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2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Read Chapter 18.2-18.4 Watch bozeman science video “timing and coordination” Draw 6 boxes on your paper

2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

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Page 1: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

2.E.1 timing and coordination

Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development

of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.

Read Chapter 18.2-18.4Watch bozeman science video

“timing and coordination”

Draw 6 boxes on your paper

Page 2: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

The determination of different cell types (cell fates) precedes differentiation and involves the expression of genes for tissue-specific proteins.

Tissue-specific proteins enable differentiated cells to carry out specific tasks.

Page 3: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Cell differentiation follows determination as the cell continues on a specific

developmental path. Differentiation results in cell types such as nerve cells, blood cells,

and muscle cells.http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap11/Chapter_11.html

Page 4: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

A single-celled zygote can develop into a multicellular adult organism that contains

hundreds of different cell types.

Page 5: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Totipotent cells are stem cells that can form all the cell types in a body, plus

placental cells. Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after

fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.

Page 6: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Pluripotent cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body; embryonic stem cells are considered

pluripotent.

Page 7: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

The transformation from a zygote into an organism results from three

interrelated processes:

• Cell division: the zygote gives rise to a large number of cells through a succession of mitotic cell divisions

• Cell differentiation: cells become specialized in structure and function

• Morphogenesis: the processes that give shape to the organism and its various parts

Page 8: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Box #1

• Compare cell differentiation and cell division.

Page 9: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Genomic Equivalence: Nearly all the cells of an organism have the same genome. Cells differentiate through differential gene

expression.

Page 10: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Observable cell differentiation results from the expression of genes for

tissue-specific proteins.Hierarchy of Gene Activity in Early Drosophila Development

Maternal effect genes (egg-polarity genes)

Gap genes

Pair-rule genes

Segment polarity genes

Homeotic genes of the embryo

Other genes of the embryo

Segmentation genesof the embryo

Page 11: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are
Page 12: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Box #2

• Describe the function of tissue specific proteins.

Page 13: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Regulation of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression.

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow

of genetic information from DNA to mRNA.

Page 14: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Cell signaling helps direct daughter cells down the appropriate pathways, a process called induction. Cells induce neighboring

cells to differentiate.

4

Anterior

EMBRYO

Posterior

ReceptorSignalprotein

Signal

Anteriordaughtercell of 3

Posteriordaughtercell of 3

Will go on toform muscle and gonads

Will go on toform adultintestine

12

43

3

Page 15: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

During induction, signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells.

Early embryo(32 cells)

NUCLEUSSignaltransductionpathway

Signalreceptor

Signalmolecule(inducer)

Page 16: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

An inducing signal produced by one cell in the embryo can initiate a chain of

inductions that results in the formation of a particular organ.

Page 17: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Homeotic genes are involved in developmental patterns and sequences.

Page 18: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Box #3

• Describe how induction can lead to the development of an organism.

Page 19: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Hox genes are a group of related homeotic genes that control

the body plan of the embryo.

Page 20: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Pattern formation in animals and plants results from similar genetic and cellular mechanisms.

Pattern formation is the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs.

• Occurs continually in plants• Is mostly limited to embryos and juveniles in

animals

Page 21: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

An identical or very similar nucleotide

sequence has been discovered in the homeotic genes of both

vertebrates and invertebrates.

Adultfruit fly

Fruit fly embryo(10 hours)

Flychromosome

Mouse chromosomes

Mouse embryo(12 days)

Adult mouse

Page 22: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are
Page 23: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are
Page 24: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are
Page 25: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Embryonic induction in development results in the correct timing of events.

Page 26: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are
Page 27: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Box # 4

• Describe the function of homeotic genes

Page 28: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Temperature and the availability of water determine seed germination in

most plants.

Page 29: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Genetic mutations can result in abnormal development.

Snake with one limb.

Page 30: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Box # 5

• Describe environmental and mutations effect on development

Page 31: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene expression and normal development.

Page 32: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

In nuclear transplantation, the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced

with the nucleus of a differentiated cell.

Page 33: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Experiments with frog embryos have shown that a transplanted nucleus can often support normal

development of the egg.

Frog embryo Frog egg cell Frog tadpole

Less differ-entiated cell

Donornucleustrans-planted

Enucleatedegg cell

Fully differ-entiated(intestinal) cell

Donornucleustrans-planted

Most developinto tadpoles

<2% developinto tadpoles

Page 34: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

In 1997, Scottish researchers cloned a lamb from an adult sheep by nuclear

transplantation.

Dolly the Sheep

Page 35: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Reproductive Cloning

Page 36: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

“Copy Cat” was the first cat ever cloned.

Page 37: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

In most nuclear transplantation studies, few cloned embryos develop normally.

Page 38: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Genetic regulation by microRNAs plays an important role in the development of organisms and the control of cellular

functions.

Page 39: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

MicroRNA (miRNA) are a small, non-coding RNA molecules that function in post-

transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They generally bind to their target mRNAs and repress protein synthesis by destabilizing the

mRNA.

Page 40: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a role in the normal development and differentiation.

Cell signaling is involved in programmed cell death.

Page 41: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Example: Morphogenesis of fingers and toes

Apoptosis plays a critical role in the sculpting of digits in vertebrate limbs. The death of the cells that would otherwise form inter digital webbing ‐enables individual fingers and toes to be formed.

Page 42: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Example: Development in the nematode C. elegans

Zygote

Nervoussystem,outerskin, mus-culature

Musculature,gonads

Outer skin,nervous system

Germ line(futuregametes)

Musculature

First cell division

Tim

e aft

er fe

rtiliz

ation

(hou

rs)

0

10 Hatching

Intestine

Intestine

Eggs Vulva

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR1.2 mm

As early as the four-cell stage in C. elegans, cell signaling helps direct daughter cells down the appropriate pathways. Induction is also critical later in nematode development as the embryo passes through three larval stages prior to becoming an adult. A protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane serves as a master regulator of apoptosis .

Page 43: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Example: Flower development

Floral meristems contain three cell types that affect flower

development.

Carpel

Petal

Stamen

Sepal

Floral meristem Tomato flower

Celllayers

L1L2L3

Page 44: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Box #6

• How does apoptosis aid in development?

Page 45: 2.E.1 timing and coordination Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are

Learning Objectives:LO 2.31 The student can connect concepts in and across domains to show that

timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for normal development in an organism and that these events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 The student is able to use a graph or diagram to analyze situations or solve problems (quantitatively or qualitatively) that involve timing and coordination of events necessary for normal development in an organism. [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 The student is able to justify scientific claims with scientific evidence to show that timing and coordination of several events are necessary for normal development in an organism and that these events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 The student is able to describe the role of programmed cell death in development and differentiation, the reuse of molecules, and the maintenance of dynamic homeostasis. [See SP 7.1]


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