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3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
1 / 2
7C
onte
nts
3.1
Dig
ital
Im
age
Rep
rese
ntat
ion
3.2
Imag
e Fo
rmat
s–
Cap
ture
d Im
age
For
mat
–S
tore
d Im
age
For
mat
–G
raph
ics
For
mat
–O
bjec
t Rep
rese
ntat
ion
Bre
senh
am L
ine
3.3
Imag
e Sy
nthe
sis
3.4
Gra
phic
s Sy
stem
–G
raph
ics
Har
dwar
e–
Ras
ter
Dis
play
–D
ither
ing
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
–T
arge
t Det
ectio
n–
Dig
ital I
mag
e D
ata
Str
uctu
res
–Im
age
Tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
3.6
Imag
e T
rans
mis
sion
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
2 / 2
7
An
digi
tal i
mag
e is
a s
patia
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
of a
n ob
ject
(2D
, 3D
sce
ne o
r an
othe
r im
age
- re
al o
r vi
rtua
l).
Dig
ital I
mag
e {}
Let
I,J
,KZ
be
a fi
nite
inte
rval
. L
et G
N w
ith G
the
grey
sca
le le
vel (
inte
nsity
val
ue
of a
n pi
ctur
e el
emen
t -
) of t
he im
age.
(1) A
2D
-Im
age
is a
func
tion:
(2) A
3D
-Im
age
is a
func
tion:
(3) I
f th
e fu
nctio
n is
a b
inar
y/b
it im
age,
oth
erw
ise
a pi
xel i
mag
e.
0⊆
⊂∞
×→
××
→
=
<
pixe
l
fI
JG
fI
JK
G
G
: :
,01
3.1
Dig
ital I
mag
e R
epre
sent
atio
n
The
Res
olut
ion
depe
nds
on th
e gr
anul
arity
of
the
grid
with
pix
els
equa
lly s
pace
d.H
igh
reso
lutio
n im
ages
are
oft
en v
ery
larg
e.
Exa
mpl
e:T
o di
spla
y a
525-
line
tele
visi
on p
ictu
re (
NT
SC)
with
out n
otic
eabl
e de
grad
atio
n w
ith a
Vid
eo G
raph
ics
Arr
ay (
VG
A)
vide
o co
ntro
ller
640x
480
pixe
ls a
nd 2
56 d
iscr
ete
grey
leve
ls g
ives
an
arra
y of
307
.200
8-b
it nu
mbe
rs a
nd a
tota
l of
2.45
7.60
0 bi
ts.
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
3 / 2
73.
2 Im
age
Form
ats
/ Cap
ture
d Im
age
Form
at
Cap
ture
d Im
age
For
mat
is s
peci
fied
by:
spat
ial r
esol
utio
n (p
ixel
s x
pixe
ls)
and
co
lor
enco
ding
(bi
ts p
er p
ixel
)
Exa
mpl
es:
Vid
eoPi
xTM
/ Su
nVid
eoT
M c
ard:
spat
ial r
esol
utio
n:
320
x 24
0 pi
xels
colo
r en
codi
ng:
1-bi
t (bi
nary
imag
e), 8
-bit
(col
or o
r gr
eysc
ale)
24
-bit
(col
or-R
GB
)
Sun
Vid
eoT
M c
ard
(cap
ture
and
com
pres
sion
car
d w
ith 3
0* fp
s (f
ram
es p
er s
econ
d)):
Cel
lB30
fps
MPE
G1
IP f
ram
es17
fps
JPE
G30
fps
Cap
ture
YU
V30
fps
MPE
G1
I fr
ames
30 f
psC
aptu
re R
GB
-8/2
430
/ 12
fps
* A
t lea
st 2
5 fr
ames
per
sec
ond
are
nece
ssar
y if
con
tinu
ous
mot
ion
is to
be
pres
ente
d.
How
eve
r, it
is p
ossi
ble
to “
che
at”
a li
ttle
and
to
wor
k w
ith s
mal
ler
fram
e ra
tes.
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
4 / 2
73.
2 Im
age
Form
ats
/ Sto
red
Imag
e Fo
rmat
A S
tore
d im
age
form
at is
a 2
-dim
ensi
onal
arr
ay o
f va
lues
rep
rese
ntin
g th
eim
age
in a
bit
map
or
pixm
ap, r
espe
ctiv
ely.
