325 3 Drainage Networks 2013 Script

8/13/2019 325 3 Drainage Networks 2013 Script

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GEOG 325Principles of Fluvial Systems

Drainage Networks

Drainage networks

Rivers are organized into networks, each with its own recharge area upstream, and drainage channel and mouth downstream

Canadas major drainage regions are the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

We live in the Hudson Bay Nelson drainage network

Drainage basins and divides

Fundamental spatial unit in natural resources

Drainage basin a.k.a. catchment a.k.a. watershed

all surface water shares a common outlet

Drainage divide

Drainage divide

Outlet or mouth

Streamnetwork

source: Dunne, T. & Leopold, L.B. (1978)Water in Environmental Planning.W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco


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Drainage basins contDrainage basins can easily be subdivided in sub-basins

it just matters where you draw the basin outlet

source: Dunne, T. & Leopold, L.B. (1978)Water in Environmental Planning.W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco

Drainage basins cont Dont forget : Groundwater divide does not necessarily

follow drainage divide

source: Gordon et al., 2004. Stream Hydrology: An Introduction for Ecologists, 2nd ed.

Watershed delineation

Internet resources showing how to delineate a watershed: http://paulbolstad.cfans.umn.edu/Courses/FR3

131/LecSupp/Delineating_Watersheds.pdf http://www.nh.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/Publicat

ions/Topowatershed.pdf


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Drainage patterns

Catchments can be described according to their drainage patterns (geometry)

as viewed from maps or the air

All are tree like, but different patterns resemble the branchings of different kinds of trees

Individual streams have particular characteristics based on the particular topographical and geological obstacles encountered

Stream patterns may develop

Randomly on uniform soils

In response to variations in underlying geology

Some basic drainage patterns

Dendritic Radial Centripetal

Rectangular Pinnate Trellis

Annular DistributaryParallelGordon et al. (2004)

Some basic drainage patterns (cont) (sensu Gordon, 2004)

Dentritic found in areas of relatively uniform geologic structure

Trellis: usually develops on alternating bands of hard and soft strata

Pinnate: forms in very fine-grained surfaces

Rectangular: common in areas with right-angled faults and/or joints, suchas some types of granitic bedrock

Radial: forms where stream flow outward from a dome or volcanic cone

Centripetal: results from a basin structure where streams converge centrally

Annular: develops around a dome or basin where concentric bands of hardand soft rock have been exposed

Parallel: occurs in areas of pronounced localized slope

Distributary: refers to divergence of channels (e.g. in deltas or alluvial fans)


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Effects on hydrologic response The basin form and channel

patterns affect the

hydrological response

of

the

basin

Palmate channel network

Stream discharge graduallyincreases downstream

Pinnate channel network

Stream discharge suddenlyincreases at point C

Dendritic sub-forms


Drainage pattern efficiencies Given a certain area, what is the most efficient

method of draining water from its surface?


Stream orders

Stream ordering is a widely applied method for classifying streams

Based on the premise that the order number has

some relation to the size of the Contributing area

Channel dimensions

Stream discharge

Many different ordering methods exist, i.e. Horton, Strahler, Shreve, Scheidegger, etc.


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Stream ordering methods Horton Strahler approach most

widely applied

Rules:

(a) Fingertip tributaries originating at a source aredesignated order 1

(b) The junction between two streams of order uforms a downstream channel segment oforder u + 1

(c) The junction of two streams of unequal orderu and v, where v > u , create a downstreamsegment having an order equal to that of thehigher-order stream v


Exercise stream ordering

source: Thompson 1999 "Hydrology and Water management", Balkema

Exercise stream ordering



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Bifurcation ratio

Bifurcation = dividing in two

Horton (1945) introduced bifurcation ratio (Rb)

Rb normally ranges from 2 to 5 and tend to be larger for more elongated basins

order highest next of segmentsstreamorder givenof segmentsstream

Rb _ _ _ _ _ # _ _ _ _ #

Bifurcation ratio


Zero order stream channels

They do not show on map sheets as water courses Swales that become channels during storms Important in determining runoff response from

basins Need to ground truth these types of channels


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Channel length

Channel length influences amount of stream habitat area in a catchment

travel time of water in drainage system

availability of sediment for transport

Usually obtained from measurement on topographical maps

Channel length can change, based on map scales and accuracies

Drainage density

(a)

