3.1 Cell Theory

All cells share certain characteristics:

3.1 Cell Theory

All cells share certain characteristics:– Cells tend to be microscopic.

Bacterium(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

3.1 Cell Theory

All cells share certain characteristics:– Cells tend to be microscopic.– All cells are enclosed

by a membrane.

Bacterium(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

cell membrane

3.1 Cell Theory

All cells share certain characteristics– Cells tend to be microscopic.– All cells are enclosed

by a membrane.– All cells are filled with

cytoplasm.

Bacterium(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

cell membrane

cytoplasm

3.1 Cell Theory

Cytoplasm: is a jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks- such as proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions

Bacterium(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

3.1 Cell Theory

• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.– The nucleus holds the

DNA• Have membrane-bound

organelles• May be multi-cellular

or single-celled

organisms

nucleus

cell membrane

organelles

3.1 Cell Theory

Organelles: structures that are specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell. The nucleus is usually the largest and most visible organelle.

3.1 Cell Theory

Things that have Eukaryotic Cells:

PLANTS ANIMALS

FUNGI

3.1 Cell Theory

• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

• do not have membrane-bound organelles

• DNA is in the cytoplasm

• All are microscopic, single-celled organisms

• Ex: Bacteria– Salmonella– E. Coli

cell membrane

cytoplasm

3.1 Cell Theory

VirusesVirus- An infective agent that typically consists of a DNA or RNA strand in a protein coat.• multiply only within the living cells of a host• Antibiotics will not work on them• Vaccines prevent them

EX: Herpes virus Influenza Chickenpox Ebola virus

Protein Coat

3.2 Cell Organelles

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.

– rough endoplasmic reticulum

Have bumps called

ribosomes which

link amino acids together

to form proteins

3.2 Cell Organelles

– smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids and performs

specialized functions such

as breaking down drugs

and alcohol.

3.2 Cell Organelles

Golgi apparatus- processes, sorts, and delivers proteins to different parts of the cell

Ex: like a post office

3.2 Cell Organelles

• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. – Chemical reactions take place that convert the

molecules you eat into usable energy

3.2 Cell Organelles

• Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. They carry out photosynthesis

*Only in plants

3.1 Cell Theory

C6H12O6

granum (stack of thylakoids)

thylakoid

sunlight

1 six-carbon sugar

6H2O

6CO2

6O2

chloroplastchloroplast

1

2

43

energy

stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

Energy from sunlight is absorbed

Water molecules broken down Oxygen is released

Carbon Dioxide enters

Calvin CycleBuilds sugar

1 six-carbon sugar is produced

REACTANTSPRODUCTS

3.1 Cell Theory

6H O2

6CO 2

6O 2

mitochondrionmitochondrion

matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

and

Three carbon molecules from glycolysis enter mitochondria

Krebs Cycle transports

electrons to ETC

Energy and CO2 released

Energy from glycolysis and Krebs enter Stage 2 with Oxygen

ATP molecules producedHeat and water are released

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

3.3 Cell Membrane

The Cell membrane (pg. 81-84 in book) Pg. 59 in INBPlease draw a picture bubble map of the cell membrane

• What are the 2 major functions of the cell membrane?• What are the two parts of a phospholipid?• Which part of a phospholipid is polar and nonpolar and what

does that mean?• What does selectively permeable mean?

Label:PhospholipidsPhospholipid partsOutside andInside of cellProteinsProtein Channel

6.2 Process of Meiosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Draw and label a detailed flow map of the process of Meiosis

• Which type of cells undergo meiosis?• What are the sex chromosomes?• Which sex chromosomes code for a female? Male?• What are gametes (sex cells)?

Pg. 173-176 in book

Pg. 60 in INB

6.3 Mendel and Heredity

Please draw a detailed tree map of Mendel’s Two Laws

1. Law of Segregation (Pg. 177-179)2. Law of Independent Assortment (183-187)

Must have:

• Definition• How Mendel discovered the Law• Picture that represents the Law

Pg. 61 in INB