivars *

Mean 36.3 64.8 315

Range * 29.5-39.7 60.5-72.3 ' 278-386-

Mean 1h-

33.7 61.7 301

Standard Deviation^

CV*(%)

5.2

11.6

5.2

7.0

97

- S 7

*CV = coefficient of variability‘i.

\ r '

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TABLE 20 Height and disease rating means of alfa lfa progenies in strain test 2 for 1976.

Genotyn'

Resistant 2V96 1VI2 2V12 1B179 1G169

' 1R188 Mean

Height(cm)

48.5 a** 46.0 ab

abc a. ~d

42.5"0 .5 40.0 be Jl.8 e •1.5

Disease Rating (1-5)*

2.53 a 2.70 abed 2.73 abed 2.75 abed 2.60 ab 2.85 cd 2.69

Susceptible 2BP69 1BP113 1GP33 2VP98 1VP17 1RP188 Mean

' 4 .0 cbe

42.041.0 be4 1 .0 bee3 9 .0 b 3 4 . 6 de 4 8 .3

cd2.65 abc2.90 d2.75 abed2.90 d 2.73 abed 2.63 abc2.76

CultivafsGrinin7emalBeaverRoamerMean

42.0 abed41.0 bed38.0 cde37.5 de39.6

2.83 bed 2.78 bed 2.73 abed 2.75 abed 2.77

MeanCV(%)***

40.610.7

2.745.2

*1 = clean roots, 5 = dead plant %■**Means followed by same letter are not significantly different

at p < 0.05 by Duncan's new multiple range test***CV = coefficient of variability

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TABLE 21

> Field Test

Summary of alfalfa progeny test in 1976 and 1977.

^^_^-Y ear

height and

Mean

yield means

CV*(%)■ /

for e^etffield/

/

/standardDeviation

c

Range of Means

Lattice strain test 1 Height (cm) 1976 51.6 6.9" 4.6 43.0-58.31977 72.3 4.8 4.3 66.5-79.5

i 1976-77** 62.0 6.4 11.3 56.4-68.0Yield (g) 1976 290 25.5 89 188-447

1977 646 20 ' 156 399-9261976-77 468 28 218 296-620

Lattice strain test 2 Height (cm) 1976 45.0 10.6 8.4 35.7-52.01977 67.9 5.9 5.1 60.7-73.9

i 1976-77 56.4 11.3 13.4 47.8-61.8Yield (g) 1977 327 27.6, 101. 210-526

Strain test 1 Height (cm) 1976 33.7 11.6 • 5.2 24.0-43.0'< 1977 61.7 7.0 5.2 53.0-72.3

1976-77 47.7 10.7 15.0 39.5-56.5•ists Yield (g) „ 1977 301 27.0 • 97 140-501

Strain test 2 Height (cm) 1976 40.6." 10.7 5.8 31.8-48.5Observational strain Height (cm) 1976 49.9 - - 28-.70

test*** 1977 68.1 - . 54-80Yield (g) 1977 462 - “ 168-951

*CV = coefficient o f variability *| **Represents the analysis of the agronomic character over two years$ ***Not replicated

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TABLE 22 Simple correlation coefficients of agronomic characters for growth room tests involving the alfalfa sickness pathogen.

/ . ' ’

Growth Room Test Height Height vs Yield vsvs Yield Disease Rating Disease Rating

Soil test 1 0.82** NC NC

Soil test 2 0.78** -0.70** -0.92**

Time of infection test NCt 0.95** NC

Inoculation test 0.43** -0.06 0.28

Fungicide test 1 0.87** -0.78** • 0. 90**

Fungicide test 2 0.80** -0.80** -6.85**

Strain + fungicide test 0.84** -0.36* -0.52**

*,**Indicate significance at the p < 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively

tNC = one of the agronomic characters was not studied, hence no correlation coefficient

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\\ \

122/

\ °

TABLE 23 Simple correlation coefficients of agronomic characters for growth room tests involving the alfalfa plant.

o

Growth Room Test i Height vs Yield

Height vs Disease Rating

Yield vs Disease Rating\

Secoh cycle strain test 0.69** -0 ,27**

\\\ - 0 . 5 2 * *

Three cycle strain test 0.78** -0 .7 0 * * ’\-\o. 78**

Dial lei strain test | 0.90** -0 .7 1 * * - o\ b6**. \

N**Indicates significance at the p < 0.01 level

f;

//

/

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TABLE 24 Simple correlation coefficients of agronomic characters for field tests involving the alfarlfa plant in 1976 and 1977.

Agronomic Character Field Test Height(1977)

Yield(1976)

Yield(1977)

PerformanceRatind(1976)

DiseaseRating(1976).

Height (1976) Lattice strain test 1 0.43** 0.68** 0.37** 0.71**Lattice strain test 2- 0.65** NC 0.59** NC. 1/NCStrain test 1 / 0.59** NC 0.44** NC NC ,Strain test 2 NCt NC NC , NC 0.19

Height (1977) Lattice strain test 1 0.33** 0.53** '0.46** NC ’Lattice strain test 2 NC 0.69**■ - NC NC' Strain test 1 NC 0.71** NC NC _

Yield (1976) Lattice strain test 1 * & 0.58** 0.66** NCYield (1977) Lattice strain test 1 v 0.49** NC :

Lattice strain test 2 NC . NC--------- Strain, test 1 7 NC ^ • NCPerformance Rating / - ■ ■ ' X . -

(1976) Lattice strain test 1 ^ __- — —------~_^ NCDisease Rating (1976) Strain test 2 /

i

**Ind1cates significance at p < 0.01 level \+NC = one of the agronomic characters was not studied, hence no correlation

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TABLE 25 Mean heights and disease ratings, percent of susceptible genotypes, andselection intensity of alfalfa seedling progenies derived from 2 cycles . eof selection for "resistance and susceptibility to alfalfa sickness in the growth room.

Genotypte Heigh % of Susceptible

Disease Rating % of Susceptible

Selection Intensity for Height;''and Disease Rating

......0 Unselected 12.2 ___.r-..- •....

; • " ■ \15.7 ___ 100 .

"""T . . .1 • 41 13 ' - v ........ -\

1 Susceptible 1.27 100 V 7 ~ ....

Resistant 18.1 115 1.30 ^ 102 6

^ 2 .......Susceptible 23:9:; 100 2.82 100■s

6 , ,

-7—--‘ Resistant ' " V -26.5 \ 110 2.54 / ^ 90 8 ' 'X - '

\ -■ ■

~ ** 1 '

X

§

.--'■TO4^

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adaas, f t .H . , and G. S e a e n iu k . 19'- - *r f.■ ' . e r i t a b i l r t y of r e a c t i o n in a l f a l f a t o ever:,,; rp o t . Agron. J .5 0 :6 7 7 -6 7 9 .

