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34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 1 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
1. Learned Behavior = A change in behavior that results from experience is called learning.
• Many animals can alter their behavior based on experience.
• Learning is also called acquired behavior.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 2 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
2. The four major types of learning are:
• habituation
• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• insight learning
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 3 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
3. Habituation = is a process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it.
4. Example a worm may stop responding to the shadow of something that neither provides the worm with food nor threatens it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsKGMDAqdGY
More examples?
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 4 of 35
5. Why is habituation a beneficial behavioral adaptation?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 5 of 35
5. Why is habituation a beneficial behavioral adaptation? By ignoring a nonthreatening or unrewarding stimulus, animals can spend their time and energy more efficiently.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 6 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
6. Classical Conditioning
• Any time an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment, it has learned by classical conditioning.
• An example of classical conditioning is the work of Pavlov and his dog. (Pavlov's experiment is shown on the next few slides.)
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 7 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
A) Before Conditioning
When a dog sees or smells food, it produces saliva.
Food is the stimulus and the dog’s response is salivation.
Dogs do not usually salivate in response to nonfood stimuli.
7. Classical Conditioning Process:7. Classical Conditioning Process:
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 8 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
B. During Conditioning
By ringing a bell every time he fed the dog, Pavlov trained the dog to associate the sight and smell of food with the ringing bell.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 9 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
C. After Conditioning
When Pavlov rang a bell in the absence of food, the dog still salivated.
The dog was conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus that it did not normally associate with food.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 10 of 35
Pavlov’s Dog & Conditioning:
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Go to: Go to: Classical Conditioninghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 11 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
8. Operant Conditioning occurs when an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment.
Operant conditioning is also called trial-and-error learning.
Example:
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 12 of 35
What do you think is going on?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQtDTdDr8vs
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 13 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
9. Operant conditioning was first described by B. F. Skinner.
•Skinner invented a testing procedure using a “Skinner box.”
•A Skinner box has a colored button that, when pressed, delivers a food reward.
•After an animal is rewarded several times, it learns that it gets food whenever it presses the button.2nd Skinner Box – Big Bang Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 14 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Learned Behavior
10. Insight Learning = reasoning, occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation, without a period of trial and error.
• Insight learning is common among humans and primates.
• If you are given a math problem on an exam, you use insight learning in order to solve it.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
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What do you think is going on here?
A) Situation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGPGknpq3e0
B) Situation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC9nZk44ywQ
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 16 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Instinct and Learning Combined
11. Instinct and Learning Combined
• Most behaviors are a combination of instinct and learning.
• Young white-crowned sparrows have an innate ability to recognize their own species’ song. To sing the complete version, the young birds must first hear it sung by adults.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 17 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Instinct and Learning Combined
12. Imprinting
•Some young animals learn to recognize and follow the first moving object they see during an early time in their lives. This process is called imprinting.
•Imprinting keeps young animals close to their mother, who protects them and leads them to food.
•Once imprinting occurs, the behavior cannot be changed.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 18 of 35
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Instinct and Learning Combined
13. Imprinting can occur through scent as well as sight.
•Example: Salmon imprint on the odor of the stream in which they hatch. When they are mature, salmon remember the odor of the stream and return there to spawn.
34-1 Elements of Behavior
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Imprinting:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCjlubLJcxk
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
34-1 Elements of Behavior
Slide 20 of 35
Activity 2: Quick Lab
14. Go to Page 875 in Chapter 34-1 Elements of
Behavior Packet. Read the Quick Lab.
15. Create a puzzle using the diagram.
16. List the materials you will need.
17. Run the experiment & create a table in your Lab Journal for the data.
18. Create a graph for your data in your Lab Journal.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall