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UNIT‐ 1 Communication skills.
Q1. What is communication? Explain the process with the help of examples.
Introduction:
The term “COMMUNICATION” comes from the Latin word “COMMUNICARE”, this means to impart or participate.
In every mode communication is necessary and imperative.
Communication:
“COMMUNICATION is the process of passing information and understanding from one to another”.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication has been defined as a process, which is dynamic and ever changing in nature.
Process consists of five steps:‐
‐‐ Idea is generated
‐‐ Idea becomes message
‐‐ Message is transmitted
‐‐ Receiver gets message
‐‐ Receiver responds the message (Feed back)
IDEA SENDER ENCODING MESSAGE IS TRANSMITTED RECEIVING RECEIVER DECODING
MEDIUM
FEED BACK
IDEATION:‐
• The process of communication begins with ideation, which refers to the formation of idea or selected message is to be communicated.
• The scope of ideation is determined by sender’s knowledge, experience and abilities.
SENDER:‐
• Sender is one who starts the process of communication. Sender may select the content and its kind.
• It may be logical or emotional. Message may be on formal subject or general subject.
ENCODING:‐
• In this stage messages are composed of symbols having translation of an already conceived idea by sender through appropriate medium.
• Converting idea to message can be termed as encoding, which needs to have selected medium for it.
TRANSMISSION:‐
• Transmission refers to the flow of message over a chosen channel. It is one of the most basic aspects of communication because it also involves in selecting proper time, place and way.
RECEIVING MESSAGE:‐
• Receiver receives message from sender through a selected medium. The receiver has to assign meaning to a message in order to understand the message.
DECODING:‐
• Decoding is reverse of encoding. It is a process of converting a message into thoughts by translating the received stimuli.
• Process of decoding involves to interpretation and analysis of a message, which is done by receiver.
FEED BACK:‐
• Response is the last stage in communication process. It is an action or reaction of receiver to the message received. Response is thus known as key to communication effectiveness.
CONCLUSION:‐
The flow of communication will be more effective if all the above have smooth flow, without any hindrance or noise.
Other form of questions would be ‐‐‐‐‐
• Draw communication cycle.
• Explain the term encoding decoding and feedback.
• Explain in detail flow of communication.
Q2. What are elements of communication? Explain each element with suitable example.
INTRODUCTION:‐
In communication language embodies (combines) and conveys thoughts along with language. There is also other element, which contributes to communication.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION:‐
Intellectualism
Language Initiation
Expression ELEMENTS OF Feedback
COMMUNICATION
Knowledge Channel
Attitudes Situation
Purpose
IN DETAIL:‐
INITIATION:‐
Communication begins a source initiates a statement in order to transmit some thoughts need idea or information.
To give a welcome speech there must be an idea for what to speak.
FEEDBACK:‐
The response of the receiver that is sent back to the source forms a feed back. Feed back helps to know if the message was received correctly or not.
We may intend to give feed back after attending a seminar so as how far we understood the topic.
CHANNEL:‐
Channel connects the source (E.g. speaker) and receiver (listener).They may be connected to each otter by sound waves or light waves.
Sound waves are carried of by language we use and light waves with facial expression and body gestures.
SITUATION:‐
Situation is the place or setting in which a communicative events occur .The content will differ always when you communicate with your friends and with your boss as according to the situation.
PURPOSE:‐
Purpose consists of intention of the source or speaker. It is a communicative aim of speaker.
In college your teachers will speak with purpose to teach to you a given topic.
ATTITUDE:‐
The speaker and the listener carry with them certain ideologies, world views, beliefs and aptitude.
They are under the influence of varying emotional and mental states.
Students will have negative view towards dull students of the class or to the naughty ones.
KNOWLEDGE:‐
The speaker has to possess adequate knowledge of the message that is to be transmitted.
Knowledge is based upon observation, study and personal experience.
There must be a proper knowledge of a given subject before examination for students.
EXPRESSION:‐
Expression consists of the ability to transmit or communicate effectively.
There must be clarity, intelligibility and fluency for smooth flow of it.
When we have pain and sorrow we may express it with the help of tears.
LANGUAGE:‐
Language is one of the most important elements in the communication process.
There must be appropriate words and pattern of sentences to use language effectively.
There should be politeness, in our language, when we are talking to our elders.
INTELLECTUATISM:‐
Communication is sustained and made effective with the intellectualism.
Speaker and listener have to express and understand views calmly, rationally, reflectively, precisely and effectively. When intellectualism is absent, thoughts and ideas are likely to be insufficient.
CONCLUSION:‐
Communication needs to have creativity, which can be attained with involvement of different elements.
Q3. Explain in detail the flow of communication.
INTRODUCTION
Information flows in an organization both formally and informally. The flow of communication can be into various directions as: ‐ (1) Vertical communication (2) Horizontal Communication.
.Upward
.Downward VERTICAL COMMUNICATION
.Lateral or diagonal
HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
Formal communication will flow with official hierarchy level and informal flow has no definite structure or hierarchy to follow.
FLOW OF COMMUNICATION
MANAGING DIRECTOR
DIAGONAL
HORIZONTAL
DIRECTOR 1 DIRECTOR 2 DIRECTOR 3
M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3
UPWARD DOWNWARD
IN DETAIL:
• DOWNWORD COMMUNICATION :
Downward communication flows from a manager .i.e. from top to the chain of command.
For example when managers inform, instruct or advice their subordinates, the flow of communication is in downward pattern.
Downward communication can take any form as member notice, new policies or procedure to ask for any analysis etc.
Conversation may be through written form, face to face or telephonic.
Upward communication:
When the flow of communication is from bottom line to the top authority it is termed as upward communication.
For example when subordinates send a report to inform their superiors or to present their findings, communication flows upward.
The extent of upward communication depends on the organization.
Open culture creates a climate of trust, participative or empowerment, as they would provide input for managerial division.
Suggestion box, survey, grievance procedures, reviews reports etc. provides information to top management.
Lateral /Horizontal communication.
This form of communication takes place among peer group or hierarchical equivalent employees.
Such communication is necessary to facilitate co‐ordination, save time and bridge communication gap.
Lateral communication enables the sharing of information with a view to apprise the peer group of activities of a department.
This type of communication is very vital for growth of an organization as it builds co‐operation among various branches.
Probability of communication gap is found because of decentralization.
Diagonal or cross lines.
Diagonal or cross lines communication flows in all direction and cuts across all function and level in an organization.
For example sales manager communication directly to vice president (production).
This form of communication deviates from normal chain, but it’s quick and efficient.
The increase use of e‐mail also encourages cross lines communication.
As there is no specific line command in diagonal communication, it is also referred as cross lines, radial or circle communication, depending upon structure of an organization.
Q4. Explained basic forms of communication.
Introduction:‐
There are different forms of communication by which the massage can be transmitted, it shows how massage is compassed and delivered.
Forms of communication:‐
Picture/symbols/signs. Oral communication. Written communication
Object language communication
Body language Voice modulation space distance
In detail:‐
1. Oral communication
Oral means stemming from mouth, message in the form of spoken words are referred as oral communication. The use and position of words in oral communication can make difference in understudying the intent of message.
2. Written communication:‐
Written communication refers to the words that are written and studied in the form of a message.
In an organization written from of communication written from of communication is in the form of letters, means, reports etc.
Whenever message is transmitted in written format, they acquire a formal structure; simple language is used, for better interpretation.
3. Body language.
Body language refers to the transfer of message through signals emitted by body. Body language in almost all situations is involuntary.
The receiver on most occasions is able to grasp the signals and moments at a collective’s understudying of the message.
4. Space / distance:‐
The space or distance you maintain with receiver or sender communicates the nature of relationships between both.
Zone that an individual maintains:‐
Imitate 1 or 1 ½ feet
Personal 4 approximately
Social 10 to 11
Public 11 feet
5. Voice modulation.
Voice modulation and inflection in the tone refers to the changes in voice and speech patterns.
Variations in voice modulation can communication much about the feeling and attitude of the sender. Level of energy and peach of speaking also communication a message.
6. Object language.
Object language refers to the message communicated by the objects. For example a respectable dress code and a brief case communicate a class. Object language allows precede oral communication, which either strengthens or negatives the image.
7. Picture / symbols/ signs.
Picture, symbols and signs used, to add the content for easy understanding. Complexity to the content may anise, if picture, symbols are not used property.
It must be simple, conventional, lays and creative one.
Thus different forms of communication are used to convey the message with an appropriate media or channel to make more effective.
Q5. Explain different levels of communication. Introduction:‐
Communication is an activity which involves transmission and inter‐change of ideas at various levels.
Levels of communication:‐
Human communication takes place at various levees as:‐
• Extra personal
• Intra personal
• Inter personal
• Organization
• Mass
In detail:‐
Extra personal communication:‐
Communication between human beings and non‐human entities is known as extra‐personal.
For example, “A parrot responding to your greeting”.
In this form of communication, it require to perfect co‐ordination and understanding between sender and receiver.
One of them will transmit information or respond in sign language.
Intrapersonal communication:‐
The communication that takes place within the individual is known as intrapersonal.
Brain is linked to all the parts of the body by an electrochemical system.
When any information is sent to the brain it acts as receiver, and responds to the sender after processing the information.
Self motivation, self determination etc. take place at the intrapersonal level.
Organizational communication:‐
Communication is an organization takes place at different hierarchical levels, which is necessary for the sustenance of any organization.
Communication here needs to be with proper networking for a smooth flow. It includes as:‐
Internal operational:‐
All communication that Occurs in conducting work within organization is known as inter‐operational.
External operational:‐
The work related communication that an organization does with people out side the organization is called external communication personal.
All communication in an organization that occurs without purpose as far as business is concerned is called personal communication.
Mass Communication:‐
Communication to a large audience which is heterogeneous (made up of people) and anonymous (unknown).
This type of communication is more persuasive in nature, which also requires more care on part of sender in encoding the message.
Oral communication through mass media requires equipment as microphone, amplifier written form need print or visual media.
Characteristics:‐
• Large reach
• Impersonality
• Presence of a gatekeeper.
Q6. State the difference between general and technical communication:‐
Communication is said to be a circulatory system of an organization use of different technology for a medium of communication is found, which make communication process more effective.
Difference between general and technical communication
Heading Technicalcommunication
General communication
Factual Technical communication is always found factual
General form of communication may not be always factual
Formal elements Need to have formal elements
There is no need of formal elements
Structure In this form it’s logically organized and structured.
Structure is not be always maintain
Audience It defines for specific audience
There may or may not be specific audience.
Technique Complex and important exposition of techniques are found
There is no specific exposition of techniques
Graphics Usually involves graphics May or may not use graphics
Style Always found to be formal style
Both formal and informal style are used
Content Content is technical here Content is general here
Vocabulary Involves to have special vocabulary
Involves general vocabulary
Nature Objectives Objectives & subjective
Importance of technical communication
Technical communication plays a pivotal role in an organization whether its business enterprise, an industry or an academic.
Communication serves as an instrument to measure the success or growth of an organization.
Revolution in information technology is having a profound impact on technical communication.
Special Skill is required as of Change in Technological Environment These Skills Include
1‐Knowledge of High‐tech Communication
2‐Ability to Present
3‐Explain Complex Technical Information in Simple and Familiar Style
4‐Analyyze and Understand the data
The flow of information through technical mode makes it easy and speedier
Example:‐E‐mail, fax, internet etc
Technical communication provides better and effective structure to a given source of information
Examples: Manuals, reports, proposals. Etc.
Quality and quantity of information is more overfund through technical communication which becomes more organized in an organization.
Technical communication in an organization can be divided into oral and written form; selection of media plays an important role here.
It is impossible for an organization to survive without communication; use of technical aspect so can never be ignored here.
Q7. Explain communication networks
A variety of patterns emerge when communication combines through vertical horizontal channels. The patterns are termed as communication networks.
FORMAL:
There are five common communication networks that play an important role in formal network.
CHAIN NETWORK –
The chain network represents a vertical hierarchy in which communication can flow only upward or downward.
This type of network is found as direct –line of authority communications with no deviations.
Y‐NETWORK‐
Y‐Network is in effect a multi‐level hierarchy and combination of horizontal and vertical flow of communication.
It is found that two subordinates report to one senior, with two levels of authority above the latter.
WHEEL NETWORK‐
Wheel network refers to several subordinates reporting in a superior. This is a combination of horizontal and diagonal flow of communication.
CIRCLE NETWORK‐
Circle network allows employee to interact with adjacent members but no further.
There is a vertical communication between superiors and subordinates. Horizontal is only at lowest level.
ALL CHANNELS –
This form of communication network is least structured, which enables each employee to communication freely with the others.
All are equal as no employee formally or informally assumes a leading role.
INFORMAL NETWORK MODELS
Besides flow through formal network communication in an organization also travels in informal networks. The Grapevine
The informal network is very active in almost every organization. The different patterns of networks found are:‐
1. Single stand: Single stand is the way in which most people are view in grapevine. Here the message is passed from one person to another along a single stand.
2. Gossip: In gossip network one person passes information to all other. As one to many form.
3. Probability: In this form of network the information is passed by at random, no fix structure is found here.
4. Cluster: Cluster is the most popular form of grapevine in which some people will pass information to select few others.
In general informal / grapevine is:
Not expensive Rapid Multidirectional Voluntary and unforced one
But:
Should not ignore information received through grapevine Should use supplement formal channel. Should identify but not threaten source of information Should try to understand human relationship involved
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UNIT‐2 Verbal and Non Verbal Communication Skill
Q1. Discuss the main elements of non verbal communication.
OR
What are the main components of non verbal communication?
Following are the component & non verbal communication.
1) Kinesics: • Kinesics is word related to gestures, facial expression and eye
contact.
• One can express Intimacy, love, hate, anger, affection, agreement through your eyes.
• The face also conveys happiness, sadness, love, radness and hatred ness.
• Gestures are used to call someone close, or instruct to go away. 2) Proxemics:
• Proxemics is derived from ‘Proximity’ which means ‘nearness’.
• Distance or closeness that we maintain among ourselves communicate definite message.
3) Haptics:
• Haptics is related to human touch.
• Touch can communicate different message.
• It depends on location, duration, intensity, frequency, instrument & touch.
• Touch can communicate care for someone, concern, anger or violence
• Aggressive touches such hating or pushing.
• The location of touch such as handholding or face touching convey intimacy & friendliness.
4) Chronemics:
• Chronemics is the study related to study of how human beings communicate through their use of time.
• In the professional world, time is a valuable commodity. When you are late for an appointment, people react negatively.
• If you arrive early, you are considered either over – eager or aggressive.
5) Body language:
• Body has its own language.
• Body language skill is one of the essential qualities of a professional.
There are some important points to be remembered to a master to a good body language.
5.1 First Impression:
First impression is the last impression.
5.2 Eye contact
• Eye contact with the audiences creates intimacy.
• The speaker becomes a part of the audience for some moment.
• Shift your vision in all direction with little pause.
5.3 Facial expression:
• A speaker must look pleasant & confident.
• Avoid fear from mind.
• The “toilet going” facial expression creates bad impression about the speaker.
5.4 Gesture control:
5.4.1 Hands:‐
• Keep your hands empty & still.
• Avoid playing with objects.
• Genuine & impressive hand gestures are good to confidence & vitality.
5.4.2 Legs:‐
• Legs should be still & firm.
• Speaker should stand firmly.
• Don’t change place every now & then.
• Speaker with interest & enthusiasm.
Q2. Explain barriers of effective communication.
1. Intrapersonal Barriers 2. Interpersonal Barriers 3. Organizational Barriers. 1.) Intrapersonal Barriers:‐
• Individuals are unique because of their idiosyncrasies.
• Each interprets the same information in different ways.
• Certain common causers are responsible for the individual’s inbuilt barriers.
1.1 Wrong Assumptions:‐
• Many barriers storm from wrong assumptions.
• Wrong assumptions are generally made because the sender or receiver does not have adequate knowledge about each other back ground.
• A skilled communication keeps these issues in mind prevent them from becoming barriers.
1.2 Varied Perception:‐
• Individual in organization precive situations in different ways.
• The best way to overcome this barrier is to step back and take a wide perspective of the issue.
1.3 Differing Backgrounds:‐ • No two persons have a similar background.
• Our background plays a significant role in how we interpret message.
• To enhance your communicate on skill, it is necessary to know the background of your audience.
• Empathy or identification with another person is the solution to their barrier.
1.4 Wrong Inferences:‐
• Inferences are more dramatic then facts and for this reason they give more scope for gossip and rumor to burgeon.
• Inferences supported by facts are essential for professionals when they analyze materials, solve problems & plan procedures.
1.5 Impervious categories:‐
• In general, we react positively to information only if it is in consonance with our own views and attitude.
• Conversely, when we receive information that does not confirm to our personal views, habits and attitudes, appears unfavourable to us, we tend to create negatively or even disbelieve.
• Rejection, distortion and avoidance are three common, undesirable, and negative reactions to unfavorable information.
• Similarly people who are very rigid in their opinions way face problems in communicating effectively.
1.6 Categorical Thinking:‐
• People who feel that they “know it all” are called pan sophists.
• This type of thinking exists in people who feel that they know everything about a particular subject, and therefore refuse to accept any further information on that topic.
• The clue to deleting this barrier in others and ourselves is the use of words like all, always, everybody, everything, every time and there opposite like none, never, nobody and nothing.
• To avoid this barrier, substitute these words with phrase like “in most situations “or likely.
2.) Interpersonal barrier:‐
• Interpersonal barriers occur due to the in appropriate transaction of words between two or more people.
• The two board categories into which this barrier can be classified are. 1. Inefficiency in communication skill. 2. Negative aspect nurturing in the element.
2.1 Limited vocabulary:‐
• An inadequate vocabulary can be a major hindrance is communication.
• During your speech if you are at a loss for words, your communication skill will be very ineffective and you will leave a poor impression on the audience.
• On the other hand if you have varied and substantial, vocabulary you can create an indelible impression on your listeners
2. Communication across culture.
1. Cross culture communication:‐
• Cross culture communicational flexibility is a major requirement for successful communication in our modern world.
• The presentation examines the length and breadth of the issue.
2. Non verbal communication:‐
• Facial expression, other gestures, posture, bodily movements and the three distances (intimate, personal and social) are introduced.
• The basic example of “sign language “are demonstrated cross culturally and the communicational implication of each are discussed.
3. Creative perception:‐
• Participants are introducing to the method and principle for sharpening observational and listening skills in cross cultural contexts.
4. Cross culture difference:‐
• In the global arena workplace we tend to minimizing or even to ignore our cultural difference while mythologizing that they no longer exist.
• But this is a dangerous myth for it greatly heightens the potentials for miscommunication.
5. Cross culture miscommunication:‐
• We communicate through language, symbols, gestures and our whole bodies.
• But just as we are able to communicate through all these means, there is always the potentials to miscommunication or send unintended or false massage.
• Chance of miscommunication where the communication is mixing of HC and LC communication modes such as When one party is communicating in a HC way and other in a LC way, or when a LC medium is used in a HC way.
6. Understanding conflicts in different cultures.
• Much of the conflicts we experience in our global ‘market place’ today is due to the experience of unfulfilled culture specific expectations.
• We can avoid the conflict by understanding what result cross culturally, in other words by understanding what is ‘acceptable’ and what is not, cross culturally.
• A basic method for discovery of conflicting cultural pathways is presented.
7. Responding to conflicts in different cultures:‐
• Understanding why conflicts occur is one thing and resolving them is another.
• Every culture has its own pathways for resolving conflicts.
• When Parties in conflict are on different cultural tracks their expectations regarding the stages and processes of the resolution process will be different.
• This usually results in a heightening of anxiety, fear or frustration, which in turn leads to a break in the process or the further devolution of the process and more conflict.
• Fostering the conflict resolution process can also mean adapting the implicit expectations of European peace building NGO to those of the local groups in conflict.
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UNIT‐3 Listening skills
Q1. What is the difference between listening and hearing? Explain in brief different types of listening.
INTRODUCATION
No communication process is complete without listening. We spend near about 45% of our working time in listening only.
Listening is a process of receiving. Interpreting and reacting to a message received from the speaker
However listening and hearing are not same.
Hearing is solely dependent on the ears, is a physical act, and barring physically impaired persons.
Every one can hear without deliberate effort, as hearing is merely the vibration of sound waves on eardrums.
On other hand, listening requires a voluntary attention and then making a sense of what is heard.
It requires conscious efforts to interpret the sound, words and its meaning to react the message.
It also depends on the knowledge and attitude towards the sender in the listening proces
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TYPES OF LISTENING:
Different situation requires having different types of listening there are certain skills, which are basic and necessary for different types of listening.
In Detail:
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• Active Listening:
Active Listening reflects a whole orientation to the speaker
In this form of listening the receiver absorbs as whole to what is being said and makes an attempt to verify all that is being said Active listening involves verbal feedback and would respond the message.
Here, listener will not only pay attention towards verbal but nonverbal is also equally important.
This kind of listening is found during discussion or with interesting topic.
SIGNALS: Leveling and assimilation takes place.
• PASSIVE LISTENING
This kind of listening is where there a physical presence but mentally absent.
In this kind of listening, listener is partly or entirely ignoring the message as well as speaker.
He/she might be “Pretending” to listen or thinking.
There will be a heap of verbal garbage in the form alterance without any actual process
Signal: ‐ pretending like listening.
• Selective listening :‐
Selective listening is listening to part of conversation, while ignoring the most of it.
Listener is here only concern to the related message .When there is too much, unrelated or uninteresting information, will load to selective listening. Listening happens to be at superficial level and will not go beyond understanding.
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Signal: ‐ Hearing partial.
• Empathetic Listening :
In this form of listening, the receiver is able to understand the view point of speaker exactly the same as intend to.
Match between self and others / speakers perception = Empathetic Listening
Empathetic listening is paying attention to another person with empathy.
Empathy: ‐ Feeling as a same one.
[Emotional, compassion, feeling, insight]
It is an excellent technique to help one to attain, “Active Listening”.
• Appreciative Listening :‐
This is a listening for deriving pleasure or for entertainment. The quality of appreciative listening depends on large extent to three factors as :‐
1. Presentation 2. Perception 3. Previous experience
For example, we are listening to a comedian, musician or entertainer.
• Critical Listening :‐
When the purpose is to accept or reject the message or to evaluate critically, one requires having critical listening.
For example, when you would purchase from sales person, you would critically examined and listen before spending on it.
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• Projective Listening :‐
In this type of listening, the responses of receiver are in state of. The image of camera can be use to understand the concept, which means eye of camera only takes what is been showed to it. There will be list attempted to work and understand.
Signal: ‐ Message understanding within receiver frame.
• Relationship Listening :‐
The relationship listening is either to help and individual or to improve the relationship among the people.
The rapeutic listening is a special type of relationship listening which allows a troubled person to talk through a problem.
• Comprehensive Listening :‐
This type of listening is required by the students, to listen to lectures to understand and comprehend the message. Comprehensive listening is required to receive and interpreted message.
Listening is necessary but above all, to adopt different type listening according to the situation is also important.
Q2. Describe Features Of Good Listener (Active Listener).
As it is not very easy to pay full attention to what others say and to listen them carefully the following are some traits to be a good listener, these characteristics improve one’s efficiency in listening and with the increased listening efficiency one can justify him wherever he goes. They are as under:
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1) A good listener should concentrate on the message fully avoiding physical distractions such as an attractive face or fragrance of a perfume.
2) A listener’s capacity to absorb the information is always much more than a speaker’s ability to talk and therefore the listener gets a lot of time between two points. During the time, a good listener should not allow his mind to wander or day dream.
3) A good listener gives the speaker a chance to complete this speech. He should not jump to conclusions about the message unless the speaker has finished.
4) A good listener should not allow his prejudices to close his mind to the conveyed information. If one is prejudiced, he can never accept the truth.
5) A listener should take notes if he or she feels it desirable to use it at a later stage. However this might destruct him or her from listening and so it is advisable to take minimum notes.
6) One shouldn’t be afraid to ask questions to make the things clear where doubts arise. In fact this leads the speaker to believe that you really want to collect information.
7) One important trait of a good listener is patience. Though he or she may be in hurry, he or she should listen the speaker patiently.
8) The listener should control his or her temper while listening. Though he feels completely disagreement with what the speaker says, he should calm down and discus at the end of the speech.
9) A good listener should send some verbal utterances as ‘Yes’ , ‘hum’ and some non – verbal signs as rolling eyes to indicate that the listener is following what the speaker is saying.
Q3. Discuss various barriers to effective listening.
Introduction :
Listening is one of the most import skills to complete the process of communication effectively. Listening is obtain information, understanding, learning or to enjoyment.
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Barriers To Effective Listening :
Listening is a complex process. It is desirable to take care of the barriers that may obstruct the smooth flow of communication.
A) PHYSICAL BARRIERS
• Noise • Physical Discomfort • Physical Distraction
One chief cause of bad listening could be person’s inability to hear properly. NOISE: Refers to any sound that disturbs the listening process. For e.g. When talk to someone on a running bus or train, surrounding sound with disturb the listening process. Physical Discomfort: Disrupts the listening process as one is not comfortable while listening. For e.g. One cannot be comfortable to listen in hot summer without a fan or air – conditioner. Physical Distraction: Is where one get’s distracted from the speaker to what he/she is speaking. For e.g. When a person talks to some one in a crowded market
B) PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
• Emotional • Mind set • Anxiety • Fear • Age & attitude Most common barriers to listening is caused by listeners disturbed mind i.e. is psychological in nature. Emotional Disturbance: Can prove to be a barrier to effective listening because it leads to lack of interest and concentration.
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For e.g. Feeling anger over arousal of emotion adversely effect to decode the message. Age and attitude : Difference of age and attitude often makes one fed that, person speaking cannot have interest or relevant to say. E.g. parents guiding children will not be cared much by children’s. Mindset : If a conversation starts with certain mind set, than no listening or partial listening will take place. Meaning here might be wrongly inferred or vital part may be skipped off. For e.g. Students will not listen, if they have mind set of faculty is funny by nature. Anxiety, Fear: Feeling of anger, frustration, sadness, anxiety or fear influence our reception and receptivity to others ideas.
C ) Linguistic Barriers :
• Improper message decoding • Ambiguous Language • Jargon Improper Message Decoding: Improper message decoding during listening is the recurrent barrier in the process of oral communication. Such message is decoded incorrectly the listener, it may lead to confusion and misunderstanding. Ambiguous Language: Decoding an oral message, listener should concentrate on the linguistic code. E.g. If he/she does not understand a lecture in French. Jargon: Use of difficult words should be avoided here. D) Cultural Barriers:
• Cultural Difference • Different Values • Different social norms
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Cultural Difference: If the speaker and listener belong to different cultures and share different values, listening and comprehension could become a difficult process in oral communication. Different Values: Listener who assigns meaning to message sues and meanings are assigned in terms of the listener’s frame of reference. Different Social Norms: The interpretation of meaning can create misunderstandings during intercultural communication due to differences in norms and values are our personal guides to thought and behavior and exert a strong influence on us.
UNIT‐4 Presentation Skills.
1. Basic step for presentation strategy.
a) Formulate a strategy
b) Develop a flexible flowing structure
c) Methodologies of how you present you present
d) Response to questions and challenge
2. Elements of good presentation.
OR
2. Organizing content.
• Introduction
• The Main body
• The conclusion
1. Introduction
• Address the audience
• Introduce your self
• Provide Impact
• Indicate the aim of your presentation, by explaining you also indicate the relevance of it for the audience.
• Indicate the main topic of the presentation.
2. The Main body:‐
• The ideas should be supported by facts, illustration and claims.
• The topic discussed in the body should be organized in the logical manner.
o Chronological order:‐
Starting with the oldest event and ending with the most recent.
o Spatial order:‐
Discussing one topic in different places. For e.g. – unemployment in east the west.
o Causes and Effects:‐
Describe causes and effects of something; especially suitable when you want to explain why something happened.
For e.g. ‐ The cause of a disaster the effect of measure.
o Problem and solution :‐
Offer a solution for a problem for e.g. How to reduce the rate of unemployment?
o Sequential order:‐
This order is related to chronological order. It explains the steps in process.
o General to specific:‐
Start with a general picture and then move on to a detail.
o Specific to general:‐
Start with a detail and put it in a more general contest.
o Start with something small and familiar then move on to something larger and less familiar.
3. The Conclusions:‐
• In the final phase of presentation, you should either summaries the main points of your presentation or put what you have said in a certain perspective.
• You should not add new facts to your presentation in the conclusion.
• You should take time to round off your presentation.
• Use a phase like “with this I would like to conclude my presentation”.
Q‐3 Define the purpose of presentation.
Ans:
1) Describe:‐ • In this type of presentation, the aim is usually to give information or to explain
the situation.
• The contents are after general and factual.
• When the speech comes to an end the audience should have knowledge that they did not know on the subject before they started listening.
2) Instruct:‐ • In this type of presentation, the aim is to teach the audience knowledge and
skills.
• After the presentation the listener should be able to do something which he did not know how to do.
3) Persuade:‐ • In this type of presentation, the aim is to stimulate people to do something.
• After the presentation you want the listener to believe something that he did not believe before he started listening.
4) Entertain:‐ • In this type of presentation the aim is to entertain people.
• The aim of this type of presentation is mostly to make the audience feel happy, but they may be hidden goals.
• Crucial element of this presentation is humor.
• For most people, it is very difficult to give a humorous presentation because the humor is not spontaneous.
Q ‐4 Types of virtual aids generally used in presentation.
Ans:
1) Flip chart
2) Overhead transparencies
3) Poster
4) 35 mm slides
5) Videotapes
1) Flip chart:‐
• Help the speaker proceed through the material.
• Convey information.
• Provide audience with something to look at in addition to the speaker.
• Can be prepared prior to, as well as during the presentation.
• Can be converted to slides.
Limitation:‐
• May require the use of graphics talent.
• Are not suitable for use for a large audience setting.
• May be difficult to transport.
Benefit:‐
• Flip chart are quick inexpensive.
2) Overhead transparencies:‐
• The standard transparency size is 8”×11”.The only piece of hardware required is an overhead transparency projector (OHP).
• Overlay transparencies provide a good growing presentation.
• Speaker can use an overhead projector with significant light in the room, so enabling the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience.
Limitations:‐
• The projected image size is sometime too small to be seen from the back of a large room.
• It is difficult to write on the transparency while it is on the projector.
• Sometimes the projector head gets in the audience’s way.
• Some speakers feel captive to the machines.
3) Posters:‐
• Posters are prepared graphic devices.
• Posters are permanent and portable.
• Poster can be used alone or in a series to tell a story.
• Poster works the best in small audience sizes.
Limitation:‐
• Posters tend to contain too much detail.
• Transporting them can be difficult.
• The more elaborate posters require extensive presentation can be quite costly.
4) 35 mm slides:‐
• Slides have high credibility with audiences because viewers looking at photographic slides taken in the field often feel that seeing believes.
• The only hardware required is a slide projector and a screen slide programs are easy to package in slide trays.
• Changes in slides or in their sequencing can be done rapidly to meet changing condition or audiences.
Limitation:‐
• Slides cannot be made using photocopying machine. Therefore, they require more time and money to produce than overhead transparencies.
• The lights must be dimmed more for slides than overhead transparencies.
• Slides require a great deal of preparation and rehearsal. 5) Videotapes:‐
• A videotape electronically carries both a picture and a sound track.
• Its features of sound movement, vivid image, color and variety hold an audience’s attention the way film does.
Limitation:‐
• Videotapes production can be expensive to create and require experienced production teams.
• In large meetings, the audience may not be able to see the monitor.
Q‐5 Tips pertaining to the use of visual aids.
Ans:
1) Overhead transparencies:‐
• Use larger fonts, avoid decorative fonts.
• Separate the transparencies using sheets of paper.
• Keep transparencies uncluttered.
• Show only the required information.
• Do not add multiple colors or exciting backdrops to your slides.
• Familiarize yourself with the operation of the overhead projector.
• Be ready with your notes in case of power failures.
2) 35 mm Slides:‐
• Check the computer system.
• Familiarize yourself with the operation of the slides.
• Transfer your file to the hard disk.
• Be familiar with the operation of slide show.
• Rehearse your presentation.
• Keep printed copy of the slides.
3) Flip charts:‐
• Use different colored markers.
• Keep two pads of paper.
• Write in large letters.
• Use only one slide of the chart.
• Wait for the audience to grasp the contents before turning pages.
4) Posters:‐
• Each poster should contain one message or theme, words, charts diagrams must be penned in a large enough size to be seen by everyone in the room.
Q‐6 how does the visual aid help you in making presentation effective?
Ans:‐
• Increase audience interest.
• Illustrate key points.
• Signal transition from one part of the presentation to the next.
• Increase impact of message.
• Help listener to retain information.
• Help you present ideas without depending on notes.
• For those not familiar with your language or accent, turn the incomprehensible into something understandable.
Q‐7 Explain modes of delivery which can use for making presentations.
Ans:
There are four modes of delivery which can be used for making presentation.
1) Extemporaneous 2) Manuscript 3) Impromptu 4) Memorization
1) Extemporaneous:‐
• Extemporaneous presentation is by far the most popular and effective method when carefully prepared.
• When speaking extempore you must prepare the notes beforehand and rehearse your presentation.
• There is no need to learn every word and line by rote.
Advantage:‐
• As you have enough time to prepare for the presentation, you work hard on the theme.
• The supporting material helps to present your points clearly.
• It enables one to move freely with ease.
• Your delivery sounds natural and spontaneous to the audience as it allows you to establish a rapport with the audience through more eyes contact.
Disadvantage:‐
• If presentation is inadequate, you can get lost and find yourself uncomfortable.
• If you rely too much on note cards and start reading out from them instead of just consulting them for reference, then your speech will lose its spontaneity.
2) Manuscript:‐
• In manuscript presentation, material is written out and you are supposed to read it out aloud verbatim.
• You are not supposed not to memorize the speech and then recollect it.
• Do cultivate familiarity with speech.
• You should know what is written where.
Advantages:‐
• It’s permanent and accurate record of whatever you have to say.
• There is no chance of tampering with the facts and figures.
• The material is organized systematically.
Disadvantages:‐
• You get less time for making proper eye contact.
• There is not much scope either for non‐verbal communication.
• Adaptation is rather difficult.
• Conversational flavor along with vocal inflection takes a back seat here, which is a great asset for you as speaker.
3) Impromptu:‐
• The impromptu mode, as the word suggests in what you use when you have to delivery an informal speech without preparation.
Advantages:‐
• You sound very natural because you do not get enough time to make any elaborate preparation.
• You get a chance an express your thoughts irrespective of what others think or say about that particular topic.
• You are spontaneous as you say what you feel, not what you ought to say.
Disadvantage:‐
• The presentation lacks organized development of ideas because of the shortage of time.
• Chances of rambling are very high. Various points may hang loose.
• There is frequent use of vocalized pauses.
4) Memorization:‐
• This method of presentation is very difficult for most of us.
• Probably only handful of you can actually memorize an entire speech.
• Usually you memorize the main parts and are in the habit of writing key word on your cards to help you out through the actual presentation.
Advantage:‐
• It’s very easy for such speaker to maintain an eyes contact with the audience throughout presentation.
• It is possible to finish the speech in allotted time.
Disadvantage:‐
• Memorization requires too much of time.
• Even your mnemonic skills fail you if you have not rehearsed adequately.
• No flexibility or adaptation is possible during the speech.
Q8. Discuss impact of body language in making presentation effective.
The study reveals that 60% of all human communication is your body language and 30% of what you say is your tone.
1) Personal appearance:‐ • Makes the first impact on the audience includes dress, hairstyle, make‐up etc.
2) Posture:‐ • Refers to the way one stands sits and walks.
• A good speaker stands tall; feet together with the weight directly over the instep keeping his chin parallel to the floor.
3) Caution:‐ • A relaxed shoulder and protrude stomach indicate that the speaker is
discouraged, tired and worm out.
4) The posture of sitting:‐ • The posture of sitting may convey an air optimism or sadness or be indicative
of a sense of failure or of in attractiveness. 5) Walk gracefully:‐
• Move legs freely from the hips; lift your feet from the floor. Walk in straight line, avoid a stride or ting step.
6) Gesture:‐ • All oral communication is accompanied by gesture such as shrugging of
shoulders, flourish of the hands movement of the head etc.
• These gestures enhance the impact and add a greater value to what is being said.
7) Facial Expressions:‐ • Face is the most expressive.
• A smile = friendliness
• A frown= discontent
• Raising the eye brow= disbelief
• Tightening the jaw muscles= Antagonism Can add to the meaning conveyed through verbal means.
8) Eye contact:‐ • The eyes are an extension of the brain and a window of the soul.
• A better eye contact leads to more effective communication. 9) Space & Distancing:‐
• It differs from culture to culture.
• In formal gathering it may be ranging from 4 ‐12 feet.
Paralinguistic:‐
• Body Language and Paralanguage are components of non verbal communication.
• Paralinguistic features are non verbal vocal clue that help you to give urgency to your voice.
• Your voice your trademark. It is that part of yourself that adds human touch to your words.
• Voice gives extra life to your delivery.
• Therefore, you may find it useful to understand the characteristic nuances of voice, namely Quality, Volume, Pace/rate, Pitch, Articulation, Pronunciation, Pauses.
1. Quality:‐
• Quality is a characteristic distinguishes one voice from another.
• Each one of us has a unique voice.
• While the quality of one’s voice can’t be changed, it can be trained for optimum impact.
• Very few people are naturally blessed with deep resonant quality.
• Everybody can improve upon the quality of the voice and develop it to its fullest potential.
2. Volume:‐
• Volume is the loudness or softness of the voice.
• Your voice should always project but need not always be loud.
• One way to improve your voice & speaking is through reading aloud.
3. Race/Rate:‐
• Rate is number of words which you speak per minute. (WPM‐Word Per minute)
• The normal rate is from 120 to 150 words.
• Cultivate your pace so as to fit in this reasonable limit.
• If the person speaks too slowly and monotonously, he is most likely to the considered a dull speaker.
• A fast speaker also causes discomfort because the listeners do not get time to grasp the thoughts and switch from one thought to another.
• Use pauses to create emphasis.
4. Pitch:‐
• Pitch refers to the number of vibration per second of your voice.
• The rise and fall of the voice conveys various emotions.
• Lowness of pitch can indicate sadness, shock, dullness.
• High pitch can indicate joyous, ecstatic, triumphant and even energy.
• A well balanced pitch results in a clear and effective tone.
• Pitch is also influenced by your air supply.
5. Articulation:‐
• Speaker should be careful not to slop, slur, chop, truncate or omit sounds between words or sentences.
• Lazy articulation, slurred sounds or skipping over words will lower the credibility of the speaker.
• Develop in yourself the ability to speak distinctly.
6. Pronunciation:‐
• If articulation means speaking out all the sounds distinctly, then pronunciation requires us to speak out sound in way that is generally accepted.
• One should be careful enough to pronounce individual sounds along with word stress according to the set norms.
• Whenever there is confusion, always consults a good dictionary & try to pronounce it accordingly.
7. Voice modulation:‐
• Voice Modulation pertains to the way we regulate, vary or adjust the tone, pitch and volume of the sound and speaking voice.
• Modulation of voice brings flexibility and vitality to your voice.
• One can express emotions, sentiments like impatience, careful planning, despondency, suspicion etc. in the best possible way.
8. Pause:‐
• A pause is a short silence flanked by words.
• A pause in speaking lets the listener reflect on the massage and digest it accordingly.
• It helps you glide from one thought to another one.
• It embellishes your speech because it is a natural process to give a break.
• Be spontaneous.
• If you become too self conscious, this process becomes artificial.
UNIT‐5 INTERVIEWS
Q1. Explain the expectation in you from your prospective employer when you appear for an interview.
In general, employees are looking for two things: whether the candidate can handle a specific job and evidence that the person will fit in the organization.
Following are the attributes an employer looks for in his employees:
1) Integrity: Your answers must reflect the total character. 2) Intelligence: It includes basic common sense as well as presence of mind. 3) Endurance: Reflect endurance through your statements. Even the slightest
sign of laziness will lay you out of the queue. 4) Team players: Project the ability to work in team. Top executives are team
builders. 5) Self – confidence: Answers like ‘may be’ etc depict lack of commitments
and self‐confidence. At the same time, over‐confidence and over‐smartness should be avoided.
6) Sense of humour: Project grace even under difficult conditions. Occasionally, laugh at yourself and cultivate a readiness to accept the mistakes.
7) A ‘can‐do’ attitude: This can be done by showing enthusiasm to take responsibilities.
8) Accomplishments: It is important to show what you have achieved. This contributes to meet he targets.
9) An ability to think quickly: Your answers should be spontaneous. 10) Logical professions: If there is a gap in the progression, then there is
always a chance that one will be asked. Be honest about your failures. 11) Performance: Ensure to reflect that your performance is either industry
specific or function specific.
12) Relevant experience: Talk of experience which will make value addition to the current jobs.
13) Motivation: What has led you to this ‘position ‘. Employers are usually concerned with the candidate’s experience. Intelligence, communication skills, enthusiasm, creativity and motivation.
Q2. Explain different types of interviews.
Depending on their objective and nature, interviews can be categorized into the following types:
• Job
• Information
• Persuasive
• Exit
• Evaluation
• Counseling
• Conflict‐resolution
• Disciplinary
• Termination
Job Interviews : Here, the candidate wants to learn about the position and the organization, the employer wants to learn about the applicant’s abilities and experience. Both hope to make a good impression and to establish rapport. In the initial round, job interviews are usually formal and structured.
Information interviews : The interviewer seeks facts that bear on a decision or contribute to basic understanding. Information flows mainly in one direction : one person asks a list of questions that must be covered and
listens to the answers supplied by the other person, e.g. doctor patient, boss subordinate.
Persuasive interviews : One person tells another about a new idea, product or service and explains why the other should act on his or her recommendations. Persuasive interviews are often associated with, but are certainly not limited to selling. These persuasive interviews require skill in drawing out and listening to others as well as the ability to impact information.
Exit interviews : The interviewers try to understand why the interviewee is leaving the organization or transferring to another department or division. The interviewer tends to ask all the question while the interviewee provides answers. Encourage the employee to focus on events and process rather than on personal grips.
Evaluation Interviews : Supervisor periodically gives an employee feedback on his performance and discusses progress towards predetermined standards or goals to evaluate the area that require improvement.
Counseling interviews: A supervisor talks with an employee about personal problems that are interfering with work performance. The interviewer is concerned with welfare of both the employee and organization.
Conflict resolution interviews: Two competing people or groups of people with opposing point of view explore their problems and attitudes. The goal is to bring two parties closer together cause adjustments, in perception and attitudes and create more productive climate.
Disciplinary interviews : A supervisor tries to correct the behavior of an employee who has ignored the rules and regulation of the organization. The interviewer tries to get the employee to see the reason for the rules and agree to comply. The interviewer also reviews the facts and explores the person’s attitude.
Termination interviews: A supervisor informs an employee for the reason of termination of latter’s of job. The interviewer tries to avoid involving the company in legal action and tries to maintain a positive relationship as possible with the interviewee.
Q3. Your friend is going for an interview. What tips will you give him / her for better performance?
The following are few tips that would be given for better performance in an interview to a friend of mine:
• Be well prepared.
• Brush up your subject and general knowledge.
• Memorize your resume.
• Know about the company.
• Dress appropriately.
• Be smart, clean, and well groomed.
• Carry a briefcase or neat folder containing all relevant papers.
• Show up 10 – 15 minutes early. In case you feel you may get delayed, call up and inform.
• When you meet your interviewer(s), shake their hands confidently.
• Stay calm, don not fidget or twiddle your thumb.
• Be polite.
• Never chew gum or smoke during the interview.
• Be yourself, be honest.
• Show a real interest in the job.
• Be aware of all the answering techniques.
• Do not answer a question you did not understand; ask for clarification first.
• Speak clearly using positive words/phrases such as enjoy, enthusiastic, positive attitude, excellence, striving to be my best, etc.
• Appropriately use the top five: non‐verbal eye contact, facial expression, posture, gestures, and space.
• In the end, restate your interest in the job.
• Smile and say ‘thank you’.
• Tell them how you look forward to seeing them again.
• Shake hands firmly.
• Tell them how much you enjoyed the interview.
UNIT‐ 6 Group Discussion
Q1. Your friend is going for an interview he/she has to first appear for a group discussion. What tips you would give him/her for better performance.
Introduction
Now days the importance of teamwork and group communication has been increased a lot, it also acts as apart of selection process.
Guidelines for group discussion
To a friend of my following would be few tips to take care of in a group discussion.
• Be thorough with current issues.
• Always enter the room with a piece of paper/ dairy or pen.
• Listen to the topic well.
• Jot down as many ideas you can in first few minutes.
• Organize your ideas before speaking.
• Speak first only if you have something sensible to say.
• Identity your supporters and opponents and allow your supporters to augment your ideas.
• Keep a track of time and share time fairly.
• Have an open mind and listen to others views.
• Maintain an eye contact while speaking and listening.
• Do not indulge in parallel conversation.
• Body language and discipline should be properly maintained.
• Use fact, humor and wit.
• Draw of silent members and encourage them to speak.
• Look at topic from all various angles and perspective
• Be loud enough to be heard by everyone.
• Avoid personal attacks and name calling
• Support your points with suitable or related facts.
• Try to be group centered rather than self centered.
• Attempt to arrive at a consensus through your ultimate aim to reach a conclusion within specified time.
• Do not take a negative stance of any member in a group.
• Use proper language and adhere principle of politeness.
Thus, about given tips would aid a friend to go for a group discussion and put into better performance.
Q2. Importance of group discussion in recruitment procedure introduction
Group discussion, which is conducted for the selection process is a well –formulated devices that is used for judging the personality, communication skill, knowledge and their ability to work as a team.
IN DETAIL:‐
Group discussion has become an integral part of most of selection process today, the four components generally evaluated are as:‐
• Knowledge
• Communication skills
• Group behavior
• Leadership potential
Knowledge
• This refers to the depth and range of your knowledge as well as analytical and organizational abilities.
• Some knowledge of the topic concerned & supported by common sense which will be able to win laurels.
• If is important to have a fairly good general knowledge and awareness of the current situation, to perform in a good discussion well.
• In this approach candidates are being evaluated on how you think and not on what you think.
• Of course the contribution of your knowledge must be relevant, rational, convincing and above all interesting appealing to selection panel.
Communication skills:‐
During a group discussion, candidate will be assessed in forms of:
• Active listening
• Clarity of expression
• Language & vocabulary
• Appropriates of body language
LISTENING:
• Listening is an important in group discussion, as it will help you to pick up the thread of discussion and continue.
• It is easy for the selection panel to identify poor listeners as their discussion lacks continuity.
CLARITY OF EXPRESSION:
• The panel’s perception of a candidate’s personality and ability to influence and convince others depends greatly upon right tone. Voice and articulation.
• It is not sufficient to have ideas but have to be express effectively.
• Fluency’ modulation and good delivery are also important here.
LANGUAGE:
• Language used should be accurate, free from grammatical errors,
• It should be direct, clear and precise with ideas flowing in an organized manner.
• Language used must be kept simple and unambiguous.
• Using too much of jargon, high sounding words or ambiguous expression may project as showoff.
BODY LANGUAGE:‐
• Score of a group discussion depends not only on your verbal communication but also non‐verbal skills.
• The selection panel observes your appearance, eye contact, posture, gestures and facial expression.
• Your gestures and mannerism would reflect your attitude than what you say.
• Body language is of an important weightage for assessment of candidates accordingly.
GROUP BEHAVIOUR:‐
• Group behavior reflects ability to interact with other members of a group on brief acquaintance.
• Participating in a group discussion involves co‐ordination and co‐operation among various members.
• The selection panel notes the difference in amount of participation by members.
• This needs to have an appropriate verbal and non‐verbal means of communication.
Leadership skills:‐
• The success of any team depends, to a large extent on its leader.
• Candidate who posses both functional ability and co‐coordinating ability will emerge as the leader.
• Functional ability involves knowledge, mental and physical energy, emotional stability, communication skill and objectivity.
• Co‐coordinating involutes to have traits as group adaptability and motivation.
• Organization would aid to above aspect in a group discussion as to select an appropriate candidates best suitable for a given job.
Q3. Discuss techniques of organizational group discussion:
INTRODUCTION:‐
In an organization, the group discussions are mainly used for group decision making. Members of interacting group take the responsibility of explaining their ideas and arriving at a consensus.
TECHNIQUES:‐
In order to minimize the censor themselves and pressure other group members, the following techniques may be used:‐
#Brainstorming
#Nominal group technique
#Delphi technique
BRAINSTROMING:‐
• Brainstorming is a method for generating a variety of ideas and perspectives.
• It is as uncritical as possible because criticism inhabits the free flow of ideas.
• In this form, a group of six to twelve people will sit around a table and a group leader states the problem in a clear manner.
• Members may suggest as many alternatives as they can, & make a note of it.
• No criticism is allowed, all alternatives are recorded for discussion and analysis.
• There are two types of brainstorming as:‐
1. Story board :‐ it identifies major issues
2. Lotus Board:‐ Core thoughts are presented in surrounding ideas like petals.
This technique is mainly for process of generating ideas only.
Nominal Group Technique:‐
• In this technique group members are all physically present in a traditional committee meeting. They operate independently.
• Before discussion, members write down ideas on the problem.
• Each member takes turn going around presenting their ideas, no discussion take place until all ideas have been recorded.
• Group will than discuss ideas for clarity and evaluate them.
• Each member silently and independently rank‐orders the ideas and final decision is determined by the idea with highest ranking.
Delphi Technique:‐
• The Delphi technique is more complex and time consuming alternative in group decision making.
• This technique never allows the group member to meet face to face.
• The problem is identified and members are asked to provide potential solutions through a series carefully designed questionnaire.
• Each member anonymously and independently completes the first questionnaire and results are complied at control location.
• Each member receives a copy of the results.
• After viewing results, members are again asked for their solution, the steps would be repeated as often as necessary until consensus is reached.
• This technique is used more over when members are geographically scattered.
Conclusion:‐
An organization can decide upon the type of group discussion it needs to have mainly on the basis of time, urgency, location and complexity of decisions to be made.
UNIT‐7 Paragraph Development
Q‐(1) what is a paragraph? Show the various components of paragraph. Explain it in brief.
Ans: A group of sentences is called paragraph.
Characteristics on components of effective paragraph.
1) Cohesion 2) Coherence 3) A topic sentence 4) Adequate development.
(1)Cohesion:‐
The sentences are referring to the main idea or a thesis of the paper is known as unity in the paragraph.
The use of different reference words gives cohesion to the paragraph.
It relates one sentence with another.
Cohesion helps you to avoid monotony and makes your paragraph compact.
For e.g.:‐This is an apple. The apple is sweet. The apple is fresh. The apple is imported from simla. The apple is exported to many Asian countries.
The above paragraph has no grammatical mistakes but it has monotony and unnecessarily, Lengthens the Paragraph. The same paragraph can be redrafted in the following way.
“This is an apple which is sweet, fresh and red in colour.It is imported from simla and exported to many Asian countries.”
(2) Coherence:‐
The sentence should be organize in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan of development.
There are four basic mechanical considerations in providing transition between ideas.
• Repetition of key words of phrases
• Use of transitional tags
• Use of parallel grammatical structure
• Use of pronoun
(3) A topic sentence:‐
A controlling idea is the main idea, your attitude, your evaluation of something
• This controlling idea is expressed stated in the form of topic sentence.
• Just as an essay has a thesis that expresses the main idea of the essay.
• A paragraph has a topic sentence that states the central idea for the paragraph.
• Topic sentences can appear at several points in paragraph, either at the beginning, middle or end.
(4) Adequate development:‐
• In addition to unity and conference a paragraph should also be well developed, that is every idea discus in the paragraph so be adequately explained and supported through evidence and example.
• This ideas of course should all work together to explain and support the controlling idea of essay or paper.
Q. (2) narrates the steps develop a paragraph adequately.
Ans: ‐
• The first thing you should keep in the mind is that controlling the idea is positive. That is your paragraph is supporting the idea. Central idea of the should match it.
• Next, your topic sentences of the paragraph state the main idea of the paragraph.
Q. (3) Attributes of good paragraph:‐
The following are the attributes of good paragraph writing:‐
1. It should be concise and precise
2. It should not be lost merely in jungle of words.
3. It should not have monotony.
4. The reference word should be used in the appropriate manner.
5. Topic sentences must explore the central idea of it.
6. The idea should have interrelationship with each other.
7. It should have cohesion and coherence in style.
8. The ideas should be organized in logical sequences.
9. It should be corrected with all grammatical faults and punctuations.
10. The spelling should be spelt correctly.
Q. (5) Explain different types of paragraph:‐
• Narration
• Exposition
• Definition
• Description
• Comparison
• Process analysis
• Persuasion
1. Narration:‐
• A narrative differs from Mere listing of events.
• Time and place and person are normally established.
• Narrative serves as the opening anecdote that illustrated the topic of the story.
2. Expostion:‐
• Exposition is explanatory writing
• Exposition can be incidental part of a description or a narration, or it can be the heart of an article.
• Aside from clarity the key problem with exposition is credibility. What makes your explanation believable?
3. Defination:‐
• Here, the paragraph defines the objects on process.
• The contents are often general and factual.
• After reading the paragraph, readers have knowledge or information that they did not know on object or process before they started reading.
4. Description:‐
• Description requires you to record a series of detailed observation.
• Be especially careful to make real observation.
• The success of a description lies in the difference between what a reader can imagine and what you actually saw and recorded; from that gap arises a spark of engagement.
• Use sensory language.
• Go light on adjectives and adverbs.
• The key problem in description is to avoid being static on flat.
• Adopt a strategy that makes your description into little story: move from far to near, left to right, old to new.
5) Comparison:‐
• Here, paragraph of two different objects or process are compared.
• It may compare more than two different objects or process, in order to identity the advantage and disadvantage of each objects or process.
• Before writing a comparison draws up a chart and fills it in.
• Find out certain elements; compare those elements with the element of other objects or process.
6) Process analysis:‐
• Here, paragraph describes a process in sequential order.
1. Analyse the process in to series of steps.
2. Put the steps into sequence.
3. Isolate the steps: number them, use bullets, put them in separate paragraph.
4. Use illustration keys to the steps when appropriate.
5. Always ask an outsider to read your process analysis to see if it can be followed.
7) Persuasion: ‐
• Here, paragraph is written, to persuade people to do something or change their minds or Take an action, more is needed than your opinion or sense of conviction.
• Given paragraph also serve to little article and brings a sense of closer in the from of “ok, now get up and act!”
UNIT‐8 LETTER WRITING
Letter head format [Block style]
Inquiry letter
Shriji private limited 25, north Main Street
Ashram Road Ahmedabad‐3840005.
October 16, 2009.
Mr.Bharat Patel Mahajan publication house Gandhi road Ahmadabad‐ 380014.
Dear Sir,
Subject: Inquiry for Books
We are very much impressed by your advertisement of new books on automobile and customer relationship. We are leading dealers of automobile parts in our city since last 10 years. We are interested in buying few books for building better customer relationship
Please send us your latest catalogs and price list. As we are your new customer, we request you to offer us maximum discount and favorable terms of payment.
Our requirement is urgent we would like to know whether you can deliver the goods within 15 days. If your price list and terms are acceptable. We would place on order soon.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully
P.K.vora
(Sales Manager)
Unsolicited Inquiry Letter
Shriji Institute of management Gayani mandir Road
Navrangpura Ahmedabad‐380006
OCTOBER 24, 2009.
Mahajan Furniture House Gandhi Road Ahmadabad‐ 3800017.
Dear Sir,
Subject: ‐ Inquiry for Furniture.
We have been dealing in the business of Furniture for last 25 teams. We are interested in your furniture for our new college building this year.
We request you to send us latest catalogue and price list. We wish to place an order of various furniture from you. Therefore we request you to us your generous discount.
If your terms and conditions of business are favorable, we shall be your valued customer with big orders. We expect prompt and positive reply.
Thank You,
Yours Faithfully,
Shiv Patel.
(Management In charge)
Reply to Inquiry
Mahajan Furniture House Gandhi Road Ahmadabad‐ 3800017. October 27, 2009.
Shriji Institute of Management Gayani mandir Road Navrangpura Ahmedabad‐380006. Dear Sir, Subject: ‐ Reply to Inquiry. We thank you for your inquiry dated on 24th October, 2009 asking prices and particulars of our “Mahajan Furniture”. We are pleased to send you here with detailed catalog and price list. We shall grant you discount of 20% on the prices mentioned in the price list, if your order is above Rs. 2, 00,000. Our Terms of Payment will be: “PAYMENT AGAINST DELIVERY DOCUMENTS THROUGH YOUR BANKERS”. The packing and forwarding will be done free of cost. We assure you to execute your order with in 15 days from the date of the receipt of your order. We hope, you will find our price & terms – conditions most reasonable. We look forward to serve you satisfactory. Yours faithfully, R. K Vora. (Sales Manger)
Placing an Order
Shriji Institute of Management Gayani mandir Road Navrangpura Ahmedabad‐380006.
November 2, 2009. Mahajan Furniture House Gandhi Road Ahmadabad‐ 3800017. Dear Sir,
Subject: ‐ Placing an order.
Thank you very much for quotation letter of 1st October. We are pleased to confirm our order number 346 for the following goods as per your quotation letter no.‐443.
Serial No Items Quantity Description
1 Benches 140 Medium Size
2 Round Table 34 Brown & Cream Color
3 Computer Table 40 Slim Show
4 Chairs 40 Revolving
5 Self Cupboard 154 3 drawers
Since we require the goods before 15th November, 2009.we requests you to send the goods as soon as possible. Your terms and condition for business are favorable to us.
We request you to send us an advance cheque of Rs.1, 20,000/‐ before 30th October, 2009 in the name of Shiv furniture private Ltd.
We thank you for your valued custom.
Yours sincerely,
Shiv Patel.
(Management In charge)
Accepting an Order
Mahajan Furniture House Gandhi Road Ahmadabad‐ 3800017. November 6, 2009.
Shriji Institute of Management Gayani mandir Road Navrangpura Ahmedabad‐380006.
Dear Mr. Patel,
Subject: Accepting an order.
Thank you for placing such a large order. Glad you agree on our price and terms. We are happy to accept your order.
We would be able to deliver your order between 1‐3rd November through Kataria transport services. Please ensure that you receive list of goods and consignment copy.
Hope you will agree with our proposal and expect prompt conformation of accepting your order.
Yours faithfully,
R.K. Vora.
(Proprietor)
Letter for complain
Modified Block format
Neel‐Kamal Electronics Mahajan Street Kalawad road
Rajkot.360005.
January 20, 2009.
Shrimad Electronics. Trikonbag marg Jubali road Rajkot 360004. Dear Sir,
Subject: Complain for wrong goods.
We have received the consignment sent by you against our letter no.104.We thank you very much for your prompt execution of our order. However we would like to draw your attention to the following complaint.
On opening the consignment, we found that 50 TVs were in a damaged condition out of total of 250.As our customers do not buy such broken goods, we are sending them back with request to send us new 50TVs as early as possible.
We are sure that you will agree to pay the transportation cost of replacement. We hope we look forward for your prompt attention.
Yours faithfully,
V.K Dutta
(Proprietor)
Adjustment letter
Shriji electronics 25, nav‐path
Navarangpura, Street Gandhi road
Ahmedabad‐380016. October 16‐2009.
Kamalkunj electronics 20, janpath marg Karol bag Delhi‐110001. Dear sir,
Subject:‐Adjustment for damaged goods
Thank you for your letter NO‐PN‐104. We are sorry to know that you received 50 TV’s in damaged condition. We are sorry for the inconvenience caused to you.
On inquiry we found that the damaged was caused because of mishandling of goods during transit. The damage has been caused by the transporter. So we request you to claim for the re compensation from carry Transport Company.
We have followed all your instructions properly. So we are not responsible for the damages. We think our explanation will satisfy you and will continue your patronage.
Sincerely yours
Ketan Patel,
(Sales manager)
Collection letter ‐Block style
Kam‐wov electronics 23, Navkiran Street Ponal road Chandni chock Delhi‐110004. October 24‐2009 Shiv‐krupal Electronics Gandhi Road Navrangpura Ahmedabad‐380015. Dear Sir,
Subject: ‐ Collection of due amount.
We hope that our prompt delivery of goods would have supported you during the heavy rush of festive. We would like to inform you that. We have not received the remaining balance amount of given consignment.
Your advance amount was also received a week late. We would like to know the reason for the late Payment mode. If there is any genuine reason please let us know, so that we take into consideration.
We request you to pay the amount latest by November 3.2009.we would charge 5% interest. If do not receive the payment on time. Hope you will pay attention for the same and replay as soon.
Yours truly,
Bakul chavda
[Accounting head]
Sales letter
Home Enterprise Gandhi road, Ahmedabad‐380014
PHONE NO: (079) 2345849 www.homemakers.com
11 may 20008
Campbell Company Cannaught place New dehli‐110005. Dear Sir,
Have you ever thought how your visitors would react when u offer then juices and cold drinks all ready in a jiffy? Fruits and flavors of all rind go hand in hand in our nearly punched product HOME JUICE MAKER.
There are several automatic as well as well as manually operated juice making attachment where you ran just drop in the fruit pour all required ingredients and watch our machine speed up to prepare your fruit juice just in a few minutes. It will also reduce your work by automatically separating the ring and seeds in a waste can, readily be discarded.
