DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 043 214 EM 008 240

AUTHOR Staats, Arthur W.; Carlson, Carl G.TITLE Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses

(Meaning, Attitudes, Values, Interests) and Effectson Social Behavior: A Bibliography.

INSTITUTION Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. Dept. of Psychology.SPONS AGENCY Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.REPORT NO TR-FPUB DATE Apr 70NOTE 21p.; Language, Personality, Social, and

Cross-Cultural Study and Measurement of the HumanA-R-D (hotivational) System series

EDRS PRICE FDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$1.15D..:SCRIPTORS Affective Behavior, Attitudes, Behavior Bating

Scales, Behavior Theories, *Bibliographies,Conditioned Response, Emotional Adjustment, ,

Emotional Response, Interpersonal Relationship,*learning Theories, Reinforcers, Semantics, SocialAdjustment, *Social Attitudes, *Social Behavior,*Verbal Operant ConditioningA R D Theory, Attitudinal Reinforcing DiscriminativeStimuli, *Staats (Arthur W)

ABSTRACTThis is a bibliography of P1 papers and books

published in the years 1957-1970 relevant to the subject ofverbally-elicited responses that are in accordance with principles ofclassical conditioning. Of these publications, 2u are by Staats--oneof the bibliographers--and his associates. (ME)

CONTRACTOFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH N00014-67-A-0397-0007

LANGUAGE, PERSONALITY, SOCIAL, AND CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

AND MEASUREMENT OF THE HUMAN A-R-D (MOTIVATIONAL) SYSTEM

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UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

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C,

to

8

Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses (Meaning, Attitudes,

Values, Interests) and Effects on Social Behavior: A Bibliography

Arthur V. Stoats and Carl 0, Carlson

Technical Report Humber 5

April 1970

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:

ARTHUR W. STAATS

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POSITION 01 POKY.

Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses (Meaning, Attitudes,

Values, IntarestG) and Effects on Social Behavior: A Bibliography

Arthur W. Stoats and Carl G. Carlson

University of Hawaii

Technical Report Number 5

April 1970

Supported by: Personnel and Training Research ProgramsPsychological Sciences DivisionOffice of Naval ResearchWork Unit HR 154.290Contract NO0014-67.4-0387-0007

Principal Investigator:

Arthur W. Stases

This document has been approved for public release and sale; itsdistribution is unlimited. Reproduction in whole or in part is

permitted for any purpoos of the United States Government.

rwmillpriPre.r

ABSTRACT

In 1955 Staats began experimental development of the hypothesis that words

as conditioned stimuli come to elicit responses according to the principles of

classical conditioning. Emotional responses.- or evaluative responses, evaluative

meaning, attitudes, values and so on-- constitute an important type of response that

can be classically conditioned to words. Many stimuli elicit emotional responses

and the words that are contiguously paired with those stimuli also come to elicit

an emotional response. Moreover, once a word comes to elicit an emotional response

the word can serve to condition emotionality to any other stimulus with which it

is paired. Many words have this function, and the processes involved constitute

one of the powerful functions of.language. Extensions of these principles have

significance for many areas of psychology.

Following this analysis, Staate formulated a long-term project that included

a series of studies to investigate both first-order classical conditioning of

emotional responses as well as higher-order conditioning of responses to words.

This series was first supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract

Nonr-2305 (00), and continued under Contract Nonr-2794 (02).

Following this fcrmulation a number of experiments were conducted by Stoats

and his associates that showed that emotional responses could be conditioned to

words and that many words in our language elicit emotional responses that could be

conditioned to other stimuli. This lint of research has been elaborated by a number

of other invt:tigators, and it has been criticised and supported by other studies.

Stoats has also developed the learning theory involved and extended it to various

areas of study (1961, 1963, 1964a, 1964b, 1964o, 1964d, 1966, 1967, 1968a, 1968b).

