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1/9/2020 1 Dealing with Soil Compaction Considering Equipment of Today Mark Hanna Ext. Ag Engineer Iowa State University (retired)

3 - 2020 Precision U - Mark Hanna - Dealing with soil

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1/9/2020

1

Dealing with Soil Compaction Considering Equipment of Today

Mark HannaExt. Ag Engineer

Iowa State University (retired)

1/9/2020

2

Soil

Solid

Void

Solid

Water

Air

Solid

Water

Air

Solid

Water

Air

Pore size

Pore size

1/9/2020

3

96

98

100

102

104

106

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Moisture content, %

Bul

k de

nsit

y, lb

/cu

ft

1/9/2020

4

Semi‐trailer, 10 ton/axleCat Pipelayer PL 87, 53.4 tons

Soil Vertical Stress, psi

Depth Semi‐trailer Pipelayer

8 in. 19 19

16 in. 11 17

24 in. 6 9

1/9/2020

5

“Soil compaction, which is aggravated by harvesting in the mud, is a growing concern of some farmers.  Research shows that loads of 5 tons per axle can cause deep compaction that’s not alleviated by freezing and thawing or readily removed bysubsoiling. . . . Big grain carts can also compact soil. . . .  In extreme cases, farmers may have to decide whether a current crop in a wet field is worth more than the costof battling mud and possibly reducing future yields by increasing compaction.”  

“Soil compaction, which is aggravated by harvesting in the mud, is a growing concern of some farmers.  Research shows that loads of 5 tons per axle can cause deep compaction that’s not alleviated by freezing and thawing or readily removed bysubsoiling. . . . Big grain carts can also compact soil. . . .  In extreme cases, farmers may have to decide whether a current crop in a wet field is worth more than the costof battling mud and possibly reducing future yields by increasing compaction.”  ‐ Grain harvesting in the 1990’s, Implement & Tractor, July 1988, Frank Buckingham

1/9/2020

6

Agricultural axle weights

Combine w/300 buManure tank wagonGrain cart w/1200 buTractor, 330 hp, FWA

Agricultural axle weightsPer axle

Combine w/300 bu (front axle) 24 tonsManure tank wagon 18Grain cart w/1200 bu (single axle) 46Tractor, 330 hp, FWA (rear axle) 12

1/9/2020

7

Effects of spring tractor tracks

Tractor

tracks

Rows

Erbach et al., 19884 year average, ‘84‐’87Continuous corn

Tracks effect on corn Location Pop/a Yield, bu/a Tractor track 22,700 143 Non-track 23,500 166 Track 23,600 148 Wheel 22,200 139

1/9/2020

8

Location Yield, bu/a

No tracks 157

Single-track, one side 154

Double-tracks, one side 150

Tracks on both sides 157

Track on-row & both sides 121

3 year average, ‘93‐’95Webster silty clay loamKanawha, IACorn‐soybean

Track Position Effect on Corn Growth

Kaspar and Erbach, 1996

Compaction and subsoiling, central and southeast IA

In only 1 of 9 site‐years of data did compaction from 10‐ or 20‐ton axleloads show significant yield reduction

Subsoiling  also generally did not affect yield, and in 2 of 3 cases reduced yield

Melvin et al., 1994

1/9/2020

9

Compaction and subsoiling, northwest OH

Corn and soybean yields were reduced 3 of 4 years during years with 10‐ and 20‐ton axle loads applied

Residual effect on yield also present with 20‐ton axle load for 1 year on cornand 3 years on soybeans

Subsoiling generally increased yields, although not always statistically significant

Al‐Adawi and Reeder, 1996

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1992 1993 1994 1995

None

Subsoil

Al-Adawi & Reeder, 1996

1/9/2020

10

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Yie

ld d

iffe

renc

e, b

u/ac

re

Iowa Soybean Association, 2003

Profitability

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Yie

ld d

iffe

renc

e, b

u/ac

re

Iowa Soybean Association, 2004

Profitability

1/9/2020

11

1/9/2020

12

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

8960 8960 8960 8640 4955

24 psi

14 psi

Acres/hr

Tractor

Wood & Mangione, 1994

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

8960 8960 8960 8640 4955

24 psi

14 psi

Gal/ac

TractorWood & Mangione, 1994

1/9/2020

13

0

0.5

1

1.5

No pass 1 pass 4 passes

Bu

lk d

ensi

ty, g

/cc

15 t single axle load30 psiWood et al., 1991

1/9/2020

14

Management tools

‐ Avoid trafficking wet soils‐ Control traffic in established lanes‐ Use correct tire pressure for load carried

Additional management tools

‐ No‐till or reduced tillage if wet spring planting season‐ Grain cart paths in fall‐ Controlled traffic considered during machine purchase

1/9/2020

15

C C C C

T T

C C C CCCCC

T T T T

1/9/2020

16

C C C C C C C CT T T T

C C C CCCCC

T T T T

1/9/2020

17

C C C CCCCC

T T T T

C C C CCCCC

T T T T

1/9/2020

18

What’s your plan?

‐ short term (this spring, next year or two)‐ long term