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Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and Resource Use. 3.1 – Population Dynamics. IB Topics 3.1.1-3.1.4. Current Human Population. There are about 7 billion people living on Earth For about 200,000 years, there were between 1-15 million people on Earth. Milestones. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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3.1 – Population DynamicsIB Topics 3.1.1-3.1.4
Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and Resource Use
Current Human Population There are about 7
billion people living on Earth
For about 200,000 years, there were between 1-15 million people on Earth
Milestones 1 Billion: 1804 2 Billion: 1927 3 Billion: 1960 4 Billion: 1974 5 Billion: 1987 6 Billion: 1999 7 Billion: 2012
Demographics If you reduce the worlds population to a
village of 100 people…
http://www.toby-ng.com/graphic-design/the-world-of-100
/
Predicted Growth Some predict
a stabilization of human population, while others predict a continued increase
Global Population Forecast
Calculating Rates Crude Birth Rate
(CBR) The number of
live births per 1000 people
Equation:
Calculating Rates Crude Death Rate
(CDR) The number of deaths
per 1000 people Equation:
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) CBR-CDR
Calculating Rates Fertility
The average number of births per women of child-bearing age
Equation:
Calculating Rates Doubling Time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double
Equation:
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Demographic Transition Model
3.2 – Resources – Natural CapitalIB Topics 3.2.1-3.2.7
Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and Resource Use
Natural CapitalNatural
resources/natural assets
Can become natural incomeGoods or
services
Resources Non-renewable
Cannot be replenished at the same rate they are used
Renewable Living resources that
can be replenished at the rate they are used via human processes
Replenishable Non-living resources
that can be replenished via natural processes
Nature of a ResourceThe value of a
resource changes with human technology/culture
Sustainability Using resources at a
rate that allows natural regeneration
Living within the means of nature
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Ex: fishing, hunting, energy
3.3 – Energy SourcesIB Topics 3.3.1-3.3.3
Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and Resource Use
Making Energy Electricity is
delivered to homes and businesses via alternating current (AC)
AC power is generated when electromagnets are spun using a turbine
Energy Sources Worldwide85% of the
worlds energy comes from fossil fuels.
Energy Production in Wisconsin
Pollution from Energy in Wisconsin
Renewable Energy in Wisconsin
Energy Production Examples: WI:
Pleasant Prairie Coal Plant 1190 MW Oak Creek Coal Plant 1135 MW Point Beach Nuclear Plant 1033 MW
Other Examples: Three Gorges Dam 22,500 MW Hoover Dam 2080 MW Nellis Solar Power Plant 14MW (70,000 panels) Big Wind Turbine 1.6 MW Typical Geothermal Plant 40 MW
Energy Source
Description Pros Cons
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Wind
Hydro
Solar
Geothermal
Biofuels
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Power
Wind Power
Hydropower
Solar Power
Geothermal Power
Biofuels
Oil Palms
Future Solutions Hydrogen Nuclear Fusion Carbon
Sequestration
3.4 – Soil SystemsIB Topics 3.4.1 – 3.4.5
Topic 3 – Human Population, Carrying Capacity, and Resource Use
SoilSoil is eroded
rock, nutrients, decaying organic matter, and water
Soil Formation
Soil is produced by: Weathering of rock Deposition of
sediments by erosion
Decomposition of organic matter in dead organisms
Soil Horizons Soils generally have distinct horizons: A horizon
Humus (decaying organic matter with mineral particles) E horizon
Not always present, pale layer where minerals have been leached B horizon
Organic matter and mineral deposits C horizon
Weathered rock/bedrock
Soil TextureSoil type depends on the particle size
Sand = BiggestSilt = MediumClay = Smallest
Soil Texture
Soil TypesPotential to hold organic matter
Drainage
Water holding capacity
Air Spaces
Plants and animals
Primary Productivity
Sandy Soil
Clay Soil
Loam Soil
Soil TypesPotential to hold organic matter
Drainage
Water holding capacity
Air Spaces
Plants and animals
Primary Productivity
Sandy Soil
Low Very Good
Low Large Few Low
Clay Soil Low Poor Very High Small Few Very Low
Loam Soil Medium Good Medium Medium Many High
Nutrients Macronutrients
Nitrogen (needed for chlorophyll)
Phosphorous (needed for photosynthesis)
Potassium (needed for fruiting and growth)
Calcium Magnesium Sulfur
NutrientsMicronutrients
BoronCopperChloride IronManganeseZinc
Nitrogen cycle Atmospheric Nitrogen has to be ‘fixed’ (usually
by bacteria) for plants to use it.
Soil DegradationWater erosionWind erosionAcidificationGroundwater usePollutionDesertificationClimate changeOvergrazingDeforestationRoads
Soil Degradation
Soil Degradation
Soil ConservationMechanical/
physical barriersOrganic farmingAfforestationContour plowingTerracingCrop rotationSoil conditioners
