3. Language Reference

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COBOL85

Reference Manual


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Third Edition: November 1996

The contents of this manu al may be revised w ithout prior notice. No p art of

this docum ent may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, for an y p urp ose, without th e express

written permission of Fu jitsu Limited .

1996 Fujitsu Limited . All Rights Reserved .


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Preface

Purpose

This COBOL85 Reference Manual covers the ru les for w riting

programs in COBOL (COmm on Business Oriented Langu age) using

FUJITSU COBOL85.

Audience

This manual is for u sers who d evelop COBOL program s using

COBOL85. This manual assum es users possess basic programm ing

knowledge.


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iv COBOL85 Reference Manual

Organization

The table below shows how th is manu al is organized.

Chap ter /Append ix Descrip tion

Ch ap ter 1. G en er al Ru les Co ver s th e g en er al r ules in clu d in g th e lan gu ag e

elements of COBOL, un ique reference, writing of

literals, and reference format

Cha pt er 2. COBOL Modules List s a nd e xp la ins the fa cilit ies of COBOL

Chap ter 3. Identification Division

and End Program Header

Explains the syntax of the id entification d ivision an d

end program header

Chapter 4 . Environment Division Explains the syntax of the environment division

Ch ap ter 5. D ata Division Exp lain s th e syn tax of th e d ata d iv ision

Chapter 6. Procedure Divis ion Expla ins the syntax of the procedure divis ion

Cha pter 7. Sour ce Text

Manipulation

Explains the syntax of statements used in th e source

text manipulation function

Cha pt er 8. Dat abase(SQL) Expla ins t he syn ta x o f t he da ta ba se function(SQL)

Chapter 9. Communication

Database

Explains the syntax of the commu nication d atabase

function

Chap ter 10. Micro Focus Native

Functions

Explains th e syntax of the Micro Focus n ative

functions

App end ix A. List of Reserved

Words

Lists the reserved w ord s in COBOL

App end ix B. System Quan titativeRestrictions Lists the qu antity restrictions of th e system

Ap p en d ix C. Cod e Tables Lists th e ch ar acter sets an d th eir la rg e-to -sm all

sequence

Appendix D. Intermediate Results Explains the attributes and accuracy of intermediate

results

Appendix E. Functional

Differences

Lists the functional d ifferences for each system

Appendix F. Control Record Expla ins t he fo rmat s o f the cont ro l r ecords


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COBOL85 Reference Manual v

Scope of FUJITSU COBOL85 Functions

The FUJITSU COBOL85 functions consist of JIS standard COBOL

functions (JIS X 8002-1992) and FUJITSU COBOL85 extend ed

functions. The FUJITSU COBOL85 functions are as follows:

FUJITSU

COBOL85

functions

JIS stand ard COBOLfunctions

FUJITSU COBOL85

extend ed functions

Required

functions

Optional

functions

Nu cleus (2, nucleus 1, 2)

Sequential I-O fun ction (2, sequen tial 1, 2)

Relative I-O function (2, relative 0, 2)

Indexed I-O function (2, ind exed 0, 2)

Inter-program commu nication function

(2, comm un ication 1, 2)

Sort-merge function (1, sort 0, 1)

Source test manipulation function(2, sou rce tes t 0, 2)

Presenta tion file functionScreen han dling mod ule

Command line argument and

environment variable operation function

Database function

Comm unication d atabase function

Micro Focus n ative fun ction

Report w riter function (1, report 0, 1)

Built-in function function (1, function 0, 1)

Debu g fun ction (2, debu g 0, 2)*

Segmentation fu nction (2, segmentat ion 0, 2)*

*: The debu g function and segmentat ion function are treated as commen ts wh enthe program is run.

Note: In the above, stand ard m nemonic symbols for each JIS stand ard COBOLfunction is shown in paren theses. From left to right the symbols show theposition of the function in the hierarchy, the function abbreviation, and th emaximum and minimum levels of the function to wh ich th e level belongs.

In th is reference m anual, FUJITSU COBOL85 is called simp ly

COBOL.


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How to Use this Manual

Users who w ish to gain an un derstanding of the basic concepts of

COBOL and its facilities should first read Chap ters 1 and 2 in that

order. Users wh o already have an und erstanding of COBOL may

skip the first two chapters and read any of the other chapters or

appendixes as required.

The following d iagram show s the sequence in wh ich th e chapters

and app end ixes of this reference manu al shou ld be read.

[Aim of reader]

Understand the basicconcepts of COBOL

Understand the facilities of

COBOL

Understand syntax necessaryfor programming

[Required reading]

Chapter 1 General Rules

Chapter 2 COBOL Facilities

Chapter 3 Identification Division andProgram Header

Chapter 4 Environment Division

Chapter 5 Data Division

Chapter 6 Procedure Division

Chapter 7 Source Text Manipulation

Chapter 8 Database (SQL)

Chapter 9 Communication Database

Chapter 10 Micro Focus Native

Functions

Appendix A List of Reserved Words

Appendix B System Quantitative

Restrictions

Appendix C Code Tables

Appendix D Intermediate Results

Appendix E Functional Differences

Appendix F Control Record

Also see:

:Sequence


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COBOL85 Reference Manual vii

Conventions Used in This Manual

Symbols Used in [Format]

In each chap ter, [Form at] show s how to w rite COBOL language

elemen ts, such as statements and clauses. The words show n in

[Format] mu st be written in the sequence shown un less otherwise

specified in the syn tax rules or general rules.

The following table lists the meaning of symbols app earing in

[Format].

