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Geography and History

The Foundation of Cultural Understanding

Chapter 3

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Birth of a Nation - Panama in 67 Hours

June 1902

U.S. offers to buy Panama Canal Zone from Colombia for $10 million.

August 1903

The Colombian Senate refuses the offer. Theodore Roosevelt, angry on hearing of the refusal, is alleged to have referred to the Colombian Senate as "those contemptible little creatures in Bogota." Roosevelt agrees a plot, led by Dr. Manuel Amador, a secessionist, to assist a group to secede from Colombia.

THE STAGE IS SET

SOURCE: Bernard A. Weisberger, "Panama: Made in U.S.A.,"American Heritage, November 1989, pp. 24-25.

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Birth of a Nation - Panama in 67 Hours

October 17Panamanian dissidents travel to Washington and agree to stage a U.S.-backed revolution. Date of revolution set for 6 pm November 3.

October 18Flag, constitution, and declaration of independence created over the weekend.Panama's first flag was designed and sewn by hand in Highland Falls, New York, using fabric bought at Macy's.Bunau-Varilla, a French engineer associated with the bankrupt French-Panama canal construction company and who had to permanent residence in Panama, was named Panama's ambassador to the United States.

SOURCE: Bernard A. Weisberger, "Panama: Made in U.S.A.,"American Heritage, November 1989, pp. 24-25.

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Birth of a Nation - Panama in 67 Hours

Tuesday, November 3

Precisely at 6.00 pm bribes are paid to the Colombian garrison to lay down their arms. The revolution begins, the U.S.S. Nashville steams into Colon harbor, and the junta proclaims Panama's independence.

Friday, November 6

By 1:00 pm the United States recognizes the sovereign state of Panama.

Saturday, November 7

The new government sends an official delegation from Panama to the United States, to instruct the Panamanian ambassador on provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

A COUNTRY IS BORN

SOURCE: Bernard A. Weisberger, "Panama: Made in U.S.A.,"American Heritage, November 1989, pp. 24-25.

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Birth of a Nation - Panama in 67 Hours

Wednesday, November 18 6:40 pm the Panamanian ambassador signs the Panama Canal Treaty.

Wednesday, November 18At 11:30 pm., official Panamanian delegation arrives at Washington, D.C., railroad station and is met by their ambassador who informs them that the treaty was signed just hours earlier.

SOURCE: Bernard A. Weisberger, "Panama: Made in U.S.A.,"American Heritage, November 1989, pp. 24-25.

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1977 -United States agrees to relinquish control of Panama Canal Zone in 2000.

2000 -Panama Canal Zone reverts to Panama????

Birth of a Nation - Panama in 67 Hours

The Present

SOURCE: Bernard A. Weisberger, "Panama: Made in U.S.A.,"American Heritage, November 1989, pp. 24-25.

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The World’s Mineral Reserves: Years to Depletion at 1985 Consumption Rates

1980

2080

2180

2280

2380D

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ds

Sil

ver

Go

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um

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t

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ium

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re

SOURCE: US Bureau of Mines, Mineral Facts and Problems, 1990 (Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990)

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World Population by Major Areas and Life Expectancy

World 2,516.0 4,855 5,479 7,204.0 63.9

Africa 222.0 554 682 1,148.0 52.0

Asia 1,378.0 2,842 3,233 4,240.0 62.7

North America 166.0 264 283 311.0 75.6

Latin America 166.0 400 458 629.0 66.7

Europe (including USSR*) 573.0 770 797 843.0 72.2

Oceania 13.0 25 27 34.0 71.3

1950 1985 1992 2010 Life(millions) (millions) (millions) (millions) Expectancy

1985 (years)

*Estimate includes all republics of former USSR.

SOURCE: World Population Prospects (New York: United Nations, 1990), pp. 22-28 and 1992; Demographic Yearbook (New York: United Nations, 1994), p.103.

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The Triad: Trade Between the United States and Canada, the European Community, and Japan, 1995 ($ billions)

EUROPEANCOMMUNITY

UNITED STATES & CANADA

JAPAN

For additional figures see: “Indicators of Market Size for 115 Countries I” Crossborder Monitor, August, 1997, pp.4-8

136.9 48.9

139.3 70.8

75.9

127.2

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Leading World Trading Countries, 1995 ($ millions)

U.S.A. $582.5 $770.9 $1,353.4Germany 509.3 443.8 953.1Japan 443.0 335.9 778.9United Kingdom 239.4 262.5 501.9Italy 231.7 204.3 436.0Netherlands 58.6 138.5 197.1Canada 190.2 167.4 357.6Belgium/Luxembourg 128.3 166.3 294.6Hong Kong 173.5 192.8 366.3China 148.8 132.0 280.8Spain 91.6 114.8 206.4South Korea 125.4 135.2 260.6Taiwan 111.8 103.7 215.5Switzerland 81.4 80.1 161.5Singapore 118.2 124.4 242.6

* Order determined by total dollar value of exports and imports.

For additional trade data see: "Indicators of Market Size for 115 Countries,Part I," Crossborder Monitor, August 27, 1997, pp. 4-8.

Country* Exports Imports Total