2nd International Conference on Growing Trends in ... · Dr. Urvashi Kaushal* In most of the engineering colleges in India communication skills is included in the curriculum with

2nd International Conference on Growing Trendsin Practical and Academic Research

Dubai, UAENovember 16-17, 2018ISBN:978-969-670-892-6

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGSBOOK OF PROGRAM & ABSTRACTS

2nd International Conference on Growing Trends in Practical and AcademicResearch

November 16-17, 2018Best Western Premier, Deira Hotel

GTPAR-2018

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TABLE OF CONTENTSDisclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5HOST COMMITTEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Chair’s Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Program at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8List of Conference Attendees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11List of Conference Attendees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12THEME: Business Management & Social Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Integrating Employability Skills in Engineering Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Facilitating Inclusionary Research Practice: An Integrative Model of Participa-

tory Action Research and Intervention Design and Development . . . . . . . 17Future Career Interest in Science, Gender and Students Acquisition of Science

Process Skills in Basic Science in Oyo State, Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Narrative Research as a Vehicle for Mapping the Journey of Adolescent Drug

Addiction and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19YouTubers as Role-Models: A Study on the Ways YouTubers Influence Teenagers

in the UAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20The Intergenerational Transference of Loyalty: The Sweet Tooth Effect . . . . . 21Employees Reaction to Violation/Fulfillment of Psychological Contracts . . . . 22Comparison of the Czech and Slovak Healthcare System 25 Years After the

Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23A Psychoanalytic Eye on The Great Gatsby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24How useful is Growth Literature for Policies in the Developing Countries . . . . 25Is China Development Strategy Sustainable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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Disclaimer

These abstracts are provided to all the honourable participants who have submit-ted their papers and are registered in our conference. Committee has made all thepossible efforts to ensure precise/accurate replication of abstracts however if anyinaccuracies found in the studies, event organisers will not be liable. Thank You.

Copyright c⃝ 2018 Vertex Research Society.

All rights are reserved. Permission is granted for personal and educational use only.Commercial copying, hiring and lending is prohibited. The whole or part of thispublication material cannot be reproduced, reprinted, translated, stored or trans-mitted, in any form or means, without the written permission of the publisher. Thepublisher and authors have taken care that the information and recommendationscontained herein are accurate and compatible with the generally accepted standardsat the time of publication. The individual essays remain the intellectual propertiesof the contributors.

Head Office Address:

Address: Flat 405. Al Razouki Exch. Building Mowaihat 2, Ajman, UAEEmail: [email protected]

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Preface

Vertex Research Society is a forum for dedicated to development of society throughresearch. A major goal and feature of the conference is to bring scholars, profes-sionals, and government agencies together to exchange and share their experiencesand research results about the challenges and proposal on the development of soci-ety. More importantly this conference will serve as a platform to disseminate researchfindings and a catalyst to promote innovation. VRS would be proved as a key factor inthe transformation of the e-learning field. Through our well established conferences,opportunities of quality learning, and strategies for individual and institutional suc-cess we have proven to be a part of this rapid growth.

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HOST COMMITTEE

Dr. Balachandar S. Sayapathi (PHD)Conference ChairEmail: [email protected]

Mr. Muhammad Zahid YounisConference ExecutiveEmail: [email protected]

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Chair’s Welcome

We are delighted to welcome you to the 2nd International Conference on Growing Trends in Practicaland Academic Research, taking place in ”Dubai, UAE”.Education, in our contemporary world, is a right since we are born. Every experience has a for-mative effect on the constitution of the human being, in the way one thinks, feels and acts. Oneof the most important contributions resides in what and how we learn through the improvement ofeducational processes, both in formal and informal settings. Our International Conference seeksto provide some answers and explore the processes, actions, challenges and outcomes of learning,teaching and human development. Our goal is to offer a worldwide connection between teachers,students, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploringand giving their contribution in the field of research. We take pride in having been able to connectand bring together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertilein new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. We counted on an extensive variety of contributors andpresenters, which can supplement our view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impactof their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasonswe have many nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links,fomenting intellectual encounter and development.

We would like to express thanks to all the authors and participants, the members of the academicscientific committee, our media partners and, of course, to our organizing and administration teamfor making and putting this conference together.Hoping to continue the collaboration in the future.