Example of Convention Description

IF Underlined text indicates that thecharacter string is a keyword andcannot be omitted. Keywords notund erlines can be omitted.

VALUE IS constant-1 Uppercase characters indicate aCOBOL reserved word . These

character strings must be writtenexactly as they app ear in [Format].

{ identifier-1 } Brackets indicate that one of the valuesgiven can be selected.

[ data-name-1 ] Square parenthesis indicate that one of the values can be selected or th e valuecan be omitted.

{| COMMON | } Choice indicators mean that at leastone of the values given can be wr itten.Each character string must be unique.

Ellipses indicate the item immediatelypreceding can be specified rep eatedly.


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viii COBOL85 Reference Manual

Example of Convention Descrip tion

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. Periods must be written in the sameposition.

=, -, >, =, Special characters are key words. They

are not underlined, but must not beomitted.

CHECK

WITH PASCAL LINKAGE

ALL

PARAGRAPH-ID

COBOL

Command s, statements, clauses, andoptions you en ter or select app ear inupp ercase. Program section nam es, andsome proper nam es also appear inuppercase.

COBOL85 Users Guide

See Data Division in Chap ter 5.

References to other pu blications orsections with in pu blications are inquotation marks.

Shading

FUJITSU COBOL85 extend ed functions are h ighlighted in th e text by

shad ing. A shad ed section title ind icates that the entire title is a

FUJITSU COBOL85 extended function.

Syntax Rules and General Rules

The explanation of COBOL language elements such as statementsand clauses in each chap ter is arranged into [Format], syntax rules,

and general rules. [Format] shows the arrangem ent of elements

mak ing up a statement or clause. Syntax rules explain the

arran gement of elements in [Format] and restrictions on their

arrangement.


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COBOL85 Reference Manual ix

General ru les explain the results of execution an d compilation wh ere

a statement or clause was written. They also explain the meaning of

elements in [Format] and the relationship between the elemen ts.

Syntax ru les or general rules are omitted w hen th ere are no ru les

relating to the elemen ts in [Format].

Obsolete Elements

Elemen ts marked "Obsolete elemen ts" in the text are given in the

1985 issue of the AN SI COBOL standard bu t may not be included in

the next ed ition. Fujitsu recomm end s that obsolete elements not be

used w hen creating new programs.

System-specific Functions

Some par ts of the COBOL85 common syn tax described in th is

man ual dep end on system functions, and differ among systems.

Such p arts are indicated by the following system nam es:Indication Corresponding sys tem

DS UXP/ DS COBOL85 V20L1X

HP HP-UX COBOL85 V20L10

Su n Solaris COBOL85 V20L20

Win COBOL85 V30L10 for Windows 95,COBOL85 V30L10 for Windows NT &COBOL85 V20L10 for Windows 3.1

Win32 COBOL85 V30L10 for Windows 95 &COBOL85 V30L10 for Wind ows N T

Win16 COBOL85 V20L10 for Windows 3.1


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The followings are positions of the indications and the area

correspond ed the indications:

Position of in dication Corresp on d area of th e

indication

top of a heading the chapter, the section ,etc.

head of a paragraph the paragraph

in table the row

See Appendix E for a list of functional differences.


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COBOL85 Reference Manual xi

Acknowledgment

COBOL language specifications are based on the original

specifications developed by the Conference on Data Systems

Langu ages (CODASYL), and specifications in this m anu al are a lso

derived from these specifications. The chap ters listed below were

includ ed on requ est from CODASYL.

COBOL is not own ed by any p articular comp any, organization, or

group ; it has been d esigned for general use in ind ustry. CODASYL

does not guarantee and bears no responsibility in relation to the

programm ing method , the accuracy of langu age, and functions.

The following copyright own ers permitted partial use of thefollowing documents when the original specifications were put

together . This permission also extends to the use of the original

specifications in oth er COBOL specifications.

FLOW-MATIC (trad emark of Sperryland Inc.),"Programm ing for the Univac (R) I and II, Data Autom ation

System s", cop yrigh t Sperry land Inc. 1958, 1959 IBM Commercial Translator, library number F28-8013,

copy righ t IBM Inc. 1959

FACT, library number 27A5260-2760, copyright MinneapolisHoneywell Inc. 1960


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xii COBOL85 Reference Manual

Trademarks

UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other

countries, licensed exclusively through X/ Open Comp any Limited.

Motif is a trad emark of Open Software Found ation, Inc.

MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Window s is a registered tradem ark of Microsoft Corporation.

Windows NT is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation

HP an d H P-UX are tradem arks of Hew lett-Packard Comp any

Micro Focus is a reg istered trademark of Micro Focus Ltd., U.K.

Sun and Solaris are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.


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COBOL85 Reference Manual xiii

Contents

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL RULES...........................................................................................1

CHARACTERS AND

CHARACTER

SETS

.........................................................................................2BASIC OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE ...............................................................................................5

Separator ........................................................................................................... ..................5

COBOL Word.................................................................................................... ................10

Literal................................................................................................................................23

Figurative Constant............................................................................................................32

Concatenation Expression......................................... .........................................................35

Literal for Special Applications..........................................................................................37

Picture Character-string.....................................................................................................38Comment Entry .................................................................................................................39

CONCEPT OF DATA DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................39

Concept of Levels...............................................................................................................39

Concept of Class ................................................................................................................40

Standard Alignment Rule................................................................................... ................42

Adjustment of Data Boundary............................................................................................43

Example of Insertion of a Slack Byte..................................................................................45