(b)

(c)

d d A

L D

L = total channellength in a basin (km)

Ad = basin area (km 2)

Drainage density, Dd


Drainage density (cont) Hence, drainage density D is measure of closeness

of spacing between stream channels. If length of overland flow Lg: (length of non

channel flow path from point on drainage divide to

point on adjacent stream channel) then average length of overland flow =

1/2 distance between channels 1

2g L D


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Drainage density (cont)

Influences efficiency with which water is discharged from an area during individual storm events

Because of zero order channels, drainage density can expand and contract during storms

Mean Channel Slope

Channel slope is one of the factors controlling water velocity

Mean channel slope (Sc) is given by

streamof Length

mouth Elevationsource ElevationS c _ _

@@

Generalized longitudinal profile of a stream gradient decreases from head to mouth.



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Prairie Hydrography

Unlike other areas

Relatively young Flat! Dry! Not much flow to

generate conventional drainage networks

Limited contributing areas for streamflow

Non-contributing areas for streamflowextensive in the Canadian Prairies

Localized hydrology affectedby poor drainage, storage insmall depressions

source: http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0037073812002011-gr5.jpg

Internal drainage basins

source: http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0037073812002011-gr5.jpg

According to Sauchyn (2007) , 62% of the Assiniboine River drainage basin,40% of the Saskatchewan River basin, 30% of the Red River basin and 27%of the Canadian portion of the Missouri River basin are non-contributing.


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Our drainage basin

XX

Hudson-Nelsondrainage basin

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.earth-sciences/files/jpg/h2o/bow/images/intro1l_e.jpg

Bow River drainage basin

source: Geoscape Canada, Natural Resources Canada

Discharge ofMajor Rivers inSaskatchewanExotic rivers insouthern prairies

source: Pomeroy, J., De Boer, D. and Martz,L.W. 2006. Hydrology and Water Resourcesof Saskatchewan. In Saskatchewan:Geographic Perspectives, Lewry, M.,Thraves, B., Schlichtmann, H., Dale, J. andSauchyn D. (editors), Regina: CRRC.Originally from the Atlas of Saskatchewan


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Canadian major river basins

ID Basin

01 Maritime Provinces Drainage02 St. Lawrence River Drainage

03 Northern Quebec Drainage

04 Southwest Hudson Bay Drainage

05 Nelson River Drainage

06 Western Hudson Bay Drainage

07 Great Slave Lake

08 Pacific Drainage

09 Yukon River Drainage

10 Arctic Drainage

11 Mississippi River Drainage

S o u r c e :

A t l a s o

f C a n a

d a ,

N a

t u r a

l R e s o u r c e s

C a n a

d a

Major basin

Basin 05 - Nelson

source: Water Survey of Canada


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Sub basin

Sub-basin 05B


Sub sub basin

Sub-basin 05BA


Gauging Stations

05BA001 Bow River at Lake Louise05BA002 Pipestone River near Lake Louise05BA003 Bath Creek near Lake Louise05BA004 Louise Creek near Lake Louise05BA005 Bow River above Bath Creek

05BA006 Johnston Creek near the mouth05BA007 Baker Creek near the mouth05BA008 Bow River below Hector Lake05BA009 Bow Glacier outflow05BA010 Bow River above Hector Lake05BA011 Balfour Creek near the mouth



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Tributaries of the Bow River

37http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/regions/bow/licence_flows/Images/bow_map.gif

Gross and effective drainage areas

The effective drainage area is that portion of a drainage basin which might be expected to entirely contribute runoff to the main stem during a flood with a return period of two years.

(PFRA, http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/gis/watershed/details_e.htm )

Gross Effec tive Effec tiveStation Name Area Area Fraction

(km) (km)

05AJ001 South Saska tchewan River a t Medic ine Hat 56369 41298 73%05AK001 South Saskatchewan River at Highway no. 41 65976 45398 69%05HB001 South Saskatchewan River near Lemsford 132861 75229 57%05HC001South Saskatchewan River at Saskatchewan Landing 142580 77003 54%05HG001South Saska tchewan River a t Saska toon 158330 83975 53%0 5HH00 1 Sou th Sa skat che wan Ri ver at St . Lou is 16 541 4 8 461 6 51%

www4.agr.gc.ca

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325 3 Drainage Networks 2013 Script