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C a r l s o n ,

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H . L . 1 9 6 3 . An e v a l u a t i o n o f r e c i p r o c a l e f f e c t s a n d t h e i r b a s i s i n a l f a l f a c l o n e - c r c s s e s . C r o p 0 S c i . 3 : 1 9 - 2 2 .

H . L . , J . H. G r a h a a , a n d R .C . N e w t o n . 1 9 6 2 . Q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s e s ot i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e t c c o a a o n l e a f s p o t i h a l f a l f a . C r o p S c i . 2 : 2 3 7 - 2 4 0 . \

. 1 9 6 6 . P h y t o p h t h o r a \ r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n C a n a d a . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 0 : 4 ^ 1 - 4 5 3 .

1 9 7 C . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o W t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n O n t a r i o i n 1 9 6 9 . C a n . F l a n t D i s . S u r v . 5 0 : 1 0 9 - 1 1 0 .

. , a n d W.R. C h i l d e r s . 1 9 6 6 . F u n g i a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c r o w n a n d r o o t s o f a l f a l f a i n e a s t e r n O n t a r i o . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 0 : 6 9 5 - 6 9 8 .

. , a n d E.W . H a n s o n ' . 1 9 6 2 . I n t e r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s o f e n v i r o n a e n t a n d a g e . o f a l f a l f a a n d r e d c l o v e r s e e d l i n g s on s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o P y t h i u a d e b a r v a n u m . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 5 2 : 9 8 5 - 9 8 9 .

W . G . , a n d G. a. C o r . 1 9 5 7 . E x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n . S e c o n d E d i t i o n . J o h n ’ W i l e y 6 S o n s I n c . , New Y o r k .

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uukes,

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E r w i n , D

E r w i n ,

E r w i n , D

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E r w i n ,

of> s e v e n c y c l e s o f r e c u r r e n t p h e n o t y p i c , s e l e c t i o n on a e a n s a n d g e n e t i c v a r i a n c e s o f s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r s i n t w o p o o l s o f a l f a l f a g e r m p l a s m . C r o p S c i . 3 : 5<l 3 - 5 4 6 .

P . D . , a n d J . L . A p p l e . 1 9 6 1 . C h e m o t a x i s o f z o o s p o r e s o f P h y t o p h t h o r a p a r a s i t i c a v a r . n i c o t i a n a e by p l a n t r o o t s a n d c e r t a i n c h e m i c a l s o l i ’ ' i o n s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 5 1 : 1 9 5 - 1 9 7 .

D . B . 1 9 5 5 . M u l t i p l e r a n g e a n d m u l t i p l e F t e s t s .B i o m e t r i c s 1 1 : 1 - 4 2 .

J . H . , J r . 1 9 7 7 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . USDA-ARS, A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , B e l t s v i l l e , M a r y l a n d , U . S ^ A . .

J . H . , J r . , D.W. E v a n s , a n d J . N . K r a f t . 1 9 7 2 .O c c u r r e n c e o f P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n W a s h i n g t o n . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 6 : 8 3 0 - 8 3 1 .

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. i n C a l i f o r n i a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 4 4 : 4 8 7 .

D .C . 1 9 5 4 b . * R o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a c a u s e d byP h y t o p h t h o r a c r y p t o g e a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 4 4 : 7 0 0 - 7 0 4 .

. C . 1 9 6 2 . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i nC a l i f o r n i a . E i g h t e e n . A l f a l f a I m p . C o n f . R e p . p p . 7 0 - 7 1 }

. c 1 9 6 5 . - R e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c a s u a l z . t o f r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a f r o m P h y t o p h t h o r a c r y p t o g e a t o P . a e g a s p e r n a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 5 5 : 1 1 3 9 - 1 1 4 3 .

D .C . 1 9 6 6 . V a r i e t a l r e a c t i o n o f a l f a l f a t o P h y t o p h t h o r a me g a s p e r m a a n d v a r i a t i o n i n v i r u l e n c e o f t h e c a s u a l f u n g u s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 5 6 : 6 5 3 - 6 5 7 .

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D . C . , a n d H. K a t z n e l s o n . 1 9 6 1 . S u p p r e s s i o n a n d s t i m u l a t i o n o f m y c e l i a l g r o w t h o f P h y t o p h t h o r a c r y p t o . . b y c e r t a i n t h i a m i n e - r e q u i r i n g a n d t h i a m i n e - s y n t h e s i z i n g b a c t e r i a . C a n . J . M i c r o b i o l . 7 : 9 4 5 - 9 5 0 .

D . C . , G . A . Z e n t m y e r , J . G a l i n d o , a n d J . S . H i e d e r h a u s e r . 1 9 6 3 . V a r i a t i o n i n t h e g e n u s P h y t o p h t h o r a . A n n u . R e v . P h y t o p a t h o l . 1 : 3 7 5 - 3 9 6 .

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E v a n s , I . E . 1 9 7 6 . P e r s o n a l c o a a u n i c a t i o n . P l a n t I n d u s t r y L a b o r a t o r y , A l b e r t a A g r i c u l t u r e , E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a , C a n a d a .

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F l o r , H .H . 1 9 5 9 . G e n e t i c c o n t r o l s o f h o s t - p a r a s i t e i n t e r a c t i o n s i n r u s t d i s e a s e s , p p . 1 3 7 - 1 4 4 . I n C . S . H o l t o n l e d . ) P l a n t p a t h o l o g y - . p r o b l e m s a n p r o g i e s s 1 9 0 8 - 1 9 5 8 . D n i v . W i s c o n s i n P r e s s , M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n .

F r a k e s , R . V . , E . L . D a v i s , a n d F . L . P a t t e r s o n . 1961.. T h e , b r e e d i n g b . e h a v i c r o f y i e l d a n d r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s

i n a l f a l f a . I . R e p l i c a t e d c l o n a l p l a n t s . C r o p S c i . 1 : 2 0 5 - 2 0 7 . * *

F r o s h e i s e r , F . I . 1 9 6 7 . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r e t o f a l f a l f a i n M i n n e s o t a . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 1 : 6 7 9 - 6 8 1 .

F r o s h e i s e r , F . I . 1 9 6 8 . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i h t h e M i d w e s t . . T w e n j t i y - f i r s t A l f a l f a l a p . C o n f . R e p . p p . 4 4 - 4 5 .

F r o s h e i s e r , F . I . 1" 1 9 6 9 . P l r / t o p h t h o r a r o o t , r o t o f a l f a l f a i n t h e u p p e r M i d w e s t . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 4 : 5 9 5 - 5 9 7 .

