11
!! !"#$! !"#$%&’()*+,-./0"" 12345 !"#$%&"’( 6 !&)*+’%&"’( " 7 8 !, # !",9:#-. -., ;</0"" =5>?"@A?"# 5BCDEF" GH,! "I5>?"" JK!LM?$ NO?$ /P?@QLM?#RA?"STBUV/P?@ )LM?#A? -., ,!"W/XYZ[\]^" !"_]T‘a#H/0"b:" #c def,/0gh" ib:" j5kl=m,nopq!rs$ tu$ /v$ /wx# y!& T/z" /{|H}~ .-/ $ tu$ rs$ 01- rs$ -.2rs$ 234 N !",$ $ -5 ! 6Nx#" !"| ,275 % F’(& q" ’(’(9 ¡,¢[#$%&H£¤¥¦z§’($ ¨©ª@«¬2 ! 7 ©ª,-®¯°!"±E" ²³$%&,´µ¥¦¶·@‘ a¸H¹yº·b»¼½!",¸[#¾¿À,EÁ" ÂÃ’(¸[,ÄÂÅ!"" RÆ!"_ÇEBÈÈI,ÉT¢[# !"%&! ÊË!",ÌÍÎE$ !",=Ï$ !",пÀ$ !",ÑÒx" [ÓBÔ!", " ÕÖ×Ñ!",FØÙ# !"# ! ’()*+ !"#"# ! ,’(-./) $%& 01*+ !"# .-/ $%&’!"#()# ()*+ .-/ ,-#./01 5&89+):;< $ 5=&) 0 $ 5&89+)0 $ 5&89+)>6: $ 5&89+)>;? $ 5&89+)>;@ $ 5&89+)A<: $ 5&89+);B> $ -0.>C? $ 5&89+) D $ 5&89+)@><2 5&89+)@:@3" 45678#()09:;!"# .-/ 78# <=" ">?@# .-/ ABCD!"" EFGH!I"" J46 .-/ ’K#()H!"# !"#"’ ! ,2345678*+ EFG% .*#EF+) & L/M()#DN" L()#OP" ()#QR(%STBEFG# EFGAC ! >FUMVWGM" XYZ[ .-/ $ C\$ ]6^_‘ab=c3cd#

Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    5

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

!!!

!!!"#$!!"#$%&’()*+,-./0""12345 !"#$%&"’(6 !&)*+’%&"’("7

8 !,#

!",9:#-.-.,;</0""=5>?"@A?"#5BCDEF"GH,!"I5>?""JK!LM?$NO?$/P?@QLM?#RA?"STBUV/P?@)LM?#A?-.,,!"W/XYZ[\]^"!"_]T‘a#H/0"b:"#cdef,/0gh"ib:"j5kl=m,nopq!rs$tu$/v$/wx#y!&T/z"/{|H}~��.-/$���tu$��rs$01-rs$-.2rs$234N���!"��,��$��$-5!6N�x#��"!"|��,275%�F����’(&����q"�����’(����’(9 ¡�,¢[#$%&H£¤¥¦z§’(��$

�¨©ª@«¬2!7©ª,�­®¯°��!"�±E"²³$%&,´µ¥¦¶·@‘a¸H¹yº·b»¼½!",¸[#�¾¿À,EÁ"ÂÃ’(¸[,��ÄÂÅ!""

RÆ!"_ÇEBÈ�ÈI,ÉT¢[#

!"%&!

��ÊË!",ÌÍÎE$!",=Ï$!",пÀ$!",ÑÒx"[ÓBÔ!",�F¤�"ÕÖ×Ñ!",�FØÙ#

!"#!’()*+

!"#"#!,’(-./)$%&01*+

!"#.-/$%&’!"#()#()*+.-/,-#./015&89+):;<$5=&)0$5&89+)0$5&89+)>6:$5&89+)>;?$5&89+)>;@$5&89+)A<:$5&89+);B>$-0.>C?$5&89+)D$5&89+)@><25&89+)@:@3"45678#()09:;!"#.-/78#

<="">?@#.-/ABCD!""EFGH!I""J46.-/’K#()H!"#

!"#"’!,2345678*+

EFG%.*#EF+)&L/M()#DN"L()#OP"()#QR(%STBEFG#

EFGAC!>FUMVWGM"XYZ[.-/$C\$]6^_‘ab=c3cd#

Page 2: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

!(!!!