UNIQUENESS OF REFERENCE....................................................................................................51Qualification......................................................................................................................51

Subscripting.......................................................................................................................57

Reference Modification ......................................................................................................60

Pointer...............................................................................................................................64

Identifier............................................................................................................................66

Uniqueness of Reference of Condition-name ......................................................................67

Function-identifier .............................................................................................................68

REFERENCE FORMAT...............................................................................................................69Configuration of a Line......................................................................................................69

Reference Format for Area A and Area B...................................... .....................................72

Blank Line.........................................................................................................................74

Comment Line...................................................................................................................74

Joining Lines .....................................................................................................................75

Debugging Line .................................................................................................................77

In-line Comment................................................................................................................78

Reference Format for Free Format......................................................................................79PROGRAM CONFIGURATION.....................................................................................................82


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CHAPTER 2. COBOL MODULES........................................................................................85

NUCLEUS................................................................................................................................86

Transcription of Data.........................................................................................................89

Arithmetic Operation.........................................................................................................90

Optional Processing and Branching ...................................................................................91

Repetition Processing....... ..................................................................................................93

Table Handling ..................................................................................................................95Initialization of Data Items ..............................................................................................102

Character-string Handling ...............................................................................................102

Simple Input-Output ........................................................................................................ 104

Terminating a Program....................................................................................................105

Pointer Handling..............................................................................................................105

INPUT-OUTPUT FACILITY ......................................................................................................110

File Organization.............................................................................................................112

File Connector ................................................................................................................. 115Operation of Input-Output Statement ...............................................................................115

File Position Indicator...... ................................................................................................118

Volume Indicator............................................................................................................. 118

Sharing and Exclusion of Files.........................................................................................118

Locking a Record............................................................................................................. 120

I-O Status .......................................................................................................... ..............122

Record Format ................................................................................................................. 124

Record Area..................................................................................................................... 126Special Register ............................................................................................................... 126

INTER-PROGRAM COMMUNICATION MODULE .........................................................................127

Accessing and Returning to a Program.............................................................................129

Global Name and Local Name .........................................................................................130

External Attribute and Internal Attribute .........................................................................131

Common Attribute in a Program......................................................................................133

Initial State of Program.................................................................................................... 133

Passing a Parameter......................................................................................................... 135

Scope of Names ............................................................................................................... 136

Scope of the Name of a Program-name and Secondary Entry Name .................................139

Special Register ............................................................................................................... 140

SORT-MERGE MODULE .........................................................................................................141

Sorting Methods .............................................................................................................. 143

Merging Methods.............................................................................................................144

Input Procedure................................................................................................................144

Output Procedure............. ................................................................................................145

Sort-merge File................ ................................................................................................145


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SOURCE TEXT MANIPULATION MODULE ................................................................................147

Example of COPY Statement ...........................................................................................148

Example of REPLACE Statement ....................................................................................148

PRESENTATION FILE MODULE ...............................................................................................149

Destination Type..............................................................................................................151

Screen Form Descriptor ................................................................................................... 151

File Organization and Access Mode.................................................................................152

Operating Input-Output Statements..................................................................................152

I-O Status .......................................................................................................... ..............153


BUILT-IN FUNCTION MODULE................................................................................................157

SCREEN HANDLING MODULE.................................................................................................159

Screen and Screen Item...................................................................................... ..............160

Input-Output Handling of the Screen................................................................................163Screen Input Status .......................................................................................................... 163

OPERATION MODULE FOR COMMAND LINE ARGUMENT AND ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE ...........164

Operating a Command Line Argument ............................................................................165

Operating an Environment Variable.................................................................................168

REPORT WRITER MODULE.....................................................................................................170

CHAPTER 3. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION AND END PROGRAM HEADER............. 175

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.....................................................................................................176Program Name Paragraph................................................................................................177

END PROGRAM HEADER........................................................................................................179

CHAPTER 4. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION ........................................................................181

CONFIGURATION OF ENVIRONMENT DIVISION ........................................................................182

CONFIGURATION SECTION.....................................................................................................182

Source Computer Paragraph.............................................................................................183

Object Computer Paragraph .............................................................................................184Special Names Paragraph................................................................................................. 187

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION .......................................................................................................213

File Control Paragraph..................................................................................................... 213

I-O-Control Paragraph.....................................................................................................260

CHAPTER 5. DATA DIVISION...........................................................................................269

DATA DIVISION CONFIGURATION...........................................................................................270

Based-storage Section ...................................................................................................... 271File Section...................... ................................................................................................271


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Working-storage Section................................................................ ..................................272

Constant Section.............................................................................................................. 272

Linkage Section ............................................................................................................... 273

Report Section ................................................................................................................. 273

Screen Section ................................................................................................................. 274

77-level Description Entry ...............................................................................................274

Record Description Entry................................................................................................. 275

FILE DESCRIPTION ENTRY .....................................................................................................276

BLOCK CONTAINS Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File, and Record

Writer Module) ......................................................................................................... 278

CODE-SET Clause (Sequential File and Report Writer Module)......................................279

CONTROL RECORDS Clause (Sequential File)..............................................................280

DATA RECORDS Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, and Indexed File)....................281

EXTERNAL Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File, Presentation File, and

Report Writer Module)..............................................................................................282

GLOBAL Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File, Presentation File, and Report

Writer Module) ......................................................................................................... 283

LABEL RECORDS Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File, and Report Writer

File) ............................................................................................................ ..............284

LINAGE Clause (Sequential File) ....................................................................................285

Record Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, and Indexed File)......................................290

