Rural and Urban Rural and Urban communities and their communities and their

characteristicscharacteristics

1.1. PRIMITIVE CLASSLESS SOCIETY PRIMITIVE CLASSLESS SOCIETY

2.2. CLASS DIFFERENTIATION & CLASS DIFFERENTIATION & STRUGGLE STRUGGLE

3.3. CLASSLESS SOCIETY AT A HIGHER CLASSLESS SOCIETY AT A HIGHER LEVELLEVEL

Society in transitionSociety in transition

PRIMITIVE SOCIETY -PRIMITIVE SOCIETY - COMMUNAL OWNERSHIPCOMMUNAL OWNERSHIP DEVELOPED SOCIETY -DEVELOPED SOCIETY - PRIVATE OWNERSHIP IS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP IS

PREDOMINANTPREDOMINANT STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT-STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT- Little social differentiation, little inequality, ( community Little social differentiation, little inequality, ( community

resources owned in common)resources owned in common) Inequalities appear as wealth increases & ownership Inequalities appear as wealth increases & ownership

escapes community control escapes community control Conscious attempts to diminish inequality and restore Conscious attempts to diminish inequality and restore

community control of key resourcescommunity control of key resources Unequal distribution of wealth is the cause of conflictUnequal distribution of wealth is the cause of conflict

Spatial growth does not take place on its Spatial growth does not take place on its own. It happens by the growth of the own. It happens by the growth of the population in the city . Increase in urban population in the city . Increase in urban population is mainly due to immigrants as population is mainly due to immigrants as there is an assured income provided by there is an assured income provided by the administrative industrial and other the administrative industrial and other opportunities for employment opportunities for employment

Trade and commerce serve two types of Trade and commerce serve two types of functions :functions :

To supply the requirements of the local To supply the requirements of the local population population

The Cater to the needs of the hinterland The Cater to the needs of the hinterland These functions lead to the growth of the These functions lead to the growth of the

citycity

Rural and Urban communities and Rural and Urban communities and their characteristicstheir characteristics

The urban world differs from the rural world by The urban world differs from the rural world by the following Characteristics :the following Characteristics :

OccupationOccupation Environment Environment Size of community Size of community Density of population Here was Density of population Here was HeterogeneityHeterogeneity Social differentiation and stratification Social differentiation and stratification Mobility Mobility Systems Of interactions Systems Of interactions

Cultural values in rural and urban areasCultural values in rural and urban areas

Cities – activism / challenge , carrier oriented action, individualism / Cities – activism / challenge , carrier oriented action, individualism / self , exposure to media opens up the rest of the world self , exposure to media opens up the rest of the world

Rural areas - fatalism / acceptance , Home centered action , Rural areas - fatalism / acceptance , Home centered action , particularism/ family , few contacts with the outside particularism/ family , few contacts with the outside

Influence of urbanization on society Influence of urbanization on society The change in social life – The relationship between caste and profession, The change in social life – The relationship between caste and profession,

with people adopting new professions according to interest and profit with people adopting new professions according to interest and profit Changes in family organization – In the rural context, families are well Changes in family organization – In the rural context, families are well

organized; the elders exercise significant controlled on the conduct lifestyle organized; the elders exercise significant controlled on the conduct lifestyle and marital Options of the younger Members in the joint family set up. In the and marital Options of the younger Members in the joint family set up. In the urban context the system off giant family is showing the sting signs off urban context the system off giant family is showing the sting signs off disintegration. Youngsters treat elders as conservative and Dole not disintegration. Youngsters treat elders as conservative and Dole not tolerate Control. tolerate Control.

Traditional occupations like blacksmithy, Goldsmithy, pottery, weaving are Traditional occupations like blacksmithy, Goldsmithy, pottery, weaving are Now defunct Now defunct

Influence of media : newspapers, tv, and internet Influence of media : newspapers, tv, and internet Changes in lifestyle – Food habits , dress , recreation.Changes in lifestyle – Food habits , dress , recreation. The social stratification- four major differences between rural and urban The social stratification- four major differences between rural and urban

social pyramids-Number of classes less in rural society ; extremists of the social pyramids-Number of classes less in rural society ; extremists of the pyramid are not so far apart.; rural society comprices mainly middle pyramid are not so far apart.; rural society comprices mainly middle classes, the city is the home of millionaires and paupers. Social mobility is classes, the city is the home of millionaires and paupers. Social mobility is more.more.

occupational mobility is more occupational mobility is more rural society Based on solidarity due to similarity , informal non contractual rural society Based on solidarity due to similarity , informal non contractual

relationships. Urban society Has Low Solidarity based on differences and relationships. Urban society Has Low Solidarity based on differences and dis similarities that arise from division of labor and work specialization, dis similarities that arise from division of labor and work specialization, greater anonymity.greater anonymity.

Social consequences of industrialization –Social consequences of industrialization – Industrialization Split the society into two major Industrialization Split the society into two major

groups- The workers and the capitalists – groups- The workers and the capitalists – general Standards of living improved from social general Standards of living improved from social and economic points of view. More He interest in and economic points of view. More He interest in education arts and his science – Political education arts and his science – Political Awakening- Society democratized – growth of Awakening- Society democratized – growth of Capitalism – increased Production – Growth In Capitalism – increased Production – Growth In trade – economic crises – un employment – trade – economic crises – un employment – Class conflict – Decline of rural industry.Class conflict – Decline of rural industry.

Urban ecology Urban ecology A city is a multi functional settlement – A result Of social forces A city is a multi functional settlement – A result Of social forces

And processes And processes Ecological processes- Ecological processes- Concentration – people and functions congregate for advantageConcentration – people and functions congregate for advantage Centralization- Concentration of similar functions for example Centralization- Concentration of similar functions for example

wholesale , industry , etc.wholesale , industry , etc. Decentralization & Segregation – isolation of specific functions Decentralization & Segregation – isolation of specific functions Invasion – Expansion of particular functions into neighboring areasInvasion – Expansion of particular functions into neighboring areas Succession – The establishment of the function That has Succession – The establishment of the function That has

encroached upon the neighboring zone permanently-Growth of the encroached upon the neighboring zone permanently-Growth of the zone in transition .zone in transition .

Characteristics of the City :Characteristics of the City :

absence of community feelingabsence of community feeling The increase in crime The increase in crime no spirit of toleranceno spirit of tolerance lack of social security lack of social security Gross disparities Gross disparities Break down off cultural BarriersBreak down off cultural Barriers Impersonal social relations Impersonal social relations Dynamic lifeDynamic life Stimulating atmosphere Stimulating atmosphere

Characteristics of the City:Characteristics of the City:

Decline in Decline in Feeling of society Feeling of society Social control Social control Family control Family control Influence of religion Influence of religion Institution of manage Institution of manage Change in gender equations Change in gender equations Shortage of housing Shortage of housing Growth of slumsGrowth of slums