F r o s h e i s e r , F . I . 1 9 7 7 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . P l a n t P a t h o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a , S t . P a u l , M i n n e s o t a , U . S . A . .

F r o s h e i s e r , F . I . , a n d D . K . B a r n e s . 1 9 7 3 . F i e l d a n d g r e e n h o u s e s e l e c t i o n f o r P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o tr e s i s t a n c e i n a l f a l f a . ' C r o p S c i " . 1 3 : 7 3 5 - 7 3 8 .

G a r d n e r , C . O . 1 9 6 3 . E s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c p a r a m e t e r s i n c r o s s - f e r t i l i z i n g p l a n t s a n d t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s i n p l a n t b r e e d i n g , p p . 2 2 5 - 2 5 2 . I n W.D. H a n s o n a n dH . F . R o b i n s o n ( e d s . ) S t a t i s t i c a l g e n e t i c s a n dp l a n t b r e e d i n g . NAS-NRC P u b . 9 6 2 .

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i

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G o p l e n , B . P . , a n d G . R . W e b s t e r . 1 9 6 9 . S e l e c t i o n i n M e d i c a g o s a t i v a f o r t o l e r a n c e t o a l f a l f a - s i c k s o i l s o f c e n t r a l A l b e r t a . A g r o n . J . 6 1 : 5 8 9 - 5 9 1 .

G r a h a m , ' J . H. , P. R. H i l l , J r . , D. K. - B a r n e s , a n d C . H . H a n s o n .1 9 6 5 . E f f e c t s o f t h r e e c y c l e s o f s e l e c t i o n f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o common l e a f s p o t i n a l f a l f a . C r o p S c i . 5 : 1 7 1 - 1 7 3 .

G r a h a m , J . H . , K.W. K r e i t l o w , a n d L , R . F a u l k n e r . 1 9 7 2 .D i s e a s e s , p p . 9 9 7 - 5 2 6 . I n C . H . H a n s o n ( e d . ) A l f a l f a s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y . A m e r . S o c . o f A g r o n . , M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n .

G r a y , F . A . , a n d R . B . H i n e . 1 9 7 6 . D e v e l o p m e n t o f P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n t h e f i e l d a n d t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f R h i z o b i u m n o d u l e s w i t h e a r l y r o o t i n f e c t i o n s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y - 6 6 : 1 9 1 3 - 1 4 1 7 .

iG r a y , F . A . , R . B . H i n e , M .H. S c h o n h o r s t , a n d J . D . N a i k . 1 9 7 3 .

A s c r e e n i n g t e c h n i g u e u s e f u l i n s e l e c t i n g f o r r e s i s t a n c e i n a l f a l f a t o P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r n a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 3 : 1 1 8 5 - 1 1 8 8 .

G r i f f i n g , B . 1 9 5 6 . C o n c e p t o f g e n e r a l a n d s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y i n r e l a t i o n t o , d i a l l e l c r o s s i n g s y s t e m s . A u s t r a l . J . B i o l . S c i . 9 : 4 6 3 - 4 9 3 .

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H a p l i n , J . E . , a n d E . H . H a n s o n . 1 9 5 8 . E f f e c t o f a g e o f s e e d l i n g s o f a l f a l f a , r e d c l o v e r , l a d i n o w h i t e

\ c l o v e r , a n d s w e e t c l o v e r o n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t oP v t h i u m . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 4 8 : 4 8 1 - 4 8 5 .

H i l l , R . R . , J r . , C . H . H a n s o n , a n d H . H . B u s b i c e . k1 9 6 9 . E f f e c t o f f o u r r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n p r o g r a m s o n t w o a l f a l f a p o p u l a t i o n s . C r o p S c i . 9 : 3 6 3 - 3 6 5 .

IH i n e , R . B . , F . A . G r a y , a n d M .H . S c h o n h o t s t . 1 9 7 2 .

P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n A r i z o n a . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 6 : 4 7 2 - 4 7 3 .

H i n e , R . B . , F . A . G r a y , M.H. S c h o n h o r s t , a n d J . S . S a n d e r s .19 7 5 .= R e s i s t a n c e t o P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t i n S e l e c t e d l i n e s o f ‘ n o n d o r m a n t a l f a l f a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 5 : 8 4 0 - 8 4 4 .

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e f f i c a c y o f __ 2 - c h l o r o - 6 - m e t h o4 t t r i c h l o r o m e t h y l ) p y r i d i n e a n d e t b a z o l e f c o n t r o l o f P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f r h o d o d e n d r a n d s o y b e a n . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 5 : 6 ^ 9 - 7 3 .

I r w i n , J . A . G . 1 9 7 4 . R e a c t i o n o f l u c e r n e c n l t i v a r s t o P h y t o p h t h o r a me g a s p e r m a , t h e c a u s e o f a r o o t r o t i n Q u e e n s l a n d . A u s t r a l . J . E x p . A g r i c . A n im . H u s b . 1 4 : 5 6 1 - 5 6 4 .

I r w i n , J . A . G . 1 9 7 6 . O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e n o d e o f i n f e c t i o n o f l u c e r n e r o o t s by P h y t o p h t h o r a meg a s p e r m a . A u s t r a l . J . B o t . 2 4 : 4 4 7 - 4 5 1 .

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v, D e l t a . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 4 9 : 7 5 3 - 7 5 5 .

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K e e n , N . T . 1 9 7 1 . H y d r o x p h a s e o l l i n p r o d u c t i o n b y s o y b e a n s r e s i s t a n t and-* s u s c e p t i b l e “ t o P h y t o p h t h o r a meg a s p e r m a v a r . s o l a e . . P h y s i o l . P I . P a t h . 1 : 2 6 5 - 2 7 5 .

K r e u t z e r , W. A. 1 9 6 3 . S e l e c t i v e t o x i c i t y , , o f c h e m i c a l s t o s o i l” m i c r o o r g a n i s m s . A n n u . R e v . P h y t o p a t h o l . 1 : 1 0 1 - 1 2 6 .

L e a t h , K . T . , a n d J . E . B a y l o r . 1 9 7 5 . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a i n . P e n n s y l v a n i a . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 5 9 : 9 7 2 - 9 7 4 .

L e h m a n , W . F . , D . C . E r w i n , a n d E . H . S t a n f o r d . 1 9 6 9 .R e g i s t r a t i o n o f P h y t o p h t h o r a - t o l e r a n t a l f a l f a .

\ g e r m p l a s m DC38 a n d U C 47 . C r o p S c i . 9 : 5 2 7 .

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H . E . * D .K . B a r n e s , D . L . R a b a s , F . I . F r o s h e i s e r , a n d D.M. S m i t h . „ 1 9 7 6 . F i e l d p e r f o r m a n c e o f ' S l ^ g l f a c u l t i v a r s r e s i s t a n t a n d s u s c e p t i b l e t oP h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r a t . A g r o n . J . 6 8 : 2 8 1 - 2 8 5 .

