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Date and Time Country Affectedload

Customers Causal Factors

Sept. 28, 2003 03:01 Italy ~28.000 MW ~ 60 Mio High imports of Italy;

transmission line faults inSwitzerland

Aug. 14, 2003 16:13 USA/Canada

61.800 MW ~ 50 Mio Transmission line faults;errors in SCADA/EMSsystem

Aug. 10, 1996 15:42 USA 28.000 MW 7.5 Mio Transmission line faults;

system oscillationsJuly 2, 1996 13:24 USA 11.800 MW 2.0 Mio Transmission line faults;

errors in relay system

July 23, 1987 13:19 Japan 8.200 MW 2.8 Mio Steep raise in systemload; voltage collapse

Dec. 27, 1983 12:57 Sweden 11.400 MW ~ 4 Mio Busbar fault

Dec. 12, 1978 08:26 France ~29.000 MW 15.6 Mio Unexpected high load

Nov. 9, 1965 17:16 USA ~20.000 MW ~30.0 Mio Incorrect relay settings

3.3.1

Major blackouts in recent years

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Europe by night

Europe by night

Sunday, 28.09.2003, 3:30

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Situation before outage

Impacts on Italy

Impacts on UCTE

3.3.3

Content

3.3 Examples of large disturbances

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Scheduled import to Italy 03:00 04:00: 6408 MW

Scheduled exchange programs 03:00 04:00

Switzerland Italy : 3068 MW

France Italy : 2650 MW

Slovenia Italy : 467 MW

Austria Italy : 223 MW

Situation before outage

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Physical import to Italy at 03:00: 6651 MW

Physical power flows at the border with Italy at 03:00

Switzerland Italy : 3610 MW

France Italy : 2212 MW

Slovenia Italy : 638 MW

Austria Italy : 191 MW

Situation before outage

3.3.53.3 Examples of large disturbances

Load in Italy at 03:00

Customer load 24064 MW

Load pump storage 3638 MWTotal load 27702 MW

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SloveniaSloveniaSlovenia

SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland

AustriaAustriaAustria

Albertville

Rondissone

Villarodin Venaus

Gorduno

Airolo

Ponte

Pallan.

Mrel

Riddes

AviseValpelline

CamporossoLe Broc-Carros

Soazza

BulciagoMusig.

Sondrio

Robbia

Mese

Lienz

Soverzene

RedipugliaDivaca

Padriciano

Mettlen Sils

Lavorgo

Praz

La Coche

FranceFranceFranceCislago

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03:01:42 First line tripping: Lavorgo-Mettlen 400 kV;

Single phase to ground fault

3.3.7

03:10:47 Phone conversation between ETRANS and GRTN

to Request to reduce the Italian import03:21:00

03:25:21 Second line tripping: Sils-Soazza 400 kV;

Single phase to ground fault

03:25:25 Third line tripping: Airolo-Mettlen 220 kV

Overcurrent protection 03:25:27 Fourth and fifth line trippings: Riddes-Avise-Valpelline 220 kV

and Sondrio-Cislago 220 kV

03:25:30 Sixth line tripping: Albertville-Rondissone; No. 1; 400 kV

03:25:32 Seventh line tripping: Praz-La Coche 400 kV

03:25:33 Eighth line tripping: Albertville-Rondissone; No. 2; 400 kV

03:25:33 Ninth line tripping: Le Broc-Carros-Camporosso 220 kV

03:25:34 Tenth line tripping: Lienz-Soverzene 220 kV

Complete separation of the Italian grid

Sequence of events

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47,50

45.500

46.000

46.500

47.000

47.500

48.000

48.500

49.000

49.500

50.000

50.500

03:24:00

03:24:07

03:24:14

03:24:21

03:24:28

03:24:35

03:24:42

03:24:49

03:24:56

03:25:03

03:25:10

03:25:17

03:25:24

03:25:31

03:25:38

03:25:45

03:25:52

03:25:59

03:26:06

03:26:13

03:26:20

03:26:27

03:26:34

03:26:41

03:26:48

03:26:55

03:27:02

03:27:09

03:27:16

03:27:23

03:27:30

03:27:37

03:27:44

03:27:51

03:27:58

hour

H

z

Soazza-Sils

Outage

Separation from

European gridLoss of all power

plants operating at

distribution grid

~1.700 MW

Loss of 21 out of 50 main units before

the critical threshold ~3.700 MW

Load shedding (EAC) equal to ~600 MW

each (0,1 Hz) frequency loss; ~7.000 MW

automatic pumping

shedding ~3500 MW

critical

thresholdDefinitiv

Black-out

3:25 3:28~2,5 minutes

frequency

(Rome)

3.3.8

Frequency in Italy (09/28/2003)

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-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

time

MW

differenceplanned

actual value

Not supplied

Energy ~ 37 GWh

3.3.9

Restoration North Italy

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-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 time

MW

Not supplied

Energy ~ 42 GWh

difference

planned

actual value

3.3.10

Restoration Middle Italy

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-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

time

MW

Not supplied

Energy ~ 21 GWh

difference

planned

actual value

3.3.11

Restoration South Italy

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49.95

50

50.05

50.1

50.15

50.2

Hz

50.3

03:00:00 03:14:24 03:28:48 03:43:12 03:57:36 04:12:00 04:26:24 04:40:48 04:55:12

Frequency in UCTE system on Su 28-09-2003 03:00 - 05:00

3.3.123.3 Examples of large disturbances