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Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
32
3.3 Habitat
Argemone mexicana linn., is a species of poppy found in Mexico
and now widely naturalized in many parts of the world. An extremely
hardy pioneer plant, it is tolerant of drought and poor soil, often being
the only cover on new road cuttings or verges.
3.3.1 Classification
Botanical Name : Argemone mexican linn.
Family : Papaveraceae
3.3.2 Common Name
Tamil : Kurukkum
Telugu : Bhrahmadandi
Malayalam : Bhrahmadanti
Hindi : Satyanashi
Gujarati : Darudi
Orissa : Kantakusham
Marathi : Pivla Dhotra
3.3.3 Reported phytochemical constituents
Alkaloids
isocorydine, (+)-reticuline, protopine, allocryptopine1, berberin
2,
dehydrocheilanthifoline, coptisine, argemexicaine A, argemexicaine B,
chelerythrine, sanguinarine, (-)-tetrahydroberberine,
O-methylzanthoxyline, arnottianamide, (±)-6-acetonyldihydro-
chelerythrine3, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine,
oxyberberine4, cryptopine, (-)-cheilanthifoline, (- )-scoulerine, (- )-
stylopine, nor-sanguinarine, nor-chelerythrine5, muramine,
oxyhydrastinine, thalifoline, 8-acetonyl dihydrosanguiranine6,
protomexicine, 13-oxoprotopine.8-methoxydihydrosanguiranine7, (+)-
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
33
cheilanthifoline8, argemexirine, (±)-tetrahydrocoptisine,
dihydrocoptisine9, (+)-argenaxine, (+)-higenamine, N-
demethyloxysanguinarine, pancorine, dihydrochelerythrine, angoline10
,
dihydrosanguiranine11
.
Terpenoids
trans-phytol10
, β-amyrin12
Steroids
stigma-4-en-3,6-dione10
, β-sitosterol13
Carbohydrates
Lactose, arabinose14
Amino Acid
Cysteine, phenylalanine12
Flavonoids
Luteolin, eriodictyol15
, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-Dglucopyanoside16
,
isorhamnetin13
, isorhamnetin-7-O-β-D-diglucopyanoside17
,
isorhamnetin-3,7-O-β-D-digluco pyanoside18
, quercetin, rutin, mexitin19
.
Phenolic Acid
tannic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid20
3.4 Therapeutic Claims
Antidiabetic activity21
, Antioxidant activity22
, Wound Healing
activity23
, Antihelmintic activity24
, Larvicidal activity25
,
Hepatoprotective activity26
and Anticancer activity27
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
34
3.5 Pharmacology
A. Argemone mexicana linn. is used in the treatment of tumors,
warts, skin diseases, inflammations, rheumatism, jaundice,
leprosy, piles, warm infestations and dysentery.
B. Leaf decoction is used to cure malarial fever and ulcers. Seeds
are efficient in treating leprosy, dropsy and jaundice. Juice of the
plant is used as a remedy against Scorpion bite 28.
3.6 Proximate analysis
All the plant material are or natural herbs are usually put in
seclusion store and therefor it remain for a long time. As a time of
storage of such plant material or crude drug to maintain the proper
ventilation, suitable temperature, humidity control and light should be
maintain for their pharmacological action however it is observed that,
crude plant materials before being taken for processing are not analyzed.
It will changes its original characteristics. To avoid this, the crude drugs
should be tested for the following tests as per the USP and Indian herbal
Pharmacopoeia (IHP)29-33
.
foreign organic matter
water soluble extractives
ethanol soluble extractives
ether soluble extractives
total ash content
acid soluble ash
water soluble ash
sulphated ash
loss on drying
percentage moisture content.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
35
3.6.1 Foreign organic matter
Medicinal plant material should be entirely free form visible
signs of contamination, i.e. insects, mould and other animal
contamination. It is rarely possible to obtain plant material that is
entirely free from foreign matter. However no dangerous, harmful or
poisonous foreign material should be allowed.
It is required to remove any sand, soil, dust and other foreign
organic matter after the cutting of medicinal plant for testing.
Macroscopic examination can conveniently be employed for the
determination of the foreign matter in whole plant material.
Foreign matter is a material consisting all of following:
Dust, soil, sand, stone and other minerals which are not adhering
to medicinal plant material.