RECORD Clause (Presentation File)................................................................................295

RECORD Clause (Report Writer Module).......................................................... ..............296REPORT Clause (Report Writer Module).........................................................................296

VALUE OF Clause (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File, and Report Writer Module)298

SORT-MERGE FILE DESCRIPTION ENTRY................................................................................299

DATA DESCRIPTION ENTRY...................................................................................................300

Notes on Data Description Entries in the Based-storage Section.......................................303

Notes on Record Description Entries in the File Section...................................................304

Notes on Data Description Entries in the Working-storage Section ..................................304

Notes on Data Description Entries in the Constant Section...............................................305Notes on Data Description Entries in the Linkage Section................................................305

BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause.........................................................................................305

CHARACTER TYPE Clause ...........................................................................................307

EXTERNAL Clause.........................................................................................................315

GLOBAL Clause..............................................................................................................317

JUSTIFIED Clause .......................................................................................................... 318

OCCURS Clause..............................................................................................................319

PICTURE Clause............. ................................................................................................325PRINTING POSITION Clause......................................................................................... 346


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REDEFINES Clause ........................................................................................................ 348

RENAMES Clause...........................................................................................................351

SIGN Clause.................................................................................................................... 353

SYNCHRONIZED Clause ...............................................................................................356

USAGE Clause................................................................................................................ 358

VALUE Clause................ ................................................................................................368

BASED ON Clause.......................................................................................................... 372

SCREEN DATA DESCRIPTION ENTRY ......................................................................................374

AUTO Clause .................................................................................................................. 379

BACKGROUND-COLOR Clause ....................................................................................380

BELL Clause ................................................................................................................... 381

BLANK LINE Clause ...................................................................................................... 382

BLANK SCREEN Clause ................................................................................................383

BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause.........................................................................................384

BLINK Clause ................................................................................................................. 385

COLUMN NUMBER Clause ...........................................................................................386

ERASE Clause.................................................................................................................388

FOREGROUND-COLOR Clause.....................................................................................389

FULL Clause ................................................................................................................... 391

HIGHLIGHT Clause ........................................................................................................ 393

JUSTIFIED Clause .......................................................................................................... 394

LINE NUMBER Clause................................................................................................... 395

LOWLIGHT Clause...................................................................... ...................................397PICTURE Clause............. ................................................................................................398

REQUIRED Clause..........................................................................................................401

REVERSE-VIDEO Clause................................................................................. ..............402

SECURE Clause .............................................................................................................. 403

SIGN Clause.................................................................................................................... 404

UNDERLINE Clause ....................................................................................................... 405

USAGE Clause................................................................................................................ 405

VALUE Clause................ ................................................................................................407REPORT DESCRIPTION ENTRY................................................................................................408

CODE Clause .................................................................................................................. 411

CONTROL Clause.................................................... .......................................................412

PAGE Clause................................................................................................................... 414

Page Area .......................................................................................................... ..............418

REPORT GROUP DESCRIPTION ENTRY ....................................................................................420

CHARACTER TYPE Clause ...........................................................................................425

COLUMN NUMBER Clause ...........................................................................................427GROUP INDICATE Clause.............................................................................................428


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LINE NUMBER Clause................................................................................................... 430

NEXT GROUP Clause..................................................................................................... 432

PRINTING POSITION Clause......................................................................................... 434

SIGN Clause.................................................................................................................... 435

SOURCE Clause.............................................................................................................. 437

SUM Clause.....................................................................................................................438

TYPE Clause ................................................................................................................... 444

USAGE Clause................................................................................................................ 453

VALUE Clause................ ................................................................................................454

REPORT GROUP PRESENTATION RULES ..................................................................................456

How to Use Presentation Rule Tables ...............................................................................456

Reading Applicable Rule Column ....................................................................................457

LINE NUMBER Clause Notation.................................................. ...................................459

NEXT GROUP Clause Notation.......................................................................................460

Integer Saving Item for Next Report Group...................................................................... 460

Report Heading Group Presentation Rules........................................................................461

Page Heading Group Presentation Rules...........................................................................464

Body Group Presentation Rules..................................................... ...................................466

Page Footing Group Presentation Rules............................................................................473

Report Footing Group Presentation Rule ..........................................................................475

CHAPTER 6. PROCEDURE DIVISION..............................................................................479

PROCEDURE DIVISION STRUCTURE ........................................................................................480Section.............................................................................................................................481

Paragraph .......................................................................................................... ..............481

Statement.........................................................................................................................482

Sentence ............................................................................................................ ..............485

Scope of Statements ......................................................................................................... 486

PROCEDURE DIVISION HEADER..............................................................................................488

Syntax Rule ....................................................................................................... ..............488

General Rules .................................................................................................................. 489COMMON STATEMENT RULES ................................................................................................491

Arithmetic Expressions.... ................................................................................................491

Boolean Expression..........................................................................................................495

Conditional Expression.... ................................................................................................498

Comparison Rules............ ................................................................................................515

Rules for Copying ............................................................................................................ 523

Arithmetic Statement....... ................................................................................................529

More Than One Answer of an Arithmetic Statement........................................................530ROUNDED Phrase .......................................................................................................... 531


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ON SIZE ERROR Phrase................................................................................... ..............532

CORRESPONDING Phrase .............................................................................................534

Overlapping of Operands ................................................................................................. 535

INVALID KEY Phrase .................................................................................................... 536

AT END Phrase...............................................................................................................539

STATEMENTS ........................................................................................................................542

ACCEPT Statement (Nucleus) .........................................................................................542