The theory and the various studies constitute a framework within which to consider

significant aspects of human behavior. The present bibliography thus lists the

various experimental studies and theoretical analyses to Apri1 of 1970. (Additional

extensions into social interaction and attraction have been made by Byrne and Lott

end Lott. Studies not involving classical conditioning manipulations have not

been included herein, however.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abell, A.T. Words functioning simultaneously as operant and respondent reinforcerss

Preliminary :study. Psychological Reports, 1969, 24, 123-133. (a)

Abell, A.T. Words functioning simultaneously as operant and respondent reinforcers:

Replication. Psychological Reports, 1969, 25, S74. (b)

Abell, A.T. A teat of reinforcer forms with flaps. Perceptual and Motor Skills,

1969, 29, 984.986. (c)

Brewer, B.A. and Gross, H.C. Conditioning of attitudes using a backward condition-

ing paradigm. Technical Repot No. 3, University of Hawaii, Office of Naval

Research Contract N 000 1447-A-0387-0007, Soptombor, 1969.

Brotsky, S.S. Classical conditioning of the galvanic skin response to veroal

concepts. 1210)al of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 76, 244-253.

Bugeleki, B.R. and Hereon, M. Conditioning acceptance or rejection of information.

Journal of Beperimentel Wiliam, 1966, 71, 619-623.

Carriero, N.J. ire conditioning of negative attitudes to unfamiliar items of

information. Journal of Verbal Leming and Verbal Behavior, 1967, 6, 128-

135.

Cohen, B.H. Role of awareness in meaning established by classical conditioning.

Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1964, 67, 372-378.

Coleman, D.B. The classical conditioning of attitudes towak'd selected educational

concepts. pissertation,a1111111, 1967, 22, 4125.

Coles, Q.J. and Leonard, TA., III, Conditioned word meaning and the inter-stimulus

interval, pychonomic Science,' 1969, 60-61.

Costello, C.O. Extraversion, neuroticism and the classical conditioning of word

meaning, psychonomit Science, 1967, 8, 307.308.

Das, J,P, and Banda, P.C. Mediated transfer of attitudes, Journal, 21; Abntrmal and

LLatiggicl, 1963, 66, 12.16.

!,*

Di Vesta, P.J. Contrast effects in the verbal conditioning of meaning. Journal

of Experimental Psychology, 1961, 62, 535-544.

Di Vesta, P.J. and Stover, D.O. The semantic :mediation of evaluative meaning.

Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1962, 64, 467-475.

Early, C.J. Attitude learning in children. Journal of Educational Psychology,

1958, 59, 176-180.

Ertel, S., Oldenberg, B., Siry, U., and Vormfoldc, D. Classical conditioning of

connotative meanings. Paper presented at the Conference on Human Learning

with International Participation, Prague, Czechoslovakia, July 15-19, 1969.

Finley, J.R., and Stoats, A.W. Evaluative meaning words as reinforcing stimuli.

Journal, of Verbal Learnt% and Verbal Behavior, 1967, 6, 193-197.

Franke, C.M. and Mantell, D. Introversion-extraversion and the verbal conditioning

and generalization of meaning responses to nonsense syllables in normal and

alcoholic subjects. British Journal 2s. Social and Clinical Psychology, 1966,

299.305.

Freeman, N.O.O. and Suedfeld, P. Classical conditioning of verbal meaning: The

roles of awareness, meaningfulness, end evaluative loading. ....x..21112ALIALFscl

Bead, 1969, 19, 335-338.

Geer, J.H. A teat of the classical conditioning model of emotion' The use of non-

painful aversive stimuli as unconditioned stimuli in a conditioning procedure,

,tournal,glariojalitlettpakaysychnloiret, 1968,12, 114.156.

Gerstein, A.L. The effect of reinforcement schedules on meaning generalisation

and on awareness of the purpose of the experiment. ,Tournak afloat=

goiSociak isxtholoav, 1961, lb 350-362.

Cross, N.C. and Stases, A.V. Interest inventory items as attitude eliciting stim-

uli in classical conditioning: A test of the kRD theory. /ethnical, mg=

University of Hawaii, Office of Naval Research Contract N 000 1447

A.0387-00071 September, 1969.

Hall, G.F. Association of neutral objects with rewards: Persistence of effect upon

verbal evaluation. Journal of Verbal lima and Verbal Behavior, 1967, 6,

291-294.