Any medicinal plant material or the material other than named
with limits specified for the plant material concerned.
Any organism and product of organism are present.
Procedure
The plant material was washed with water and the dust particles
were removed from the surface of the leaves. Excess water was allowed
to drain off by spreading the leaves on filter paper. The 500gm of
washed and drained leaves were taken and spread as a thin layer on a
white cloth. Foreign matter was sorted by visual inspection by using
magnifying lens. The portions of the sorted foreign matter were weighed
and the content of foreign matter in g per 100 g of the sample was
calculated. The procedure was carried out for the total of three sets.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
36
Observation
It was observed that the percentage of foreign organic matter in
Argemone mexicana linn. was 0.02 gm. The results are shown in the
table.
Calculations
% Foreign organic matter = (M1-M)x100
M2
Where
M= Weight of empty dish in g.
M1= Weight of dish with foreign matter in g.
M2 = Weight of sample in g.
% Foreign matter content = (42.86-42.84)X100
500
Table 1 Percentage of foreign organic matter
Sample % of Foreign Organic Matter
% of Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Extractable matter
The use of this method to determine the amount of phyto
constituents extracted with solvent from a given amount of medicinal
plant material. As per the Herbal Pharmacopoeia water, ethanol and
petroleum ether used as solvent to determine the extractable matter.
3.6.2 Procedure for water extractable matter
Accurately weighed of 4gm of Argemone mexicana linn. whole
plant powder was taken in 250ml round bottom flasks for three times.
To each flask, 100ml of water was added. All flasks were stirring
frequently for six hours and then put it eighteen hours. Then filter it
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
37
through whatman filter paper no. 1 avoid the loss of solvent. The
filtrates were transfered to previously weighing clean beaker and
evaporated to dryness on a water bath after evaporation the extract was
dried at the1040 C for six hours kept in desiccator for cooling the
substance. The beaker was weighed and percentage of extractable matter
in water was calculated.
Observation
The percentage extractable matter in water of Argemone
mexicana linn. is between the 18.65 – 19.05%.
Table 2 Percentage of water extractable matter
Sample % of water extract % of Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
18.65
18.84
19.05
18.84
3.6.3 Procedure for ethanol extractable matter
As above take accurately weighed of 4gm of Argemone mexican
linn. whole plant powder was taken in 250ml round bottom flasks for
three times. To each flask, 100ml of water was added. All flasks were
stirring frequently for six hours and then put it eighteen hours. Then
filter it through whatman filter paper no. 1 avoid the loss of solvent. The
filtrates was transfer to previously weighing clean beaker and
evaporated to dryness on a water bath after evaporation the extract was
dried at the1040 C for six hours kept in desiccators for cooling the
substance. The beaker was weighed and percentage of extractable matter
in water was calculate.
Observation
The percentage extractable matter in ethanol of Argemone
mexicana linn. is between the 5.49 – 5.90%.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
38
Table 3 Percentage of ethanol extractable matter
Sample % of ethanol extract % of Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
5.49 5.60 5.90 5.66
3.6.4 Procedure for ether extractable matter
As above take accurately weighed of 4gm of Argemone mexicana
linn. whole plant powder was taken in 250ml round bottom flasks for
three times. To each flask, 100ml of petroleum ether was added. All
flasks were stirring frequently for six hours and then put it eighteen
hours. Then filter it through whatman filter paper no. 1 avoid the loss of
solvent. The filtrates was transfer to previously weighing clean beaker
and evaporated to dryness on a water bath after evaporation the extract
was dried at the 1050 C for six hours kept in desiccator for cooling the
substance. The beaker was weighed and percentage of extractable matter
in enter was calculate.
Observation
The percentage extractable matter in ether of Argemone mexicana
linn. is between the 0.49 – 0.50%.
Table 4 Percentage of ether extractable matter
Sample % of ether extract % of Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
0.49
0.50
0.50
0.50
3.6.5 Ash content
The ash content is received after the ignition of herbal plant
materials is determined by different type of method.
total ash
acid insoluble ash
water insoluble ash
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
39
sulphated ash
The total ash method is designed to measure the total amount of
material remaining after ignition. This include both physiological ash
which is derived from plant tissue itself and non-physiological ash,
which is the residue of the extraneous matter (e.g. soil and sand)
adhering to the plant surface.