The
dat
a of
a b
itmap
is a
bin
ary
digi
t, da
ta in
a p
ixm
ap m
ay b
e a
colle
ctio
n of
:
–3
num
bers
rep
rese
ntin
g th
e in
tens
ities
of
red,
gre
en, a
nd b
lue
com
pone
nts
of th
e co
lor
–3
num
bers
rep
rese
ntin
g th
e in
dice
s to
tabl
es o
f re
d, g
reen
and
blu
e in
tens
ities
sing
le n
umbe
rs a
s in
dex
to a
tabl
e of
col
or tr
iple
s
–si
ngl
e nu
mbe
rs a
s in
dex
to a
ny o
ther
dat
a st
ruct
ures
that
rep
rese
nts
a co
lor
/ -sy
stem
–4
or 5
spe
ctra
l sam
ples fo
r ea
ch c
olor
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
5 / 2
73.
2 Im
age
Form
ats
/ Sto
red
Imag
e Fo
rmat
Eac
h pi
xel m
ay h
ave
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n i.e
. the
nor
mal
vec
tor
to th
e su
rfac
e.
Furt
her
prop
erti
es o
f im
ages
: wid
th, h
eigh
t, de
pth,
siz
e, v
ersi
on, e
tc.
[In
man
y ca
ses
is d
ata
com
pres
sion
rec
omm
ende
d or
man
dato
ry]
Form
ats:
–R
IFF
(R
esou
rce
Inte
rcha
nge
File
For
mat
) in
clud
ing
form
ats
for
bitm
aps,
vec
tor
draw
ings
, ani
mat
ion,
aud
io a
nd v
ideo
(ex
tens
ion
is B
RIM
)
–G
IF (
Gra
phic
al In
terc
hang
e F
orm
at),
X11
Bitm
ap, S
un R
aste
rfile
s, P
ostS
crip
t,
IRIS
, JP
EG
, TIF
F (
Tag
ged
Imag
e F
ile F
orm
at)
etc.
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
6 / 2
73.
2 Im
age
Form
ats
/ Gra
phic
s Fo
rmat
Gra
phic
s im
age
form
ats
are
spec
ifie
d th
roug
h:
–gr
aphi
cs p
rim
itiv
es: l
ines
, rec
tang
les,
circ
les,
elli
pses
, tex
t str
ings
(2D
), p
olyh
edro
n (3
D)
–at
trib
utes
: lin
e st
yle,
line
wid
th, c
olor
affe
ct.
Gra
phic
s pr
imiti
ves
and
thei
r at
trib
utes
rep
rese
nt a
hig
her
leve
l of a
n im
age
repr
esen
tatio
n. T
hegr
aphi
cs p
acka
ge d
eter
min
es w
hich
prim
itive
s ar
e su
ppor
ted.
Adv
anta
ges:
+R
educ
tion
of th
e gr
aphi
cal i
mag
e da
ta+
Eas
ier
man
ipul
atio
n of
gra
phic
al im
ages
.
Dis
adva
ntag
e:–
Ad
ditio
na
l con
vers
ion
ste
p f
rom
gra
phic
al p
rim
itive
s a
nd
att
ribu
tes
to it
s p
ixe
l re
pre
sen
tatio
n
Form
ats:
·S
RG
P (
Sim
ple
Ra
ste
r G
raph
ics
Pac
kage
), o
ne w
ay c
onve
rsio
n to
bit-
/pix
ma
p
·P
HIC
S (
Pro
gram
mer
’s H
iera
rchi
cal I
nter
activ
e G
raph
ics
Sys
tem
s) a
nd
·G
KS
(G
rap
hic
al K
ern
el S
yste
m)
on
ly im
age
re
pre
sent
atio
n is
in p
ixm
ap
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
7 / 2
7
3.2
Imag
e Fo
rmat
s / O
bjec
t Rep
rese
ntat
ion
Bre
senh
am L
ine
Con
stru
ct a
line
fro
m le
ft to
rig
ht w
ith
a m
ax. g
radi
ent 0
≤ m
≤ 1
, (≤
45°)
,al
l oth
er li
nes
are
achi
eved
thro
ugh
refl
ectio
ns.
Nex
t pix
el is
the
one
in th
e ea
st.
•
1
d i =
0
••
211
≤+id
Nex
t pix
el is
the
one
in th
e no
rth-
east
.