As owners of our juice maker you are entitled to additional advantage like its capacity to even, make coffee or tea with extra attachment. It is very handy and makes life to easy that even children can handle it safely.
At present we offer juice makers in for different colors as white, grey, blue and green. There is an offer of 30% discount on placing an order before 30th may 2008. Sending the enclosed form today together with requisite cast. Your own
juice maker will be sent free of delivers cost to your doorstep just 6 days from the receipt of your order.
Yours faithfully,
M.K. Gupta
Sales manager.
Theory ‐‐‐‐Business Letters.
Parts of Business letter:‐
1. Heading/Letter Head
This includes organization’s Name, Full address, telephone no., fax and E‐mail.
e.g.
HI. Tech Graphics 513, Circular Road Bangalore – 560001.
“Serving your needs sience‐1990” Phone:‐ 080—2345963 E‐mail – [email protected]
2. Date
This includes date, month and the year, which can be written as:‐
American format: ‐ June 3, 2009.
British Format: ‐ 3 June, 2009.
3. Inside Address
This part is identify the receipt (To whom letter is been written). It includes Name of a person/post in an organization or specific department, street address or post box no. city and state name along with postal code.
e.g.
The General Manager Lion Industries Limited
East Patel Nagar Andheri‐ East.
Mumbai ‐ 400001
4. Salutation.
It you do not know specific name the salutations would be:‐
Dear sir/ Dear Madam.
Dear Colleagues,
To All Sales Reps.
To Whom It May Concern:
Dear students.
If you do not know gender, saluatation would be as:‐
Dear B.M. Patel
Dear Sheetal Sharma.
If you know the First/Last Name, Saluatations would be as:‐
Dear Mr. Gupta
Dear Ashok
It you are writing to a higher authority level, saluatation will be as:
Respected sir/Madam
Respected Principle sir.
5. Subject Line
This element lets the recipient know at a glance, what a letter deals about.
e.g.
Subject: ‐ Information regarding inspection.
6. Message
The Main part of business letter, which informs the reader about the message. The first part will have general introduction to the subject. Second part deals with main matter and last part will include closing.
7. Complimentary Close :‐
This element is a single word or phase as:‐
Beginning End
Dear Sir/Madam Yours Faithfully,
Dear Mr. Brown Yours sincerely,
Dear John Yours sincerely/Kind Regards,
Respecter Sir Respectfully Yours/yours obediently,
8. Signature Line
Signature Line includes your signature, name and title
e.g.
Cordially yours,
Mr. Santosh Gupta.
(Senior Executive)
Per‐pro signature.
It a organization has delegated the authority of signing letters to an executive by the power of authority, that executive will add per‐pro or PP just before the name of the organization and sign below it as:‐
Cordially,
Per‐pro. Share well Industries
Laxmi Pandey.
9. Attention Line:‐
Attention line can be use to draw the attention of a particular person or department in an organization. Attention line is to be placed two space below the inside address.
e.g.
Attention: ‐ Personal Manager.
Subject: ‐ Information on new recruitment.
Dear Mr., Gupta,
10. Addressee Notation :‐
This sort of information generally appears at double space above the inside address, in all capital letters. It can be as:‐
PERSONAL INFORMATION, CONFIDENTIAL, PLEASE FORWARD THOUGH PROPOER CHANNEL etc……
11. Copy Notation
This indicates who is receiving a courtesy copy (CC) or carbon copy. Some companies indicates copies made on a photocopier (PC) or may use recipients are listed in the order of rank or alphabetical order.
CC: Charles Mathew
PC: Lena Madan
C: Rahul Bhatt
12. Post Script
Letters may also bear postscripts i.e. after thoughts to the letter, to the message that require emphasis or personal notes. Postscript is usually last item on any letter and may be preceded by P.S or PS or nothing at all. Second thought will be written as P.S.S.
Try to avoid postscript as they convey an impression of poor planning.
e.g.
PS :‐ please instruct you office to give prior information in case of not supplying water on a particular day.
13. Mailing Notation:‐
14. This is placed either at the bottom of the letter, after reference initials or enclosure or at the top of the letter, above the inside address on left side/middle
e.g.
BY Speed Post
By courier
By registered post.
Principles of Business Letter.
• Use “you” attitude.
• Clear and concise.
• Correct and complete.
• Emphasize the positive approach.
• Courteous and considerate.
• Use natural Tone.
Steps:‐
• Identify your purpose
• Analyze your audience
• Collect data to support
• Organize your message.
UNIT‐9 Technical Report.
Q1.Define technical reports and states its types in brief:‐
Report:
“A report is a formal document written for a specific audience to meet a specific need”.
Types of reports:‐
On the basis of communication media and situation reports can be classified as:‐
Types of reports
Oral Formal Statutory Routine Informational
Written Informal non‐statutory Special Interpretative
In Detail:‐
1. Oral reports:‐
• An oral report is a face to face communication of an experience or observation.
• It is comparatively informal and time saving. Also simple and easy to present.
• It trends to be vague and provides no records for future reference.
• For E.g.:‐ Sales report, Conference reports…..
2. Written reports:‐
• A written report is relatively more accurate and precise.
• It is more formal and gives a permanent record.
• For E.g.:‐Project report ,Research report, Progress reports
3. Informal reports:‐
• Informal reports are generally informed of person to person communication.
• In formal report is often written in a form of letter or a memorandum.
• For E.g.:‐ Laboratory reports, Daily reports, Trip reports.
4. Formal reports:‐
• A formal report is presented in a prescribed form.
• It is prepared in accordance with an established procedure and submitted to authority concern.
• Formal reports are generally long reports with elaborate description and discussion.
• For E.g.:‐Annul report, Thesis project, and Technical report.
5. Statutory report:‐
• Statutory reports are prepared and presented according to the form and procedure laid down by law are called statutory report
• Reports are submitted at the statutory meeting of share holder’s, directors to annual general meeting.
• Annual returns, auditor reports are example of statutory reports.
6. Non‐statutory reports:‐
• Formal reports which are not required under only law but which are prepared to help the management in formulating policies and taking important decision are called non‐statutory reports.
7. Routine reports:‐
• This reports are prepared and presented in the usual routine of business.
• Such reports contain more statement of facts without opinion or recommendation.
• Routine reports are usually written on the prescribed preformed are presented at prescribed intervals, so also know as periodic reports
• For E.g.:‐Daily product report, Monthly sales report.
8. Special reports:‐
• Special reports are related to a single occasion or situation.
• Special reports deal with non‐recurrent problems.
• According to the function a report can be either informational or interpretive.
• For E.g.:‐Inquiry reports, Research reports, Thesis Reports.
9. Informational reports:‐
• Informational report presents the data collected or facts observed in an organization.
• It does not have conclusion or any recommendation.
• For E.g.:‐Conference report, Seminar report, Trip report.
10. Interpretative reports:‐
• This report not only contains facts but also evaluation of data.
• The report includes having report conclusion and may also have recommendation for actions.
• Reports are generally based an analysis or investigation of the problem or research.
• Reports should be reader oriented with detail and documentary required based on the type selected.
• For E.g.:‐Project report, Market research report.
Q2. Discuss characteristics and objectives of technical reports.
Report is a description of an event to a person who was not actually present an the sense. It is based on evidence, information and other related facts.
*Character tics:‐
1. Precision:‐
• Effective report, clearly reflect their purpose. Precision gives unity and coherence to report and makes it valuable document. Investigation , analysis and recommendation should be directed by central purpose.
2. Factual details:‐
• Report should be detailed and factual, depending upon your specific audience needs. Accuracy of facts is very essential to a good report.
• Inaccurate facts may load to disastrous decision.
3. Relevance:‐
• The fact in report must not only be accurate but also relevant. Irrelevant facts make a report confusing; exclusion of relevant facts renders it incomplete and is likely to mislead.
4. Reader oriented:‐
• Drafting report needs to take care of the person going to react it. A good report is to reader oriented.
5. Objectivity:‐
• The objectivity should come as logical conclusion to investigation and analysis. The objectivity should be natural outcome of analysis.
6. Easy language:‐
• A good report should be written in simple, unambiguous language and clear one.
• It should be brief and grammatically accurate.
7. Brevity:‐
• Brevity is the essence of soul it would be in brief as much as possible.
8. Special format:‐
• A technical report should involve format including the give contents as set to the standards.
9. Homogeneity:‐
• A good report should deal with one topic at a time. All section of your report should focus on the topic.
*Objective of Reports:‐
‐To present a record of accomplished work.
‐To record an experiment research.
‐To document schedules time tables and milestone.
‐To document current status.
‐To record and clarify complex information for future reference.
‐To present a topic in an organized form.
‐To present information to a large number.(annual report).
‐To recommend actions
TYPES OF REPORT
1.LETTERHEAD FORMAT
Shriji Consultancy Private Ltd.
B‐12/16, Ring Road Ahmedabad‐380016.
Gujarat‐[India] www.shrijigroup.com
January 20, 2009. Mr. S.R.Patel Chief engineering officer SDL limited, SDLP Building 36‐B Nehru Road Ahmedabad‐380060. Gujarat‐[India] Subject: Inspection Report Dear Sir, Shriji consultancy team inspected AP section of the computer department in SDL to collect various parameters to determine the rating and working of
the system. A detail description regarding different location visited is given below:‐ Location A: ‐ Customer service The system used here was found of low configurations and few systems did not work properly. It was observed that data in system could not be retrieved quickly. There is need to install anti‐viruses as soon as possible. Location B: ‐ Account Department The systems here were found better than customer service department, but due to fluctuation in voltage few systems does not boot immediately .stabilizers should be used to prevent fluctuations, For accurate and better result in accounting‐ software named as “tally‐9.0” should be used. Location C: ‐ Production System used at production department needs to be immediately changed as they are of very low configuration and few parts are really damaged. System also does not properly support new operative system. The inspection team included senior computer engineers Mr. Nikhil Bhatt, Mr. Vipul Patel and Mr. Sumit Vora, all at Shriji consultancy. We at Shriji consultancy believe that the findings of the team will help you to go ahead with your plan to modernize the support system with smooth roadways. Sincerely, S.K.Bhatt [General Manager]
MEMO FORMAT Innovate Solution Private Ltd. Interoffice memorandum. Date : ‐ March 4, 2008 To : ‐ Mrs. Shailly Vora Director [Sales] From : ‐ Krupa Patel Chief Training Manager.
Subject: ‐ Inter‐ISPL meet on telemarketing strategies.
Report: Sales managers from all 12 head office of Innovate Solution in India got together from 12‐15th February 2008, to share their experience of the use and effectiveness of telemarketing strategies in India and discuss future plan of action.
There were sessions on sales training courses to run in the head offices and activities at the training centers at various parts of India. Each representative’s participant received set of materials produced by the corporate training center in Mumbai.
Expert sales trainers like Mr. Sanjay Shah, Dr.B.N.Vasu, Mr. Sailesh Parekh coordinator ISPL Training Center and other co‐coordinators enlighten the participants through their speech and subsequent workshops.
The workshops were highly interactive and participants actively participate in the deliberations. The level of interest and commitment was remarkable. The meet was very enlightening and successful.
Yours truly, Krupa Patel.
PRINTED FORM
Repetitive and routine data:‐
TOUR REPORT
Report on participation in professional conference office order no. 1464 dated on 20th January, 2008.
Name of officer : Jayesh Pandit.
Designation : Senior marketing manager,
Regional office
Shriji Consultancy Private Ltd.
Andrei (west)
Mumbai‐53.
Name of conference: Innovate concepts in sales and marketing.
Name of organizer: Indian management Association.
Conference venue: Hotel Faa‐ Mumbai
Duration of conference: January 14‐16, 2008.
Organization of conference:
(a)Sponsors:‐
• Air Sahara
• Tata Consultancy
• Indian Airlines
(b)Number of Participants: 125
(c)Number of Sessions: 12
(d)Number of Presentations: 32
Date: 25th January, 2008.
Signature: Jayesh Pandit.
Structure of
Formal Report.
The following elements should appear in the formal report:
1. The Title page.
2. Acknowledgement.
3. Letter of Transmittal.
4. Table of Content.
5. Abstract and Executive Summary.
6. Introduction.
7. Findings.
8. Conclusions.
9. Recommendation.
10. Appendix.
11. References and Bibliography.
Title Page
AHMEDABAD COUNCIL OF SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ACST‐(GIDC) AHMEDABAD‐380010
GUJARAT.
ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN AHMEDABAD.
REPORT PREPARED
BY
SUNIL KADAN.