Dr. Balachandar S. Sayapathi (PhD)Conference Chair Person

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Program at a Glance

DAY 1st Friday (November 16, 2018)

Welcome Reception & Registration

09:00 - 09:10 am

09:10 am - 09:20 am Opening Ceremony

09:20 am - 09: 40 am

Introduction of Participants

Dr. Balachandar S. Sayapathi

Welcome Remarks

09:40 am - 09:50 am Group Photo Session

Grand Networking & Tea Break (09:50 10:00 am)

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DAY 01 Friday (November 16, 2018) - Track: Business, Economics, Social Sciences andHumanities

Session 01 (10:00 am - 12:00 pm)

Venue: Best Western

ABFMS-NOV-115 Comparison of The Czech and Slovak Healthcare System25 Years After the Separation

Martin Zeman

DBS-3118-101 Is Chinas Development Strategy Sustainable? Helmut Wagner

ABFMS-NOV-101 The Intergenerational Transference of Loyalty: The SweetTooth Effect

Dr Michel Cocker-ham

GTPAR-101 Integrating Employability Skills in Engineering Education Dr. UrvashiKaushal

GTPAR-104 Facilitating inclusionary research practice: An IntegrativeModel of Participatory Action Research and InterventionDesign and Development

Zurina Abdulla

ABFMS-NOV-105 Employees Reaction to Violation/Fulfillment of Psycholog-ical Contracts

Khaldoun I. Abab-neh

ABFMS-NOV-118 How useful is Growth Literature For Policies in the Devel-oping Countries

Dr. Mohamed Far-gani

Lunch Break (12:00 pm - 01:00 pm)

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DAY 01 Friday (November 16, 2018) - Track: Business, Economics, Social Sciences andHumanities

Session 02 (01:00 pm - 02:30 pm)

Venue: Best Western Hotel

GTPAR-105 Future Career Interest in Science, Gender and StudentsAcquisition of Science Process Skills in Basic Science inOyo State, Nigeria

Dr. Ogunkunle,Segun Jacob

GTPAR-108 Narrative Research as a Vehicle for Mapping the Journeyof Adolescent Drug Addiction and Recovery

Dr. Veonna Go-liath

GTPAR-114 YouTubers as Role-Models: A study on the ways YouTubersinfluence teenagers in the UAE

Nada JamalAlzara

ABFMS-NOV-116 A Psychoanalytic Eye on The Great Gatsby Amani Alsharief

Closing Ceremony

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List of Conference Attendees

The following scholars/ practitioners/educationists who dont have any paperpresentation, however they will attend the conference as delegates & observers.

No Official ID Name Affiliation Details

1 GTPAR-110A Mr. IBRAHIM Abba Za-kar

Federal College of Education, Potiskum,Yobe State, Nigeria

2 GTPAR-111A Mrs. GORO HauwaAuta


3 GTPAR-112A Mrs. MADU GeraldineChinwe


4 GTPAR-113A Mr. DISA Dauda Usman Federal College of Education, Potiskum,Yobe State, Nigeria

5 ABFMS-NOV-106A Mr Yahaya Ahmed Kana Usury Business Institute Abuja

6 ABFMS-NOV-107A Mr Mathew O. Abiodun Usury Business Institute Abuja

7 ABFMS-NOV-108A Mr Mumbu A. Idris Usury Business Institute Abuja

8 ABFMS-NOV-109A Mrs Ruth Adejoh Usury Business Institute Abuja

9 ABFMS-NOV-110A Mr Mustapha Ismaila Usury Business Institute Abuja

10 ABFMS-NOV-112A Mr Dan A, Dammo Usury Business Institute Abuja

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List of Conference Attendees

The following scholars/ practitioners/educationists who dont have any paperpresentation, however they will attend the conference as delegates & observers.