•••
121 1
1
+=
⇒
> +
+
ii
i
yy
d
210
≤<
id
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
8 / 2
7
To
dete
rmin
e th
e ne
xt p
ixel
,
) with
let
the
cont
rol q
uant
ity in
eac
h st
ep,
calc
ulat
ed w
ith:
i
f
if
with
and
if
+1
if
(,
,,
xy
xx
d
dd
m
dm
d dm
yy
xx
y xd
yy
d
yd
ii+
ii
i
i i
i ii
ii
ii
++
++
+ +
=+
=+ +
−≤ >
=
− −=
==
≤ >
11
1
1
1 2 1 2
21
21
01
11 2
11 2
1
10
∆ ∆
>≤
=
>≤∆
−+
+=
∆=
∆∆−
=∆
−=
+++
+0
if
1
0
if
and
0
if
0
if
2
22
=M ,
2)0(
:fo
llow
s
as
of in
stea
d
by
n ca
lcul
atio
Eas
ier
111
1
210
ii
ii
iii
i
ii
ii
D+
y
Dy
yDD
xM
D
MD
D
yx
mx
xD
dD
3.2
Imag
e Fo
rmat
s / O
bjec
t Rep
rese
ntat
ion
Bre
senh
am L
ine
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
9 / 2
7
•
1
•
•
••
ii+
1i+
2i+
3
d id i
+1
d i+
2
Yi
Yi+
1
Yi+
2
Yi+
2
>
−+
=−
+=
+=
+=
+=
+++
+++
21
sinc
e
13
1
2
223
121
i
ii
i
ii
i
ii
d
md
md
d
md
md
d
md
d
≤=
>+
==
++
+
++
++
21
sinc
e
21
sinc
e 1
32
3
21
21
ii
i
ii
i
ii
dy
y
dy
y
yy
Let
Yi =
true
val
ue o
f cu
rve,
then
Yi+
1 =
yi +
di+
1
Zy i
∈
; Y
i ∈
3.2
Imag
e F
orm
ats
/ Obj
ect R
epre
sent
atio
n B
rese
nham
Lin
e
R
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
10 /
27
On
the
corr
ectn
ess
of th
e fo
rmul
ae f
or d
i and
yi:
Yi+
1 =
Yi +
m;
Yi+
1 =
yi +
di+
1
⇒ y
i + d
i+1
= y
i-1
+ d
i + m
⇒ d
i+1
= d
i + m
+ (
y i-1
- y i)
d i + m
if y
i = y
i-1
d i + m
- 1
if y
i = y
i-1+
1=
21:
crite
rion
21
: cr
iteri
on
>←
≤←
ii dd
d i + m
(and
yi =
yi-
1)
d i + m
- 1
(and
yi =
yi-
1 +
1)
21
if
21
if
>≤
ii
dd
=
Cha
nges
of
y i:
y i-1 y i-1+
1y i =
21
if
21
if
>≤
ii
dd
y i+1
=y i y i+
121
if
21
if
11
>≤
++ ii
dd
3.2
Imag
e Fo
rmat
s / O
bjec
t Rep
rese
ntat
ion
Bre
senh
am L
ine
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
11 /
27
Ex
amp
le:
M=
2y
=0
.4,
D0
mx
y
x
=→
==
=−
=−
02
10
2
1
.,
.,
∆∆
∆∆
xi
y Di i
12
34
56
78
910
1112
1314
1516
17
00
01
11
11
22
22
23
33
3
-1-0
,60
-0,2
00,
20-1
,40
-1,0
0-0
,60
-0,2
00,
20-1
,40
-1,0
0-0
,60
-0,2
00,
20-1
,40
-1,0
0-0
,60
x i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
12
13
14
1
5
16
17
1234
y i
3.2
Imag
e Fo
rmat
s / O
bjec
t Rep
rese
ntat
ion
Bre
senh
am L
ine
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
12 /
273.
3 Im
age
Synt
hesi
s
Imag
e sy
nthe
sis
(gen
erat
ion)
is a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f al
l com
pute
r gr
aphi
cal u
ser
inte
rfac
es a
nd in
disp
ensa
ble
for
visu
alis
ing
2D, 3
D a
nd h
ighe
r di
men
sion
al o
bjec
ts.