Harbin, S.P. and Williams, J.E. Conditioning of ccior connotations. 122scala1.

and Mo. tor Skills, 1966, 22, 217-218,

Hare, R.D. Cognitive factors in transfer of meaning. Paychological Reports, 1964,

15, 199-206.

Hare, R.D. Replication report: Cognitive factors in transfer of meaning. psycho-

lual Emma, 1965, 17, 590.

Heise, D.R. Affectual dynamics in simple sentences. Journal of Personality and

Social 12eicillzolo, 1969, 11, 204-213.

Inako, C.A. and Oakes, W.F. Awareness and the conditioning of attitudes, Journal

of Personality sad Social Ly_alogyct, 1966, 4, 487-496.

Lefty, J.F. Conditioning of meaning, semantic generalisation and evaluative ratings

in a complex situation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal, Behavior,

1966, 1, 268.274.

Hilteman, I., Raskin, P.C., Could, J. and Johnson, 0. Individual differences in

the orienting reflex end semantic conditioning and generalisation under dif-

ferent UCS intensities. Paper presented at Western Psychological Association,

Honolulu, Hawaii, 1965.

Miller, AN,' Jr. Conditioning connotative meaning. Journdl of appal ?eyeholes',

1966, 319428. (e)

Hiller, A.W., Jr. Relationships of awareness to verbal learning efficiency and

waning change. Psychological Resorts, 1966, 19, 873-883. (b)

Miller, A.$4, Jr. Awareness, verbal conditioning, and meaning conditioning.

Psycholosleal Reports, 1967, /I, 681.691.

Miller, A.W., Jr. Meaning change and personality structure. Journal 21 general

habagst, 1968, 22,,, 271.277,

Hiller, A.W., Jr. and Bareness, W.D. Extinction, stimulus generalization and

partial reinforcement for higher-order meaning conditioning. Esychological

masa, 19691.24, 288.290.

A. and Clark, N. Counter conditioning, neutral conditioning, and extinc-

tion effects for the meaning of nonsense syllables. luchonomil Science,

1969, 16, 297-298.

Miller, A., Cimpl, Ht.,. and McCrimmon, R. Extinction versus counterconditioning

for the meaning of words and nonsense syllables. psychonomin Science, 1969,

15, 92-93.

Hiller, A. and Kirwan, K. Word associates and meaning conditioning. psycholottlel

worse, 1966, 18, 944.946.

Minkel K.A. and Stalling, A.B. Long-term retention of conditioned attitudes.

Technical e ar =to. 6, University of Hawaii, Office of Naval Research Con.

tract, N 000 14-67-A-0387-0007e April 1970.

Hontmollin, G. la, and LoNyt,J.F Conditionment d'atlitude at conditionment verbal.

nctLatlakflejaag, 1962, 2, 67-74.

Nunnally, J.C., Duchnowski, A.CI, and Parker, R.K. Association of neutral objects

with rewards: Effect on verbal evaluation and eye movements. Journal, DI

Batres Child paycholm, 1965, 2, 44-57.

Osipow, S.N. The effects of vlacsal mediation on the modtfication of children's

attitudes. journal 21: Educational paycholuv, 1960, 1i 199.207.

Page, N.M. Social psychology of a claw:tea conditioning of attitudes experiment.

leurnaksd Persoqiity And bud Psychology, 1969, 111 177.186.

Pavio, A. Generalisation of verbally conditioned meaning from symbol to referent.

Canadian Jegmil gg, woolen, 1964, it, 146.155.

Pecjak, V. and Smith, S. Influence of induced evaluations and of codability upon

the cognitive interaction of colors and forms. tr. mimeo.

Phelan, J.13: Hekmat, H., & Tang, T. Transfer of verbal conditioning to non- verbal

behavior. tuchalLitel Re Arts, 1967, 20, 979-986.

Pihl, R.O. The reversal of the reinforcement value of a verbal stimulus. fAcho-

losIoal Record, 1966, 16, 529-533.

Pihl, R.0.1 & Greenspnon, J. The effect of amount of reinforcement on the formation

of the reinforcing value of a verbal stimulus. panadian Journal of IgzholoRY,

1969, az 219-226.

