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8/9/2019 3 Origin of Earth Ocean(1)

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Origin of Earth & Oceans

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OutlineOrigin Of… 1. Universe 2. Galaxies/Stars 3. Our Solar System

4. Earth and Moon

5. Atmosphere 6. Ocean

1. Names of Modern Oceans 2. Average Depth of the Modern Ocean

3. Latitude and Longitude 4. Contour Plots and Hydrographic Sections

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Evolution of the Universe

~300 thousand

Time Since the Big Bang ( years)

~500 Million

~1 Billion

~9 Billion

~14 Billion

Universe Filled with GlowingIonized Gas

The Dark Ages Start…

Stars and Galaxies Form

Reionization Begins - Light Returns to the Universe

The Dark Ages End…

Reionization Complete UniverseBecomes Transparent to VisibleLight

Our Solar System Forms(about 4.5 billion year ago)

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Large Stars Explode When They Get Old

1. When the Big Bang happened and thencooled a bit there was only hydrogenin the universe

2. In side of large stars nuclear fusionforces lighter elements together(hydrogen and helium) to make heavierelements like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous and up to iron.

3. When large stars explode even heavierelements are formed like gold, nickeland copper etc..

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The Rho Ophiuchi star formation region

New Star Formation/Re-Birth

From Collapsing Dust Clouds ofLight and Heavy Elements

Formed from Previous StarExplosions

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Star Formation

See: http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/mbate/Cluster/cluster3d.html

Simulation & visualisation by Matthew Bate, University of Exeter

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Galaxy Formation

The first mini-galaxies formed when the universe was just a few hundred million years old. Over time, these small galaxies interacted andmerged to build up ever larger galaxies, including big spirals like our own Milky Way. Credit: NCSA/NASA/B. O'Shea (MSU) and M. Norman(UC San Diego). For more see: http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/videos_science.html

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Hubble Ultra Deep Field Image a small region of space near the constellation Formax

and 13 billion light years from earth

Lots of Galaxies Out There!Roughly 100 billion galaxies in the universe with eachgalaxy containing roughly 100 billion stars

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100,000 light-years across

SUN

NOTE: One milky-way rotation takes only about 250 My!

Our Milky-Way Galaxy

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1. Big Bang happened about 15 billion years ago: All mass contained in a single pointexplodes outward

2. Mass cools and collapses gravitationally

3. Temperatures in the core of large masses increase due to compressional heating

• When core temperatures reach 10 million degrees Kelvin, nuclear fusion of H intoHe is ignited (thermonuclear-fusion reaction) to form heat and visible light (amongother types of radiation)

4. The only place in the universe that elements heavier than hydrogen can be created isinside of stars where nuclear fusion of lighter elements creates heavier elements such ascarbon (with atomic number 12) and on up to iron (atomic number 26). Elementsheavier than iron are only formed when the star explodes.

5. Every single carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous atom making up YOUR physical body today was, at one point in the past, sitting in the center of a boiling hot star!!! You very truly are made of star dust!!!

Summary of Universe/Galaxy/Star Formation

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Formation of Our Solar System

Hydrogen (H), He (He) and “star dust”(heavier elements that were formed in previous stars)

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Formation of Solar System

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Formation of Solar System

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Terrestrial (inner) Planets

relatively small

contains the heavier elements (Fe, Si, O)

rocky shell over a metallic core

accretion began 4.6 billion years ago

Gaseous (outer) Planets

mostly volatile gases (H,He)

same composition as the sun

Our Solar System

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Formation of Our Solar System

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Summary of Solar System/Earth Formation

1. 4.6 billion years ago, rock-forming elements condensed

into small solid grains as the nebula cooled.

2. Grains accreted to planetesimals, such as asteroids andcomets

3. Planetesimals accreted to form the Earth

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Formation of the Moon

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The Moon Formed

When Earth Was HitBy a Mar-Sized Object

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~ 100 My after Earth accreted

Spin axis makes 23o angle with orbital plane

Formation of Earth’s Moon

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Earth’s Atmosphere

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Early in Earth’s history

Today

Atmospheric Conditions of Early Earth versus Modern Earth

Atmosphere consisted of hydrogen and helium -gases abundant in the solar system.

Most of these gases were lost to space.

1. Out-gassing from volcanoes releases: H20, CO2, SO2, N2, H2,Cl2 into the Atmosphere 2. Water vapor condensed and precipitated to form oceans and

then anaerobic (live in zero oxygen environment) life develops! 3. Photosynthetic life then evolves and this produces a modern

O2-rich atmosphere!

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There is rapidly growingevidence which nowsuggests that much of the

water that fills our

modern oceans may have been delivered to earthover time by the steady

bombardment of smallcomets (i.e., dirty ice

balls).

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The sun and the earth are both about 4 billion years old. How much

longer do you think the sun will continue to burn brightly before it runs low on fuel, expands outward and totally vaporizes the earth?

a) 1 billion more years

b) 4 billion more years

c) 8 billion more years

d) 16 billion more years

e) The sun will burn forever

1. The Earth and Sun are middleaged and in 4 more billion years

the sun and earth willabsolutely-positively not behere and more!

2. But the atoms that were once the sun and earth and us will

eventually contract back tomake new stars and new planetsand maybe even new us!

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Basic Physiography of Modern Oceans

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Five Officially Named OceansPacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Southern

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Ocean Depth, Surface Area and Volume…

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Percent Area Covered by Physical Features

Average

Depth: 4 km

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Latitude

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Longitude

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Latitude / Longitude

Los Angeles is at: 34º N, 118º WOr Equally… +34º Latitude, -118º Longitude

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Contour Plots(Bathymetry Maps, Meridional and Zonal Sections…)

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Drawing of Ocean Seafloor

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Contour Plot of Ocean Seafloor

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Equivalent Contour Plots(Lines with Numerical Labels or Filled with Color Bar)

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3 Origin of Earth Ocean(1)