E.g
.:
Gra
phic
al U
ser
Inte
rfac
e (G
UI)
: des
ktop
win
dow
s sy
stem
with
icon
s an
d m
enu
item
s
– O
ffic
e A
utom
atio
n an
d E
lect
roni
c Pu
blis
hing
: des
ktop
pub
lishi
ng, H
yper
med
ia s
yste
ms
– S
imul
atio
n an
d A
nim
atio
n fo
r S
cien
tific
Vis
ualis
atio
n an
d E
nter
tain
men
t
Pict
ures
can
be
dyna
mic
ally
var
ied
by a
djus
ting
the
anim
atio
n sp
eed,
por
tion
of th
eto
tal s
cene
in v
iew
, the
am
ount
of
deta
ils s
how
n et
c.
–M
otio
n D
ynam
ics:
Obj
ects
are
mov
ed a
nd e
nabl
ed w
ith r
espe
ct to
a s
tatio
nary
or
also
dyna
mic
obs
erve
r, e
.g. f
light
sim
ulat
or.
–U
pdat
e D
ynam
ics:
Obj
ects
bei
ng v
iew
ed a
re c
hang
ed in
sha
pe, c
olor
, or
othe
r pr
oper
ties,
e.g.
def
orm
atio
n of
an
in-f
light
aer
opla
ne s
truc
ture
.
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
13 /
273.
4 G
raph
ics
Syst
ems
/ Com
pone
nts
of in
tera
ctiv
e gr
aphi
cs s
yste
ms
App
licat
ion
mod
el–
repr
esen
ts d
ata
or o
bjec
ts to
be
pict
ured
(st
ored
in a
n ap
plic
atio
n da
taba
se)
–st
ores
gra
phic
s im
age
form
ats
and
conn
ectiv
ity r
elat
ions
hips
of t
he c
ompo
nent
s
–sh
ould
be
appl
icat
ion
spec
ific
and
inde
pend
ent o
f any
par
ticul
ar d
ispl
ay s
yste
m
–co
nver
ts im
age
data
base
rep
rese
ntat
ions
to th
e gr
aphi
cs s
yste
m fo
rmat
App
licat
ion
prog
ram
–ha
ndle
s us
er in
puts
by
send
ing
com
man
ds to
the
grap
hics
sys
tem
des
crib
ing
wha
t to
disp
lay
and h
ow th
is o
bjec
ts s
houl
d ap
pear
Gra
phic
s sy
stem
–in
term
edia
ry c
ompo
nent
bet
wee
n ap
plic
atio
n pr
ogra
ms
and
the
disp
lay
–e
ffect
s an
out
put t
rans
form
atio
n fr
om o
bjec
ts in
the
appl
icat
ion
mod
el
–e
ffect
s an
inpu
t tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
from
use
r ac
tions
to a
pplic
atio
n
–co
nsis
ts o
f out
put s
ubro
utin
es c
olle
cted
in a
gra
phic
s pa
ckag
e to
dis
play
imag
es
Gra
phic
s ha
rdw
are
–re
ceiv
es in
put f
rom
inte
ract
ion
devi
ces
and
outp
uts
imag
es to
dis
play
dev
ice
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
14 /
27
3.4
Gra
phic
s Sy
stem
s / G
raph
ics
Har
dwar
e
Inpu
t:
mou
se, k
eybo
ard,
dat
a ta
blet
, tou
ch-s
ensi
tive
pane
l on
the
scre
en (
2D in
put)
trac
k-ba
lls, s
pace
-bal
ls, d
ata
glov
e et
c. (
3D a
nd h
ighe
r-di
men
sion
al in
put)
Out
put:
ras
ter
disp
lay
Com
pute
r H
ost I
nter
face
Dis
play
Con
trol
ler
(DC
)
Vid
eo C
ontr
olle
r11
0110
0001
0100
1010
001
0100
0101
0100
0000
1000
000
0000
0001
0000
1000
011
1010
1101
1100
0001
0000
100
1000
0001
0010
0000
000
0000
0010
0010
0000
1010
101
0111
1110
0001
0100
000
Ref
resh
Buf
fer
Dis
play
Com
man
ds
Inte
ract
ion
Dat
a
Mou
se
Key
boar
d
Scan
ned
Imag
e
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
15 /
27
3.4
Gra
phic
s Sy
stem
s / R
aste
r D
ispl
ay
Sta
rt r
aste
r sc
anra
ster
line
s
vert
ical
ret
race
pixe
l
hori
zont
al r
etra
ce
To
avoi
d fl
icke
ring
of
imag
es a
60
Hz
or h
ighe
r re
fres
h ra
te is
rec
omm
ende
d.