ef()EFG#gh(%i2$)+=$0!3$$G2320%jk&$G20%lm&$525%no&$

0=#%pq&$0D#3#rs.-/#./"EFG01!"8t#

#"678)9/

EFG#uvLw,2752xuyo#z{|"*}~#����2}�"��()1

.-/$C\�$���3������$��#��2����"1]6234,-\�cd�b��=�cd����$��# ,,-#>¡()R!R¢£¤¥8#.-/$C\�b¥8#¦§\�cd"̈ ©ª(%STBEFG#��«R#

%C&¢£]678#.-/rs.-/¬a­®"EFG¯°R¢£H5,%±²^_&³´091C::!IJ$6<<!IJ$

6AA!IJ$:<<!IJ$><<!IJ$B::!IJb?<<!IJ#.-/"µEFGH¶.-/#,-��µI¯09¢£5&89+)?$5=&)=’5=&)0$5&89+):;<$5&89+)0$5&89+)>6:$5&89+)>;?$

5&89+)>;@$5&89+)A<:$5&89+);B>$-0.>C?$5&89+)D$5&89+)@><25&89+)@:@378#%6&¢£!"782��#C\rs()c·$%"EFG¸¹R¢£º»��¼½$%#C\782¾u³´"�¿

C\*78�01 H-!3K0!$4373K0!$53K0! �b��¦§# 33K53K0!$

G.!3K0!2K3K0!C\"*C\¾u³´�0-.AA$-.C<<2-.C::3]6��#

2$)+=À¬##?6<EFG¢£-.><<$-.A<<Á-.?<<#K3K0!#%:&¢£I¯#¦§��,-*+:3��ÂÃ�#%Ä"̄ R¢£01-CL<%01-6M&$01-6L<%01->M&$01-:L<

%01-?M&Å6��#01-^_��"��1Æǧ#��ÂÃ���¦È61,’F#ÉsÊËÌÍ#

%>&¢£¥84234cd¯R¢£/=)’"3!0::’AA’C<<’C::,-#ÎÏ2��Ð$Ñ\�cd#%B&¢£]6¥82’7cd,-¢£�vÒ�^_%/5,&$2444C:@>$Ó=ÊË%CK&�bÊo#ÔÕ$Ò-%5+’#"=

-&’)&2Ö-%-"’"==+=-&’)&#%A&¢£��×ØQRrsEFG#7828t"�¢£º»yo# 0.-2RÙZ[$3!2yoÎ�Úz$

.-/2C\¼ÛÜÝ��$¢£0!K20.!@;��3]6QR#

’"678:1;<

Þ±EFGß/78àáª�01Êo#(â$ãä8)2¥8#(¿Nz{8)å6#�¿â$ãä8æL�2$)+=>:<DM22$)+=>><,Myç1èé#êF8EFG*¿Nz{8ëL�2$)+=##?C<1èé"�1!.I%1’"E*#8FN !+O&’P.&$)’&==+’IQ%"��$C\z{¿N&$2.I%2’7.&$)’&==+’IQ%"2’7z{¿N&2HRI%H#’OS"’+IQ%"ì�¿N&:¡EF1ß/#EFG#

%C&â$ãä8EFGÊo#â$ãä8EFG>íAå¡EFGM#�¿>FXY¢£2Z[.-/$C\

Page 3: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

!)!!!

2��yoî�*<>FXY¢£234cd$]6¦§Ò$Ö�,-bRÙZ[3�0#åFEFïð#ñòëA-.2^_ó�#ô¼#EFGæõäöÁ÷Ì>ø"ùº»yo¿]úû�#î�2cd ,üý�Mþÿ#

%6&¿Nz{!EFG

2$)+=">><,Mï#À$%&Êo#â$ãä./"µ’()*¿Nz{8EFG#?C<"46./#EFGJâ$ãäEFGïð#¤+,9"L¿Nz{8EFG¿ÅFUMVWïð# ,%ñò�-&".vÉsÌÍ16AA!%’F%/-.2^_¦0>1&#¥82v¦§^_"EFGïð3v462v¦§^_4�És�ñ"Â5w[6ª/3v-.2^_%ÌÍ1C::!,’F&4� ,#Êoâ$ãäEFG#��§´%Ç78#µ9 ,w2.Iª#]6cdÁî�$%J.-/:;És¼"��!<-.2^_µ=,��C�2v¦§^_4�"4æL�~>1(¿Nz{8)EFG#?A#

¿Nz{8EFG¿ 1!.I 22.I @¡#0¾JÊoâ$ãä8A9!+"�¿

1!.IB5XY¢£2Z[.-/$C\�b��ÂÃz{VW%7CÊo#ãäEF&"

2.IXY¢£-.2^_$234cd�b]6¦§2Êo#2’7,-2º»yoRÙz{3%7CÊo#âäEF&#DBHRIëL>FEF()2#;B6ÂÃ�,275$G»É¬eî3VWwC#H;EF"�¿#ÇIK7!#JK¯w>!,�ª#