L u s h , J . L . 1 9 4 0 . I n t r a - s i r e c o r r e l a t i o n s o r r e g r e s s i o n s o fo f f s p r i n g o n _ dam a s a m e t h o d o f e s t i m a t i n g h e r i t a b i l i t y o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . P r o c . A m e r . S o c . A n im al* P r o d . 3 3 : 2 9 3 - 3 0 1 .

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L u e s c h e n ,

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H a r k s , G.

H a r k s , G.

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H c E l g u n n ,

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a n d p a t h o g e n i c i t y o f P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a f r o m s o i l s a n d e s t i m a t i o n o f i n o c u l u m l e v e l s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 0 : 1 6 8 7 - 1 6 9 0 .

C . , a n d J . E . H i t c h e l l . 1 9 7 1 a . P e n e t r a t i o n 1 ind i n f e c t i o n o f a l f a l f a r o o t s b y P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a a n d t h e p a t h o l o g i c a l a n a t o m y o f i n f e c t e d r o o t s . C a n . J . B o t . 4 9 : 6 3 - 6 7 .

A . '-' ;

C . r a n d J . E . H i t c h e l l . 1 9 7 1 b . F a c t o r s i n v o l v e d w i t h t h e r e a c t i o n s o f • a l f a l f a t o r o o t r o t c a u s e d by P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 1 : 5 1 0 - 5" l4 .

. , a n d B . I . H a r r i s o n . 1 9 4 9 . T h e m a n i f o l d e f f e c t s o f s e l e c t i o n . H e r e d i t y 3 : 1 3 1 - 1 6 2 .

J . D . , a n d O . H . H e i n r i c h s . 1 9 7 0 . E f f e c t s o f r o o t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d a s u s c e p t e d p h y t o t o x i c s u b s t a n c e o n t h e g r o w t h o f a l f a l f a . C a n . / J . P l a n t S c i . 5 0 : 3 0 7 - 3 1 1 .

D . L . 196/^6. T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f Ph y t o p h t h o r a s p p . i ni r r i g a t B o t . 44

o n s y s t e m s i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . C a n . J . 1 5 9 1 - 1 5 9 6 .

■ J . S . , atyd J . G .H . D a v i d s o n , 1 9 7 5 . P r e v a l e n c e o f a l f a l f a c r o w n a n d r o o t d i s e a s e s i n t h e P e a c e R i v e r R e g i o n o f A l b e r t a a n d B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , c a n . P l a n t D i s . S u r v . 5 5 : 1 2 1 - 1 2 5 .

R .S . - 1 9 7 0 . T e c h n i q u e s f o r d e m o n s t r a t i n ga c c u m u l a t i o n o f z o o s p o r e s o f P h y t o p h t h o r a s p e c i e s o n r o o t s i n s o i l . C a n . J . B o t . 4 8 : 8 7 9 - 8 8 2 . r

L . C . , a n d L . J . E l l i n g . 1 9 6 0 . P r e d i c t i n g d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e i n s y n t h e t i c v a r i e t i e s o f a l f a l f a f r o m c l o n a l c r o s s d a t a . A g r o n . J . 5 2 : 2 9 1 - 2 9 4 .

, E . , a n d R . L . D a v i s . 1 9 6 1 . Q u a n t i t a t i v ei n h e r i t a n c e o f h e i g h t a n d y i e l d i n a l f a l f a , He d i c a q o s a t i v a L . . C r o p S c i . 1 : 2 2 1 - 2 2 4 .

. G . , a n d J . E . H i t c h e l l . 1 9 7 3 . C o n d i t i o n s a f f e c t i n g t h e d e t e c t i o n o f P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a i n s o i l s o f W i s c o n s i n a l f a l f a f i e l d s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y

; 6 3 : 1 3 7 4 - 1 3 7 9 .

3 . , a n d H i t c h e l l . 1 9 7 5 . T h e s u r v i v a l a n d a c t i v i t y o f P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a i n n a t u r a l l y i n f e s t e d s o i l s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 5 : 1 2 6 7 - 1 2 7 2 .

3 . , a n d J . £ . H i t c h e l l ^ 1 9 7 6 . I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f

I

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s e e d l i n g a g e , i n o c u l u m , s o i l m o i s t u r e l e v e l , t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d h o s t a n d p a t h o g e n g e n o t y p e i n P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f a l f a l f a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 6 : 8 1 V 8 5 .

P r a t t , R . G . , J . E . M i t c h e l l , a n d D . A . W i l l i s . 1 9 7 5 .R e s i s t a n c e ; a n d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o P h y t o p h t h o r a m e g a s p e r m a e x p r e s s e d i n a l f a l f a c o t y l e d o n s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 5 : 3 6 5 - 3 6 9 .

P u l l i , S . K . , a n d U.Bj T e s a r . 1 9 7 5 . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t i n s e e d l i n g - y e a r a l f a l f a a s a f f e c t e d b y m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s i n d u c i n g s t r e s s . C r o p S c i . 1 5 : 8 6 1 - 8 6 4 .

P u r s s , G . S . /19 5 9 . R o o t r o t o f l u c e r n e . Q u e e n s l . A g r i c . 8 5 : 7 6 7 - 7 7 0 .

J .

R o b e r t s o n , F . W . , a n d E. R e e v e . 1 9 5 2 . S t u d i e s i n g u a n t i t a t i v e i n h e r i t a n c e . I . T h e e f f e c t s o f s e l e c t i o n o f w i n g a n d t h o r a x l e n g t h * r f L n D r o s o p h i l a mel a n o q a s t e r . J . G e n e t . 5 0 : 4 1 4 - 4 4 8 .

AR o j a s ,Z ' '

B . A . , a n d v a r i a n c e

G . F . S p r a g u e . 1 9 5 2 . A c o m p a r i s o n pt c o m p o n e n t s i n c o r n y i e l d t r a i l s . . I I I .

G e n e r a l a n d s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y a n d t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h l o c a t i o n s a n d y e a r s . A g p o n . J . 4 4 : 4 6 2 - 4 6 6 .

S c h m i t t h e n n e r , A . F . 1 9 6 4 . P r e v a l e n c e a n d v i r u l e n c e o f P h y t o p h t h o r a . A p h a n o m y c e s . P v t h i u m . R h i z o c t o n i a . a n d F u s a r i u m i s o l a t e d f r o m ; d i s e a s e d a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g s . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 5 4 : 1 0 1 2 - 3 0 1 8 .