At e
ach
pixe
l, th
e be
am’s
inte
nsity
is s
et to
ref
lect
the
pixe
l’s in
tens
ity.
In c
olo
r sc
reen
s th
ree
beam
s ar
e co
ntro
lled
(red
, gre
en, b
lue)
.
Mon
ochr
ome
disp
lays
use
ac
hrom
atic
ligh
t tha
t is
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e qu
ality
of t
he li
ght
(inte
nsity
and
lum
inan
ce).
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
16 /
273.
4 G
raph
ics
Syst
ems
/ Dith
erin
g
Dis
pers
ed-d
ot o
rder
ed d
ithe
ring
(m
onoc
hrom
e di
ther
ing)
is u
sed
e.g.
to e
xten
d th
e nu
mbe
r of
avai
labl
e co
lors
of
disp
lays
(at
the
expe
nse
of r
esol
utio
n).
Exa
mpl
e:C
onsi
der
3 bi
ts (
red,
gre
en, b
lue)
per
pix
el a
nd a
2 x
2 p
atte
rn a
rea:
Eac
h pa
ttern
can
dis
play
5 in
tens
ities
for
eac
h co
lor
resu
lting
in 5
x 5
x 5
= 1
25 c
olor
s.
Hal
fton
ing
(clu
ster
ed-d
ot o
rder
ed d
ithe
ring
) us
es th
e hu
man
eye
’s c
apab
ility
for
spat
ial
inte
grat
ion
to p
rodu
ce d
iffer
ent i
nten
sity
leve
ls, e
.g. u
sed
by la
ser
prin
ters
that
are
not
abl
e to
disp
lay
indi
vidu
al d
ots.
Exa
mpl
e: 2
x 2
dith
er p
atte
rns
(5 in
tens
ity le
vels
) re
pres
ente
d in
dith
er m
atric
es
How
to “
prod
uce”
mor
e th
an tw
o in
tens
ity le
vels
if o
nly
two-
leve
l int
ensi
ties
may
be
repr
esen
ted?
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
17 /
27
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
Pixe
l inf
orm
atio
n is
ver
y of
ten
insu
ffic
ient
! T
here
is n
o in
form
atio
n ab
out:
–sh
ape
of a
n ob
ject
–or
ient
atio
n of
an
obje
ct–
thre
e-di
men
sion
al in
terp
reta
tion
of a
n ob
ject
Í Im
age
Ana
lysi
s (
Imag
e P
roce
ssin
g) is
req
uire
d.S
ome
appl
icat
ions
or
spec
ial t
opic
s ar
e:–
Imag
e en
hanc
emen
t–
Pat
tern
rec
ogni
tion
–S
cene
ana
lysi
s–
Com
pute
r vi
sion
Exa
mpl
e:
Tra
ffic
scen
es ta
ken
by a
cam
era
inst
alle
d in
a c
ar
Pro
blem
s:Is
ther
e a
traf
fic s
ign
visi
ble?
W
hich
tra
ffic
sign
?
Is a
mov
ing
car
in fr
ont o
f our
car
?
W
hich
type
of c
ar?
W
hich
rel
ativ
e sp
eed
to o
ur s
peed
?
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
18 /
27
Imag
e an
alys
is is
con
cern
ed w
ith te
chni
ques
for
ext
ract
ing
desc
ript
ions
abo
ut im
ages
:–
com
pu
tatio
n o
f p
erc
eiv
ed
bri
ght
ness
and
col
or
–p
art
ial o
r co
mp
lete
re
cove
ry o
f 3D
da
ta in
a s
cene
–lo
catio
n of
dis
cont
inu
itie
s co
rre
spon
din
g t
o o
bje
cts
in a
sce
ne
–ch
ara
cte
risa
tion
of
the
pro
pe
rtie
s of
un
iform
re
gio
ns
in a
ima
ge
Imag
e E
nhan
cem
ent
–im
pro
ves
ima
ge
qu
alit
y b
y e
limin
atin
g n
ois
e (
ext
ran
eo
us
or
mis
sin
g p
ixe
ls)
or
by e
nha
ncin
gco
ntr
ast
, i.e
. X
-ra
y im
ag
es,
com
pu
teri
zed
axi
al t
om
ogra
ph
y (C
AT
)
Sce
ne A
naly
sis
and
Com
pute
r V
isio
n
–d
ea
ls w
ith r
eco
gn
isin
g a
nd
reco
nstr
uctin
g 3
D m
od
els
of a
sce
ne
fro
m s
eve
ral 2
D im
ag
es,
i.e
.in
dust
rial r
obot
se
nsin
g (r
ela
tive
size
s, s
hape
s, p
ositi
ons,
col
ors)
Pat
tern
Det
ectio
n an
d R
ecog
nitio
n
–d
eals
with
det
ectin
g a
nd c
lari
fyin
g st
anda
rd p
att
erns
and
find
s di
stor
tions
from
thes
e pa
tte
rns,
i.e.
