3

Word Structure

3.1 Morphemes

What is morpheme? sun, book, fine, eat, well Each is a morpheme.

3.1 Morphemes

internationalization inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation (5 parts) Each is a morpheme.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

3.1 Morphemes

Morpheme Word

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

A word is the smallest free form of a language…

MorphMorpheme Allomorph

3.2 Morph, Morpheme Allomorph

bird /b :d/,ə tree /tri:/, green /gri:n/ BUT plural morpheme {s} cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/

3.2 Morph & Morpheme

plural morpheme {s} cats, bags, matches {s} {es}

morph

morph

morpheme

3.2 Morph & Allomorph

plural morpheme {s} cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/

morph

morph

morph

allomorph

past tense morpheme {ed} worked, helped tried, lived wanted, landed

3.2 Morph & Morpheme

past tense morpheme {-ed} helped lived wanted {d} {ed}

morph

morph

morpheme

3.2 Morph & Allomorphs

past tense morpheme {-ed} helped lived wanted /t/ /d/ /id/

morph

morph

morph

allomorph

3.2 Morph\Morpheme/Allomorph

s

Morpheme is a class of orthographical forms.

Allomorph is a class of phonological forms.

A member of either class is a morph.Morphs make up morpheme or

allomorph.

3.3 Types of Morphemes

1. Free morphemes and bound morphemes

sun, book, fine, eat, well internationalization inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation inter- -al -ize -ation

free

bound

3.3 Types of Morphemes

Root sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation Affix: prefix suffix inter- -al -ize -ation inter- -al -ize -ation

prefix

suffix

= root

= affix

3.3 Types of Morphemes

antecedent: ante-, -ced-, -ent ante- = before (prefix) -ced- = go to, approach -ent = person, thing (suffix) prediction: pre-, dict-, -ion pre- = before (prefix) -dict- = speak -ion = action, process (suffix)

(bound root)

(bound root)

3.3 Types of Morphemes

free root bound prefix Affix suffix

bound

3.3 Types of Morphemes

2. Derivational and inflectional M Root: sun, book, fine, eat, well (internationalization) inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation Root: nation Affix: inter- -al -ize -ation

derivational

3.3 Types of Morphemes

lives -s goes -es He is working. -ing wanted -ed poorer -er poorest -est books -s oxen -en

inflectional

3.3 Types of Morphemes

Summary:

free M bound

root

root

affix

derivational

inflectional

prefix

suffix

3.3 Types of Morphemes

3. Content and grammatical M content M = derivational M roots & affixes used to create

new words grammatical M ≠ inflectional M (but) inflectional M + functional

words

3.4 Identifying Morphemes

pre-urbanization /pre-/urban/iz/ation 4M unfriendliness /un/friend/li/ness 4M

3.4 Identifying Morphemes

BUT teacher – er = person laser – er ? tower – er ? cleaner – er = sth and person trailer – er = vehicle The same form may not be the same mo

rpheme, with the same meaning.

3.4 Identifying Morphemes

strawberry 草莓 cranberry 越橘 huckleberry 越橘 straw- = no meaning cran- = no meaning huckle- = no meaning berry = not productive

3.4 Identifying Morphemes

flame, flare, flash, flicker fl- : moving light glare, gleam, glow, glisten gl- : static light slippery, slick, slide, slime sl- : light and slippery wetness fl- gl- sl- ≠ morphemes

3.4 Identifying Morphemes

desks glasses oxen -s -es -en = plural man—men foot—feet sheep—s

heep loved landed -d -ed = past tense go—went teach—taught problematic

3.5 Root, Stem, Base

root: 1. cannot be further divided 2. carries the fundamental

meaning touch = root

3.5 Root, Stem, Base

stem: 1. the part that remains after removing inflectional affix or

2. the part which can take inflectional affix

touches touched touching touch = root, stem touch+able = stem un+touch+able = stem

s

s

3.5 Root, Stem, Base

base: the part that can take affix of any kind (derivational or inflectional)

touch + -es/-ed = root, stem, base touchable + -s = stem, base untouchable + -s = stem, base

Summary

1. Morpheme

2. Morphs and Allomorphs

Free Morpheme

Bound Morpheme

Derivational M

Inflectional M

Content M

Grammatical M

3. Classifying Morphemes

4. Identifying Morphemes

5. Morpheme and Word-formation

END