ACCEPT Statement (Screen Operation)...........................................................................546

ACCEPT Statement (Operation on Command Line Arguments and Environmental

Variables) ................................................................................................................. 549

ADD Statement (Nucleus)................................................................................................552

ALTER Statement (Nucleus)............................................................................................555

CALL Statement (Inter-program Communication)......................... ..................................556

CANCEL Statement (Inter-program Communication)......................................................565

CLOSE Statement (Sequential, Relative, Indexed, and Presentation Files, and Report Writer

Module) .................................................................................................................... 567

COMPUTE Statement (Nucleus).................................................... ..................................574

CONTINUE Statement (Nucleus) ....................................................................................576

DELETE Statement (Relative and Indexed Files).............................................................577

DISPLAY Statement (Nucleus)........................................................................................580

DISPLAY Statement (Screen Operation)..........................................................................584

DISPLAY Statement (Operation on Command Line Arguments and Environmental

Variables) ................................................................................................................. 586DIVIDE Statement (Nucleus)...........................................................................................589

ENTRY Statement (Inter-program Communication) ........................................................594

EVALUATE Statement (Nucleus).................................................................................... 595

EXIT Statement (Nucleus)...............................................................................................604

EXIT PERFORM Statement (Nucleus).............................................................................605

EXIT PROGRAM Statement (Inter-program Communication) ........................................606

GENERATE Statement (Report writing)..........................................................................607

GO TO Statement (Nucleus) ............................................................................................611IF Statement (Nucleus) .................................................................................................... 612

INITIALIZE Statement (Nucleus)......... ...........................................................................617

INITIATE Statement (Report writer) ...............................................................................621

INSPECT Statement ........................................................................................................ 622

MERGE Statement (Sort-merge)........................................................................ ..............638

MOVE Statement (Nucleus).............................................................................................648

MULTIPLY Statement (Nucleus).......... ...........................................................................651

OPEN Statement (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File).........................................653OPEN Statement (Presentation File) ................................................................................662


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OPEN Statement (Report Writer)....................................................................... ..............664

PERFORM Statement (Nucleus) ......................................................................................665

READ Statement (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File) ........................................ 682

READ Statement (Presentation File)................................................................................698

RELEASE Statement (Sort-merge) ..................................................................................701

RETURN Statement (Sort-merge)....................................................................................703

REWRITE Statement (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File)..................................706

SEARCH Statement (Nucleus).................................. .......................................................714

SET Statement (Nucleus)................................................................................................. 724

SORT Statement (Sort-merge) .........................................................................................728

START Statement (Relative File)................................................... ..................................739

START Statement (Indexed File) .....................................................................................742

STOP Statement (Nucleus)...............................................................................................752

STRING Statement (Nucleus) ..........................................................................................753

SUBTRACT Statement (Nucleus) ....................................................................................760

SUPPRESS Statement (Report Writer).......................................... ...................................763

TERMINATE Statement (Report Writer)........................................................... ..............764

UNLOCK Statement (Sequential File, Relative File, Indexed File)...................................766

UNSTRING Statement (Nucleus).......... ...........................................................................767

USE Statement (Creation of Sequential Files, Relative Files, Indexed Files, Presentation

Files, and Reports) .................................................................................................... 782

USE BEFORE REPORTING Statement (Creation of Reports) .........................................786

USE FOR DEAD-LOCK Statement (Presentation File)....................................................788WRITE Statement (Sequential File).................................................................................790

WRITE Statement (Relative and Indexed Files) ...............................................................803

WRITE Statement (Presentation File) ..............................................................................810

GENERAL RULES FOR FUNCTIONS ..........................................................................................812

Function Call Format ....................................................................................................... 812

Types of Arguments......................................................................................................... 813

Rules Applied for Specifying a Table as Argument ..........................................................814

Function Types ................................................................................................................ 815FUNCTIONS...........................................................................................................................817

ACOS Function ............................................................................................................... 817

ADDR Function............................................................................................................... 818

ANNUITY Function ........................................................................................................ 819

ASIN Function.................................................................................................................820

ATAN Function...............................................................................................................821

CAST-ALPHANUMERIC Function.................................................................................821

CHAR Function............................................................................................................... 822COS Function .................................................................................................................. 823


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CURRENT-DATE Function ............................................................................................824

DATE-OF-INTEGER Function........................................................................................825

DAY-OF-INTEGER Function..........................................................................................826

FACTORIAL Function .................................................................................................... 827

INTEGER Function ......................................................................................................... 828

INTEGER-OF-DATE Function........................................................................................829

INTEGER-OF-DAY Function..........................................................................................830

INTEGER-PART Function ..............................................................................................831

LENG Function ............................................................................................................... 832

LENGTH Function .......................................................................................................... 832

LOG Function..................................................................................................................834

LOG10 Function.............................................................................................................. 834

LOWER-CASE Function................................................................................................. 835

MAX Function.................................................................................................................836

MEAN Function .............................................................................................................. 837

MEDIAN Function .......................................................................................................... 837

MIDRANGE Function..................................................................................................... 838

MIN Function .................................................................................................................. 839

MOD Function.................................................................................................................840

NATIONAL Function...................................................................................................... 841

NUMVAL Function......................................................................................................... 842

NUMVAL-C Function ..................................................................................................... 843

ORD Function..................................................................................................................845

ORD-MAX Function ....................................................................................................... 846

PRESENT-VALUE Function...........................................................................................848

RANDOM Function.........................................................................................................848

RANGE Function ............................................................................................................ 850

REM Function ................................................................................................................. 851