Opt
ical
Cha
ract
er R
ecog
nitio
n (O
CR
)
–st
atic
cha
ract
er r
ecog
niti
on (
OC
R),
dyna
mic
rec
ogni
tion
(ha
ndw
ritin
g)
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
19 /
27
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
1111
1111
1111
1111
1110
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
000
Tur
ning
rad
ar d
etec
tor:
an o
bjec
t
0000
0001
0000
1100
0000
0000
1111
1100
1101
1111
1001
0000
0000
0100
0001
1100
0000
0000
000
Impe
rfec
t rad
ar: s
ome
0-1
mis
take
s:
Elim
inat
ion
of m
ista
kes
by d
igit
al f
ilter
ing:
Sim
ples
t ver
sion
: sy
mm
etri
cal (
2m-1
, m)
filt
er
0000
0100
0010
0011
1011
0110
1111
0001
0
0000
0000
0000
0011
1111
1111
1111
0000
0Fi
lteri
ng b
y (5
,3)-
filte
rE
xam
ple:
≥
=′
′′
′′
→∑+
−+
=
else
0
a
if
1
with
...
......
...
1-m
h
1i
21
21
mh
in
ni
ni
ma
aa
aa
aa
aa
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
/ Tar
get D
etec
tion
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
20 /
27
Sour
ce o
fIm
age
Tar
get
Imag
e
Sym
boli
c R
epre
sent
atio
n
Con
ditio
ning
Lab
ellin
g
Gro
upin
g
Ext
ract
ing
Mat
chin
g
Form
attin
g
Step
s
digi
tal i
mag
eda
ta s
truc
ture
logi
cal d
ata
stru
ctur
e
unim
prov
ed
impr
oved3.
5 Im
age
Ana
lysi
s / I
mag
e R
ecog
nitio
n St
eps
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
21 /
273.
5 Im
age
Ana
lysi
s / D
igita
l Im
age
Dat
a St
ruct
ures
Form
attin
g
–ca
ptur
ing
of a
n im
age
and
tran
sfor
min
g to
a d
igita
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
Con
ditio
ning
–ba
sed
on a
mod
el th
at a
ssum
es th
at th
e ob
serv
ed im
age
is c
ompo
sed
of a
n in
form
ativ
epa
ttern
mod
ified
by
unin
tere
stin
g va
riatio
ns–
est
imat
es in
form
ativ
e pa
ttern
on
the
basi
s of
the
obse
rved
imag
e–
supp
ress
es n
oise
and
per
form
bac
kgro
und
norm
alis
atio
n by
sup
pres
sing
uni
nter
estin
gsy
stem
atic
or
patte
rned
var
iatio
ns–
app
lied
unifo
rmly
and
con
text
-inde
pend
ent
Lab
ellin
g–
base
d on
a m
odel
that
ass
umes
that
the
info
rmat
ive
patte
rn h
as s
truc
ture
as
a sp
atia
lar
rang
emen
t of e
vent
s–
dete
rmin
es in
wha
t kin
d of
spa
tial e
vent
s ea
ch p
ixel
par
ticip
ates
–la
belli
ng o
pera
tion:
•ed
ge d
etec
tion
, cor
ner
dete
ctio
n,•
thre
shol
ding
(e
.g. f
ilte
rs s
ign
ifica
nt e
dg
es
an
d la
be
ls t
he
m),
•id
enti
fica
tion
of p
ixel
s th
at
part
icip
ate
in v
ario
us s
hape
pri
miti
ves
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
22 /
27
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
/ Im
age
Tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
Dig
ital I
mag
e D
ata
Stru
ctur
es a
re a
chie
ved
thro
ugh
imag
e tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns:
Let
I,J
,G a
nd
an
imag
e.
