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8/13/2019 2_The Role of Standardization in Perspective of History
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ICES Meeting
2011-06-28 Hang Zhou
Wang Ping
8/13/2019 2_The Role of Standardization in Perspective of History
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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Find out the role the standardization plays in industry
Why History
The reasons of the emergence ofstandardization, including
Technological
reasons
Economic
reasons
Social
reasons
Historical Study can dig out
An important part in its knowledge system
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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Company standardization and
the Industrial Revolution
Emergence of in-company standardization
In the mid of 18 Century, the emergence of companies
allowed the Industry Revolution to boom,
Modern standardization directly related to companies fromthe beginning.
Mass production boosted labor division and produced
streamlining in a company.
Need for capacity expansion, higher profit and quality and
innovation provided companies the impetus to
standardization.
In-company standardization serves as the purpose of R&D
and marketing strategy.
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Company standardization and
the Industrial Revolution
In-company standardization
began with uniform dimension and interchangeability of
parts and
afterward continued with essential forms of standardizationsuch as unification, simplification and modularization in
product design, processes and manufacturing.
Since the advent of the IT society, interoperability, a new
form of standardization, has been proposed in ICT field.
Historically technical innovation and standardization were
interweaved together
Military and national defense needs gave an impetus to
the defense industry and industrial standardization
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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Earlier activities in associations
Problems during the 2nd half of the nineteenth century
the second Industrial Revolution accelerated the
industrialization
Products were so sophisticated that a single company
could not complete all designing and manufacturing
efforts, which inevitably resulted in specialization and
production division among companies.
Technical problems appeared among companies, in
industrial chain.
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Earlier activities in associations
The story of Harry J. Skelton (1867~1934) The proposal was not made by an engineer but a
merchant, which means that there was a strong driven
force by trade relations among the companies
Early standardization across companies, e.g.:
ICE in 1818
IMechE in 1847
ASME in 1881
AIEE, the former IEEE, in 1883; and
VDE in 1893
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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National & International activities
ISO(1946), IEC(1906) & ITU(1865)
The establishments of ISO/IEC/ITU mostly were
simultaneous with national ones which made it difficult to
draw a clear time boundary between them.
The emergence of the national and internationalstandardization
Around the end of the nineteenth century, international trade
expanded at the development of transportation
raw materials and spare parts varied from country to country Some disputes, due to incompatibility among products in
international trade, obviously brought up the needs of national
and international standardizations,
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Organizations Foundedyear Country
1 Engineering Standard Committee (ESC), thepredecessor of British Standard Institute (BSI) 1901 UK
2 Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN) 1917 Germany 3 American National Standard Institute (ANSI) 1918 United
States 4 Commission Permanente de Standardisation, apredecessor of Association Francaise de
Normalisation (AFNOR) 1918 France
5 The Association belge de Standardisation (ABS) , a
predecessor of Belgian Standards Institute (BelgischInstituut voor Normalisatie/Institut belge de
normalisation) 1919 Belgium
6 Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) 1929 Japan 7 Industrial Standard Committee of China 1931 China
OrganizationsFounded
yearCountry
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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Regional activities
The standardization system formed
In the twentieth century was comprised of the private,
national, regional and international standardizations.
It reflected both the competition and cooperation among
countries and regions in the context of economic
globalization.
Regional activities
Second half of the twentieth century, CEN founded in
1961, CENELEC in 1973 and ETSI in 1988.
Other organizations such as PASC, ACCSQ of ASEAN
were also founded
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Organizations FoundedYear Region
1 Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) 1961 Europe 2 Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
(CENELEC) 1973 Europe 3 European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI)1988 Europe
4 ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards andQuality (ACCSQ) ASEANCountries
5 Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC) Pacific Area 6 Arab Industrial Development and MiningOrganization (AIDMO) ArabCountries 7 Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT) Pan
American 8 African Regional Organization for Standardization
(ARSO)
African
Regional
OrganizationsFounded
yearRegion
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WTO/TBT and the Economic
Globalization
An important milestone
Founded in 1994, the WTO’s aim is to promote the
international trade
The descriptions of technical regulations, technicalstandards and conformance assessment, general
rules and good practices for standardization were all
refined in the TBT agreement.
Technical regulations and standards becameimportant rules for international trade.
This strengthened the positions of the ISO/IEC/ITU
both for standards development and for their roles in
international affairs
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Content
Why History
Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution
Earlier activities in associations
National & International activities
Regional activities
WTO/TBT
ICT industry
Conclusions
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Binding relationship between the
standards and technologies in ICT field
New characteristic of ICT standards
Since the advent of the 21st century, some ICT standards have
become totally different from the traditional ones.
the interoperability standard signified greatly to the industry in term
of a strategy.
standards in the ICT field have a special nature which is closely
related to the technical innovation and the relevant patents.
I name it as the binding relationship between standards and
innovative technologies. The externalization of network and positive feedback justified by
network economics enable the ICT standards to greatly influence
the industry.
These standards can be therefore called strategic standards.
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New characteristic of ICT
standards
Market,
consumer
InnovationCompetition
Interoperability
Enterprises
Standards
Protocols
Patent
Technology
4 Core
elements
Binding relations
Strategic
Position
Network
externality
and positive
feedback
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Standardization History Project
of CNIS
Timelines
Institutions and activities
Institutional system construction
Key standards, literatures
Associations
International cooperation and exchanges
Ancient events
Western activities
Four parts Ancient, from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty
Late Qing Dynasty to P.R. China established
P.R. China established to present
Brief history in western world.
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The standardization pattern in China,
Standardization History Project
of CNIS
China’s standardization system is similar to eastern countries
and third world
Before the perditionof Qing Dynasty
Specific culture ofEmperor and feudality
Long history of manualindustry
Early science andtechnology development
Late Qing Dynastyto P.R. Chinaestablishment
Affected by IR fromwestern world,
P.R. China
Planning economy,affected by Soviet Russia
Market economy, enteredinto WTO, affected by
globalization
Historical track in China
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Conclusions
Demands for less skilled labors and labor division by thecompanies stimulated standardization in the early Industrial
Revolution during the second half of the eighteenth century
private standardization organizations emerged due to the
industrial development, specialization and product division
among companies as well as disputes arose from technically
incompatible products in international trade
As an invisible infrastructure for the industrial economy,
standards serve as a coordinator for technical issues across
the industrial chain.
In the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth
century, both national and international standardization
organizations emerged due to the industrial and trade
expansions across the countries.
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Conclusions
The binding relationship between ICT standards andtechnical innovation, along with the network externalization
and positive feedback in ICT field, enables the ICT
technical standards to have a great effect on the industry.
The WTO/TBT agreement has enhanced the position ofinternational standards; governments have paid more
attentions to standards than before.
The standardization pattern in China characterizes
similarity to eastern countries and third world.
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Wang Ping
Deputy Chief Engineer, Senior Researcher,
Deputy Executive Governor of Science and
Technology Committee,
China National Institute of Standardization(CNIS)
FYI
+86-10-5881 1446Tel
+86-10-5881 1456Fax
1370 122 2041Cell phone
8/13/2019 2_The Role of Standardization in Perspective of History
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No.4 Zhichun Road, Haidian District,
Beijing
Wang Ping
ICES Meeting
2011-06-28, Hang Zhou