Pollio, H.R. Word associations as a function of conditioned meaning. Journal of

Experimental Psychology, 1963, 66, 454-460.

Roselle, R.H. Peening established by classical conditioning. Payoholatal Reports,

1968, 23, 889.895,

Schutt, R.S. & Waumoff, IN. An application of Howrer!s sentence conditioning para-

digms in developing evaluative meaning. Jt.s.aul.. of Verbal, laraim end Wag,

pehavior, 1964, 1. 459-462,

Sulfite, A.W. Verbal habit-families, concepts, and the operant conditioning of ".o rd

classes. Psycholoqui pview, 1961, 68, 190-204.

Stoats, A.W. (with contributions by C.K. Stoats) psalm ittil.m asiLwasso New Yorkt

Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1963.

Stoats, A.W. (Ed.) utLlnas Imam. New Yorkt Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1964a.

Stases, A.W. Conditioned stimuli, conditioned reinforcers, and word meaning. In

A.W. Stoats (Ed.), Mao lest. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston,

1964, Pp. 203-213. (b)

Stoats, A.W. Attitude learning and human motivation. In AN. Stoats (Ed.), Human

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Stoats, A.W. Social interaction, attitude function, group cohesiveness, And social

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Winston, 1964, Pp. 329036. (d)

Stoats, A.W. Emotions and images in language: A learning analysis of their ac-

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verbal ber and some neurcolmidazacallaiuliza. New York: Academic

Press, 1967, Pp. 123-145. (a)

Staats, A.W. Outline of en integrated learning theory of attitude formation and

function. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Readings, in attitude tiway lad measurement.

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Winston, 1968. (a)

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Staats, A.W. Experimental dLmend characteristics and the classical conditioning

of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 11, 187-

192.

Stoats, AN, Linguistic-mentalistic theory versus an explanatory S-R learning

theory of language development. In D.T. Slobin (Ed,), The ontogenesis of

grammar: pacts and theories. New York: Academic Press, in press.

Staats, A.W. & Staats, C.K. Attitudes established by classical conditioning.

Journal, of Abnormal and Social. Ludlam, 1958, 52, 37-40.

Staats, A.W. & Stoats, C.K. Effect of number of trials on the language condition-

ing of meaning. Journal Generakawhologv, 1959, 61, 211..223. (a)

Staats, A.W. & Stoats, C.K. Meaning and m: Correlated but separate. 1..2c2clogalical

Review, 1959, 66, 136-144. (b)

Steats, A.W., Steats, C.K. & Biggs, D.A. Meaning of verbal stimuli changed by

conditioning. American Journal of Psychology, 1958, 71, 429-431.

Staats, A.W., Staata, C.K. & Crawford, H.L. First order conditioning of meaning and

the parallel conditioning of a CSR. gssmagg, General Psychol,pgv, 1962, 67

159-167.

Stoats, A.W., Stoats, C.K., Finley, J.R. & Heard, W.G. Independent manipulation

of meaning and m. Journal of Genera. Psychology, 1963, Ilj 253-260.

Staats, A.W., Staats, C.K., Finley, J.R. & Minke, K.A. Meaning established by

classical conditioning controlling associates to the UCS. Journal of General

Psychology, 1963, 247-252.

Stoats, A.W., Stoats, C.K. & Heard, W.G. Language conditioning of meaning to

meaning using a semantic generalization paradigm. Journal of Experimental

Paubalax, 1959, 57, 187-192.

Staats, A.W., Stoats, C.K. & Heard, W.G. Denotative meaning established by clam-

steal conditioning. Journal of Luerimental Psychology, 1961, 61, 300-303.

Staats, Stoats, C.K Heard, W.G. & rims, L.P. Replication report: Meaning

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1959, a, 64.

Staats, C.K. & Staats,.A.W. Meaning established by classical conditioning.

Journal of Experimental Pavcholugy, 1957, 54, 74-80.

Staats, C.K., Staats, A.W. & Heard, W.G. Attitude development and ratio of rein-

forcement. Sociometry, 1960, 23, 338-350.

Stalling, R.D. Peroonelity nimilority end evoluetive meaning as conditioners of

attraction. Journal of Porsonclity end Social Psychology, 1970, 14,

77-82.