:
is
an
imag
e tr
ansf
orm
atio
n.
⊆×
→
→×
×
Νf
IJ
G
GG
IJ
IJ
:
τ
Exa
mpl
es:
1. L
ocat
ion
depe
nden
t wea
keni
ng o
f In
tens
ity (
e.g.
eff
ect w
ith le
ns):
2. T
hres
hold
-Tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
(e.g
. filt
erin
g of
gre
ysca
les/
colo
rs):
τ (f
)x
yg
xy
fx
yin
tens
ityf
unct
ion
xy
(,
)(
,)
(,
)(
,)
==
+
Let
a
nd
the
thr
esho
ld,
an
imag
e an
d
(he
re
) is
def
ined
as:
fo
r
for
so
tha
t
is
the
new
His
togr
am o
f d
efin
ed a
s:
wit
h n
umbe
r of
pix
els
wit
h gr
eyva
lue
Gr
rs
G
fI
JG
tG
GG
:=
,
ti
is
si
r
hh
hG
hi
fi
i
tf
f
ff
:{
,...
,},
: :’
’{
}
(): :
()
()
.
()
=∈
∈×
→→ =
≤≤
<≤
→=
=−
0
01
0 1
0
1
Ν
Ν
1
rs
t(i)
it(
i)
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
23 /
273.
5 Im
age
Ana
lysi
s / I
mag
e T
rans
form
atio
n
Exa
mpl
e:
3. H
isto
gram
Spr
eadi
ng (
e.g.
to in
crea
se th
e co
ntra
st o
f an
imag
e)
[]r
it
h
ri
b
bi
a
ai
r
ai
ab
ri
t
Gt
rb
ia
f
GJ
If
rr
G
ft
,0)
( H
isto
gram
,
new
th
eis
that
so
for
for
0fo
r
)(0
:)(
used
.
are
of v
alue
sgr
eysc
ale
w
hole
the
follo
ws,
as
defi
ned
W
ith
.0
of sc
ale
in
the
sgr
ey v
alue
only
uses
imag
e
the
Ass
ume
imag
e.an
:
and
},
,...,
0{:
Let
)(
∈≤
≤<
<≤
≤
−
−=
<≤
≤<
→×
Ν∈
=
Ana
logo
us to
spr
eadi
ng th
egr
eysc
ale
can
beco
mpr
esse
d an
d us
ed o
nly
in p
artia
l int
erva
ls.
A c
ombi
natio
n of
bot
h is
e.g.
use
ful t
o m
anip
ulat
efi
lm m
ater
ials
.
r
ra
b
Ran
ge o
f ne
wgr
eysc
ale
valu
es
Ran
ge o
f ol
d va
lues
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
24 /
27
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
/ Gro
upin
g an
d E
xtra
ctin
g
Gro
upin
g:–
iden
tifie
s ev
ents
by
colle
ctin
g or
iden
tifyi
ng m
axim
al c
onne
cted
set
s of
pix
els
part
icip
atin
g in
the
sam
e ki
nd o
f eve
nt (
neur
al n
etw
orks
!)
–de
term
ines
new
set
s of
ent
ities
–ch
ange
s th
e lo
gica
l dat
a st
ruct
ure
–e
ntiti
es o
f int
eres
t afte
r gr
oupi
ng a
re s
ets
of p
ixel
s
–e
.g. li
ne-f
itti
ng is
a g
roup
ing
oper
atio
n, w
here
edg
es a
re g
roup
ed in
to li
nes
Ext
ract
ing:
–co
mpu
tes
for
each
gro
up o
f pix
els
a lis
t of p
rope
rtie
s:
–ce
ntro
id, a
rea,
orie
ntat
ion,
spa
tial m
omen
ts, g
rey
tone
mom
ents
, spa
tial-g
rey
tone
mom
ents
, circ
umsc
ribin
g ci
rcle
, ins
crib
ing
circ
le, n
umbe
r of
hol
es in
a r
egio
n, a
vera
ge
curv
atur
e in
an
arc,
etc
.