REVERSE Function.........................................................................................................852

SIN Function ................................................................................................................... 853

SQRT Function................ ................................................................................................854STANDARD-DEVIATION Function...............................................................................854

SUM Function ................................................................................................................. 855

TAN Function..................................................................................................................856

UPPER-CASE Function................................................................................................... 857

VARIANCE Function...................................................................................................... 858

WHEN-COMPLIED Function..........................................................................................858

CHAPTER 7. SOURCE TEXT MANIPULATION .............................................................861

TEXT....................................................................................................................................862


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TEXT WORD .........................................................................................................................862

PSEUDO-TEXT.......................................................................................................................862

COPY STATEMENT ..............................................................................................................863

Syntax Rules.................................................................................................................... 864

General Rules .................................................................................................................. 866

REPLACE STATEMENT........................................................................................................874

Syntax Rules.................................................................................................................... 874

General Rules .................................................................................................................. 875

CHAPTER 8. DATABASE (SQL) .......................................................................................879

DATABASE ...........................................................................................................................880

TABLE..................................................................................................................................880

EMBEDDED SQL...................................................................................................................880

HOST VARIABLE ...................................................................................................................881

REFERENCE FORMAT OF EMBEDDED SQL ..............................................................................881

Overall Rules................................................................................................................... 881

Continuation of Line........................................................................................................ 881

COBOL Comment Line and In-line Comment .................................................................882

DATA DIVISION ....................................................................................................................882

Embedded SQL Declare Section....................................................................................... 882

Host Variable Definitions................................................................................................. 883

Referencing Host Variables..............................................................................................886

SQLSTATE/SQLCODE................................................................................................... 886

SQLMSG.........................................................................................................................887

PROCEDURE DIVISION ...........................................................................................................887

Character.........................................................................................................................888

Literals .............................................................................................................. ..............889

Token ................................................................................................................ ..............893

Names..............................................................................................................................895

Value Specification and Target Specification ...................................................................896

Column Specification.......................................................................................................898Set Function Specification................................................................................................ 899

Value Expression............................................................................................................. 900

Predicate..........................................................................................................................901

Search Condition ............................................................................................................. 906

Table Expression ............................................................................................................. 907

Query Specification............................................................................................ ..............909

Query Expression...................................................... .......................................................910

Subquery..........................................................................................................................910EMBEDDED EXCEPTION DECLARATION ..................................................................................911


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DATA MANIPULATION WITHOUT USING CURSOR ....................................................................912

SELECT Statement..........................................................................................................912

DELETE Statement (Searched)........................................................................................913

INSERT Statement .......................................................................................................... 914

UPDATE Statement (Searched) .......................................................................................915

DATA MANIPULATION USING THE CURSOR.............................................................................918

Declare Cursor................. ................................................................................................918

OPEN Statement.............. ................................................................................................921

CLOSE Statement............................................................................................................921

FETCH Statement............................................................................................................922

DELETE Statement (Positioned)........................................................................ ..............923

UPDATE Statement (Positioned) .....................................................................................924

DYNAMIC SQL....................................................................................................... ..............926

INTO Clause / USING Clause..........................................................................................926

PREPARE Statement ....................................................................................................... 926

EXECUTE Statement ...................................................................................................... 927

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement................................................................................929

Dynamic SELECT Statement................ ...........................................................................930

Dynamic Declare Cursor.................................................................................................. 930

Dynamic OPEN Statement ...............................................................................................931

Dynamic CLOSE Statement.................. ...........................................................................932

Dynamic FETCH Statement.................. ...........................................................................933

Dynamic DELETE Statement (Positioned)......................................................... ..............934

Dynamic UPDATE Statement (Positioned) ......................................................................935

TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT ...............................................................................................936

COMMIT Statement........ ................................................................................................936

ROLLBACK Statement....................................................................................................936

CONNECTION MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................937

CONNECT Statement......................................................................................................937

SET CONNECTION Statement .......................................................................................939

DISCONNECT Statement................................................................................................ 940CHAPTER 9. COMMUNICATION DATABASE ...............................................................943

GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................944

Communication Database ................................................................................................945

Services ............................................................................................................. ..............945

Tables..............................................................................................................................945

Embedded DCSQL...........................................................................................................946

Host Variable................... ................................................................................................946BASIC ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED DCSQL ..............................................................................947


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Available Characters........ ................................................................................................947

Quotation Marks, Key Words, and Separators ..................................................................948

Communication Database Names.....................................................................................949

Service Names ................................................................................................................. 949

Table Names.................................................................................................................... 949

Host Variable Names ....................................................................................................... 950

Literals .............................................................................................................. ..............950

REFERENCE FORMAT OF EMBEDDED DCSQL.........................................................................954

Overall Rules for Description.................................... .......................................................954

Continuation of Line........................................................................................................ 954

COBOL Comment Line and In-line Comment .................................................................954

Comments in Embedded DCSQL..................................................................................... 955

EMBEDDED DCSQL..............................................................................................................955

Data Division................................................................................................................... 955

Procedure Division...........................................................................................................960

CHAPTER 10. MICRO FOCUS NATIVE FUNCTIONS...................................................961

SCREEN FUNCTIONS ..............................................................................................................962

Environment Division...... ................................................................................................962

CONSOLE IS CRT CLAUSE.................................................................................................963

Data Division................................................................................................................... 964

COLUMN NUMBER CLAUSE..............................................................................................968

GRID CLAUSE......................................................................................................................968

LEFTLINE CLAUSE .............................................................................................................969