No Official ID Name Affiliation Details

11 ABFMS-NOV-113A Musa M, Lokoo Usury Business Institute Abuja

12 ABFMS-NOV-118A Noora Alshehhi Personal Banking Segment Products & Mar-keting

13 ABFMS-NOV-120A Mohamed Ahmed Abdel-salam

Future For Advanced Research and Studies,Abu Dhabi, UAE

14 ABFMS-NOV-121A Ogoke Uzoma Joachim Nigerian Institute Of Transport Technology,Nitt, Zaria, Nigeria

15 ABFMS-NOV-122A Usman: Hamza Golden Konsults, Nigeria

16 ABFMS-NOV-113A Abubakar I, Musa- Usury Business Institute Abuja, Nigeria

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DAY 02 Saturday (November 17, 2018)

Whether visiting from overseas or interstate, delegates and guests are free todiscover Dubai, UAE and its surrounds by their own (Optional).

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DAY 02 Saturday (November 17, 2018)

Whether visiting from overseas or interstate, delegates and guests are free todiscover Dubai, UAE and its surrounds by their own (Optional).

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2nd International Conference on Growing Trends inPractical and Academic Research

THEME: Business Management & Social Sciences

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Integrating Employability Skills in Engineering Education

Dr. Urvashi Kaushal*

In most of the engineering colleges in India communication skills is included in the curriculum withthe aim of enabling the students to present his/her thoughts in the most effective manner. However,the teaching of communication skills is predominantly done through chalk and talk method. Thesubject is mostly taught through lectures except for some activities which are included on teachersinitiative. The subject fails to bring the desired result and most surveys report a lack of employabilityskills in engineering graduates from Indian universities. This paper analyses the syllabus and theteaching methods used in Communication skills class in the colleges affiliated to Gujarat TechnicalUniversity and National Institute of Technology, Surat. It thereby includes most of the engineeringcolleges of Gujarat. Furthermore, this paper insists upon the need to include a number of skill en-hancing topics to make engineers employable. It argues that instead of delivering lectures the teachercan act as a facilitator to conduct a number of tasks and activities which will fulfil dual purpose- thatof developing communication skills in English while also teaching teamwork, interpersonal skills,leadership skills, adaptability, business etiquettes, emotional intelligence and many more. These willlead to job readiness and the overall development of personality.

Keywords: Employability Skills, Engineering Education

*Assistant Professor of English , Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, IndiaEmail: [email protected],[email protected]

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Facilitating Inclusionary Research Practice: An Integrative Model ofParticipatory Action Research and Intervention Design and Development

Zurina Abdulla1*, Prof. Blanche Pretorius2, Dr. Veonna Goliath3

The systemic process inherent in Participatory Action Research and Intervention Design and Develop-ment Model guided a South African study with parents and Child Justice Officials over a three-yearperiod, to design and develop a practice model. Based on the Qualitative approach, rooted in thenon-positivist paradigm, PAR (Zuber-Skerritt, 2011:37; Turnbull, Friesen & Ramirez, 1998:181) fore-fronts participants voice and involves the co-construction of meaning in context. Parents are excludedduring the child justice process and integration of PAR and Intervention Research, particularly Inter-vention Design and Development (IDD) (Thomas & Rothman in Rothman & Thomas, 1994:3) facilitatedthe inclusion of participants throughout the research process allowing them to innovate, design anddevelop solutions to challenges experienced within the Child Justice System. Level four PAR facilitatedthe involvement of participants in an expert advisory capacity throughout the research process. PARcomplemented the IDD process as it facilitated participative planning, action (intervention), flexibilityand reflection during the research process. The Intervention Design and Development (IDD) phasesallowed participants to systematically collaborate, plan and remain goal directed during the researchjourney. The findings show the PARIDD Models (integration of PAR & IDD) integration of Participa-tory Action Research cycles with the phases of Intervention Design and Development facilitated andmodelled inclusionary research practices that give voice, agency and influence to participants.

