2_Basic CBL Theory

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Cement Bond Evaluation

CBL Theory


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Cementing


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Objectives of Primary ementing

Principle Function

OilZone

Water Zone

Cement

Shear Bond

Mechanical Support

Hydraulic BondIsolationShale

Zone

Casing

GasZone


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Hydraulic Bond

OilZone

Water Zone

Cement Preents

Mi!ing o" reseroir#uids

Fluids escaping to

sur"ace

Cross #o$ o" #uids%et$een &ones'

Casing Corrosion

Casing

Zonal Isolation


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Shear Bond

%

Mechanical Support

Considerations

Hydrostatic Pressure

Formation Pressure

Casing Weight

Completion Pressure

Cementing

Production (nhancement

Formation Fluids

H)S


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WHAT ARE TYPICAL CAUSES

A POOR CEMENT JOB?

WASHOUTS

POOR CEMENT FLUID DESIGN

CASING DECENTRALIZATION

POOR MUDCAKE REMOVAL

GAS INFLUX

WATER INFLUX

POOR MUD PROPERTIES


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Acoustic Tools


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Standard ement Bond Tools

Ceme! Bo" Lo# $D%&' Re(e)*er+, GO -./01 S!&"&r"

, GO -./01 Mo"%'&r

, Pro2e /.301 4 5 556571

, CSS, Te8(o

Se#me!e" Bo" Lo# $RCBL+

, CSS

, Te8(o, Pro2e


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Advanced ement Bond Tools

M%'!)9Tr&:"%(er U'!r&:o)(

, E)#h! S!&!)o&ry Tr&:"%(er:, A;)m%!h&' Ceme!9!o9P)


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Sound to Signal

Magnetostriti!e trans"#er

A $ig$ #rrent is %asse" t$ro#g$ a oil s#rro#n"ing a &agneti &aterial

intro"#ing a strain an" a#ses a ti'ing so#n" (Jo#le e))et*

L + L

Piezoelectric transducer

Polari&ed ceramic crystals in the sonde produce oltage $hene!posed to strain *+illari e,ect-

strain

oltage.nstrained crystal


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Piezoelectric Transmitter

Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc


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Standard Piezoelectric eceiver



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adial Piezoelectric eceiver!



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Princi"le Of O"eration

Too' h&: & !r&:"%(er$P)e;oe'e(!r)(6Me!o:!r)(!)*e+ @h)(h &(!: ')8e &

Tr&:m)!!er. Tr&:m)!!er (o*er!: e'e(!r)(&' eer#y) !o me(h&)(&' $So%"+


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B# Theory

Sound $aes emitted %y the

transmitter are re"racted along thecasing/ out in to the cement and"ormation and return to thereceiers on the %ond tool'


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CB# Theory

Me(h&)(&' Pro


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$m"ortant Sonic %aves &or ement

Evaluation

Three


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om"ressional %aves

Com ro(8 &" )!:

!hereore> !he )r:! !o &rr)*e &! &y re(e)*er. For !h):re&:o !hey &re o!e reerre" !o &: P,Wa!es$primary+. Com


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om"ressional %ave P'%aves

The o'y me(h&):m o &(o%:!)( eer#y !r&:


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Schematic of molecular

deformation caused by a

com"ressional (ave!


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Shear %aves

L)8e (om


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D)re(!)o O

Pro


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Schematic of molecular deformation caused by a

shear (ave

This (ave also undergoes a reflection and refraction"rocess li)e com"ressional (aves and e*"eriences

critical angle of refraction


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Stonely %aves

S!oe'y @&*e: &re #eer&!e" &'o# !he 2oreho'e @&'' 2y !he

'e=)# o !he @&'' (&%:e" 2y )!er&(!)o o !he orm&!)o &"

!he 2oreho'e '%)".

I (o:o')"&!e" orm&!)o:> !h): )m


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Stonely %ave Pro"agation

C&:)#6Boreho'e ")&me!er e=


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CB# Theory

A(o%:!)( Pro


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Acoustic Pro"agation

Pro


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Acoustic Pro"agation

Whe !he )()"e! '%)" &" !he *e'o()!y o !he(om


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Pressure (aves are refracted and reflected

according to Snell+s #a(,

Snell-s la( mathematically defines the relationshi"

bet(een angles of incidence and refraction for a (aveim"inging on an interface bet(een t(o media (ith

different indices of refraction!

v1/sin1 = v2/sin2

V1 and V2 are compressionalwave speeds in mediums 1 and21 and 2 are the incident andrefracted angles


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Snell+s #a(

Rer&(!)o ): "e)e" &: !he (he o ")re(!)o o &r&y o ')#h!> :o%"> he&!> or !he ')8e> ) he&!> :o%">

e!(.> &!er :!r)8)# & :%r&(e.