LINE NUMBER CLAUSE .....................................................................................................970

OCCURS CLAUSE................................................................................................................970

OVERLINE CLAUSE ............................................................................................................971

PROMPT CLAUSE................................................................................................................972

SIZE CLAUSE.......................................................................................................................973

ZERO-FILL CLAUSE............................................................................................................974

Procedure Division...........................................................................................................975NATIONAL FUNCTIONS..........................................................................................................986


INPUT-OUTPUT STATEMENT ..................................................................................................987


APPENDIX A. LIST OF RESERVED WORDS.................................................................1001

APPENDIX B. SYSTEM QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ........................................ 1017

REFERENCE FORMAT...........................................................................................................1017


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NUCLEUS DATA DIVISION....................................................................................................1018

NUCLEUS PROCEDURE DIVISION ..........................................................................................1019

SEQUENTIAL FILE ...............................................................................................................1019

RELATIVE FILE ...................................................................................................................1020

INDEXED FILE.....................................................................................................................1020

INTER-PROGRAM COMMUNICATION .....................................................................................1021

SORT AND MERGE...............................................................................................................1021

SOURCE STATEMENT MANIPULATION ..................................................................................1022PRESENTATION FILE............................................................................................................1022

APPENDIX C. CODE TABLES ........................................................................................ 1023

INTERNAL CODES FOR EBCDIC CHARACTERS .....................................................................1024

INTERNAL CODES FOR ASCII CHARACTERS .........................................................................1025

INTERNAL CODES FOR JIS 8-BIT CODE CHARACTERS ...........................................................1026

APPENDIX D. INTERMEDIATE RESULTS................................................................... 1027

ATTRIBUTE AND PRECISION OF THE INTERMEDIATE RESULT..................................................1028

INTERMEDIATE RESULTS OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS.........................................................1029

Precision of the Intermediate Results of Arithmetic Operations Having Fixed Point Attribute1029

Determining the Reference Number of Digits in the Decimal-part..................................1030

Determining the Temporary Number of Arithmetic Operation Digits.............................1031

Determining Precision of the Intermediate Result of Arithmetic Operations ...................1036

Intermediate Result in Arithmetic Operations Having the Floating-point Attribute.........1039

INTERMEDIATE RESULT OF THE EXPONENT ..........................................................................1039

Intermediate Result of the Exponent Having Fixed-point Attribute.................................1039

When the Exponent is a Literal..................................................... .................................1040

When the Exponent is a Variable ................................................................................... 1040

Intermediate Result of the Exponent Having Floating-point Attribute.............................1041

ATTRIBUTES AND ACCURACY OF FUNCTION VALUES ............................................................1041

APPENDIX E. FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES................................................... ............ 1045

HANDLING OF NUMERIC VALUES .........................................................................................1045

PRESENTATION FILES ..........................................................................................................1045

Destination ........................................................................................................ ............1045

Combining Specifiable Clauses and Destinations ........................................................... 1045

USE FOR DEAD-LOCK Statement ............................................................................... 1046

INTER-PROGRAM COMMUNICATION.....................................................................................1046

STATEMENTS ......................................................................................................................1046

WRITE Statement (Sequential File)............................................................................... 1046DATABASE .........................................................................................................................1047


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COMMUNICATION DATABASE ..............................................................................................1047

QUANTITATIVE SYSTEM LIMITS ...........................................................................................1047

APPENDIX F. CONTROL RECORD FORMATS ........................................................... 1049

I CONTROL RECORD ...........................................................................................................1049

S CONTROL RECORDS .........................................................................................................1057

INDEX ..................................................................................................................... ............1059


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Chapter 1. General Rules

This chap ter explains the concepts of the COBOL language and

covers the general rules.

2 Chapter 1. General Rules


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Characters and Character Sets

Though there are several types of character sets that can be used

on a compu ter. COBOL programs use specific character sets for

wr iting. These character sets are called COBOL character sets.

There are four typ es of COBOL character sets:

Alphabetic character set

Numeric character set

Special character set

National character set

Alphabetic Character Set

The alphabetic characters are listed below. Each alphabetic

character uses 1 byte of storage area.

Uppercase letters (26 letters from A to Z)

Lowercase letters (26 letters from a to z)

Space

Except in a n onnumeric literal, lowercase letters are equ ivalent to

their correspond ing upp ercase letters.

Numeric Character Set

There are ten nu meric characters: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Each numeric character uses a 1 byte storage area.

Chapter 1. General Rules 3


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Special Character Set

The table below lists the special characters. Each special character

uses a 1 byte storage area.

Character Meaning

+ Plus sign

- Minus sign or hyphen

* Asterisk

/ Slash

= Equal sign

$ Dollar sign

, Comma

; Semicolon

. Period or decimal point

Quotation mark

( Left parenthesis

) Right parenthesis

> Greater-than sign

< Less-than sign: Colon

& Ampersand



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National Characters

National characters are contained in the Japanese character set.

Each character in the character set is expressed by a tw o-byte

internal code.

Unless otherwise specified, alphabetic or numer ic characters do

not contain national characters.

Computer Character Set

Character sets used on a compu ter are called comp uter

character sets. The COBOL character sets make up a part of thecomp uter character set.

Characters from COBOL character sets and from other compu ter

character sets can be u sed in the following items:

Nonnu meric literal

National nonnu meric literal

Comment entry

Comm ent line

In-line commen t



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Basic Overview of Language

A COBOL program is mad e up of separators, COBOL word s,

literals, character-strings in PICTURE clauses, comm ent entries,

comment lines, and in-line commen ts. The COBOL character sets

are used for wr iting all program elements except for the literal

values, comment entries, comment lines, and in-line comments.