Keywords: Participatory Action Research, Intervention Design & Development, Inclusionary Re-search Practice, Integrative Research Model

1,2Department of Social Development Professions, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa 3Departmentof Research Capacity and Development, Nelson Mandela University, South AfricaEmail: [email protected],[email protected]

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Future Career Interest in Science, Gender and Students Acquisition ofScience Process Skills in Basic Science in Oyo State, Nigeria

OGUNKUNLE, Segun Jacob, Ph.D.*

This study examined the effects of future career interest in science and gender, both used as mod-erator variables, on students acquisition of science process skills when taught Basic Science withsimulated laboratory and enriched laboratory guide material experiments. It adopted the pretest-posttest control group quasi experimental design with a 3x2x2 factorial matrix. Participants in thestudy included 277 (130 males, 147 females; ś17years) junior secondary three students randomly se-lected from six purposively selected secondary schools based on existence of functional Computer andPhysics laboratories. Science process skills test in Basic Science (r=0.72) and Future career interestin science (r=0.99) were used to collect the data which were processed using analysis of covarianceand estimated marginal means in order to test three hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findingsreveal that there was a significant effect of future career interest in science on students science pro-cess skills acquisition in Basic Science while there was none for gender nor interaction effect betweenfuture career interest in science and gender on students acquisition of science process skills in BasicScience. It is recommended that teachers should be acquainted with students future career interestin science and utilize same to encourage effective participation in Basic Science practical. This couldassist students to acquire science process skills needed to experience and practice science for betterperformance in Biology, Chemistry and Physics at the post-basic education level in Nigeria.

Keywords: Future career interest in science, Basic Science, Simulated laboratory, Enriched , Labo-ratory Guide Materials, Science process skills

*Department of Integrated Science, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, NigeriaEmail: [email protected]

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Narrative Research as a Vehicle for Mapping the Journey of Adolescent DrugAddiction and Recovery

Veonna Goliath1*, Blanche Pretorius2

The onset of drug use in adolescence can result in rapid progression to addiction, and have adverseeffects on general and mental health functioning in adulthood (World Health Organisation 2015).Choate (2015) confirms that adolescents have a harder time connecting present actions to longerterm consequences, thus calling for transformative practice and research approaches to subvert thesebarriers to effective drug treatment and prevention. This paper illustrates how narrative researchmethods granted the author access to the metaphorical journeys of ten adolescents (between theages 16-18 years) who were at different stages of the drug addiction cycle. In qualitative, individualsemi-structured interviews, participants were invited to share their journeys of drug addiction, usingthe Life Grid as visual tool for mapping life events against the passage of time (Wilson, Cunningham-Burley, Bancroft, Backett-Milburn & Masters, 2007). The findings concurred with Gilberts (2002:225)view that narrative research methods result in the researcher becoming a collaborator in the new andevolving story. The four characteristics of good qualitative research proposed by Yardley (2000) wereused to enhance methodological rigor. The twelve themes that emerged from the narrative analysisformed the premise for a new practice tool, i.e., the Road Map to drug addiction and recovery, signal-ing clear signposts that trigger the onset of the drug use journey; the traffic lights that facilitate areduction or increase in speed (danger) on the journey; the potholes, steep downhills and inclines thatcan result in a U-turn on the road to recovery; and lastly the fuel that sustained those on the narrowless travelled road of recovery. The research, located in the ambit of applied research, contributed tothe generation of locally relevant theory and targets for drug prevention and treatment interventions.

Keywords: Adolescents, Narratives, Drug Addiction, Recovery

1,2Department of Social Development Professions, Nelson Mandela University, South AfricaEmail: [email protected]

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YouTubers as Role-Models: A Study on the Ways YouTubers InfluenceTeenagers in the UAE

Nada Jamal Alzara*

The aim of this research is to give an overview of the current YouTube community, including whatinfluence YouTubers have on their teenage viewers in the UAE and to what extent this influence ontheir life is considered positive or negative. YouTubers are seen as role models and are often followedby their teenage fans. However, parents often do not know about the online behavior of their childrenand the YouTubers they follow. Therefore, this study uses a qualitative study approach with a semi-structured interview technique. The sample consists of 30 teenagers based in the UAE. The researchshows that YouTube has become part of the daily life of many teenagers. YouTubers do have influenceon the behavior of teenagers, of which teenagers and their parents are unaware of. This influencemight not be completely negative but the lack of awareness might be.