PREPARED FOR
THE CHAIRMAN
ACST‐AHMEDABAD.
November 27, 2009
Letter of Transmittal
AHMEDABAD COUNCIL OF SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ACST‐(GIDC) AHMEDABAD‐380010
GUJARAT.
RANJAN SHUKLA THE CHAIRMAN ACST
Dear Sir,
I have a great pleasure in submitting the report on role of science and technology in the development of rural areas.
I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues and encouraged me to work hard. They have been very generous in extending their constant help to carry out this study properly.
Unexpected growth of science and technology has brought out many radical changes in the society. Science and technology has become enmeshed with every activity of our society today. The impact of science and technology is reflected in transportation, communication, health conditions, automation, and environment and so on. Since major portion of India resides in rural areas, to promote the use of science and technology and this area will be greatly benefited.
The chairman of ACST has invited me as secretary to write an interpretive report on The Role of Science and Technology in the Development of Rural Areas. The study is based on the information received from the department on the percentage distribution of expenditure for five years.(2004‐2009)
The present study gives an overview of the distribution of expenditure over five years. The present study will certainly help you to take further decision on allocation of more funds.
I hope the study will prove useful for making proper recommendation.
With Regards
Yours faithfully
Sunil Kandan.
Marketing Analyst
(ACST)
SAMPLE OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
I should thank every one associated with the assignment and preparation of this report.
I thank my organization, Ahmedabad council of science and technology for giving me an opportunity to conduct the research report project. A special word of thank to Mr. Ravi Kumar (Director & Chief Executive), Mr., Nitin Khana (DGM) and other Executives of Ahmedabad council of science and technology for giving me necessary guidance and support in my project work.
I also thank all respondent of survey, who gave me valuable information to carry out the study in better way.
Finally, I wish to thank my Family members and all my colleagues of my department, who colleagues of my department, who contributed valuable inputs of the research, work.
SAMPLE OF TABLE OF CONTENT.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. OVERVIEW 3
3. MAJOR PROJECTS 4
4. PROGRAMMES 6
5. BACKGROUD 9
5.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
5.2 PROBLEM IN DETAIL
7. SCOPE OF STUDY 13
8. DATA SOURCES 14
9. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 18
10. CONCLUSIONS 26
11. RECOMMENDATIONS 32
12. BIBLOGRAPHY 40
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UNIT-10 Technical Proposals
PROPOSALS : A piece of communication – either oral or written that can persuade someone to accept the suggested views or ideas is a proposal. It is a systematic, factual, formal and persuasive description of a course of action or a set of recommendations. PURPOSE : Purpose of writing proposals varies from organization to organization. Given below are a few purposes of proposals: To initiative a new project. To provide fresh ideas. To solve problems To reinforce innovative strategies To persuade the customer to purchase goods or service To conduct the basic research before developing a new plan To modernize the office procedures of an organization TYPES OF PROPOSALS : Proposals may be classified as follows :
(A) In-Formal and Formal Proposals : This type depends on the length and format. In-formal proposals don’t require lengthy descriptions and discussion. They are brief and written to initiate small projects and so mostly they are in printed form, letter or memo formats. Formal proposals are lengthy and written to initiate big projects. As such they require descriptions and discussions and written in manuscript format.
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(B) Internal and External Proposals :
This type depends on the nature of the addressee. An internal proposal is for reader within an organization. It may offer to study a problem in the organization and present options to solve it . An enter proposal is addressed to people outside an organization. It may offer a plan to solve a problem of that organization and give appropriate recommendations.
(C ) Solicited and Unsolicited Proposals :
A proposal written in response of a particular request from a client is known as solicited proposal. Government and Non – government agencies, some companies solicit proposals for their projects. On the other hand, unsolicited proposals are written without any request for a proposal. As these proposals propose solutions to problem and constructive recommendations, they are based on an object assessment of a situation by and individual on a firm. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROPOSAL : The following are the characteristics of proposals : • Proposals should be more creative in comparison of other forms of
professional writing. • Proposal should lead to believe the decision makers that their
needs would be fulfilled. • Proposals should contain a course of action with the ‘rationale ‘. If
it is absent, no one is going to accept what is proposed. • Proposals should keep in mind the customer’s convenience,
financial benefit and prestige. • Proposals look attractive and written neatly. • Proposals should include background, objective, description,
summary of the problem. • Proposals should convince the customer that the proposed course
of action will lead to future benefits.
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Q1.) Draft a proposal as a general secretary students union of your institution for setting up a canteen in your campus, draft this proposal to Vice President of student – gymkhana in memorandum format. Date : October 6, 2009. To : Vice president of students Gymkhana. From : General Secretary of students Subject : Setting up a canteen in campus Introduction : The purpose of writing this proposal is for setting up a canteen in campus. In this proposal first will give gist of proposal, followed by the relevant background information require. The proposal shall through light on following aspects as :
• Problems faced by students • Objective • Work plan • Estimated cost PROBLEMS FACED BY STUDENTS / BACKGROUND : The problem faced by college students is of good food during their break hours.
As there is no canteen facility inside the campus, student generally move out and have snacks from lari-wala The food which they in take is
• Unhygienic
• Low quality of material used.
• Open vessel
• Surrounding atmosphere is full of pollution
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All these above factors may create a adverse effect on health of students.
OBJECTIVE:-
The main objective of this canteen would be to provide a healthy staff to students it will also take care for
Providing food Using good quality of raw staff Specified area where students can sit and enjoy the food
Good food at economy rate Friendly atmosphere
Work plan This project is split into three phases as:-
• Setup a canteen area /construction • Catering • Setup of inside arrangement
Construction The construction of canteen would beat the back of tennis court. Area occupied for this would be approximately 150 square feet. Inside area will cover
• Kitchen • Service place • Sitting area • Wash room
Catering The food items will be given on contract bases to our client Ganesh caterers, it will include all kind of snacks ,cold drinks and mini lunch. Quality of raw material will be always checked by our supervisory staff.
Inside setup For inside setup, we shall have stiffing arrangement in the form of chairs and tables, cash counter area, service area and kitchen.
Estimated cost:-
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The expenditure expected would be as:‐ 1. Construction 13,00,00 2. Equipments 80,000 3. Electrical cost 25,000 4. Furniture 1,50,000 5. Misc. expenses 25,000
Duration:- The construction would be expected to complete within time duration of 2months.Furniture would require 1month and electrical work would require 15days to complete the work.
Conclusion:- We must not let the problem to grow more and let the problem to grow more and try to set out the facility or students as soon as possible, it is therefore requested to accord approval to the setting up of a canteen in the campus area.
Yours truly, S.P. Patel (General Secretary of Students)
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Effective Solicited Proposal in Letter Format:
JWS Remolding Solutions
121 Phases -1, VATVA GIDC, Ahmedabad – 380013. Contact: (079) 26546378 E-mail: [email protected]
October 29, 2009. Mr. Dharmesh Patel Data Dimensions 15 HR Marg Vata, Ahmedabad – 380027. Dear Mr. Patel: Subject: Proposal for Home Office Construction. JWS Remodeling Solutions would be happy to convert your existing living room area into a home office according to the specifications discussed during our October 14 meeting. We can schedule the project for the week beginning Novemeber 12, 2009 (two weeks from today). The project will take roughly 3 weeks to complete. Our construction approach is unique. We provide a full staff of licensed trade’s people and schedule our projects so that when one trade finishes, the next trade is ready to begin. To expedite this project, as you requested, we have agreed to overlap several trades whose work can be done concurrently. JWS Remodeling Solutions will provide the following work:
• Remove baseboard, door casing, fluted casing and sheetrock to prepare for construction of new partition wall at north end of living room.
• Partition and finish walls to create two separate storage closets at north end of living room with access through two 36” six-panel door units. Replace all disturbed sheetrock.
• Hand and trim new door units and replace all disturbed baseboards and door casings.
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• Move cold air return from west wall to east wall of living room. • Paint or finish all surfaces/trim to match specs used throughout house.
The work does not include custom office cabinetry, carpeting or phone or cable wiring. We would be happy to bid on these projects in the future. JWS Remodeling Solutions has been in business in the Michigan area for over 17 years. We have a strong reputation for being a quality builder. We take great pride in our work and we treat all projects with the same high – level attention, regardless of their size or scope. Our trade’s people are all licensed, insured professionals with years of experience in their respective crafts, Enclosed is a copy of our company brochure discussing our qualifications in greater detail, along with a current client list. Please contact any of the names on this list for references. The total cost for this project is Rs. 3,20,000 broken down as follows : Materials and supplies Rs. 1,80,000 Labor Rs. 1,00,000 Disposal fees Rs. 40,000 ____________ Total Rs. 3,20,000 If you would like to have JWS Remodeling Solutions complete this work, please sign one copy of this letter and return it to us with your deposit in the enclosed envelope. We currently anticipate no construction delays, since the materials needed for your job are in stock and our staff of qualified workers is available during the period mentioned. If you have any questions regarding the terms of this proposal, please call me. Sincerely, Dhaval Sharma, (President.)
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UNIT‐11 Technical Description.
Q1. Describe guidelines for writing good description.
*.Introduction:‐
A technical description begins with a definition of the object or process to be described and a general break down of the components which will be detailed.
*.Guidelines:‐
The following sections are always found in descriptions which are to be taken care of.
#.Introduction:‐
• It should be carefully planned should include to have‐
• General description of object and its function.
• Indicate the audience need in terms of knowledge and back ground.
• Show the specific about to be described.
#.Overview:‐
• Overview should be in brief that reveal the objects.
• Overall framework, arrangement, shape and purpose.
#.Content:‐
• Divide the object into parts and describe each part.
• Should have enough detail to use or draw it.
• It should reveal its role and its relation to others.
#Order:‐
Organize the part description to help your order.
• Spatial order (top to bottom)
• Priority order
• Chronological order
#Format:‐
• Heads: ‐ Identify topic with clear, nested section headings.
• Lists: ‐ Itemize related features with indenting and marks.
• Figures: ‐ Integrate figures and text with labels and features.
#Verbal Cues:‐
• Parallelism: ‐ Use parallel words and phrases for parallel ideas.
• Proleptics: ‐ Use verbal links to signal how your description fits together.
#Comparison:‐
• Compare features or parts with other things accordingly.
#Contrast:‐
• Contrast properties with the properties of others to reveal their significance.
#Specifics:‐
• Induce relevant specific features as size, shape, color, material, technical names, abbreviation, symbols etc.
• Omit irrelevant background, confusing details and needless work.
#Conclusion:‐
• A description is one complete cycle of operation details with a proper texture.
Q2. Define object description and process description.
Object description:‐
Description is the process of making an object, idea or process to unknown, someone who is unfamiliar with it.
• Description will of function‐ when and why of its use.
• The physical appearance of the object and its component parts. • It will include a general description of the object, dimensions, appearance
and components.
• An account of the components sequential and logical order along with their relationship.
• The definition of idea or object is to be followed by a detailed description of parts in logical order.
• The detailed plans of proposed system requirement, cost estimation and
even models that can be used. • The designing – the physical and logical coding.
Process description:‐ • The technical description of a process talks about how something
works.
• A typical process description will have the following elements. Defining the audience
• Definition that tells when and why the process is performed. • Language, words and information should thus effective and relevant
to the audience. Selecting an organizational principle
• The general operation gives idea as to the skills and time required, pre and post operation conditions.
• Organizational principle for is generally chronological. • The flow of sequence has to be based on the audience’s knowledge
level and intended use of description. • Description of steps why and when it takes place, how long it last and
what are human interventions required.
Choosing approximate visual aids • Graphic representation like a flow chart can very effectively
represent a process and explain the sequences involved. • The decision tree can help, as to perform or not certain actions in a
certain situation. Q3. Draft a technical description on new laptop model of Dell. DELL‐ LAPTOP VULCHAIN 614‐Z Overview:‐ Dell is making their laptop as thin and light as possible. Dell has started adding “Z” to the names of the thinnest and lightest models which offers
best battery life in each category. To that end, the inspiron 14z offers consumers “66%” better battery life. The Models has an impressive sound system and a trendy look. Features:‐ Intel code 2 DUO T58790 @ 2.0 GHZ RAM: ‐ 3 GB Hard Disk: ‐ 320 GB Operating system: ‐ Vista Home Basic Inbuilt Features: ‐ Bluetooth, wireless connections and DVD Writer. Special Features: ‐ WEB CAM and External Mouse 14.1 Wide screen‐led Backlit INTEL GMA GRAPHIC Available in Colors: ‐ Sliver, Black and Blue. Care offer Price: ‐ Rs. 43,980
UNIT‐12 EFFECTIVE READING SKILLS
Q1. Explain reading comprehension and state techniques used for good comprehension.
