329256009 Week 1 Introduction to Public Administration

8/22/2019 329256009 Week 1 Introduction to Public Administration

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Ozer KOSEOGLU


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WHAT IS

ADMINISTRATION?

Administration isa goal-oriented, apurposive andcooperative group

effort toaccomplish somecommon goal orgoals.

For instance, two

men cooperate toroll a stone tobuilt a house.


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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

Administration excludes non-purposive and non-cooperative group activities such as a man watching astone.

Administrative activity is as old as organized social life.It is a universal process which is carried on in a varietyof public and private organizations


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ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATIONA group activity

Influence and cooperation

Purpose(s) Material and human sources (tools, people, money

etc.)


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FEATURESOFADMINISTRATION

It is a process consists of planning,organizing, budgeting, directing(steering), coordinating andcontrolling.

Administration is occurred in formalorganization in the form ofhierarchy(arrangement of items objects, names, values, positions etc.

in which the items are represented asbeing above-below, superior-subordinate)

Ordered and coherent activities.


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SOME DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Public administration is the study of the managementof the public agencies that carry out public policies inorder to fulfill the state purposes in the publicinterest.

Public administration is the activities of theexecutive branches of the national (central) and

local governments. Public administration comprises the activities that are

involved in carrying out the policies and programs ofgovernments.


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Public administration describes the structure and thefunctions of the power of the public. It is a proceduraland operational instrument of the state. In this sense,public administration encompasses every type ofpublic service and organization.

Public administration is an organizational execution of

administration, together with provision of publicservices and activities. (Kapucu, Palabyk: 105)

SOME DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION


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WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?

FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION:

Production and delivery of goods and services to meetfundemental neccessities of the people.

Activities that contain desinging and implementation ofpublic policies.

Processes and procedures related to the execution of lawsand administrative regulations including activities andoperations of public organizations.


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WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?

STRUCTURAL DEFINITION:

Organizations and structures which are responsible todeliver public goods and services.

Administrative organizations of government as opposedto the legislative and judicial sides


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BRANCHES OF THE STATE AND PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION

STATE

LegislativeBranch

JudicialBranch

ExecutiveBranch

AdministrativeOrganizations

PoliticalOrganizations


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MODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

is co-operative group effort in a public setting,

focuses on the executive branch of the state, but notexcludes legislative and judicial branches,

has an important role in the formulation of public policy,

is different in significant ways from private administration(or management),

is closely associated with the people in providing publicservices

is interdisciplinary in nature as it draws upon other socialsciences like political science, economics and sociology.


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THREE EXPLANATIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

1. Public administration as an academic discipline, ascience

2. Public administration as a profession3. Public administration as an art


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN ACADEMIC

DISCIPLINE THE EUROPEAN ROOTS OF THE SCIENCE:

CAMERALISM

In 1727, Friedrich Wilhelm I, decreed that a chair for

Oeconomie, Policey und Kammer-Sachen (CameralSciences) be established at the University of Halle, inPrusia.

This marked the beginning of the academic development

of cameralism as sciences to be taught to future stateofficials.


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DISCIPLINE THE AMERICAN ROOTS OF

THE SCIENCE: WOODROWWILSON

Woodrow Wilson, The Studyof Administration, PoliticalScience Quarterly, 1887.

Public administration became tobe seen as an independentacademic discipline, apart frompolitical science after Wilson.


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DISCIPLINEWHAT DID WILSON SAY?-SCIENCE OF

ADMINISTRATION

Enlargement of the roles and organization of government,and complexity of administration and public servicesengendered the need for a science of administration in theU.S.A.

American writers had not taken an important part in theadvancement of this science. It was developed by Frenchand German professors. But it must be adapted to federalgovernment and other decentralized forms of government.


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DISCIPLINE

WHAT DID WILSON SAY?-POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY

The field of administration is a field of business. It isremoved from the hurry and strife of politics; it atmost points stands apart even from the debatableground of constitutional study.

Administrative questions are not political questions.

Public administration is detailed and systematicapplication of law. Every particular application of lawis an act of administration.


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A PROFESSION

The word profession means an occupation that includes asystematic knowledge or theory.

Main elements of a profession is knowledge andcompetency.

Universities and professional schools have played a vitalrole for public administration to become a profession.

People get the necessary knowledge in universities tobecome a civil servant, socializing with professional normsand in one sense improve a professional identity.

Specialists of public administration use theseprofessional information to serve citizens in an impartialand competent manner.