Acid insoluble ash is the residue obtained after boiling the total
ash with dilute hydrochloric acid and ignite the remaining insoluble
matter. This measures the amount of the silica and sand.
Water soluble ash is the difference in weight between the total
ash and the residue after treatment of the total ash with water.
Sulphated ash is the residue of the inorganic sulphates obtained
after treatment of substance with concentrated sulphuric acid, which
decomposes and oxidizes the organic matter. This measures the amount
of nonvolatile impurities present in organic substances.
3.6.6 Total Ash
Apparatus - Silica crucible, muffle furnace, desiccators, hot air oven
Procedure
Weighing the 2 gm of the dried material was taken in a silica
crucible and then ignited with the flame of Bunsen burner for one hour.
After the completion of the ignition it was kept in the muffle furnace at
5500 C till the gray ash was obtained. It was then cooled in a desiccator
and weighted. The process was repeated three times and all valued are
mean of three reading.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
40
Observation
It was observed that the percentage total as content of Argemone
mexicana linns. of whole plant powder were between 9.25-9.46%.
Table 5 Percentage of total ash content
Sample % of total ash content % of
Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
9.25
9.33
9.46
9.34
3.6.7 Acid insoluble ash
Chemicals- dilute HCl, 5N HCl, and AgNO3
Apparatus - Silica crucible, muffle furnace, desiccators, hot air oven,
water bath.
Procedure
Weighing the 2gm of the dried whole plant material powder was
taken in silica crucible and ignite with the flame of Bunsen burner for
about one hour. The silica crucible was kept in a muffle furnace at 5500
C till the gray ash was obtained. The ash was moistened by the
concentrated HCl and evaporate to dryness after which was kept in hot
air oven at 1350 C for three hours. After cooling the crucible 25ml of
dilute HCl was added and heated on water bath for half hour. It was
allowed the cool and filtered through whatman filter paper No. 1. The
residue was then washed with hot water till washing were free from
chloride it was checked by AgNO3 Soln. The filter paper and residue
were put in a dish and ignite in a muffle furnace at 5500
C for one hour.
Observations
It was observed that the percentage of acid insoluble ash content
of Argemone mexicana linn. whole plant powder were between 0.28-
0.30%.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
41
Table 6 Acid insoluble ash content
Sample % of Acid insoluble ash content % of
Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
0.28
0.34
0.31
0.31
3.6.8 Water soluble ash
Chemicals - Distilled Water
Apparatus - Silica dish, desiccator, hot air oven, muffle furnace
Procedure
Take 25ml distilled water add in silica crucible containing the
total ash boiled for ten minutes. The insoluble ash was collect on the
filer paper. The residue was washed with hot water and ignited in a
crucible for fifteen minutes at a temperature of 4500 C. The water
soluble ash was calculated by subtracting the weight of the residue from
the weight of the total ash.
Observation
It was observed that the percentage of water soluble ash content
of Argemone mexicana linn. powder was found between 3.22-3.44%.
Table 7 Water soluble ash content
Sample % of Water soluble ash content % of
Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
3.22
3.36
3.44
3.34
3.6.9 Sulphated ash
Chemicals - Sulphuric acid
Apparatus - Silica crucible, desiccator, hot air oven muffle furnace.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
42
Procedure
Accurately weighed 2 gm of dried whole material powder was
taken in silica crucible. The material was ignited, at first until the
substance was thoroughly charred. The crucible was then cooled and the
residue was moistened with 1 ml of concentrate sulphuric acid. The
crucible was heated and ignited at 8000
C, till at the black particles
disappeared the cooled the crucible and add a few drop of sulphuric acid
and heating was repeated.
Observation
It was observed that the percentage sulphated ash content of
Argemone mexicana linn. was found to be between 12.77-13.43%.
Table 8 Sulphated ash
Sample % of Sulphated ash content % of
Means
Argemone mexicana linn. 12.77 12.98 13.43 13.06
3.6.10 Loss on Drying
Apparatus - ASTM SIEVE (85/BS Sieve), wide mouth stoppered
weighing bottle, desiccator, hot air oven.