Keywords: YouTubers Vloggers Teenagers Social Influence Online Behavior Digital Communi-cation

*College of Communication University of Sharjah Sharjah UAEEmail: [email protected],[email protected]

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The Intergenerational Transference of Loyalty: The Sweet Tooth Effect

Dr. Michel Cockerham*

Though loyalty has been researched and studied for several decades, the relationship of an individ-uals loyalty to confectionary items has not been thoroughly researched. The researcher used dataacquired from questionnaires completed by college students in person and employed Squared MultipleCorrelations and Reliability Testing to explore the relationships and thereafter, Structural EquationModeling to confirm the relationship between: brand loyalty, brand satisfaction, brand trust, fre-quency of use, and self-efficacy. The findings of this study are: 1) it is not safe to assume that brandloyalty is positively related to brand satisfaction, 2) brand loyalty is positively related to brand trust,3) it is not safe to assume that gender moderates the relationship between loyalty and satisfaction, 4)brand satisfaction is positively related to brand trust, 5) brand trust is positively related to frequencyof use, 6) there is a positive relationship between self-efficacy and brand trust. This exploratory re-search indicates these relationships, sets the framework that can be used to further research loyaltyto confectionary products. Furthermore, this research indicates that in order to increase the numberof consumers who are loyal to confectionary, marketers should focus on ensuring that they market toboth men and women, and ensure that consumers trust and are satisfied with their product.

Keywords: Brand, Marketing, Loyalty, Self-Efficacy, Consumer Products, Trust, Satisfaction, Struc-tural Equation Modeling, SEM, Consumers, Candy

Florida A&M University, USAEmail: [email protected]

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Employees Reaction to Violation/Fulfillment of Psychological Contracts

Khaldoun I. Ababneh*

The purpose of this paper is to explore employees reaction to fulfillment and violation of psychologi-cal contracts made by employees direct supervisors. Specifically, this paper examines the impact ofdirect supervisors fulfillment and violations of psychological contracts on employees emotions, atti-tudes, and behaviors. Employees from different jobs and industries participated in an experimentalstudy in which transactional and relational contracts items were manipulated to produce four experi-mental conditions: (a) fulfillment of both transactional contact items and relational contract items, (b)violations of three transactional psychological contract items, (c) violations of three relational psycho-logical contract items, d) violations of both transactional contact items and relational contract items.Using univariate analysis, the study demonstrated that violations of both transactional contact itemsand relational contract items led to higher negative reactions; while fulfillment of both transactionalcontact items and relational contract items led to lower negative reactions among participants. Thestudy also revealed that in comparison to violations of transactional psychological contract items, theviolations of relational psychological contract items resulted in lower trust in the supervisor, highernegative emotions toward the supervisor, and lower organizational commitment. The theoretical andpractical implications of these findings will be discussed and directions for future research will beoffered.

Keywords: Violation, Psychological Contracts, Specifically

*Associate Professor of Management School of Business Administration , American University in DubaiEmail: [email protected]

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Comparison of the Czech and Slovak Healthcare System 25 Years After theSeparation

Tereza Lukasova1, Martin Zeman2*

The objective of this paper is to compare Czech and Slovak healthcare system and to find reasonswhich caused differences of the healthcare system outcomes. Until 1993 the Czechia and Slovakiawere one country with one government and one economic social and healthcare policy. Healthcarepolicy is based on the same way of funding that has remained in both countries until now. Eachof the countries surveyed over the past 25 years has been trying to modify the healthcare systemto be as effective and sustainable as the changing population pyramid. The main indicators of theeffectiveness of the healthcare system such as neonatal mortality, life expectancy, analysis of themain causes of death were selected for analysis. Another part of the analysis contains indicators ofstructural and personnel health care ie the number of beds per capita and the number of doctorsper capita. The last part of the analysis deals with risk factors such as population diseases and al-cohol consumption. The main conclusions of the article are that the Czechia has a better healthcaresystem in terms of structural and personnel security but is more vulnerable to population diseasesand excessive alcohol consumption. On average Czechs live two years longer than Slovaks. The maincauses of this difference are the quality of health care, long waiting times for specialized doctors, butalso clientelism and corruption. Other reasons for the worse results of Slovak healthcare include anexcessive amount of health care facilities that buy overpriced equipment.