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART

Public administration is an art of getting things done,as well.

Administration as an art, consists of deeds and acts

with a practical end. Like all arts, it must be based on science, that is a

knowledge of all that will make for goodadministration.


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN ART For example, a painter, to be a

greater artist must know thelaws of composition, of the

harmony of colors and ofperspective.

So the successful administratormust possess knowledge of

political economy, someknowledge of psychology, ofgeneral principles ofgovernment.


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SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN

ACTIVITY

Traditionally, the scope of public administration isrestricted only to the executive branch.

In this sense, public administration covers primarilythe organization, personnel, practices and proceduresessential to effective performance of the executivebranch of government.

Public administration is an instrument of governmentfor carrying on its activities. It includes all operationsof government ranging from the social care tosweeping the streets.


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SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A

DISCIPLINE

Administrative functions/Processes of administration

POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Direction,Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting

Substantive concerns (matters of administration) such asdefense, health care, education, social security and welfare,police, fire protection, agriculture, industry and so on.

Public personnel administration

Public financial administration Comparative public administration

Public policy (the process of policy-making, the contents ofpolicy, its implementation and the policy outputs.


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PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION

As a co-operative group activity, administration is trulyuniversal and operates in all types of public and privateorganizations, and also non-governmental organizations.

But on the basis of the nature of institutional setting, publicadministration can be roughly distinguished from privateadministration.

Public administration is governmental administration

concerned with achieving state purposes. Private administration relates to administration of

private/business organizations which are more concernedwith the achieving of its own purposes.


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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

ADMINISTRATION Political direction

Public administration takes place in a political context,work under political direction and scrutiny. It carries outthe policies made by the elected members of thelegislature and political executive (prime minister,ministers).

Business administration, on the contrary, is not subject

to political direction, instead, it functions largely underthe influence of market economic conditions.


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ADMINISTRATIONAbsence of profit motive

The primary purpose of governmental organizations isto provide services to the people and promote socialgood, not making profits for the government.Government usually has to provide even unprofitableand costly services. The major aim of private businessorganizations is o make profits for their owners.

The main beneficiary of public administration activitiesis the entire community (communal ends), whereas thatof the business is the owner of the business itself(personnel ends).


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ADMINISTRATION Legal framework

The activities of public administrators are fixed by a setofconstitutional practices, laws, rules and regulations.

Government officials must always act within their legalpowers.

By contrast, the behavior of business organizations andthe activities of business administrators are subject to

less legal constraints.


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ADMINISTRATION Consistency of treatment

The government official is required by law to maintain ahigh degree of consistency in his dealings with the

public. He has to observe the principles ofequity andfairness of treatment in serving the people.

On the other hand, the business administrator is notlegally obliged to treat the small and big customers

alike.


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ADMINISTRATION Public accountability

In a democracy, public administration is heldaccountable for its activities through legislative

oversight and judicial review. (and in modern approachdirectly to the public)

But public accountability is not a value affectingbusiness administration. Business administrators are

only accountably for their shareholders.


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ADMINISTRATION Essentiality of some public services

Certain public services such as national security, law andorder, health care, transport and communication are

vital to the existence of community itself. Such kind ofservices, inherited in their nature, can only be carriedout by the government.

Public services are different comparing with the privategoods and services.

It is not possible to find out the consumption level of aservice

Financed by the taxes

No one is excluded


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SIMILIRATIES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

ADMINISTRATION Both public and business administrators rely on common

techniques relating to planning, organizing, budgeting,control, coordinating and like. Both make use of common

skills such as accounts-keeping and maintaining files. On the one hand the business organizations developed a

sense of community service (social responsibilityapproach), and on the other hand, public organizations try

to adapt business methods and practices such asperformance management, strategic planning and humanrelations into public administration


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PUBLIC-PRIVATE RELATIONSHIP

Public and private administration are becoming moreand more alike in many respects.


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PUBLICADMINISTRATION

People

Organisation

PublicPolicy

Law andRegulatio

ns

PublicFinance

PublicServants

ELEMENTSOFPUBLICADMINISTRATION


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Raj Kumar Pruthi (2005), Theory Of PublicAdministration, Discovery Publishing House.

S. P. Naidu (2005), Public Administration: ConceptsAnd Theories, New Age International Publishers,New Delhi.

Haroon A. Khan (2008), Introduction to Public

Administration, University Press of America.

Documents

329256009 Week 1 Introduction to Public Administration