S c o t t , f l . F . 1 9 6 5 . T h e a n a t o m y o f p l a n t r o o t s , p p . 1 4 5 - 1 5 3 . I n K . F . B a k e r a n d W.C. S n y d e r ( e d s . ) E c o l o g y ' o f s o i l - b o r n e p l a n t p a t h o g e n s . U n i v . C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , B e r k e l e y , C a l i f o r n i a .

y

S h e l d o n , B . L . 1 9 6 3 . S t u d i e s i n a r t i f i c i a l s e l e c t i o n o f q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s . A u s t r a l . J . B o i l . S c i . 1 6 : 5 1 6 - 5 4 1 .

S i n g h , S . M . , a n d K. L e s i n s . 1 9 7 1 . Q u a n t i t a t i v e g e n e t i c n a t u r e o f v e g e t a t i v e g r o w t h i n a l f a l f a . C a n . J . G e n e t . C y t o l . 1 3 : 7 5 - 8 0 . •

S p r a g u e , G . F . , a n d L . A . T a t u m . 1 9 4 2 . G e n e r a l - v s . s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y i n s i n g l e c r o s s e s o f c 6 r d V " J . A m e r . S o c . A g r o n . 3 4 : 9 2 3 - 9 3 2 .

S t e e l , R . G . D . ^ " / - o r o c

, a n d J . H . T o r r i e . 1 9 6 0 . P r i n c i p l e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s o f s t a t i s t i c s . McGra w - H i l l C o . , New

/ Y o r k .

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134

S t u t e v i l l e , D . L . 1 9 7 6 . P y r o x y c h l o r s e e d t r e a t m e n t t o c o n t r o l a l f a l f a s e e d l i n g d i s e a s e s c a u s e d by P y t h i u m . Ph y t o p h t h o r a . a n d P e r o n o s p o r a . T w e n t y - f i f t h A l f a l f a I m p . C o n f . R e p . p . 3 9 .

S j u a n s o n , M . R . , J . W . D u d l e y , a n d S . G . e a r n e r . 1 9 7 4 . S i m u l a t e d s e l e c t i o n f n a u t o t e t r a p l o i d p o p u l a t i o n s ^ I I . E f f e c t s o f d o u b l e r e d u c t i o n , p o p u l a t i o n s i z e , a n d s e l e c t i o n i n t e n s i t y . C r o p S c i . 1*1: 6 3 0 - 6 3 6 .

0

T a n , G . Y . 1 9 7 7 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . P l a n t S c i e n c e D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a , E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a , C a n a d a .

T b e u r e r , J . C . , a n d I . J . E l l i n g . 1 9 6 3 . C o m p a r a t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d i a l l e l c r o s s e s a n d r e l a t e d s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n s y n t h e t i c s o f a l f a l f a . I . B a c t e r i a l w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . C r o p S c i . 3 : 5 0 - 5 3 .

T s a o , P . H . 1 9 6 9 . S t u d i e s o n t h e s a p r o p h y t i c b e h a v i o r o f P h y t o p h t h o r a p a r a s i t i c a i n s o i l . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i t r u s S y n p . P r o c . 3 : 1 2 2 1 - 1 2 3 0 .

T u r n e r , P . D . 1 9 6 5 . B e h a v i o r o f P h y t o p h t h o r a p a l m i v o r a i n s o i l . P l a n t D i s . R e p . 4 9 : 1 3 5 - 1 3 7 .

*

T y a m l e y , B . E . 1 9 7 4 . R e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n i n f o r a g e s . P l a n t B r e e d i n g A b s t r a c t s 4 4 : 6 1 3 - 6 1 6 .

W a l k e r ; J . C . 1 9 6 9 . P l a n t p a t h o l o g y . T h i r d E d i t i o n . M c G raw - B i l l C o . , New Y o r k .

W a t e r h o u s e , G.M. 1 9 7 C . T a x o n o m y i n P h y t o p h t h o r a . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 6 0 : 1 1 4 1 - 1 1 4 3 .

W a t e r h o u s e , G . H . 1 9 7 3 . P e r o n o s p o r a l e s . p p . 1 6 5 - 1 8 3 . I n G .C .A i n s w o r t h , F . K . S p a r r o w , a n d A . S . S u s s m a n i e d s . ) T h e f u n g i a n a d v a n c e d t r e a t i s e - v o l . I Y B . A c a d e m i c P r e s s , New Y o r k .

W e b e r , I d . F . , a n d G . E . L e g g e t t . 1 9 6 6 . R e l a t i o n o f r h i z o b i a t o , a l f a l f a s i c k n e s s v i n e a s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n . USDA-ARS

” ■ ' 4 1 - 1 1 7 . |/■

W e b s t e r , G ^ R . , a n d P . C . D e k o c k . 1 9 7 0 . N u t r i e n t s t a t u s o f a l f a l f a s h o w i n g p o o r g r o w t h o n s e m e A l b e r t a s o i l s . C a n . J . P l a n t S c i . 5 0 : 2 7 7 - 2 8 2 .

W e b s t e r , G . R . , a n d E . J . B a w n . 1 9 7 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P a p a t Y l e n c h u s n r o i e c t u s i n c e n t r a l a n d n o r t h e r n A l b e r t a . C a n . P l a n t D i s . S u r v . 5 3 : 1 7 5 - 1 7 7 .

W e b s t e r , G . R . , S . U . K h a n , a n d A .W . M o o r e . 1 9 6 7 . P o o r g r o w t h

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■ \\ 135

\

o f a l f a l f a t Me d i c a q o s a t i v a ) o n s o m e A l b e r t a s c i l s . A g r o n . J . 5 9 : 3 7 - 4 1 . .|i

W e b s t e r , G . R . , W.R., O r c h a r d , a n d E . J . Hawn. 1 9 7 2 .* P a r a t y l e n c h u s p r o j e c t u s i n a l f a l f a f i e l d s o f

i c e n t r a l a n d n o r t h e r n A l b e r t a . C a n . P l a n t D i s .S u r v . 5 2 : 7 5 - 7 6 . }

W e l t y , ' R . E . , a n d T . H . B u s b i c e . 1 9 7 6 . P h y t o p h t h o r a r o o t r o t o f ■ a l f a l f a i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a . P / l a n t D i s . R e p . 6 0 : 1 4 - 1 8 .

W o o d w o r t h , C . H . , E . R . L e n g , a n d R .W . J u g e n h e i m e r . 1 9 5 2 .F i f t y g e n e r a t i o n s o f s e l e c t i o n f o r p r o t e i n a n d o i l i n c o r n . A g r o n . J . 4 4 : 6 0 - 6 5 .

