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3.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials. LECTURE # 5 : EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION FORCE SPECTROSCOPY II. Prof. Christine Ortiz DMSE, RM 13-4022 Phone : (617) 452-3084 Email : [email protected] WWW : http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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3.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials
Prof. Christine OrtizDMSE, RM 13-4022
Phone : (617) 452-3084Email : [email protected]
WWW : http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www
LECTURE # 5 : EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF
HIGH-RESOLUTION FORCE SPECTROSCOPY II
A Typical High-Resolution Force Spectroscopy
Technique : General Components
sample
I. high-resolution
force transducer
II. displacement
detection system
III. high-resolution
displacement control
computer• controls system
• performs data acquisition, display, and analysis
z
transducer displacement or deflection z displacement of sample normal to sample surface
REVIEW : LECTURE #2 :Experimental Aspects of High-Resolution Force
Spectroscopy I : The High-Resolution Force Transducer
• microfabricated cantilever beams and probe tips : deflect in response to an applied force (e.g. types, dimensions, attachments, material properties, cantilever beam theory)
• a force transducer or sensor can be represented by a linear elastic, Hookean spring :
F=k
=displacement at end of cantilever (m) we measure in force spectroscopy experimentF=external force applied to cantilever (N) we calculate from k=cantilever “spring constant” = 3EI/L3 (N/m) we know independentlyE=Young’s (elastic) modulus of cantilever material (Pa) I=moment of inertia of cross-sectional area (m4)L=cantilever length (m)
• force transducer sensitivity : kkeff
• force detection limits : thermal noise limitation (*model force transducer as a free, 1-D harmonic oscillator) :<Fm
2>1/2 = (k BTk ) <Fm 2>1/2~k
F
0
= k
F
F
How do we measure such small forces (i.e. nN or pN) ? High Resolution Force Sensor or Transducer that is : 1) soft and 2) small
Cantilever Beam TheoryF
0L
x
(max)
<0=0>0
surface forcesample surface
repulsive
attractive
restposition
(*NRL : http://stm2.nrl.navy.mil/how-afm/how-afm.html)
Example of a Force Transducer :The Cantilever Beam
Fundamental Limit of Force Detection
cantilever
Fs=-k(t)
forced oscillation :Fa(t)=Fmcos(’t-)
oscillating
Fd=-’(t)
m
m
F
Fm
Fm
m
Stiffness Requirements for a Force Transducer :
Force Sensitivity
F=k
Fs=kss
k
ks
FT=F=Fs
T=+s
sample surface
FT,T
Displacement Detection : Optical Lever (Beam) Deflection
Technique
sample
4-quadrantposition sensitive
photodiode
cantilever
laser beam
B
C D
VA+C-VB+D
VA+ B-VC+D
Lateral Force Microscopy
(LFM)
Normal Force Microscopy
(NFM)
A
probe tip
mirror
Displacement Detection : Optical Lever (Beam) Deflection
Technique4-quadrant
position sensitivephotodiode
cantilever
laser beam
probe tip
ZERO FORCE :mirror
=0
REPULSIVE FORCE :
ATTRACTIVE FORCE :
A BC D
>0
A BC D
A BC D
<0
Displacement Control :How can we move something one nanometer
at a time?
“Poling” of Piezoelectric Materials
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Piezoelectic Materials
Displacement Control :Piezoelectric Tube Scanners
voltageapplied
L
L+L
electrodes
connecting wires
d
+Y -X +X
D
D+D
polarization
x
yz
+Z
-Z
~
(*Digital Instruments “JV” PZT scanner)
Conversion of z-Displacement Data, z to
Tip-Sample Separation Distance, DIN-CONTACT :ZERO FORCE
OUT-OF-CONTACT :ATTRACTIVE FORCE
sample
piezo
D
z
sample
piezo
z
sample
piezo
IN-CONTACT :REPULSIVE
FORCE
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)* :General Components and Their Functions
(*Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F.; Gerber, Ch. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 56 (9), 930-933)
sample
sensor output F
position sensitive photodetector
mirrorlaser diode A BC D
10°-15°
cantilever
computer
piezoelectric scanner
probe tip
z
Surface Forces Apparatus :(*Israelachvili, J.N., et al. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1978, 74, 975.)
New surface forces apparatus (SFA Mk III) for measuring the forces between two molecularly smooth surfaces. Mk III employs four distance controls instead of three as in Mk II. The four
controls are: micrometer, differential micrometer ,different spring and piezoelectric tube. The mica surfaces are glued to cylindrical support disks of radius R and positioned in a crossed
cylinder geometry. The lower surface is mounted on a variable-stiffness double-cantilever force-measuring spring within the lower chamber and is connected to the upper (control) chamber via a
Teflon bellows.
(http://squid.ucsb.edu/~sfalab/mark-III.html)
Optical Tweezers(*Ashkin, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett.1985, 54, 1245.)
(*http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/CellBiophys/LocalProbes) (*http://atomsun.harvard.edu/~tweezer/2j.jpg)
objective lens
cover
slip
trapped
particle
~m
3D trappi
ng potenti
al
trappinglaser beam
Biomembrane Surface Probe(*R. MERKEL*†, P. NASSOY*‡, A. LEUNG*, K. RITCHIE* & E. EVANS*§ Nature 397, 50 - 53 (1999))
microsphere probe
force transducerpressurized glass pipet
Vertical Assembly- The epi-illuminated microscope images the nanoscale positional changes of the probe microsphere. Light from arc clamp D is made monochromatic though filter F1 and linearly polarized through polarizer P1. The light travels to objective E to reflect from the sample container and probe microsphere is recollected by the objective. An analyzer polarizer P2 enhances image contrast before imaging by camera C and digitization and analysis by computer A. Simultaneously computer A using feedback from the analyzed image controls the high voltage power supply B that drives piezo element F and hence controls the probe assembly position above the sample.
Typical Force Versus Distance Curveon a Stiff Substrate
RAW DATA
Tip-Sample Separation Distance, D (nm)
Forc
e,
F (
nN
)
adhesion
0
repulsiveregime
attractive regime
z-Piezo Deflection, z (nm)
Ph
oto
dio
de
Sen
sor
Ou
tpu
t, s
(V
) CONVERTED DATA
jump-to-contact
substrate compression no interaction
0 0
kc