These elements are written u sing characters from a comp uter

character set.

A COBOL prog ram can also contain a line consisting of all spaces

(blank line).

Separator

A separator is a character delimiting a character-string. Use any

of the following characters as a separator:

A sequence of one or more spaces. This is called a sep aratorspace.

A sequence of one comm a followed by one or m ore spaces.This is called a sep arator comma.

A sequen ce of one semicolon followed by one or m ore spaces.This is called a separator sem icolon.

A sequence of one p eriod followed by one or more sp aces.This is called a sep arator p eriod.

A left parenth esis

A right paren thesis



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A qu otation m ark ind icating the start of a literal value (, X,NC, N, NX or B)

A qu otation m ark ind icating the end of the literal value

The == pseu do-text delimiter

A colon

The -> pointer qu alification sym bol

The & concatenation operator

Separator Space

The separator sp ace delimits a COBOL word , literal, or character

string in a PICTURE clause.

Separator Comma and Separator Semicolon

The separator comm a an d separator semicolon facilitate p rogram

reading. Either one can be used wh erever a separator space can

be used.

A separator sp ace can also be includ ed immed iately before or

after these separators.

Separator Period

A separator period ind icates the end of an identification d ivision

for a d ivision, section, or paragrap h or the end of a division,

section, paragrap h, entry, or sentence. A p eriod can only be

wr itten where indicated by . in [Format].

A separator sp ace can be includ ed imm ediately before or after a

period.



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Left and Right Parentheses

Use left and right p aren theses to enclose a subscript, reference

mod ifier, arithmetic expression, Boolean expression, cond itional

expression, or argu ment list. Parentheses are always used in

pairs.

A separa tor space can be included imm ediately before or after

the left or right parenth esis.

Quotation Mark

Quotation m arks are u sed to enclose a non nu meric literal,

hexadecimal nonnumeric literal, National nonnumeric literal,National hexadecimal nonnu mer ic literal, or a character string

ind icating th e Boolean literal value.

Quotation marks are always u sed in pairs, one mark indicating

the start of a literal value and the other m ark ind icating the end

of the literal value. Rules for d escribing qu otation m arks are th e

following:

1. Enclose a non nu mer ic literal with a pa ir of quotation marks.

2. Enclose a hexadecimal nonnu meric literal with X and a

quotation m ark.

3. Enclose a National nonnu meric literal with NC and a

quotation mark or N and a quotation mark.

4. Enclose a National hexadecimal nonnu mer ic literal with NXand a quotation mark.

5. Enclose a Boolean literal with B and a quota tion mark.



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In all cases a separator space or a left pa renth esis mu st

immed iately precede th e quotation m ark ind icating the start of a

literal value. Also, a separator space, separator comm a, separator

semicolon, separator p eriod , or right paren thesis must

immed iately follow the qu otation m ark ind icating the end of the

literal value.

Pseudo-text Delimiter

Pseud o-text delimiters enclose pseudo-text. They are u sed in

pairs. A separator space must immed iately precede the pseudo-

text delimiter indicating the start of pseud o-text. A separatorspace, separator comma, separator semicolon, or separator

period mu st immed iately follow the p seudo-text d elimiter

indicating the end of pseud o-text.

Colon

A colon is used to write a reference mod ifier. A separator sp acecan be includ ed immed iately before or after the colon.

Pointer Qualification Symbol

A pointer qualification sym bol is used to write a pointer

qualifier. A separator space can be included immed iately before

or after the colon.

Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator is used to link a literal. A separator

space must be written immediately before and after the

concatenation operator.



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Character-strings Not Regarded as Separators

The rules for separators do not apply to character-strings written

in the locations listed below. A character-string w ritten in any of

the following locations is not regard ed as a separator even if thecharacter-string has the same format as a separator:

Nu meric literal

A p ortion enclosed by a separator indicating the start of aliteral value and a separator ind icating the end of a literal

value in a nonn um eric literal, hexadecimal nonnu meric

literal, National nonnu meric literal, or Boolean literal

A character string in a PICTURE clause

A comm ent entry

A commen t line

An in-line comment



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COBOL Word

A COBOL word is a single character string consisting of COBOL

character set characters. There are four types of COBOL words:

User-defined word s System-name

Reserved word

Function-name

Each COBOL word has its own restrictions in add ition to the

following general restrictions:1. A COBOL word must not exceed 30 characters in length.

2. A COBOL word m ust be made up of alphabetic characters (A

to Z an d a to z), numeric characters (0 to 9), or hyp hens (-). It

mu st not contain any spaces. Lowercase letters are regarded

as being equivalent to their correspond ing upp ercase letters.

A user-defined word may consist of national characters.3. A hyphen mu st not be used as the first or last character of a

COBOL word .



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User-defined Words

A user-defined w ord is any of the following 19 words named by

the user:

Positioning u nit nam e

Print mod e name

Symbolic-constant

Symbolic-character

Text-name

Index-name

Class-name

Condition-name

Section-name

Paragraph-name

Data-name

Library-name

File-name

Alphabet-name

Program-name

Report-name

Mnemonic-name

Record-name

Level-number



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The names of all user-defined w ord s except the level-num ber

mu st be un ique. How ever, the cond ition-name, data-name,

record-nam e, and index-nam e may be the same provided the

qualifiers allow reference un iqueness. The same level-nu mber

can be w ritten m

Documents

3. Language Reference