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8/8/2019 32 Digital Image Processing_1 (1)
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DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
BY
V.INDIRA K.BHARGAVI
III/IV B.TECH III/IV B.TECH
07F21A0421 07F21A0410
ECE ECE
FROM
GATES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
EMAIL:
Contact no:9000715735
9642115601
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ABSTRACT
Image warping is a transformation which maps all positions in a second plane. It
arises in many image analysis problems whether in order to remove optical distortions
introduced by a camera or a particular viewing perspective to register an image with a
map or to align two or more images. The choice of warp is a compromise between a
smooth distortion and one which achieves a good match. Matching can be specified by
points to be brought into alignment by local measures of correlation between images. The
warping process has wide applications in computer animation including distortion
compensation of imaging sensors, decalibration for image registration, geometrical
normalization for image analysis and display, map projection, and texture mapping for
image synthesis. Real time application of digital image warping in software
implementation has been designed named as Photo Mopher and Photo Warper.
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Introduction
This paper concern itself with the field of image warping. The following sections
serve as a short introduction to the field and its applications. The term image warping
refers to the process of geometrically transforming two dimensional pictures or images.
Although the word warp may seem to suggest a radical distortion, the term image
warping encompasses the whole range of transformation from simples one such as
scaling or rotation complex irregular warps. Geometric image transformations performed
by optical or mechanical means could conceivably be considered cases of image warping,
but in practice the term is used specifically for transformation performed by electronic
and especially by digital means. This paper mainly addresses methods for performing
image warping by means of software and hardware implementation.
a) Original Image b) Warped Image
The above images shows that how the pixels of the first image (original image) has been
transformed to create a warped image (second image) by performing image warping
using general purpose software implementation of digital computer.
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What Exactly is Image Warping?
The image warping is defined as the Geometrical Transformation of two
dimensional pictures or images. An image warp is defined by a mapping from the
coordinate space of a source image (u,v) to the coordinate space of a destination image
(x,y). It is a transformation which maps all positions in one image plane to positions in a
second plane.
It arises in many image analysis problems whether in order to remove optical
distortions introduced by a camera or a particular viewing perspective to register an
image with a map or template or to align two or more images. Digital image warping is a
growing branch of image processing that deals with geometric transformation techniques.
It has benefited greatly from several fields ranging from early work in remote sensing to
recent development in computer graphics.
IMAGE FLOW GRAPH OF DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
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EXAMPLE OF IMAGE WARPING
a) Mouse button is pressed b) Defining radius
c) Radius defined d) Defining strength
e) Another warp f) Final result
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PIXELS TRANSFORMATION IN IMAGE WARPING
Warping an image amounts to applying a coordinate transformation (warp) to the image
plane and resampling to the grid.
TYPES OF MAPPING IN IMAGE WARPING
Forward Mapping: It works like a movie projector that projects an image on to a flat
screen. Each pixel in the source image is mapped in to the target image.
Reverse Mapping: It takes each target locations and determine which pixels in the
source image are required to create the target pixel.
a) Forward Mapping b) Reverse Mapping
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HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
Images that skewed or stretched by poor scanning or planar projection or distorted
around the edges by a suspect lens or atmospheric effect are especially problematic with
finely calibrated inspection system will not be a problem in hardware implementation of
digital image warping using Mini Warper.
Diagram of Mini Warper
Mini Warper provides the ability to perform operations using "bi-quadratic"
equations that permit separate, second-order warping of each axis, supporting the affine
warps as well as some of the higher-order warping operations. Mini Warper can also
accept externally generated warping addresses, permitting warps of arbitrary order.
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Mini Warper includes the components shown in the simplified Image Flow element flow
diagram (figure1) to perform this backward mapping. One megabyte of image memory
(WX_MEM) is accessed through a single 20 MHz gateway. This gateway can either
receive (WX_RCV) or transmit (WX_XMT), setting the effective throughput to 10 MHz.
An internal address generator (WX_ADDRGEN) can evaluate second-order transforms
to within 1/16 of a pixel on the source image. WX_ADDRGEN can also be bypassed
with the WX_ADDR_SRC multiplexer, allowing source location addresses to be
supplied externally to support arbitrary warping operations. The resulting address
controls three MOSCs that regulate the availability of image data, the need for blanking
values from WX_K0, and the operation of a dynamically adjustable FIR filter
(WX_IMAC). This performs interpolation on a two-by-two neighborhood around the
source location to remove the typical aliasing and blockiness of zoomed images.
APPLICATION OF MINI WARPER
Demonstration program creates a flag waving special effect from continuously
acquired data using mini warper.
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APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
The applications of digital image warping are many and diverse. Almost
any application of digital image processing involves at least an occasional need to change
the location, scale or orientation of the image. All these operations are simple instances of
image warping.
One of the oldest and still one of the most important applications of digital image
warping is in remote sensing. Photographs taken from aircraft or satellites suffer
from a number of geometric distortions caused by lens imperfections, perspective,
curvature of the earth etc. Digital image warping is used in correcting these
distortions and in aligning multiple overlapping images.