Z e n t m y e r , G . A . . 1 9 6 1 . C h e a o t a x i s o f z o o s p o r e s f o r r o o te x u d a t e s . S c i e n c e , 1 3 3 : 1 5 9 5 - 1 5 9 6 . '

Z e n t a y e r , G.A . , a n d S . J . R i c h a r d s . 1 9 5 2 . P a t h o g e n i c i t y o fP h y t o p h t h o r a c i n n a n o m i ± o a v o c a d o t r e e s , a n d t h e

^ e f f e c t o f i r r i g a t i o n on d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t . . P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 4 2 : 3 5 - 3 7 .

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Reproduced

with perm

ission of the

copyright ow

ner. Further

reproduction prohibited

without

permission.

APPENDIX 1 Soil characteristics of samples taken from the area selected for the field site^, 1976.

/

SampleNumber

Sample Area Sample Depth (cm)

pH Available Nutrients (lb/acre)

N P K

Soil Conductivity (mmhos/cm)

^ Lattice strain test 1 0-15 6.0 11 48 147 0.1

V\ Lattice strain test 1 15-30 6.2 13 28 107 0.13 V . J Lattice strain test 1 0-15 6.0 21 66 251 0.24 Lattice strain test 1 15-30 6.2 22 37 136 0.25 Lattice strain test 2 0-15 6.0 25 108 313 0.26 Lattice strain test 2 15-30 6.0 13 74 160 0.1

. 7 Strain'test 1 0-15 5.9 22 111 203 0.2 -8 Strain test 1 / 15-30 6.5 13 74 130 0.19 J** / 0-15 5.9 44 82 235 0.2

10 j * * / 15-30 6.3 12 -49 106 0.1n J* * ' * -■ / 0-15 6.0 7 33 145 0.112 J** n / 0-15 6.0 11 25 179 0.1

/

*From Soil and Feed Testing Laboratory, O.S. Longman Bldg., Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, Alberta ♦♦Samples taken in field adjacent to field plot

CJOi

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APPENDIX 2 Weather data for the field site, Spruce Grove, Alberta, from 1967 to 1976*.

Year AnnualPrecipitation

(cm)

Rainfall**(cm)

Mean Daily Temperature**

(°C)

Daily Temperature (°C)** ,

Maximum Minimum

1967 34.9 15.3 14.6 20.40 / I8’. 7

1968 40.8 22.6 13.4 19.2 7.7 /1969 50.0 28.7 14.4 20?3 8.4/1970 48.2 29.4 15.2 20/.8 9 A1971 57.1 34.7 JL4.9 2j).6 - 9.21972 51.9 29.4 14.7 ■\20.0 i 9.31973 63.6 40.9 14.1 J l9 .8 t j 8.3, /1974 52.9 30.7 13.3 y 17.8 .I1 7.9;/1975 60.2 43.1 13.7 / 19.0 11976 50.0 32.5 14.4 j 19.9 'i 9.1

Mean 49.8 30.5 14.8 / 19.8

COt

CO

♦From Environment Canada. 1967-1977. Annual meteorological summaryfor Spruce Grove, Alberta. Environment Service, Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

**For the months May to August inclusive'

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\

138v

APPENDIX 3

Genotype

Comparatinsecon

iIson of mean heights, yields, and disease is\ pf alfalfa seedling progenies in the

iycle strain test.

Height(cm)

Yield(9)

ADisease Rati/ng

(1-5)* 1

Resistant /2B180 / 29.8 2.62R187 / 26.7 - 2.72V18 / 29.6 3.12B179 / I29.6 2.92B183 • / 29.6 2.82VI02 ' 29.2 3.12B76 / 28.8 2.72V15 / 28.7 3.22V96 , 7 28.3 4.22B178 / ./ 28.2 - 2.52V11 28.1 2.62V58 28.0 2.82V59 28.0 2.72G173 27.8 3.02V8 27.7 2.92B75 27.7 2.72V45 / * 27.7 2.6.2R1 27.5 „ 2.72V13 27.4 3.02V62 27.4 2.7 ,2V17 27.4 2.7 ]2B104 27.4 ' 2.4 •2V94 27.3 2.92V10 27.3 - 2.82V12 27.2 ' 3.7s2G130 ' 27.2 2.32V43 27.2 2.22V14 27.0 2,52V51 27 0, 2.32V49 2619 3(0^

2fv62B72 26/&L *2B108 - ___2§y7 2.82R186 26.6 2.82G129 26.6 2.32V53 26.5 2.52V52 26.4 2.52B69A 26.3 2.32V44A 26.1 2.62R166 25.9 2.32B106A 25.9 2.a2V46 25.7 1.92R86 25.6 2.4-2B73 25.6 2.2

2.042.792.462.42 2.31

'2.31 2.732.84 2.30 2.622.572.462.38 2.722.42 2.692.502.772.542.382.502.772.462.77 2.192.542.77 2.562.382.273.16 2.61 2.882.772.272.54 2.651.842.582.80 2.342.542.16

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APPENDIX Conti nued

Genotype Height . (cm)

Yield( g |

Disease Rating (1-5)*

2G169--y

25.5 3.Q 2.772B24 25.5 2.4 2.262V56 25.4 2.8 2.352B66A- 25.3 2.0 2.502B111- 24.7 2.3 2.802R188 24.5 1.9 2.62 '2B117A 24.2 2.2 2.76-2R66 23.7 2.7 2.84

• 2R26 23.7 2.1 2.922B74 23.6' 2.1 2.542G127 23.5 2.0 2.38

'2V99 / 23.3 2.3 2.462B29 / 22.8 1.5 2.082B110 f

\ c 22.7 2.1 * 2.62 . :2B70 22.5 2.2 2.542B6 22.0 V8 2.66

Susceptible 2BP71 i 2VP102 2VP53 \

- 2GP3>, 2VP101 1

. 2VP4B i2VP52 2BP105 2BP6 2RP147 2RP26 2BP69

‘ 2VP17 2VP43 2BP113 2VP46

• 2VP62 ' ,2VP61 2BP115 2GP130 2BP75

' 2BP153 2VP60

28.326.826.0

.7

.5

.0

.0

.9

25. 25. 25. 25. 24.24.824.624.224.223.723.6 23.523.323.023.022.922.4 21.220.718.0

2.52.6

.2.53.1 2.62.72. 21.8 1 . 82.7 2 . 2 2. 01.8 2.2 1 . J

<2 . 2 2.1 ‘

1.8 2 . 2 2.7 1.6 1.6 1.3

2.652.96 2.88 2:81 2.88 2.542.96 a ,2.76 2.622.922.922.732.922.922.662.772.962.96 = 2.88 2.69 2.802.74 2.84

CuTtivars Beaver (pasteurized

soil)** 2 8 .7 4.3 1.00

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APPENDIX 3 Continued

Genotype Height(an)

Yield(9)

Disease Rating (1-5)*

Beaver^ 24.0 - 2.4 2.48A gate*** 25.7 2.6 2.85

LSD (0.05)t 3.5 0.8 0.33LSD (0.01)t 4.6 1.0 0.43LSD (0.05)++ 2.7 0.6 0.26LSD (0.01)++ 3.6 0.8 0.34

---------«-------- -------------*1 = clean roots, 5 * dead plant

♦♦Means averaged over 8 replicates ♦♦♦Cultlvar not Included In the analysis of variance

USD = least s1<piiflcant difference between naans o f resistant and suscep­tible genotypes at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively

++LSD = least significant difference between neans of resistant, suscep­tible, and cultlvar genotypes at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively

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APPENDIX 4 Comparison of mean heights,, y i e l d s , andperformance ratinqs of a l fa l fa progeniesin la t t ice strain test 1 for 197C and 1977.