–m
easu
res
topo
logi
cal o
r sp
atia
l rel
atio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
two
or m
ore
grou
ping
s, i.
e. c
larif
ies
whe
ther
two
grou
ping
s to
uch,
are
spa
tially
clo
se o
r la
yere
d
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
25 /
27
3.5
Imag
e A
naly
sis
/ Mat
chin
g
Mat
chin
g:–
dete
rmin
es th
e in
terp
reta
tion
of s
ome
rela
ted
set o
f im
age
even
ts r
ecog
nise
d pr
evio
usly
with
the
extr
actin
g st
ep
–a
ssoc
iate
s ev
ents
with
som
e gi
ven
3D o
bjec
ts o
r 2D
sha
pes
–te
mpl
ate
mat
chin
g is
a c
lass
ical
exa
mpl
e of
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f mat
chin
g op
erat
ions
,
com
pare
s ex
amin
ed p
atte
rn w
ith k
now
n an
d st
ored
mod
els
and
choo
ses
the
best
mat
ch
Con
clus
ion:
–C
ondi
tioni
ng, l
abel
ling,
gro
upin
g, e
xtra
ctin
g an
d m
atch
ing
cons
titut
e a
cano
nica
l
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
the
imag
e re
cogn
ition
pro
blem
.
–E
ach
step
pre
pare
s an
d tr
ansf
orm
s th
e da
ta to
faci
litat
e th
e ne
xt s
tep.
–O
n an
y le
vel t
he tr
ansf
orm
atio
n is
an
unit
proc
ess
and
data
are
pre
pare
d fo
r th
e un
it
tran
sfor
mat
ion
to th
e ne
xt h
ighe
r le
vel.
–D
epen
ding
on
the
appl
icat
ion,
the
sequ
ence
of s
teps
has
mor
e th
an o
ne le
vel o
f
reco
gniti
on a
nd d
escr
iptio
n pr
oces
s.
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
26 /
273.
5 Im
age
Ana
lysi
s / D
etec
tion
of li
cens
e pl
ates
Form
attin
g
Con
ditio
ning
Lab
ellin
g
Edg
es
Ext
ract
ing
Gro
upin
g
a gr
oup
Mat
chin
g
Aso
me
puri
fica
tion
has
been
don
e
stru
ctur
es a
s co
rner
s, e
dges
...
are
dete
cted
prop
ertie
s as
siz
e,or
ient
atio
n ...
are
dete
cted M
eani
ng d
etec
ted:
It is
lette
r A
max
imal
gro
up o
f ev
ents
3. I
mag
es a
nd G
raph
ics
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
27 /
273.
6 Im
age
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Exa
min
atio
n of
the
netw
ork
for
imag
e tr
ansm
issi
on:
–ne
twor
k m
ust a
ccom
mod
ate
burs
ty d
ata
tran
spor
t due
to la
rge
size
of i
mag
es a
nd d
iffer
ent
com
pres
sion
res
ults
–re
liabl
e tr
ansp
ort o
ver
the
netw
ork
is r
equi
red
–tim
e de
pend
ence
is n
ot a
dom
inan
t cha
ract
eris
tic o
f the
imag
e (in
con
tras
t to
audi
o an
d
vide
o)
Imag
e re
pres
enta
tion
form
at u
sed
for
tran
smis
sion
:
–ra
w im
age:
Imag
e ge
nera
ted
thro
ugh
the
vide
o di
gitiz
er a
nd tr
ansf
orm
ed in
its
digi
tal
form
at (s
ize
= s
pati
al_r
esol
utio
n x
pixe
l_qu
anti
zati
on),
e.g
. 640
x 4
80 p
ixel
s an
d
quan
tizat
ion
of 8
bits
req
uire
s tr
ansm
issi
on o
f 307
.200
byt
es
–co
mpr
esse
d im
age:
Dow
nsiz
ed im
age
with
met
hods
suc
h as
JP
EG
or
MP
EG
.
–sy
mbo
lic
imag
e: Im
age
repr
esen
ted
thro
ugh
sym
bolic
dat
a as
imag
e pr
imiti
ves,
attr
ibut
es
and
othe
r co
ntro
l inf
orm
atio
n (e
.g. c
ompu
ter
grap
hics
, im
age
= [r
ed b
ackg
roun
d, y
ello
w
circ
le o
f 5 c
m r
adiu
s w
ith c
ente
r po
int(
x,y)
, ...)
.