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Water

Steel

Cement

Sound

Z0

Z)

0' I" Z01Z) is high 223 lo$

transmittance

)' I" Z01Z) is lo$ 223 high

transmittance

4coustic impedance *Z- de5ned

as6

Z 2 '

6 density o" material

+6 elocity o" sound on that

material

Propagation Acoustic Energy

7he amount o" soundtransmitted %et$een t$o

di,erent materials depends ontheir acoustic impedance

di,erence'This presumes thatthe materials arecoupled


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.elocity

To "e!erm)e !he *e'o()!y o &y &(o%:!)( @&*e> !h&! @&*em%:! 2e "e!e(!e" 2y &! 'e&:! !@o re(e)*er:. The !)me e'& &" *)(e*er:&.

The )irst arri!alo &y &(o%:!)( @&*e ): !he e&r')e:! !)me &!@h)(h )! ): "e!e(!e" &! & re(e)*er. E&(h @&*e !y e&(h @&*e !y


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7 Casing 2 89sec1"t7 Cement 2 98 sec1"t7 Formation : 0;; sec1"t7 Fluid : 0


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TRANSIT TIMES FOR

IFFERENT MATERIA!S


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CB# Theory

P)


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According to Snell+s #a( at some incident angle com"ressional

energy is critically refractedalong the borehole (all and at a

very shallo( de"th (ithin the formation! Because this "ath

re"resents the "ath of minimum travel time bet(eentransmitter and receiver/ the first com"ressional (ave to

arrive at any receiver is one that has been critically refracted!


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Pi"e Bond

Ceme! E*&'%&!)o )r:! 2e#): @)!h e*&'%&!)# !he (o")!)o

o !he (eme! 2o" !o !he (&:)#.

The :o%" @&*e: !r&*e')# !hro%#h !he ")ere!


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Pi"e Am"litude Signal

A(o%:!)( S)#&'

7imes

4mplitude

7;

> 7; 6 Firing Pulse

?>>> @esulting Sound>>?

> @esulting Sound $ae 6 as recorded atthe @eceiers


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Basic CBA Principle

Similar to a

@inging Bell

When Fluid is %ehind

Casing/ pipe is "ree to

i%rate' loud sound

When the casing is

%onded to hard cement/

casing i%rations are

attenuated proportionally

to the %onded sur"ace"ood"ood

#ond#ond

"ood"ood

#ond#ond

NoNo

$e%ent$e%ent

NoNo

$e%ent$e%ent


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Attenuation

De))!)o The


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Pi"e Am"litude

Pi%e A&%lit#"e .e)inition

A&%lit#"e o) /irst Arri!al in &0

Meas#re" at 1 )t Reei!er

It is a )#ntion o) t$e Casing,

Ce&ent Bon"D "t

7!

@D

@8

Tra&el Ti%e e'nition

Ti%e elapsed fro% T(to 'rstarri&al )a*o&e threshold le&el+

T T is used as !og ,uality $ontrol

Indicator-


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Pi"e Signal

HIGH :)#&' :!re#!h S)#&' ): o! &!!e%&!e" )!o !he

(eme! &" orm&!)o.

AOW signal strength 23 attenuated energy cement is

present

"ood"ood#ond#ond"ood"ood#ond#ond

NoNo$e%ent$e%ent

NoNo$e%ent$e%ent


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Pi"e Am"litude

The 'o# *&'%e or P)


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CB# Theory

Form&!)o Bo"


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0$COSE$S0O1A0

D F7

8 F77IM( 4EIS

$e%entsheath

FORMATION

7O S(( ((P I 7H( FO@M47IO

[email protected] 7H( C(M(7 W( ((4O7H(@ @(C(I+(@ WHICH ISSP4C( 47 4 G@(47(@ IS74C(F@OM 7H( 7@4SMI77(@'


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0icro'Seismogram

M)(ro9Se):mo#r&m $MSG+, The To!&' Eer# "):


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0S1 Algorythm Princi"le

7otal (nergy isplay *E>-

Cut to remoe negatiepeas

@otated =; egrees

Compared to grey scale

Positie peas areshaded %lac

egatie peas areshaded $hite

+ie$ed "rom top do$n'

0icroseismogram


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0icroseismogramMS67 MiroSeis&o6ra&

8 )t Reei!er )or MS6

Analysis

Allo-s easy "i))erentiation

9et-een asing an"

)or&ation arri!als

8 "t

7!

@D

@8


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0icro Seismo1ram

MSG GENERATION A9A.
http://msg%20presentation%20a-a.ppt/#Cement%20Bond%20Evaluationhttp://msg%20presentation%20a-a.ppt/#Cement%20Bond%20Evaluationhttp://msg%20presentation%20a-a.ppt/#Cement%20Bond%20Evaluation


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The blac)ness of the 0S1 increases (ith the am"litude of

the signal

2 &oot Total Energy 3is"lay 45 6 Plot7


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2 &oot Total Energy 3is"lay 45'6 Plot7

2 &oot Total Energy 3is"lay 40S17


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gy " y 4 7

Documents

2_Basic CBL Theory