Genotype Height(cm)

1976 1,977

Yield( 9 ) /

1976 1 1977

Performah Rating (5

1976

ce})*

Resistant %

2B66A 58.3 77.0 388 730 4.252V96 57.3 75.0 439 751 4.001B24 56.0 V 75.0 354 794 4.002B29 56.5 \ 79.5 317 689 3.75IB2.9 ' 56.0 76.5 354 824 4.002R163 56.0 72.5 447 763 4.002V1O0 55.8 71.5 403 582 3.5018117 - 55.5 75.0 294 741 3.252 VI5 55.3 76.5 344 703 3.502B106 55.3 75.5 367 684 14.001V15 55.3 73.5 350 554 3.252V61A 55.0 73.0 377 608 3.751V11 54.5 . 75.5 314 631 3.501V57 J 54.5 ; 71.0 446 , 602 3.502 VI9 54.5 69.5 330 517 3.252V48A 54.3 75.0 365 724 4.002V7 54.0 74.5 286 613 3.501B73 54.0 73:0 437 802 3.752B76 53.8 77.0 310 858 3.752R86 53.8 72.5 357 705 3.001B110 53.5 \ 78.5 0 304 857 3.502V99 53.5 N?2.0 , 330 713 3.252B116 53.3 76.5 240 682 3.001V41 53.3 76.0 \ 288 677 3.50IV49 53.3 74.5 \ 338 793 3.50

. 2B6 53.3 72.0 \ 356 648 4.002V61 53.3 ^ 7 0 .5 \ 295 515 3.251V9 53.0 74.3 353 720 3.252V102A 53.0 70.0 305 585 3.50

v2V942BH5A—-r

52.8 77.0 247 613\ 3.2552.8 76.0 252 708 \ 3.25

U'-^2V42 5?. 8 73,0 . 285 681 3.252V10 52-8 71.5- 276 589 3.251R26 52.5 75.0 272 639 3.002V17 52.5 73.5 294 *672 3.252G169 52.5 69.0 250 706 3.252V13 5213

52 io73.0 333 842 3.50

18108 \ 78.0 212 729 3.251G130 52i0 71.5 247 ° 628 3.251875 0 51.8 77.0 256 727 3.50

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APPENDIX 4 Continued

Genotype Height(cm)

Yield(g)

Performance Rating (5-1)*

y'' 1976 1977 1976 1977 1976/

/ 1B109 51.8 74.5 268 674 3.501B69 51.8 73.5 369 627 3.251V12 51.5 74.5 296 718 3.001VI7 51.5 72.0 292 536 3.002V60A 51.5 - 69.0 267 424 3.002 VI4 51.5 ‘ 67.0 194 399 2.751G127 53.3 72.0 314 673 3.001B179 51.3 71.5 258 606 3.252V56 51.3 68.0 278 550 3.002B151 51.0 76.0 ,266 759 < 3.252B75 51.0 75.0 256 780 3.252B183 51.0 72.0 309 725 3.252V49A 51.0 71.5 329 692 3.25t VI02 51.0 71.5 298 600 3.001B104 51.0”! 68.5 252 555 3.002R165 50.8 69.5 285 600 3.002R187 50.5 76.5 305 926 3.752R26 50.5 73.5 241 690 3.002V62 50.5 72.5 310 642 3.001V8 50.5 72.0 226 582 3.001V51 50.5 66.5 205 481 2.50IB 74 ' 50.3 72. 237 583 3.252V51A 50.0 68.^ 324 592 3.252V49 50.0 68.0 245 503 2.752V461870

49.8 73.5 191 513 2.7549.8 73.0 259 802 3.25

2R146 49.8 70.5 259 547 , 3.001V46 49.8 70.0 281 571 2.752V58 49.8 67.5 242 615 3.001G169 49.5 72.0 289 785 3.502R30 49.5 71.5 251 581 3.751B1S0 49.3 71.5 266 658 3.252V100A 49.3 71.5 248 * 551 3.002V48 49.0 70.0 269 578 2.752V59 48i8 68.0 198 538 2.751R147 48.5 73.5 '254 635 3.oo y2V12 48.3 70.0 210 446 2.502B23 48.0 71.0 287 628 3.00 *■1R165 46.5 71.0 271 802 3.0028113 45.0 70.5 223 620 2.50

. 2B70 44.3 67.0 190 0 5 3 2.50.2R148 43.0 71.5 294 678 2.50

Susceptible2BP113 54.8 77.0 308 692 3.751RP159 54.0 75.0 339 1 757 3.25

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APPENDIX 4 Continued ^\\ (

Genotype Height Yield Performance(cm) (g) Rating (5-1)*

1976 1977 1976 1977 4976

1VP62 53.0 276 627 3.25IBP!13 A 52.5 .. ' 73.0 288 587 3.502BP69 52.5 , 70.0- • 318 591 3.501GP33 0.52.3

50.570.5 314 651 3.75

1GP130 68.5 * 188 450 2.751RP188 49.5 69.0 288 585 2.501VP9 . 49.3 72.0 281 678 2.751VP17 48.5

c‘ • 72.5 200 439 ' 3.00

CultlvarSVernal** ' 53.9

V . '

71.8 365 689 3.38Roamer** 48.9 69.0 230 584 2.38Beaver** . 47.3 71.0 219 623 3.13Grirrm** 46.8 69.5 216 538 3.00

LSD (0.05)t 4.9 4.9 103 179 0.80LSD (0.01)t 6.5 6.4 135 236 1.05LSD (0.05)++ 4.3 4.2 89 . 155 0.70LSD (0.01)++ 5.6 5.5 , 117 204 0.91

*5 = productive stand, 1 = unproductive stand ♦♦Means are average of 8 replicates +LSD = least significant difference between means of resistant and sus­ceptibly genotypes at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively

++LSD * least significant difference between means of resistant, suscep­tible and cultivar genotypes at p < 0.05 and p <_ 0.01 levels, respectively

\{

l - a

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APPENDIX 5 Height and yield means of alfalfa progenies in lattice strain test 2 for 1976 and 1977.

