2.c. Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potential - MHP for Rural Development - Iman Permana

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Iman Permana

Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potentialof Micro Hydro Power (MHP)

MHP for Rural Development

the Training Programme on Renewable Energy :

Micro Hydro Power for Rural Development in ASEAN Region

Bandung, 18

25 June, 2012


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Appropriate technology

From www.wikipedia.org

Appropriate technology is technology that is mostappropriate to the environment and culture it isintended to support. It is suitable for use in developingnations or underdeveloped rural areas of industrializednations, which may lack the money and specialisedexpertise to operate and maintain high technology. Inpractice, it is often something that might be describedas using the simplest and most benign level of

technology that can effectively achieve the intendedpurpose in a particular location.


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Increasing relevance for ruralelectrification

Micro-hydro power hasbeen increasingly used asan alternative energysource, especially inremote and rural areas where other power sourcesare not viable.

Small-scale hydropower systems can be installed atsmall rivers or streams withlittle or no discernibleenvironmental effect onmatters such asfish migration. Most small--scale hydropower systemsmake no use of a dam or seasonal storage systembut are implemented asrun-of-the- river hydropower plants.


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Rural electrification

In poor areas of the world, many remotecommunities still do not have access toelectricity . Micro hydropower allows suchcommunities to generate their own electricity.Many international organisations andgovernments support this form of developmentby project financing, support, favourable policyand technology transfer.


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Advantages compared to conventionalenergy

Small-scale hydropower features many advantages compared to conventional energy sources.Small-scale hydropower

uses a renewable source of energy, i.e., water in the catchment areais not depleted but continuously replaced thanks to the hydrologicalcycle;relies on a non-polluting, indigenous source of energy;can replace petroleum-based generating systems, which rely onimported fuels;is a well-proven technology, well beyond the research and

development stage andthanks to the small size of these schemes, their impact on theenvironment (river ecology etc.) can be kept at a very low level.


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Disadvantages

Nevertheless also a number of disadvantages haveto be considered when comparing MHP to other energy sources.Small-scale hydropower

is associated with high capital (investment) costs;requires a considerable amount of specialist know-how which is notalways locally available; note, that MHP is not simply a scaled-downversion of full-scale hydropower but uses unique design andconstruction techniques;MHP schemes require a simple but continuous effort for operationand maintenance which rural communities are not always prepared toprovide (lack of organisational capacities, lack of cash: issues whichhave to be considered carefully during planning).


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Advantaged compared to other renewables

Even compared to other renewable energy sources suchas wind, wave and solar power, there are a number of key advantages:

high efficiency of 70 - 90%, which is substantially better than any other energy technology

high capacity factor of typically above 50%, (usually 10% for PV and30% for wind) and therefore reliable in captive micro-gridshigh level of predictability, varying with annual rainfall patternsslow rate of change, the source from which power is generated variesonly gradually from day to day (not from minute to minute)

good correlation with demand over the day and over the year i.e.output constant also at nightproven, long-lasting and robust technology; systems can last for 50years or more and can relatively easy be handled on village-level


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Peoples participation

Because of the small size theprojects allow the involvementof local villagers in the fullrange of activities, startingduring the implementation upto the operation, maintenanceand management; anadvantage which can usuallynot be associated tolarge hydro developments.The involvement duringimplementation can reduceimplementation cost and addslocal (sweat) equity to theproject, which increases alsooften the level of commitmenttowards the project.


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Widespread potential

Due to the small size of the plants suitablelocations are widely spread (compared to largescale hydropower). In most cases a suitablelocation is found in the vicinity of a village.The decentralisedelectrification approachalso leads to reduced

costs for transmission lines.


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Local manufacture

Simple but sophisticated turbine designs andfabrication technique encourage localmanufacture .considerably cheaper then imported equipment.service, know-how and spare parts availablelocally.


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Flexible design approaches for civil works

A wide range of designs and materials ispossible for the civil works (compared to heavyconcrete and steel structures used in largehydro).


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Minimum adverse impacts

Concerns on social or environmentalimpacts are rarely raised. Compared to largehydro projects, particularely if they incorporatelarge dams, small hydro

- relocation and resettlement of local people israrely required

- environmental impacts are minimised

- fish population is usually not decreased- arable land is usually not flooded


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Operator and Management Training of MHP

o Development of training modules

o Operator Training

during constructionand commissioningo Management

training of financeand administrationmanagement

Expected Outcome : Operator dan Manager are more skilled


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supplying electric power to the social needs

o Increased awarenessof the importance of providing electricity for social infrastructure

o Provision of counselingabout the importancegiven reasonable tariff to be paid any socialfacilities (not free!)

Expected Outcome: Social Infrastructure has access to electrictity/energy


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Productive End Uses

o Production anddissemination of variousmedia (posters, video)about the importance of electricity used duringthe day to trigger thedevelopment of smallbusinesses in the village(see video)

o Assessment of potentialutilization of productive

o Market penetration for rural businesses

Expected Outcomes: trigerring local economic development


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Learned Lessons

MHP development for rural electrification can be donecommercially reasonable if the applied tariffs and thecalculation period > 15 years.To ensure the sustainability of a MHP, collecting public

funds should be sufficient to fund all operational,maintenance and reinvestment costs (this is oftenignored). It is a good business plan should be drawnfrom the initial project.There are ability and willingness to pay a reasonableand fair tarrif in Indonesia, however, this is often notaddressed properly by project executor so that there isa wrong policy by the public.


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Summary

Summarising it can be said that small-scale hydropower isone of the most cost-effective and reliable energytechnologies to be considered for providing clean electricitygeneration at the rural area, and as entry point for community development


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Thank you

Documents

2.c. Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potential - MHP for Rural Development - Iman Permana