Procedure
5 gm of Argemone mexicana linn. whole plant powdered samples
were weighed separately in wide mouth stoppered weighing bottle. The
bottle were then placed with lid open in a hot air oven and maintained at
1000C ± 2. The samples were kept in an oven for 2 hours. The bottle
were the remove, covered and placed in a desiccator. The bottles were
weighed after cooling to room temperature and weighed
The bottles were again kept in the hot air oven for 2 hours and the
above procedure was repeated till the difference the weight between two
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
43
successive weighing was less than 1mg. Three readings for each sample
were recorded.
Observations
It was observed that the percentage of loss on drying for
Argemone mexicana linn. whole plant powder were found to be a 8.43. –
9.20%.
Table 9 Percentage of loss on drying
Sample % of loss on drying
% of
Means
Argemone mexicana linn.
8.43
9.20
8.65
8.76
3.7 Optimization of extraction condition
There are number of methods for extraction, purification and isolation of
compounds. The first fractionation step is general extraction of secondary
metabolites which is done either by using single solvents such as methanol or
by using petroleum ether to defatted the material. Methanol dissolves most of
the secondary metabolites and enhancing their release from cellular matrix/cell
sufrace34,35
. Filtration or centrifugation is the first basic technique used to
separate insoluble material and filtrate that contain dissolved secondary
metabolite. The choice of extraction procedure and extraction solvent depends
on the physicochemical nature of secondary metabolite, nature of plant material
(dried parts) and their physical state (particle size). An idea about properties of
interfering compound provides best criteria for solvent selection for extraction
and to select method of extraction, so prior to extraction a major emphasis must
be given on nature of interfering compounds.
Extraction involves solvent penetration into herb cells/tissues,
solubilization of secondary metabolites and finally release the dissolved
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
44
secondary metabolites in solvent of extraction. Solvents of varying polarity are
used alone or in combinations for extraction depend on component, so a large
proportion of the unwanted material is removed. This includes class of
preparation known as decoctions, infusions, fluid extracts, tinctures, and
powder extracts.
The techniques usually employed for extraction are ultrasonic, rotary
evaporators, hydro distillation, super critical fluid chromatography, multiple
solvent extraction, liquid chromatography.
The present research work concerns primarily with the basic extraction
procedures for crud drugs to obtain the therapeutically desirable portion and
eliminate the unwanted material by treatment with a selective solvent, known
as the menstrum. The principle methods of extraction are maceration,
percolation, decoction, digestion and infusion. The quality of the finished
product can be enhanced by optimization of primary extracts. The USP (United
State Pharmacopeia) provides general guidelines for maceration and
percolation.
Maceration
In this process of maceration the solid ingredients are placed in a
stoppered flask with prescribed volume of solvent and allowed to stand in a
warm place with frequent agitation, until soluble matter is dissolved. The
mixture is filtered and after most of the liquid has drained off, the residue is
washed with sufficient quantity of the prescribed solvent.
Percolation
The powdered drug is mixed within appropriate quantity of the
prescribed solvent to make it evenly and uniformly humid. It is allowed to
stand for 15 minutes and then transferred to a percolator. Sufficient prescribed
solvent is added to saturate the drug. The percolation is allowed to proceed at
specified rate gradually adding sufficient solvent.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
45
Decoction
This is one of the most popular processes which extracts water soluble
and heat stable constituents from crude drugs by boiling in a water for 15
minutes, cooling, straining and passing sufficient cold water through the drug
to produce the required volume.
Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the
process of extraction. It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not
objectionable and the solvent efficiency of the menstrum is increased thereby.
Infusion
An Infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of
crude drugs. Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the drugs for a short
period of time with ether or boiling water.
In the present research work, the plant materials selected were subjected
to extraction using various solvents and from the extraction efficiency the best
solvent was selected. In addition the parameters chosen for the optimization of
the experimental conditions, for getting the best extraction efficiency were
amount of the solvent
time of extraction and
number of extractions.
Choice of Extracting Solvent
To obtain proper extraction of a given plant material, the ideal solvent is
obviously one that has maximum selectivity, best capacity for extraction in
terms of coefficient of the product in the medium and is compatible with
properties of the material to extract.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
46
Usually secondary metabolites have different degrees of polarity so the
solvent(s) should be chosen for the extraction should be considered carefully to
ensure dissolution of secondary metabolites under study.
