20.03.2012

Particle counting with Heavy Duty engines and EURO VI

Oliver FRITZ

2

CONTENT

� Measurement technology requirements concerning PM / PN

- EU

- US 1065

� Device components of Smart Sampler and Particle Counter „Add on Sampling“

� Summary

3

PM MEASUREMENT DEVICES

Dilution air

Dilution tunnel

Partial Flow Tunnel

Dilution air

Dilution tunnel

Full Flow Tunnel

4

EUROPEAN HD LEGISLATION

NEWS FOR PARTIAL FLOW DILUTION SYSTEMS

http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grpe/whdc_docs.html

WHDC-FE31 - (WHDC Secretary) Proposal for draft amendment to global technical regulation No. 4 (WHDC)

Punkt: 9.4. Particulate measurement and sampling system

- 47°C ±5°C Filter face temperature

- Cyclone separator <2,5µm required

- Residence time between 0,5 and 5 seconds

- 47mm Filterholder

- Dilution Air Temperature <52°C

http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grpe/grpedoc_2010.html

ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2010/7 - (UK) Proposal for Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments to Regulation No. 49 (Emissions for compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines for use in vehicles)

- Particle Counting

VIEU

5

WHY PARTICLE COUNTING FOR HD?

No correlation

Comparison of the PN with the regulated PM emissions for different

heavy duty engine technologies. Grey solid symbols are data from

the PMP heavy duty inter-laboratory exercise with the heavy duty Golden

instrument (SPCS prototype). Colored open symbols are

measurements with APCs at JRC and AVL. Each point is a different engine or test cycle. DOC=Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, DPF=Diesel Particulate Filter, SCR=Selective

Catalytic Reduction for NOx.

VIEU

MEASUREMENT DEVICE REQUIREMENTS(MASS PM / NUMBER PN)

� CVS

� Filtered dilution air over fine/ charcoal / Hepa filter� Sample Probe (SSprobe until cyclonic separator)� PM Measurment system

* Abb. Figure 15 Proposal for Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments toRegulation No. 49 (Emissions of compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines for use in vehicles)

� Partial flow dilution tunnel

� Filtered dilution air over fine/ charcoal / Hepa filter� Sample Probe (SSprobe until cyclonic separator)� PM Measurment system

* Abb. Figure 14 Proposal for Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments toRegulation No. 49 (Emissions of compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines for use in vehicles)

VIEU

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Partial Flow Dilution System (PFDS)

Feeding back

or

sending a 1 Hz signal

Accuracy of qex <0.1% of qmdew

ProportionalitySplit ratio r = qmp / qexh

8

PROPORTONAL REQUIREMENTS

Numerical example Numerical example

9

NON-PROPORTIONALITY EFFECT

Proportionality

Split ratio r = qmp / qexh

Error Cases

The sample flow qmp in a PFDS must be proportional to the exhaust flow qexh. (stringent control require-ments!)

• Error at qex means error at qmp

and thus the PFDS is not proportional

• The effect is bigger when the qmp

is low (e.g. idle)

10

FEEDING BACK THE FLOW

- Comparison of a PN system connected to the CVS and another at a PFDS feeding back the flow

- Differences ±10% for both DPF and non-DPF engines

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

PN

C [

p/c

m3]

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

C [

p/c

m3]

CVS

PFDS

non-DPF engine

DPF engine

max PN zero background

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CVS - PFDS

-75%

-50%

-25%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

125%

150%

1 10 100

PM Emissions [mg/kWh]

PM

: P

FD

S /

CV

S -

1 .

>10 mg/kWh: +/-20%

2-10 mg/kWh: +/-60%

<2 mg/kWh: >70%

Euro III, engine out, DPFEuro III

Euro III (PMP) engine out, open filter, DPFHD Euro V

HD Euro V+SCRUS 2007

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CVS - PFDS

-75%

-50%

-25%

0%

25%

1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12 1.0E+13 1.0E+14 1.0E+15

PN Emissions [p/kWh]

PN

: P

FD

S /

CV

S -

1 .

Constant value

Feeding back

>1x1011 p/kWh: +/-20%

<1x1011 p/kWh: >20%

Feeding back: +/-6%

Homologation ESC / ETC / WHTC / WHSC with PM/PN measurement devices

AVL Particle Counter

Conditioning Trolley

AVL Smart Sampler

Chopper Diluter

SYSTEMCOMPONENTS

VIEU

Exhaust duct

SP

C T

unnel

REQUIRED CORRECTIONS

Legislative Requirement 1 (PN sample flow)

� Sample flow from CVS or PFDS shall be returned completely or shall be measured and corrected afterwards

oder

Dil. Air

Particlefilter

Dil. Flow

kg/s

Q mdw

Sample

Flow

APC 489

kg/s

Q ex

Dil. Exh.

Mass

Flow

kg/s

Q mdew

Sample

Flow

feed-back

kg/s

Q sw

Sample

Flow

kg/s

Q mp

Legislative Requirement 2 (Particle Mass)

� Due to the additional sample process a correction of the PM Filter results needs to be done in the partial flow device.

