3 - Distracted Driving (DSH) · David Hurwitz Distracted Driving 9 Impacts of Driver Distraction Impacts: • Driver response time and following distance (Strayer & Drews, 2004) •

David Hurwitz Distracted Driving

1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING School of Civil and Construction Engineering

The Kiewit Center for Infrastructure and Transportation

Distracted Driving

David S. Hurwitz, Ph.D. Civil and Construction Engineering

Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR

Learning Objectives

1. Review definitions of the Driving Task and Driving Distractions.2. Classify a wide variety of secondary tasks by the type of

distraction that they present. 3. Experience performance degradation during cognitive overload. 4. Experience influence of uniformity on visual search task

performance.5. Describe experimental approaches for aspects of transportation

human factors, such as distraction. 6. Evaluate the influence of distraction on intersection efficiency in

Oregon.


2

What is the Driving Task?

• ControlKeeping the vehicle at a desirable speed and heading within the lane• GuidanceInteracting with other vehicles (following, passing, merging, etc.)• NavigationFollowing a path from origin to destination (HSM 2010)

Guidance

Control

Navigation

What is Driver Distraction?

Any activity that could divert your attention away from the primary task of driving, including but not limited to:

• Adjusting a radio, CD player, or MP3 player• Using a navigation system • Talking to passengers• Eating and drinking• Watching a video• Grooming • Reading(NHTSA 2016)

In 2014, 3,179 fatalities and 431,000 injuries in

motor vehicle crashes involving distracted driving


3

There are three main types of driver distraction• Manual

Taking your hands off the wheel



• VisualTaking your eyes off the road


4



• VisualTaking your eyes off the road

• CognitiveTaking your mind off driving


5

Activity 1: Diagnosing Distraction Types

• The following video provides an example of a professional driver

• What types of secondary tasks (distractions) occur?

• How might we classify those distractions based on the NHTSA definition?


6


7

Activity 2: Divided Attention

• Count and record the number of passes that the basketball team in white makes.

• This is a challenging task requiring most of your attention, if you focus you should be successful.


8


9

Impacts of Driver Distraction

Impacts:• Driver response time and following distance (Strayer & Drews, 2004)

• Ability to attend to roadway hazards (Fisher et al., 2002)

Injuries and fatalities from motor vehicle crashes:• Worldwide: 3,000 fatalities / day (Peden et al., 2004)

• US: No. 1 cause of death among individuals age 4 to 34 (Subramanian, 2006)

Activity 3: Visual Search - Task A

• A grid of 190 numbers organized in a certain way will be presented.

• I will prompt you to search for a particular number.

• When you locate the number, please raise your hand.


10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190


11

Activity 3: Visual Search - Task B

• A grid of 190 numbers organized in a certain way will be presented.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190


12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190

Activity 3: Visual Search - Task C




13

146 207 67 234 97 273 4 219 171 194

166 71 81 166 91 146 50 141 191 241

16 107 154 246 58 115 9 130 152 215

68 119 112 75 60 32 132 180 214 124

23 91 7 201 270 101 146 253 90 67

77 89 6 272 67 17 10 263 191 9

246 93 239 276 195 90 234 115 77 225

200 184 172 210 227 61 90 196 108 259

44 249 271 89 188 218 22 259 230 211

265 31 114 140 153 232 29 145 207 238

123 158 18 84 189 231 99 18 8 176

205 258 250 119 102 103 273 227 137 98

96 165 183 11 273 81 161 154 28 149

77 260 100 163 152 159 165 241 235 10

267 20 105 200 70 136 181 210 159 211

11 152 191 167 81 265 244 16 249 195

106 4 87 58 230 213 111 66 188 158

180 32 89 23 125 168 60 239 89 200

280 21 275 106 193 268 195 178 187 179

146 207 67 234 97 273 4 219 171 194

166 71 81 166 91 146 50 141 191 241

16 107 154 246 58 115 9 130 152 215

68 119 112 75 60 32 132 180 214 124

23 91 7 201 270 101 146 253 90 67

77 89 6 272 67 17 10 263 191 9

246 93 239 276 195 90 234 115 77 225

200 184 172 210 227 61 90 196 108 259

44 249 271 89 188 218 22 259 230 211

265 31 114 140 153 232 29 145 207 238

123 158 18 84 189 231 99 18 8 176

205 258 250 119 102 103 273 227 137 98

96 165 183 11 273 81 161 154 28 149

77 260 100 163 152 159 165 241 235 10

267 20 105 200 70 136 181 210 159 211

11 152 191 167 81 265 244 16 249 195

106 4 87 58 230 213 111 66 188 158

180 32 89 23 125 168 60 239 89 200

280 21 275 106 193 268 195 178 187 179


14

Ways to Examine Driver Behavior - Lab

OSU Driving Simulator

Ways to Examine Driver Behavior:Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS)

UW Instrumented Vehicle


15

Observational Study: Texting

Observational Study: Applying lipstick


16

Observational Study: Tuning the radio, no seatbelt

Weekly Meetings with Parents (McGehee, et al., 2007)

• Weekly report card of safety-relevant events

• Video available for safety-relevant events


17

Low and High Event Drivers (McGehee, et al., 2007)

An Oregon Example: Distraction during SRA LT Indications (Hurwitz et al., 2013)

• What is the impact of distracted driving on efficiency?– Do distraction types differ in

different regions?– Are there differences in the start-

up lost time for a queue with distracted or undistracted drivers?