Solvent should have following properties:
1. easy to remove
2. inert
3. nontoxic
4. not easily inflammable
5. no interaction or less chemical interaction
Solvent is employed to dissolve the secondary metabolite and finally to
diffuse out the dissolved solute into bulk solvent phase.
Solvent employed are:
1. Polar: Water
2. Non-polar: Petroleum ether, chloroform,
3. Semi polar: Ethanol, Methanol
Polar Solvents
The polar components like polysaccharides, phenols, aldehydes,
ketones, amines, and other oxygen containing compounds dissolve in water due
to formation of hydrogen bonding. The solubility of aliphatic alcohol increases
the solubility of the compound in water decreases. Additional polar groups are
present in the molecule, as found in propylene glycol, glycerin, and tartaric
acid, water solubility increases greatly due to addition of polar groups.
Branching of the carbon chain reduces the nonpolar effect and leads to
increased water solubility (tertiary butyl alcohol is miscible in all proportions
with water, whereas n-butyl alcohol dissolves to the extent of about 8g/100 ml
of water at 20°C). The polar solvents such as water act as solvents according to
the following mechanisms:
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
47
1. Normally polar solvents have high dielectric constant which reduces the
force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals such as
sodium chloride or molecule. Polar solvent like water has a dielectric
constant of 80 while which dissolve polar component rapidly than non-
polar solvent chloroform, which has a dielectric constant of 5 and due to
low dielectric constant, ionic compounds are practically insoluble in
non-polar organic solvents.
2. Polar solvents break covalent bonds of potentially strong electrolytes by
acid-base reactions since these solvents are amphiprotic. For example,
water brings about the ionization of HCI as follows:
a. Weak organic acids are not ionized appreciably by water
b. Their partial solubility is attributed instead to the hydrogen bond
formation by with water. Phenols and carboxylic acids, however,
are readily dissolved in solutions of strong bases.
3. Polar solvents has property of dipole interaction forces, particularly
hydrogen-bond formation due to which solvating molecules and ions
become soluble and which leads to the solubility of the compound. The
solubility of sodium salt of oleic acid and water is due to ion-dipole
interaction.
Non-polar Solvents
Non-polar solvents have low dielectric constants and dissolve non-polar
solutes with similar internal pressures through induced dipole interactions.
Ionic and polar solutes are insoluble or slightly soluble in non-polar solvents.
Weak Van-Der-Waals and London forces are responsible for the solubility of
molecules.
Semi-polar Solvents
Semi-polar solvents like ketones and alcohols can induce a certain
degree of polarity in non-polar solvent like benzene is readily polarizable,
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
48
becomes soluble in alcohol. Semi-polar compounds act as intermediate solvents
which bring about miscibility of polar and non-polar liquids.
Influence of Solvents
A component may behave like strong electrolyte or non-electrolyte,
depending on pH of solution. Precipitation of components occurs, when the pH
of solution is adjusted to such a value at which un-ionized molecules are
produced in sufficient concentration to exceed its solubility36
.
Solvent-Solute interactions
Polar solvents like water is a good solvent for salts, sugars etc while
non-polar solvents like mineral oil and benzene are often solvents for
substances that are normally only slightly soluble in water. It proves the
doctorine of “like dissolves like".
In the present work different solvent (non-polar to polar) were used to
optimize the extractive values of Argemone Mexicana Linn. They were
methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and petroleum ether.
