INTERSECCIONES
A DESNIVEL

Interseccin a Desnivel

Estructura diseada y construida para que dos o ms carreteras vas urbanas importantes entrecrucen a distintos niveles para ordenar canalizar el trnsito de vehculos motorizados, asegurando todos los giros posibles para dejar una carretera y tomar otra, con el mnimo de conflictos.

Factores que condicionan el tipo de interseccin

La seleccin del tipo de interseccin a desnivel, generalmente depende de los siguientes factores:

De los volmenes de trfico vehicular y peatonal,

De los tipos de va,

Del nmero de vas que convergen,

De la disponibilidad de recursos econmicos,

De la disponibilidad de rea.

Diseo Geomtrico

Topografa y estudio de suelos

Se requiere un buen levantamiento topogrfico con el fin de optimizar el espacio disponible, disear con todos los detalles y disminuir costos.

Conviene plantear varias alternativas de trazado de los diferentes enlaces.

Realizar un buen estudio de suelos.

Estudios Necesarios

De trnsito vehicular y peatonal

Estudio Geomtrico

Sealizacin e iluminacin

Evaluacin econmica y financiera

Av. 23 de marzo-El Alto-La Paz-Bolivia

Diseo Geomtrico

Definir las vas que sern ubicadas a nivel inferior a nivel superior.

Tener en cuenta: Velocidades, Jerarqua vial, Glibos, Volmenes de trnsito.

Considerar:

Bahas de aceleracin y desaceleracin.

Separacin apropiada entre ramales.

Longitud de entrecruzamiento.

Ancho de separadores.

Paralelismo en convergencias y divergencias

Sobreanchos

Diseo Geomtrico

En lo posible, asumir una velocidad de diseo, tanto para las vas principales como para los enlaces.

Obtener con precisin las diferentes ecuaciones de enlace de cada eje.

Normalmente se emplean curvas circulares. Pero, si es posible y las condiciones exigen, disear curvas con espirales de transicin.

El peralte mximo debe ser del 8.0%

Diseo Geomtrico

d)Es importante disear las rasantes teniendo en cuenta el drenaje.

De acuerdo a la composicin vehicular, definir las pendientes mximas, principalmente de las rampas de ascenso.

Realizar nivelaciones sobre las vas que no se modifican con el fin de obtener enlaces exactos.

Definir el glibo necesario para cada uno de los pasos a desnivel y controlarlos en los puntos crticos.

Diseo Geomtrico

e)Antes de disear la rasante de las diferentes vas de enlace es conveniente disear el peralte de las vas principales.

Las pendientes de las vas principales deben de ser menores que la pendiente mxima.

En los tramos donde los enlaces directos (giros a la derecha) y las orejas (giros izquierdos) son paralelos, controlar la diferencia de altura de las rasantes con el fin de evitar muros o quiebres indeseables.

Criterios Generales

Seleccionar el diseo que se adapte mejor a las caractersticas del trnsito vehicular y peatonal de la zona.

Ocupar un rea mnimo, suficiente y necesario.

Aplicar un conjunto unitario de criterios para todos los elementos de la interseccin.Prever futuras ampliaciones.Disear una buena sealizacin.

Av. 23 de marzo-El Alto-La Paz-Bolivia

Tipos de Intersecciones

Trompeta

Trbol

Rombo diamante

Direccional

Rotatoria

Tipos combinados

1.- Interseccin Tipo Trompeta

Se emplea para intersecciones en T o Y.

El trazado de los ejes de enlace a desnivel depende de los controles fsicos que sean previstos, pero tambin de los volmenes de trnsito que utilicen dichos ejes.

Su peor desventaja consiste en que no permite futuras ampliaciones modificaciones.

1.- Interseccin Tipo Trompeta

6.unknown

1.- Interseccin Tipo Trompeta

7.unknown

2.- Interseccin tipo trbol

Trbol modificado, para mejorar la capacidad. Exige ms estructuras.

2.- Interseccin en Trbol

8.txt

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Interseccin en trbol Inconclusa - Oruro-Bolivia

2.- Interseccin en Trbol

Descripcin:

Requiere mucha superficie.

Pero, bien diseada, resuelve todos los giros.

Utiliza una sola estructura.

Ubica los giros a la derecha en el ramal directo.

Los giros de enlace a la izquierda son del tipo oreja.

No conveniente vas de enlace de excesivas dimensiones.

Las vas de enlace se saturan con volmenes mayores de 1200 v/h.

Se debe disear y construir bahas en la va principal.

Es recomendable el uso de vas colectoras o carriles adicionales principalmente cuando se traslapan las vas de aceleracin y desaceleracin.

Las vas deben ser divididas por separadores.

2.- Interseccin en Trbol

Enlaces.

Normalmente los enlaces se trazan con curvas compuestas, en las que se puede utilizar radios de curvatura pequeos.

Se recomienda una velocidad de 1/2 a 2/3 de la velocidad de la va principal. En todo caso, la velocidad de diseo debe ser 25 Km/h.

La pendiente mxima ser a 5.0% si el volumen de vehculos pesados es alto, del 8.0% si el volumen es muy bajo.

2.- Interseccin en Trbol

Hoja1DISTANCIAS "L" ENTRE RAMALES SUCESIVOSVelocidad< 6070 - 8090 - 110120(Km/h)L (m)60120150200MnimoL (m)120200250300DeseableHoja2RADIO Y VISIBILIDAD EN ENLACESVel (Km/h)R min (m)D.V.P. (m)6017090507055405045303030251520Hoja3

3.- Interseccin Direccional

Direccional

Semidireccional

Direccional completo con giros en ramales directos

Semidireccional completo

Giros c/ramales semidirectos

3.- Interseccin Direccional

Viaducto: Avs. Blanco Galindo Melchor Prez Cochabamba - Bolivia

4.- Interseccin tipo Diamante

Los giros a la izquierda se viabilizan con ramales semidirectos.

Estas intersecciones requieren menos espacio.

Diamante normal

Diamante partido

Interseccin tipo diamante

5.- Interseccin Rotatoria

Rotatoria superior

Rotatoria inferior

10.unknown

Rotatoria superior

Rotonda la Loma

Rotatoria inferior

Balcones del Valle

Diamante rotatoria

6.- Tipos Combinados

Vel (Km/h)R min (m)D.V.P. (m)

6017090

507055

405045

303030

251520

RADIO Y VISIBILIDAD EN ENLACES