REQUIRED CORRECTIONS

Exhaust duct

SP

C T

unnel

Dil Air

Emission determination with partial flow measurement devices

Emission

measurement

e.g.

THC/NOx/CO/

CO2/…..

Special

measurement.

NH3,…..

Particle Mass

Particle counting

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MEASUREMENT DEVICE REQUIREMENTS(MASS PM / NUMBER PN)

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Volume

Wall mounted: 0,46m³

Baseplate: 0,96m³

Volume

Main Cabinet:0,82m³

Filter Panel: 1,11m³

Total: 1,93m³

AVL SMART SAMPLER

18Dilution Air In

HEPA filter

Laminar Flow Element

Dilution Air Conditioner

Dilution Manifold

Dilution Tunnel

Cyclonic Separator

Distribution Manifold

Filter Holder

Outlet Manifold

Total Flow Measurement

Sample Pump

Outlet to Vent

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ADVANCED DILUTION

TUNNELThe AVL Smart Sampler is equipped withan advanced dilution tunnel that is fullycompliant with both the US EPA CFR-1065 regulation and the European ISO16183 regulation. The advanced tunnel iscapable of both heating and cooling theexhaust sample, which allows a widerrange of input conditions (exhaust gastemperature, dilution ratio, flow rate) whilestill maintaining filter face temperaturewithin regulatory limits.

HIGH PRESSURES

HIGH TEMPERATURESExhaust backpressures up to 600 mbar and high temperatures for R&D measurements before and after exhaust after treatment systems.

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INTUITIVE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACEThe Smart Samplers Graphical User Interface is structured such that beginners can rapidly start using it in a productive function, while also maintaining high-level functionality for expert users. The intuitive interface design means that customers spend less time setting up tests because test run configuration is done in one simple step from the main Graphical User Interface.

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RECOMMENDED OPTIONS

•Add On Sampling enables the Smart Sampler toprovide particulate sample to the AVL Particle Counter.Utilizes the exact same 3 way valve that is found in theAVL Chopper Diluter

•Cyclonic Separator for EPA Compliant Testing

•47mm and 70mm filters are easily changed (5 minutes)and can be used within the same test run (in differentfilter streams)

47mm Filter. 70mm Filter.

The new designed partial flow dilution tunnel:

� US 1065 and EU VI ( and ISO 16183) conform

� Operation modes� Cooling & Heating

� CVS Sampling port for no dilution measurement withoutcyclonic separator and dilution tunnel

�High back pressure range up to 600 mbar rel. with highpressure option

�Fast Startup time – long term flow stability

�Modularity for easy upgrades

New designed filter holder:

� Easy access

� Easy Handling (1 / 2 / 3 x Filterpanel)

AVL SMART SAMPLER

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

AVL Graz WVU Test 1 WVU Test 2

mg

Fil

terl

oa

din

g

SPC 472

SPC 478

AVL SMART SAMPLER

Correlation tests between former SPC 472 vs. NEW SPC 478

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HEAVY-DUTY USA

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US LEGISTLATION ACCORDING TO US EPA 1065http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33f172b24a3dff82c1b6f6ba8b15e982&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr1065_main_02.tpl

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTIAL FLOW DILUTION SYSTEMS:

- 47mm Teflo Filter (Adsorb less HCs)

- 47°C +/-5°C Filter Face Temperature

- Residence time: 1-5 seconds

- Diltuion Air 25°C ±5°C

- Sample probe length: ≤ 26cm

- Cyclonic separator

USA1065

26

NEW US EMISSION LEGISLATIONDifferent Measurement Methods are possible

TransientTesting

SteadyState

Testing

FieldTesting

The recommended and accepted measurement methods are defined only by this diagram in CFR-1065. No where else. Don’t look for text information (example: is a CVS mandatory or not ?), you will

not find it.

PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURESSubpart A—Applicability and General Provisions

§ 1065.15 Overview of procedures for laboratory and field testing.

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CFR-1065VALID METHODES

AMA i60

Gaseous: RawParticulate: CVS

Gaseous: CVSParticulate: CVS

Gaseous: RawParticulate: partial flow dilution

AMA i60 SPC

StationaryTransient

StationaryTransient

StationaryTransient

CV

S i6

0

CV

S i6

0

PTS i60PTS i60 Accepted since 2011

USA1065

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EPA ALLOWENCE FOR PARTIAL FLOW DILTUION SYSTEMS

•After many years of testing and correlation theEPA now fully endorses the partial flow dilutionmethod for certification purposes

•This final rule is published in the CFR websiteand is in place as of January 07 2011

•This ruling allow customers to certify enginesusing the smart sampler.

USA1065

29

SUMMARY

- For EURO VI PM measurement new definet particle number measurment is required

- US CFR 1065 allows partial flow dilution systems for homologation

- AVL SMART SAMPLER and AVL PARTICLE COUNTER fulfill the requriements

- AVL SMART SAMPLER 478 NEW introduced in 2011

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TEILSTROMPARTIKELZÄHLUNG:ADD ON SAMPLING – FUNKTIONSÜBERSICHT

Dilution air

Rückführung des Entnahmestrohmes vor

Filter