In the field of three-dimensional computer graphics, a technique called texture
mapping is used to give models of three-dimensional objects a more natural
appearance by mapping two-dimensional textures onto their surfaces to simulate
features like wool grain or surface bumpiness. When these three-dimensional
objects are then rendered on a two-dimensional display, the overall effect is that
of a mapping from the two-dimensional texture space to the two-dimensional
screen space, i.e., an image warp.
Image warping is also increasingly being used as an artistic tool. Most software
packages for painting and photo retouching contain at least some king of image
warping facilities and/or warping-based special effects.
Recently, much attention has focused on a special effects technique known as
morphing (from metamorphosis, although the technique apparently predates the
term). In morphing, image warping techniques are combined with key-frame
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animation and cross-fading to create a convincing illusion of one object
transforming smoothly into another. Morphing has been used as an element in
many recent motion pictures, music videos and television commercials.
INSTRUMENTAL APPLICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
MIRROR METHOD
The basic approach is to design a mirror and capture the image reflected from it.
The basic setup is shown below, the "final camera" is the one being used with the
mirror, the "test camera" is used for testing purposes, it may be a wide angle or
angular fisheye if that is supported. Of course the magic is in the design of the mirror
which creates an image so that when projected through the hardware gives the.
correct view. In this case the lens has been calculated so as to work with an
orthographic (parallel) projection.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
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MIRROR WARPING OF A ROOM
RECENT TRENDS IN DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
1. MOTION COMPENSATED VIDEO SEQUENCE
INTERPOLATION USING DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
A novel method for temporal interpolation of sequence is proposed. The motion
vectors are estimated on sparse grids and image warping techniques are applied to
obtain the interpolated frame the advantages of the proposed method are its ability to
compensate for complexity when implemented in the coder complex motion types
such as scaling or rotation and the low complexity when implemented in the coder
using warping based prediction.
The advantage of the proposed method is that it can compensate for various
motion types such as translations, rotations and scaling. It is also used to increase the
frame transfer rate of the video recorder.
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a) Previous Image b) Current Image
It is showing the motion compensated prediction of the current frame by warping
the previous frame. The motion compensated warps are obtained by tracking the
motion of the selected points known as grid points. The areas of the previous image
defined by the grid points are individually transferred to their corresponding areas in
the current image.
It is showing the frame interpolation using motion compensating warping.
2. IMAGE REGISTRATION PARAMETER TUNING AND
APPROXIMATE . FUNCTION USING THE DIGITAL IMAGE WAING
Image registration is the process of aligning or overlaying two similar images taken at
different times, different sensor angles or with different sensors. A difference can be
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produced by subtracting the two registered images. This image contains information
regarding the changes between scenes and useful in fields such as machine vision,
remote sensing and medical imaging.
The below figure shows the application of Digital Subtraction Angiography.
Two x-ray images of a patients chest, one taken after and one taken before
contrast injection are subtracted to yield the difference image showing the
patients arteries.
The below block diagram shows the structure of the image acquisition, control
point selection image registration and subtraction system. R is the real world
image which enters the image acquisition system. U* is introduced by the
imaging hardware to produce the distorted image S, it is applied to the control
panel which contains a rough set of similar points between the t E is the input to
the registration module which needs asset of control points. Tuning block adjusts
the tie points on the image until there is a best fit between two images.
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.
Then it is given to the result module which is producing distortion free difference
image.
The below graph shows the cost function analysis which produced the best results
and this can be used to produce a cost function for computation analysis.
GENETIC ALGORITHM
For image registration an algorithm is proposed known as Genetic Algorithm.
begin
t=0
initialize population p(0)
evaluate population p(0)
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while termination criterion not satisfied
do
begin
t=t+1
select p(t) from p(t-1)
recombine p(t)
evaluate p(t)
end
end
3. A FUZZY APROACH TO DIGITAL IMAGE WARPING
A new algorithm uses fuzzy techniques to warp polygons that have different
locations, orientations, sizes and no. of vertices. The fuzzy warping methods presented
here smoothly transform a source polygon in to target polygon. The method uses a fuzzy
vertex correspondence technique to establish the correspondence between the vertices of
the source and target polygons and a fuzzy transformation technique to interpolate both
the vertices and orientations of the polygon to produce the image between them.
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The above figure shows how a circle is transformed to hexagon polygonally by using
fuzzy approach of digital image warping.
CONCLUSION:
This thesis has reviewed the fundamental theory, methods and applications of
image warping. The main contribution of the thesis is the design of new kind of highly
interactive image warping system aimed at creative graphic design applications. The
feasibility of this approach is demonstrated in an implementation and performance
measurements indicate that current work station computer are fast enough for real time
warping of areas of several hundred pixels across.
REFERENCES:
G. Wolberg Digital Image Warping
R. Thoma and M. Bierling Image Communication
T. Bier Image Metamorphosis
G. Pagliari Image Registration
D. Goldberg Genetic Algorithm
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