3.7.1 Optimization of Solvent
In this work the amount of Argemone mexicana linn. whole plant
powder was kept constant throughout the experiment. In different set of round
bottom flasks, accurately weighed Argemone mexicana linn. whole powder was
taken. In this different sets of round bottom flasks, equal amount of different
solvent were added separately and kept for one hour. Then these extract were
filtered through whatman filter paper (No. 41) in previously weighed dry
beakers separately and solvent were evaporated to dryness on a water bath. The
dried residues were weighed and the percentage extraction of various solvent
was calculated. From the percentage extraction values, the best solvent was
optimized. The results are given in below table.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
49
Table 10 Optimization of solvent for extraction
Sr. Solvent Weight of
Powder (g)
Amount of
solvent (ml)
% of
Extraction
1 Petroleum ether 1.0 10.0 0.53
2 n-Hexane 1.0 10.0 1.54
3 Chloroform 1.0 10.0 1.78
4 Ethyl acetate 1.0 10.0 2.32
5 Ethanol 1.0 10.0 5.46
6 Methanol 1.0 10.0 8.06
In this experiment, the amount of Argemone mexicana linn. whole plant
powder taken was kept constant throughout the experiment. In different set of
round bottom flasks, accurately weighed Argemone mexicana linn. whole plant
powder was taken. In this different sets of round bottom flasks, different
amount of methanol were added and kept for one hour. Then these extracts
were filtered through whatman filter paper no.41 in pre weighed dry beaker
separately and solvent was evaporated to dryness on a water bath. The dried
residue was then weighed and the percentage extractions were calculated. From
percentage extraction values, the amount of solvent was optimized.
From graph of volume of solvent versus percentage extraction as shown
in figure 1, it was observed that the percentage extraction levels remain
constant after certain volume of a solvent used for extraction. The amount
of methanol added and the corresponding percentage extraction is given in
table 11.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
50
Table 11 Optimization of amount of solvent for extraction
Sr. Weight of Powder (g) Amount of solvent (ml) % Extraction
1 1.0 10.0 7.73
2 1.0 25.0 8.26
3 1.0 50.0 9.96
4 1.0 75.0 10.43
5 1.0 100.0 11.26
Each observation is mean of three extractions.
Figure 1 - Optimization of Amount of Solvent
7.738.26
9.9610.43
11.26
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 25 50 75 100
% o
f Ex
trac
tio
n
Amount of Solvent
Optimation of Amount of Solvent
3.7.2 Optimization of Time
For optimization of time of contact between powder and solvent, the
optimized volume of solvent was added to the sample and the contents in the
flasks were filtered after different time intervals. The above procedure was
repeated and the percentage extractives values were calculated. From the
percentage extractive values, the optimization time was determined.
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
51
For optimization of time, methanol was added to the sample kept in
different flasks. The contents in the flasks were filtered after different time
intervals and the percentage extractives value were calculated.
From the graph of time in minutes versus percentage extraction as
shown in figure 2 it was observed that the percentage extraction levels after
certain time of extraction remains constant. The time in minutes and
corresponding percentage extractive values are given in Table 12
Table 12 Optimization of time for extraction
Sr.No. Solvent Weight of
Powder(g)
Time of
extraction
(min.)
%of Extract
1 Methanol 1.0 30 7.58
2 Methanol 1.0 60 8.90
3 Methanol 1.0 90 10.80
4 Methanol 1.0 120 11.28
5 Methanol 1.0 150 11.72
Figure 2 - Optimization of time
7.58
8.9
10.811.28 11.72
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
30 60 90 120 150
% o
f Ext
ract
ion
Time
Optimization of Time for Extraction
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
52
3.7.3 Optimization of number of extraction
For optimization of the number of extractions, the optimized amount of
selected solvent was added to the sample in different sets of flasks and these
flasks were kept aside for 90 minutes (optimized time) for plant. Then the
content of the flasks were filtered separately through whatman filter paper no.
41 in pre-weighed dry beakers. The residues were again taken in a flask and
extracted again using methanol for 90 minutes (optimized solvent and time).
The above procedure was repeated.
The percentage extraction values were calculated. From these values
number of extractions was optimized37-40
.
From the graph of extraction versus percentage extraction it was
observed that the percentage extraction level after certain number of extraction
remain constant.
The number of extractions and the corresponding percentage extraction
for methanol is given in Table 13.
Table 13 - Optimization of number of extractions
Sr. No. Weight of Powder (g) No. of Extraction (n) % Extraction
1 1.0 1 9.86
2 1.0 2 10.90
3 1.0 3 12.60
4 1.0 4 13.38
5 1.0 5 13.86
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
53
Figure 3 - Optimization of number of extraction
9.8610.9
12.613.38 13.86
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5
% o
f Ex
trac
tio
n
Number of Extraction
Optimization of Number of Extraction
Proximate analysis &
Optimization of extraction condition
54
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Prir Soedin, 1986; 2: 204-206.
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dihydrochelerythrine from formasan Argemone mexicana. Planta Med,
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