!"#"!!,’(:1*+

()ef¼�LM¸¹NO�P}~#��ß/��"�QR()w¨©��¼#SJ«2T;«"ß/��T~0()#UV2ß/78"wvW¨©G�ÁXY¼"!"ß/#()Z»[}\2[CVÙ#��}\%ÄHi½!"#

()ß/��(%010DM$,"%P0D$,DM2TUM378#(]ß/L0DM"̂_#,"%P0Dß/‘abcv"diú9vWwZ�eý#0D8»[XY¼fcv#DBTUMß/#()"ghªiijk#"ABl#ß/mn×Ø"��cvÿopm#»["½�>íqvBr=st»#

#"*+’(

0DL>6()UV+m2ß/#}�"¶0D()’_¯vw2,!-.’0D»ªµ7?"‘M1>6¾P��#0D()UV1:68OV:<8O%uVÍ&"�vÏwx½yz1ª{#0D��UV#()|w‘<}~#

,"%P0D1��UV#0D()"/0D()m¶µ7?#a8e�»#>ÿ�()’_3vô()ß/#,"%P0D%!#$#80D&()L�¤^#0D()"�ý#"l#+m16ALB8OV668O%uVÍ&"/0D()�u"µÍ�++�B0D()#,"%P0D()cv0DÁ0DMVÙ#

ô=�i>�ª�()#��ß/"�:’>,"%P0DUV%6ALB8OV668O&#()ß/"3v;ú2’7‘a�#

’"*+,’(

0DM%0D+W)+’$"="‘a#0D()}�&L2$)+=��’�Ö7��+()g��¯

Page 4: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-.!!!

#()ß/}�"��:LC½Ã#��0DM()1C@8OV:<LB8O%uVÍ&"cv0DMVÙ"�;0DM��#()ªUM0Lv#QREF22’7²-#0DM()��;ú2’7�%Cú���&"$%’;2�#0DM»["lL��3v#()ß/#0DM()#��ß/i !#8’&0DM()ß/"�m)#!#8’&0DM()��>ú2’7�"AB0Dß/#()i�8��"�()��Í���$()ª.-/2C\# ¡!;[$ÔÎÏz{îbÔÎÏ¢.ii×~# ¡"½�0DM()¢Z0D2,"%P0D()#��£0.4!()=�w,"%P0D#प¥¦0@<X$.-/JC\w� ¡Æ§;[$̈ �0ÔÎÏÕ©î,- ¡#

�:LC!0DM()

ª0Z0D$,"%P0D()«¬ª#.4"0DM»[�i5­û�#�¥#%C&SJ«J�‘®«

0DM()¯�R°o>00D$,"%P0D20DM#��± ¡"dw0DM()±²2³�§0Bú¥±%�¿>ú�´&"Sµ0,"%P0D()ª³²#åú±2¶*0DM()=#w±"�µQ£0SJ#

1¤+·�°Q£c·ª#O¸«"w 0DM»[#~>0>¡5D0.Y2’7A%¦

>>LBOO"ÍCB?OO&12’7cd¹º»ð"°A¼J()i:L?OO#»½"Ö�¾»[#��:ú¿]º*:BLCOO#ÀÁA#

0DM}�Z()ªÂ�#¦�£0}~"Zzà¡£0.©"ZÄ�³ªÅVÙ¹º»ð2³|Åթ»ðH£0}~#

()wef¼ª0NO0DM3Æ[ß/��="�ÇÝÀ$*-.@@)È��c·,-wx#-.@@L�2$)+=2ºÔå��1’#2D%ñò��&cdefgh�"ZÔ$Î�’¡2,-��}\3{~#)È��"�¿Zº»yoc¡%EF()J23422’7c¡&ïð# ,wx3v!"#ÉÊ4�Ë9#

Page 5: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-#!!!

%6&ÌÍ#VÙZ[

0DM)wVÙÀÎÎϼB5��BG$C<<O0#ÐV]"�Ñ£º»C�>m�0VW#¾u"4¡VW#QRï>æLÒÓ]6À»ÔÕ"Ö� !&(+O×Øñt$ÙzÀ»ñt3#Ú,Û�4�À»ñt#"læ�VÙ¬*ÀÜñt"VÙæÝÞßÀ"cþ�º»À$¾u#4ú×à��á�¨|º»#Ô�À’λ2âÊãRQR"Hcº»wä�Û¬Êá$̄ åVæ$qRz{hV3�¿Æ,稩¯v#èé#

