3. Analysis of Energy Producing, Consuming & Recovery Systems

8/17/2019 3. Analysis of Energy Producing, Consuming & Recovery Systems

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3. Analysis of Energy

Producing, Consuming &Recovery Systems


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Energy Via Steam• Energy in the form of heat or wor can !e derived via steam

#ressure steam with su#erheating is mostly used for #owergeneration to avoid condensation inside tur!ines. $edium a#ressure steam systems are mostly em#loyed for heating #

• Steam tur!ines are connected with #ower' generators to geelectrical energy. After releasing energy !y travelling througtur!ine, high #ressure steam e(#ands and !ecomes low #resteam.

• Some Steam )ur!ines are e*ui##ed with e(traction ca#a!ilitmid #oints of the tur!ine to e(tract intermediate #ressure stcater to heating loads.

• At the +nal end of the tur!ine it is very common to have a csurface condenser' so that a healthy #ressure dro# across tur!ine could !e maintained.


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Steam Cycle Power Plantcon+guration


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oiler )y#es

oiler )y#es !yCirculation

-ote


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oiler )y#es

oiler )y#es !yConstruction


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oiler Con+guration


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Steam )ur!ines

• Steam )ur!ine is a #rime mover that derives its enrotation due to conversion of the heat energy of st/inetic Energy as it e(#ands through series of no0mounted on the casing or #roduced !y the +(ed !l

• Steam )ur!ines can !e Classi+ed as #er1• Action of Steam 2 m#ulse, Reaction, Com!ined

• -um!er of stages 2 Single & $ulti Stage

• 4irection of Steam 5ow 2 A(ial, Radial, )angential

• nlet Pressure %evels 2 "igh, $edium or %ow

•6utlet Conditions 2 Condensing, -on Condensing, E(trac


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Steam )ur!ines

To condenser

Low pressure

steam header

To other stea

users


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Steam )ur!ines Control

s


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Steam )ur!ines %u!rication


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Steam )ur!ines %u!rication


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)hermodynamics of Steam Plan

• Carnot Cycle

)hough Carnot highest thermal e8is e(tremely di8c#ractice mainly ducom#ressing isentro#ically to thas re*uired !y the

;urthermore the f!e ca#a!le of hasteam and water.

"ence in #ract

o#erates on the Ca

: 2 < 1 !oiling water to wetsteam< 2 = 1 steam is e(#anded= 2 3 1 heat is re>ected steam


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)hermodynamics of Steam Plants

A slight modi+caCycle is introduce

wet steam furthesaturated. )hen cofully #um#ed !acfeed water #um#.

4raw !ac is e8ciency due toheating of more tem#erature.

• Ranine Cycle

Carnot Cycle


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)hermodynamics of Steam Plan

• Ranine Cycle

:9< 1 heating water in the !oilerection in thecondenser39: 1 #um#ing #rocess in the feed#um#


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Va#or Cycles 2 llustrative E(am

• In a steam turbine, steam at 20 bar, 360?C is exto 0.08 bar.

• It then enters a condenser, where it is condensesaturated liquid water.

• The pump feeds bac the water into the boiler.

• !ssumin" ideal processes, #nd$• %et wor per " of steam

• C&cle e'cienc& .


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Va#or Cycles 2 llustrative E(amPoint P

barsToC

HkJ/kg

SkJ/kg.K

Vm3/k g

x

< =@ 3@ 3


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Va#or Cycles 2 llustrative E(am• Since we do not now enthal#y values at

#oint =, let us +rst estimate the dryness

fraction of steam at #oint =• s"(p=' D.==D F sf"(p=' .3< F sf(p='

@.=• s


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S

f

S

• -et wor in the system1

• - net + - turbine - pump

• - pump + / f(p2* (p1 p2 *

• - pump + 0.00108 (20 0.08*

100

• - pump + 2.008 4"

• - Turbine + h1 h2• - Turbine + 315.3 2187.68 +

71.62 4"


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S

f

Sf

• 9eat input to the s&stem$ : 5 1

• ;1 + h1 hf: + 315.3 175.8 +

283.:1 4"


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Has Cycles

• The most common t&pe of


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Has Cycles )ur!o Charging

Su#er Charging

nterCooling


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Has Cycles6tto Cycle

)his cycle is swas conceivedthis cycle, maengines wor.

t is the standacom#arison focom!ustion en

< 2 = 1 Com#ression Kno heat loss 2adia!aticL= 2 3 1 "eat su##ly due to ignition of

gas3 2 : 1 E( ansion 9 Kno heat loss 2

Has Cycles llustrative E(am#le for Calculation o


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Has Cycles 2 llustrative E(am#le for Calculation o )hermal E8ciency

Point PPa

)oC

"MNg

<

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3. Analysis of Energy Producing, Consuming & Recovery Systems