Keywords: Healthcare System, Czechia, Slovakia, Effectiveness

1,2University of Economics Prague, CzechiaEmail: [email protected],[email protected]

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A Psychoanalytic Eye on The Great Gatsby

Amani Alsharief*

One of the most outstanding elements in F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic, The Great Gatsby, is the dual lifethat almost all characters lead. The story takes place in the Roaring Twenties where wealthy and pow-erful people dominate the society and live the illusion of the American Dream. Due to that illusion,the characters like present a flawless appeal to the public while hiding their ugly truth. Accordingly,it is undoubtedly that the novel has deep psychological layers in which some characters bury theirpast or their ignominious past or their shameful present. Beguiled by the American Dream, the younggeneration in Fitzgerald narrative tend to the societal image of the perfection over happiness and indi-vidualism in order to build the ideal life. Down the line, sharing the same interests, the characters tryto fulfill their fantasy through unscrupulous means. However, that is not the only thing they sharesince they also share some attributes such as romance, wealth and power. Behind their façade, thecharacters also have similar psychological issues such as the fear of intimacy, changing the sense ofidentity, attitude change, rumination over past experiences and other psychological issues and de-fenses. Nevertheless, dreams and idealism are mostly associated with fairy-tales and happy endings,but this tale doesnt only have a tragic ending, but it also hides a nightmare beneath a dream. Thatbeing said, it is crucial to detect the psychological needs and the mental function of Fitzgeralds char-acters to understand their behavior and analyze their actions.

Keywords: Psychoanalytic, F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, Literature, Psychology, Psycho-analysis

*Alghad International College, Saudi ArabiaEmail: [email protected]

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How useful is Growth Literature for Policies in the Developing Countries

Dr. Mohamed Fargani*

This paper examines the growing gap between the theoretical and empirical growth literature andpolicy needs of the developing economies. Growth literature has focused mainly on long term growthoutcomes, but policy makers of the developing economies need rapid improvements in the short tomedium term growth rates; see Pritchett (2006). In this paper we argue thatthis gap can be reducedby distinguishing between the short to medium term dynamic effects of policies from their long runequilibrium effects. With data from Tunisia, Algeria and Libya, we show that an extended version ofthe Solow (1956) model is well suited for this purpose. We find that the short to medium term growtheffects of the investment ratio are quite significant and they may persist for up to 10 years.

Keywords: Solow Growth Model, Endogenous Growth, Dynamic Growth Effects of Investment Ratio,Policies for Developing Countries

Al Buraimi University College, OmanEmail: [email protected]

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Is China Development Strategy Sustainable?

Helmut Wagner*

This paper summarizes the main characteristics of the two major Chinese growth strategies since1978, namely the Deng strategy (named after Deng Xiaoping) between 1978 and 2011 and the Xistrategy (named after Xi Jinping) since 2012/13. After a brief description of both strategies, I an-alyze in depth whether the respective reforms of the two strategies have caused sustainable or un-sustainable growth and economic development. Furthermore, I derive some implications concerningthe danger of a Chinese middle-income trap and propose some policy recommendations (also againstthe background of the Korean experience). I finally develop a growth-theoretic systematization of thearguments elaborated previously. Further background explanation: In contrast to the Deng strategy,the Xi strategy is characterized by the attempt to rebalance the whole system, specifically by (i) theattempt to integrate the western regions of China into the development strategy; (ii) the emphasison improving the social and ecological standards within China; (iii) redirecting the economy towardsa consumption- and service-led growth path; and (iv) the attempt to (re)stabilize the society by re-authorizing the political system (refocusing on central control). I come to the conclusion that It isuncertain whether the Xi strategy is or will be sustainable. There is a danger for the Xi strategy ofbecoming stuck in a so-called middle-income trap (MIT). However, there are conditions (political andinstitutional reforms) that need to be implemented so that the Xi strategy is or can become sustainableand thus avoid or overcome an MIT. China can learn from successful countries, such as South Korea,how to avoid an MIT and hence implement a successful development strategy, though the frameworkconditions for China are different today.

Keywords: Strategy Sustainable, Development

*Fern Universität (University of Hagen), GermanyEmail: [email protected]

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Documents

2nd International Conference on Growing Trends in ... · Dr. Urvashi Kaushal* In most of the engineering colleges in India communication skills is included in the curriculum with