18

Data Reduction Procedure

Activation of Protected LT Indication

Lead Vehicle Enters Intersection

Sample Size

City, State Intersection Approach Video (Hrs) Distracted DriversUndistracted

Drivers

Unable to

Determine

Corvallis,

Oregon

Circle Blvd at 99W (WB) 5 84 519 112

Harrison Blvd at 34 (NB) 7 93 801 43

Logan,

Utah

400 N at Main(NB) 1.5 24 110 16

(SB) 1.5 159 361 0

1400 N at Main

(NB) 2 48 312 106

(SB) 2 96 512 0

(EB) 2 63 264 2

(WB) 2 74 192 0

Lawrence,

Kansas

Iowa at W 23rd St (SB) 5 87 279 20

Iowa at 31st St(SB) 2 51 249 51

(EB) 3 65 127 15

TOTAL: 33 844 3,726 365


19

Distraction Type

Impact of Distraction on SLT

StateStart‐up Lost Time (seconds)

Additional Start‐Up Lost Time for Distracted Queue (seconds)

Cell Eat Talk Dash Other UnknownOregon 2.75 0.59 0.68 2.38 1.45 2.07 0.89Utah 2.22 0.58 0.66 2.33 1.42 2.03 0.87Kansas 1.69 0.54 0.63 2.19 1.34 1.91 0.82

A Distracted Queue of 5 vehicles could increase start-up lost time by

0.54 to 2.38 seconds per phase.


20

An Oregon Example: Distraction Due to Drones

Determine the distances and environments in which UASs operated around roadway corridors become a distraction.

UAS as a Distraction

Cartoon in an Alaska Legislative report about the potential to be distracted by UAS.

Blaisdell, G., Skaggs, J., 2015. Drone/UAS Operator Safety Guidelines and FAQs about Privacy. UAS Legislative Task Force, 29th Alaska State Legislature. Juneau, Alaska.


21

Oregon State University Driving Simulator

SimObserver and Eye Tracker


22

Experimental Design

Counterbalanced Factorial Design

VARIABLE LEVEL LEVEL DESCRIPTION

Lateral offset

1 0 ft

2 25 ft

3 50 ft

Flight path

1 Takeoff

2 Scanning

3 Racing

Land use1 Rural

2 Urban

Simulated Environments

Rural Urban


23

Simulated Drone Operation

Two operators and one drone vehicle (per FAA recommendations)

Data Collection

30 complete and usable datasets 16 male, 14 female Age range 18-70 years Mean age: 29.4 years


24

Data Reduction

Review of total fixation duration and dwell duration on UAS

540 observations (18 exposures over 30 subjects)

Analysis: Dwell Duration

• 100 Car Naturalistic Driving Study found eyes-off-road glances of >2 seconds doubled near-crash/crash risk

S. G. Klauer, T. A. Dingus, V. L. Neale, J. D. Sudweeks, and D. J. Ramsey, “The Impact of Driver Inattention On Near‐Crash/Crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100‐Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data,” Washington, DC, 2006.

106 glances >2 seconds


25

Analysis: Dwell Duration

• Distribution of >2 second glances across independent variables

Analysis: Fixation Duration

Average Fixation duration (AFD) to the side of the road during UAS operations was compared to AFT without a drone (baseline driving)


26

Analysis: Fixation Duration

Rural Comparison Estimate Std. Error t P

0ft, Takeoff - Control 1.788 0.444 4.03 <0.001*0ft, Scanning - Control 1.300 0.463 2.80 0.044*0ft, Racing - Control 1.054 0.365 2.89 0.034*25ft, Takeoff - Control 0.881 0.417 2.11 0.24525ft, Scanning - Control 0.862 0.352 2.45 0.11425ft, Racing - Control 0.150 0.256 0.54 0.99950ft, Takeoff - Control 0.811 0.357 2.27 0.17250ft, Scanning - Control 1.039 0.404 2.57 0.08350ft, Racing - Control 0.739 0.403 1.84 0.412

Summary of Dunnett’s post hoc method for the rural and urban environments

Urban Comparison Estimate Std. Error t P

0ft, Takeoff - Control 1.667 0.414 4.03 <0.001*0ft, Scanning - Control 0.548 0.358 1.53 0.5510ft, Racing - Control 0.915 0.379 2.41 0.104

25ft, Takeoff - Control 0.111 0.323 0.35 0.99925ft, Scanning - Control -0.040 0.341 -0.12 1.00025ft, Racing - Control 0.309 0.326 0.95 0.92950ft, Takeoff - Control -0.680 0.270 -2.51 0.081

50ft, Scanning - Control -0.524 0.321 -1.63 0.47550ft, Racing - Control -0.239 0.291 -0.82 0.968

*Significant at the 95% confidence level *Significant at the 95% confidence level

Conclusions

Drone operations are more distracting the closer they are to the roadway

Drone operations adjacent to the roadside (0ft. offset) cause longer off-road fixation than baseline driving

Drone operations are potentially more distracting in a rural environment


27

CONTACT INFORMATION

Dr. David S. Hurwitz

Associate Professor, Transportation EngineeringSchool of Civil and Construction Engineering

Associate Director, at OSUPacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans)

Director, Driving and Bicycling Simulator Laboratory

[email protected](office) 541-737-9242

Documents

3 - Distracted Driving (DSH) · David Hurwitz Distracted Driving 9 Impacts of Driver Distraction Impacts: • Driver response time and following distance (Strayer & Drews, 2004) •