Reading Comprehension:‐
Reading comprehension refers to the ability to understand information presented in written form. Good reading means building frameworks for linking words to thoughts.
Techniques of good reading:‐
• Skimming and scanning.
• Non‐verbal skills.
• Structure of the text.
• Structure of paragraphs.
• Punctuation
• Meaning of words.
• Author’s viewpoint.
IN DETAIL:‐
• Skimming is used to read quickly without pausing to study the details. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading.
• Often skimming is done when there is lots of material to read in a limited time.
• This technique is useful when we want specific information rather than reading for understanding.
• Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places, to review graphs, tables and charts.
• Here reading may take with title, subtitles, subheading, and illustration, first and last paragraphs.
• Scanning is a technique often used while looking a word in telephone book or dictionary.
• Scanning means moving eyes quickly down their page seeking specific words and phrases.
• Reading more carefully and looking for specific information that are is interested in.
• Once scanning is over, might need to skim it.
• Scanning is found as for numbers, letters, steps or words.
Non‐verbal signs may include certain style features such as different fonts, bold print, underlining or italics. The meaning of these style features can vary from one text to another.
Structure of the text:‐Moreover a text may start with title‐ subtitle‐ Introduction‐ Body and followed by conclusion or summary.
Most important aspect of reading is prediction begins with title. Introduction informs and body deals with subject matter. Conclusion sum ups and puts right perspective.
Structure of paragraph:‐A typical paragraph consists of three parts. First paragraph deals with heart of issue/subject. Second consist of detain information of the subject and last paragraph is summary of the matter.
Reader will have good impression of the content with first sentence in a paragraph.
Punctuation:‐It is partly based on grammar. Understanding the meaning and usage punctuation marks will make simple to understand the structure.
It marks indicates ideas to interpret of a given text.
Determining the meaning of words:‐
Reader would have wide range and flexible vocabulary will encounter those words which are unfamiliar but earning will be understood if relationship between words and form is taken correctly.
Summarizing:‐It is very difficult to remember the complete of long text. Summary is a short outline of text containing all its important aspect.
The length of summary largely depends on the density of the text. The average length of a good summary is about one third of original text.
Steps can be taken when summarizing a text:‐
• Familiarize with material.
• Select important information.
• Para phase the information.
• Select important information.
• Insert links between sentences and paragraphs.
• Adjust the length of summary.
Q2. what can be the reasons for poor reading?
Ans‐ Effective communication is always essential in all professional level. Listening and reading is important wheel of communication process.
Writing 9%
Speaking 30%
Listening 45%
Reading 16%
Reasons for poor comprehension are:‐
• Inability to understand words.
• Inability to understand sentence.
• Inability to understand how sentences relate to one another
• Lack of interest or concentration
• Inability to understand how information points together in a meaningful way.
Q3. Describe the tips for Improving Comprehensive skills, and what steps would be taken to become an active reader.
1. Read a verity of materials. Do not limit your self to text book. 2. Read a fairly long portion of the material. It would be difficult to
access reading comprehension based on one or two paragraph. 3. Try to read an entire section or chapter instead. 4. Circle unknown or unfamiliar words as you read. 5. After reading recall as much as the information as possible. 6. Consider how interesting the subject matter is and how much you
already know about the subject. 7. Answer questions about the materials after reading it. 8. Check the accuracy and completeness of you recollection. 9. Improve attention and concentration while reading. 10. Enhance registration and recall of text information to memory. 11. Pay attention to supporting cues. 12. Enhance vocabulary.
13. Anticipate and predict. 14. Make reading more active process. 15. Increase involvement while reading.
Tips for speeding up your Activity Reading:‐
SQ3R
Try to follow the SQ3R technique
S= Survey.
Q= Questions.
R= Read.
R= Recall.
R= Review.
Survey:
• Gather the information you need to focus on the work and set your goals
• Read the title to prepare for the subject.
• Read the introduction or summary to see what the author thinks on the key points.
• Notice the bold heading to see what the structure is used.
• Notice any maps, graphs, or Charts.
• Notice the reading aids, italics boldface, questions at the end of the chapter
Read:
• Read the first section with your questions in mind.
• Look for the answer and make up new question if necessary.
Recall:
• After each section stop for a while and think about each questions.
• See if you can answer them from memory.
• If not, take a look back at the text.
• Repeat this exercise as many times as you need.
Review:
• Once you have finished the whole chapter, go back over all the questions from all the topics.
• See you if can still answer.
• If not look back and refresh your memory.
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UNIT‐13 JOB APPLICATION
JOB APPLICATION:‐
Job application letter is to persuade employers to read the attached Resume. Features to be kept in mind, while writing application letters are as follows :‐
• Make your individualistic
• Catch the readers’ attention • Highlight your educational / professional qualification
Make Your Individualistic: Each individual possess certain traits that are marked and specially suited for a particular job. Highlight the qualities and present them in a fashion that designates specially suited for the post. Catch the readers’ attention: While writing a letter, there may be hundreds of other applicants with almost same qualification. There must be something in writing that would attract the reader to hold the application in hand. It should be clear and unambiguous and should act as a pointer to the capabilities of the candidate. Highlight Your Educational / Professional Qualification:
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Once the attention of the reader has been captured, it is necessary to sustain interest. The educational / Professional qualification describes how best a candidate would opt to the job. Present this detail with accuracy and in a manner that appeals the reader.
• Spell strongest Qualification • Summaries other relevant qualification
• Conjoins qualification with need of a company
• Present any other brief accomplishment
• Refer back to the resume
Q1: Prepare a Resume suitable for the past of a computer engineer.
Krupal Pujara. Email:‐[email protected] Mail:‐248, Ashok Bhavan Science city road Sola. Ahmedabad – 380045. India. Contact:‐079‐25872910
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079‐25831476. Objective:‐
To associate myself with an organization that provides a challenging job and an opportunity to prove innovative skills and diligent work.
Professional experience:‐
Project trainee [July 2006 –December 2007] Satyam computer service Ltd, A’bad. Project:‐Metadata management system Description:‐Metadata Manager is a to 01 to create and maintain data marks. It stores to all details about marks. Data base, Technology & Languages used:‐ Oracle, Java, Xml, Pl/Sql, swing. Responsibilities:‐
• Design a database in Oracle to hold metadata
• Designed an appropriate graphical user interface for the system.
• Development of security system for this application.
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Project details:‐
Implementation of source File Transfer system (January 2004‐may 2004) If involves the design and implementation of kerberas for file transfer protocol in c language. Kerberas improves the security of FTP by preventing reply attacks and IP doffing. Learning Aids Development (January 2001‐May 2001):‐ It involves the design development of applets for BITS virtual university. Courses done:‐
• Network security • Computer security
• Network programming Educational Background.
Degree Name of institute
Year of passing
Division/class obtained.
M.E. –soft Birla institute ‐‐‐‐‐ Perusing
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ware system(1st year)
of Technology, Rajasthan
B.E. – Computer
Alpha Institute of Engineering, Ahmedabad
2008 First Class‐72%
Higher Secondary
C.N. Seth School , Ahmedabad
2004 Distinction‐84%
Secondary C.N. Seth School , Ahmedabad
2002 Distinction ‐88%
Software Skills:‐
Programming Languages:‐c, c++, Java and visual Basic. Technologies:‐HTML, Java security, XML, SQL, PL/SQL and GNU make. Operating system:‐Linux, UNIX, Windows 98,95,2000 and DOS. Security experience:‐Have helped to uncover multiple serials security holes in the LAN network to build firewall.
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Personal Details:‐
Date of Birth :‐28th April 1989. Marital status :‐Single. Language known : ‐ English, Hindi, and Gujarati. Permanent address: ‐ 248, ashok bhavan Science city road Sola Ahmedabad‐380045. Reference:‐
• Mr. Sandip Patel Satyam Analyst Satyam computer service LTD. Ahmedabad, Gujarat India.
• Mr. Hardik vora Senior software engineer Satyam computer service LTD, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India.
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Q2. Unit an application for the past of computer programmer at wipro ltd, advertised in the times of India, dated Oct 10, 2004.Send your application to the manager [HR], wipro ltd.10, MG Road, Banglore‐500002.
Krupal Pujara, 48/CB Shavan Complex, Science city Road, Sola, Ahmedabad‐380016. 17th oct. 2009 Mr. Balu Subramanim, Manager [HRD] Wipri ltd, 10 M.G. Road, Banglore‐500002 Dear Sir, As per your advisement in the times of India dated 10th Oct 2009 for the past of computer programmer would like to take and opportunity to apply for the same post, my varied experience and my Qualification are for this position.
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I have worked as a project trainee in satyam computer service limited for past 6 month .I was involved in developing a graphical user interface for Meta data management system. So I have hands on experience in java swing, java security, oracle and JDBC.
As a software engineer in your organization I assure that I will work hard for the improvement of your company .further more, I work well with others. I would appreciate your keeping this inquiry confidential. Thank you for your consideration.
Yours faithfully,
(Krupal pujara.) ENCL: Resume. Q3. A recent college graduate responding to a local newspaper article about the company’s plan to arrange a new computer center. Write an application letter to the HRD. 6123 Fartigton Complex, Block No B – 23
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Paldi Ahmedabad – 380034 Gujarat. January 22, 2009. The Manager (Human Resource) Shriji Private Limited 5th Cross Road Khatrej Ahmedabad – 380079. Dear Sir, I have just read on article in the news paper, ‘THE HINDU’ (20th January 2009) about Taylor’s new computer center at north of Baroda. I would be happy to apply for a post as an entry level programmer at the center. I understand that Taylor makes both in‐house and customer documentation. My technical writing skills as described in the enclosed resume will be well suited to your company. I am a recent graduate of Grow More Institute of Technology in Ahmadabad with computer science. I will be glad to meet you at your convenience and discuss how my education can suit your needs. You can contact me at (079) – 26387489 OR at [email protected].
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Sincerely, (Keyur Patel) ENCL: ‐ Resume
Q4. Explain importance of uniting resume in job application along with its types and the standard parts of a resume.
Resume is a part of job application letter .it is a technical as well as marketing document which presents past and present performance to prospective employer, which can assess future potential.
A Prospective employer forms his first impression from resume it can help to short list of candidates to be considered.
An effective resume can open the door to possible employment. Résumé is a biographical sketch, which is objective, easily accessible and detailed.
Types Of Resumes:
There are mainly three types of resumes as :
• Chronological Resume
• Functional Resume
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• Hybrid / Combination Resume Selection of each one depends on the specific job description applied for and past accomplishments. Chronological Resume: This resume emphasizes on education and work experience, which clearly relates to the job you are seeking. Under each position, there needs to describe your responsibilities & accomplishment. The Chronological resume begins with most recent experience. This approach is most common way of organizing the information n a resume and preferred by most employers. Functional Resume: Functional resume features the skills that bring a candidate to the job. It provides examples of the most significant experiences that demonstrate these abilities. More over it emphasizes on individual field of competence. It demonstrates the applicant’s ability to handle the position they are applying for. Functional resume follow “Skill” category followed by “work history” and scaled down “education” section.
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Hybrid / Combination Resume : This includes the best features of the chronological and functional resumes. This type may turn out to be very long and repetitious in nature. A resume must include the qualities as:
• Employer’s need
• Should be concise • Should be honest
Standard parts of resume:‐
• Educational/professional qualifications • Work experience
• The heading • Special skills, Abilities ,Aptitudes • Career objective • Achievements and Awards
• Related course work , special projects • Reference • Activities and interest
A resume includes having:‐ Introduction / Opening Summary.
• Professional Summary
• Career Highlights profile
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• Background statement Competencies Heading
• Skills • Relevant skills • Core Competencies
• Area of expertise • Special Strength • Knowledge encompasses
• Qualifications Employment Experience
• Work experience / Corporate experience
• Employment History
• Project assignments
• Additional work experience Achievements
• Key achievements
• Awards • Professional recognition
Education / Training
• Education • Certification • Specialized Training • Additional courses • Workshops and conferences
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Technical Skills
• Technical skills • Computer skills
• Software programs expertise
• Technical knowledge Additional Background
• Publications • Presentations • Foreign languages
Bio summary / Personal Highlights Name, Gender, Nationality, Local, Address, Permanent address, Contact No, Personal No, E – Mail etc…