Weiss,, R.F., Chalupa, L.M., Gorman, H.S. & Goodman, N.H. Classical conditioning

of attitudes as a function of number of persuasion trials and argument

(UCS) strength. Psychonomic Science, 1968, 11, 59-60.

Williams, J.E. Connotations of racial concepts and color names. jgang/911;21-

sonality and Social Psychology, 1966, 3, 531-540.

Yavuz, H.S. & Bousfield, W.A. Recall of connotative meaning. Psychological

Reports, 1959, 5, 319-320.

Ulan, A.R. Identification: The acquisition of evaluative connotations. Journal

of Personality and Soda PSYCholOgV, 1969, 121 328-332.

Zanna, M.P., Kiesler, C.A. & Pilkonis, P.A. Positive and negative attitudinal

affect established by classical conditioning, journal of Personality, and

Social Paychokogv, 1970, 1AL, 321-328.

9

ADDENDUM

Das, J.P. & Mitre, A.R. Persistence of acquired meaning in semantic conditioning.

Psychonomic Science, 1965, 3, 8344.

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DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA . R & D5, ,,,,t,, , /,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, of iille, body of nbairoir t and indexing onnofellun niii.t lie aniseed wh'n ilia overall repute Is (1.,,..olieci)

1 ONIGiN A ZING C II VI T (e.trwrii1e. author)

Dr. Arthur W. StaatsDepartment of Psychology, University of Hawaii

20. 44F-PORT SCCIJN. T e CL ASST cc< X11011

Unclassified

21, GNOul1

I 'IMPORT TIT1 1'Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses (Meaning, Attitudes, Values, Interests

and Effects on Social Behavior: A Bibliography

4 OESC RIP I 1VE NOTES (Typo 4/1 repot! and Inclusive dates)

5 AU THORIS) (First name, middle Initial, last name)

Arthur W. Staats and Carl G. Carlson

5. REPORT DATEApril 1970

75. TOTAlt NO. OF PAGES12

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Technical Report Number 5

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Psychological Sciences Division, Office ofNaval Research, Washington, D.C. 20360

development of the hypothesis that emotion-meaning, attitudes, values and so on

can be classically conditioned to words.the words that are contiguously paired with

response. Moreover, once a Word comes toto condition emotionality to any other

this analysis, Staats formulated a long-teinvestigate oth first-order classical con-b

higher-order conditioning of responses toby Staats and his associates that showedto words and that many words in our lang-conditioned to other stimuli. This line

of other investigators, and it has beenhas also developed the learning theor

study. The theory and the various studiessignificant aspects of human behavior.experimental studies and theoreticalinto social interaction and attraction

Studies not involving classical condition -U.u..... %

13. ABSTRACT in 1955 btaats began experimentsal responses--or evaluative responses, evaluativeconstitute an important type of response thatany stimuli elicit emotional responses andhose stimuli also come to elicit an emotional

elicit an emotional response the word can servestimulus with which it is paired. FollowingcaTdect that included a series of studies toditioning of emotional responses as well aswords. A number of experiments were conductedthat emotional responses could be conditioneduage elicit emotional responses that could beHof research has been elaborated by a numbercriticized and supported by other studies. Staatsinvolved and extended it to various areas ofconstitute a framework within which to considerThe present, bibliography thus lists the variousanalyses to April 1970. (Additional extensionshave been made by Byrne and Lott and Lott.dss, MATITM1MIP.412.10 {.ova IRIA0 bean 4^1AmA le...A4.1A.MUilAUGSS

DD ,TT ,5147:3 (PAGE 1)

S/N 0101.807.6801 Security Classification

Security Classification14

ATV WORDSLINK A LINK ,B LINK C

ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT

A-R-D theory

attitude rating

attitudes

classical conditioning

emotional response

evaluative meaning

human learning and conditioning

interpersonal attraction

pleasant-unpleasant scale

reinforcing stimuli

reinforcing value

semantic component

social interaction

social learning

. .

-..........

D1.1FORM 1 AVM. Nov (BACK)

(PAGE 2) Security Cis sltleation