•v

Genotype Height Yield(cm) (g)

1976, 1977 1977

Resistant2B183A 51.6 70.6 3721V61 50.4 69.3 2621V43 49.5 68.2 3461V44 ' 48.6 69.6 3062V8 48.5 72.5 3611G20 47.7 69.6 3962V99A 47.5 68.4. 3602V44A 47.4 71.2 337

' 1G35 ' 47.3 ; 64.6 1 2912V102 47.2 67.5 4052V50 47.1 68.8 3522V62A 47.1 68.1 3721B182 46.8 69.0 ' 3141R146 46.8 67.3 3302R137 46.2 70.2 3582V47 J 46.2 69.2 3191V45 46.2 69.0 3211B178 46.2 68.0 3632G129 45.6 68.3 3232V52A 45.4 70.9 3432B104 V 45.3 64.5 323 c1G4 45.0 66.6 ' 3511G157. 44.8, 71.3 371IV16 44.6 6?. 3 3422G158 * 43.6 72.5 3991R137 43.4 66.6 3382V11 ' 43.1 68.6 2351G177 43.1 66.8 2881B151 ' 42.2 72.1 3482B76A 42.2 68.0 2631R145 42.1 66.3 251\2R88 42.0 66.6 . 308\2B155 41.8 66.1 2921V18 41.7 66.5 2621R188 » 41.3 68.3 3241B181 41.3 67.2 •* 3082G173 41.1 62.3 319-1V59 40.1 63.0 2231R32 39.0 69.5 i 3571R25 37.8 . 64.8 2951R83 37.2 71.3 2561G37 36.7 62.2 266

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fAPPENDIX 5 Continued

Genotype > Height ' > Yiel#(cm) ( g P

1976 1977 1977

Susceptible2BP155 52.0 72.8 3772VP98 51.2 \67.4 3051VP100 50.6 69.9 3571GP34 50.2 ' 67.7 2912BP105 50.0 73.9 5262GP33 50.0 69.9 3761 VP 17 49.2 68\7 2892VP53 48.9 71 .\1 , 4392VP54 48.1 65.9 2102VP55 47.1 - 68.1 3832VP96 45.9 72.4 4322VP14 45.8 66.1 ^ 3421VP58 45.2 64.7 * i 2721BP151 44.5 65.4 3292GP130 44.2 64.5 2842GP34 44.0 66.0 3382VP43 43.9 66.3 2682VP42 42.1 68.5 3001BP70 41.1 64.8 2981GP133 40.6 65.7 2561GP127 39.7 66.0 2921GP21

iltivars

k 35.7 60.7 225

Vernal♦ 49.0 69.3 341Beaver^ 45.3 • 70.2 395Grimm 44.6 67.2 348Roamef* 42.7 67.0 309

/LSD (0.05)t 6.6 - 5.6 125LSD (0.01)+ 8.7 7.3 164LSD (0.05)++ 5.7 4 4.8 108LSD (0.01)++ 7.6 6.4 143

♦Means averaged over 8 replicates+LSD = least significant difference between means of resistant and suscep­tible genotypes at p < 0.05 and p £ 0.01 levels, respectively

++LSD = least significant difference between means of resistant, susceptibl and cultlvar genotypes at p £ 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively

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APPENDIX 6 Mean heights and yie lds of a l fa l fa progenies instrain tes t 1 for 1976 and 1977.

Genotype ' - .Height Yield(cm) • (g)

1976 1977 1977

Resistant 2V56A 1V13 2V53 2V51 2V46A 1V93 1V19 2B111 2B75A 1V50 2V45 1V54 2B72 1V52 1G192 2V94A 2B110 28 74 2V101 2V95A 2B67 1VI4 1R30 1B66 1R90 2V45A 1V53 2B108A 1V96 1V97 1G90 2B73 1G129 1B67 2R186 1G134 1V99 1634 2B74A 1R82 28185A 1G133 2R159

4141*4040404039393939393838383737363636363636353535353534343434343433333333333232323232

726 87065 62 61 7266 > 656564 68 63 6166 6369 6863 61595765646360587064 64 61 6159 6 8 64 62 5958 68 64595'9*VX59

460412373470325269360344 442 411335 259375336 357337 481 451 226 237 269 140 287 377 310 306 245 434376327328 313 258 501 416 328 252 331 398 317345 282 262

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APPENDIX 6 Continued

Genotype Height Yield(cm) (g)

1976 1977 1977

1B184 32 58 3201V100 32 55 1601G126 31 63 2921R148 31 61 3801B1.13 31 61 301TGI 71 31 60 2951G28 31 58 2821G189 31 55 2031R84 30 63 2181G27 30 62 3412B112A 30 61 3141B111 30 . 59 2821G174 30 59 2552G193 30 54 2031R163 29 63 3011B72 ----- x 29 62 2561B155 29 60 2631G131 29 57 2371V10 29 53 ' 1471R88 28 64 3751B23 28 60 3081R144 28 59 3871G175 / 28 59 3151B153 / 28 . 57 2041B180 / 28 56 1691G173 / 27 58 3421G132 27 56 2241B68 25 59 2511R31 25 56 1711R139 24 58 2271G158 24 55 237

isceptible1VP47 43 68 3341VP49 40 63 2212BP6 39 5 67 3481$P67 39 64 2841VP99 39 62 2782BP67 38 68 4041GP129 38 64 3451BP75 \ 38 61 2352VP49 37 66 3571VP42 37 7 64 2661VP8 37 / 63 2881VP51 37 / 59 201

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APPENDIX 6 Continued

Genotype

1976

Height(cm)

1977

Yiel.d( 9)

1977

1VP602RP1471VP162BP752BP711RPt 652VP611GP41GP281RP311BP1791 VP 501GP1921BP1831GP1261GP132,1VP19 I1VP57I1VP151RP86I1GP20 f1RP11RP62

CultivarsVernal*Beaver*Agate*Roamer*Grimm*

LSD (0.05)+ LSD (O.Oljt LSD (0.05)++ LSD (0.01)++

3736363535353535353433333131303030292928282726

4039373430

5.57.3 4.86.3

55 62 61 66 64 63 61 6156 61 6658 6059 61 61555756 5958 55->59

6472616461

6 ; 0 8.0 5.2 6.9

212300220299361233 325 230287 346 356 239 296 237 308288 155 274 256234 205 198 214

291386278288309

115152100132

♦Means averaged over 4 replicates+LSD * least significant difference between means of resistant and suscep­

tible genotypes at; p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively ++LSD = least significant difference between means of resistant, susceptible

and cultlvar genotypes at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively

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