!"/+,’(:1

Gê5+’#"=0D02-.24WE’+FF3>ë®ì¸í#¥��#îe">6Þ¥#./×ïï*+++læL,DM%,"="$8+(D+8*$&=&ZP+M)+$(+(&#,DMwc·[ðª20DMñ0IC"dL<�>yç.4"c7°./��Âò�¦yo#óôõRÖö÷øù#

%C&,DMø!Þ±,DMCL<}��iú6}\!rs)8Í�#!"01��,DM$O#8’&,DM$

U&S[E’&\#=+#E#8&,DM2¢Zûüî#4W)+$(+(,DM}�#

"E#8&,DM}�#ô}�d��C!6ú‘a�"3v>ú���"��Cú:LBýV2CúBL6BýVÕ©î�"UV��1?L<ýVVC<LBýV"(%L¯Zçåþÿü#�yo%5HH&fs"ÿoIZpm#

# O#8’&,DM}�#IZ¯B !#8’&0DM}�"��:!>ú‘a� "3v;ú���"����Cú:LBýV2¤8åúBL6BýV#Õ©î�"UV��1C<L>ýVVC<LBýV"HæLIZBù��,DM#u�!"µM#!#8’&,DM(%:vB#$#yo#

$ ��,DM}�#ô}���;ú‘a�"3vC<ú���"����:ú�ª#

:LBýV2:ú�ª#BL6BýVÕ©î�"UV��1C6L?ýVVC<LBýV#

%4W)+$(+(,DM}�#4ú}�(%L¢Zûüî%¼{~#"�w��,DM#à¤ïªSµ0Êo#Ò$Ö-"-5’6ÿ#

&7>�#L"!"UV#,DMø!ïðÖ!’b+}@# ¡.©#AB,DM./(yo¤(%#G�M�)w()#ª�"¶ô*m()#UVd$%+,8-#=.cd‘a���¨|"E#8&,DMæqQº0>�=.cd‘a�"��:L6½Ã#

%6&,DM#óôyoóô@¡L,DMyo�¦óôõR2ö÷øùèé#/%GM�0#,DM}�/¥

c·0yoy[î# ¡".-/ B()#ª�2±�"4ú ¡’;¥#óô@!!0��Zy[î4�óô"óô@¡"¼��S1yo¿¬ôKp+#����#

,DM}��.-/#óôu1þú./#¿N#2$)+=#U10[;;B-’+F8&))y[îæL3v,DMóô@¡",DM./¹·ù22U10[;;B-’+F8&))y[î"¼)�gh"�ì3°y[î#óô$%#’43v,DM./#()Iñ2*|w5\¦6#¦²¾u7yo"G#ÇÝ)��85ékÚ¿+#

%:&,DM#2’79)

,DM9)ª#/5,,-$%61Á:1#̧#9)»ð#Ì+c7,DM()��þ;�8_4��"� R#[H#%?<6LCCW&$8ú:�,-$;<"=DL2$)+=¤>þ;M?

Page 6: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-’!!!

�:L6!,DM()

EF# R#!"W%º@\�ÞAT�&#%>&,DM#VÙ�BwVÙ�B�¿",DMÖii9Á0DM#c·#C¨ª"lD½EÃ#ø)æLcv

20DMI"#VÙ ,"F·,DM#VÙc·!2wôप£+#.�#,DM��¢£0DMC6G$5HMC6G$.HMC6G2UHMC6G#

-"=>’(:1

%C&TUM()

TUM()L>6÷²¿()"��UV1:6LB8OV66LB8O%uVÍ&"cv2v»["3v0DÁ0DMVÙ#l¢£]7ºy[î��"¢£¥#01-,-"¢£¦C\��"��0Æ8#yoYc·2O¸#UMRí#46c·ª#O¸«G�yoc·HǧÝM()#I�"w8É­®|=D!¸IJ>úKL#¶ôTUM()ö÷þú-.yo#Má#

TUM()Aåú�0/M!>�0L«iMNz{EF2àáËO$Ë*²-#à)"<>�0LPi250$-.2$01-3‘®w�#Q§)"�0((#$�#0((#$�ëõÂÃ�>øwwà)#×ز-¿"4ø£��c>�a(¦+)#)�RRJ()é�"!q�c»[�S"µ9TSƧ��!0((#$� B()#z?"��>úÌ~ À)#uw�J() ,*0((#$�ªi-.2$250$01-#‘®w�"�bÔÕ$ÎÏ%234C$2346&,-"

1þú()�V#VÙwxHw0((#$�#±²*�L­®|"0((#$�Lì~w»[ª#"µ()õ>¡Q§�>øw�0((#$�ª#TUM()#U±�1.-/w�"C\w�3(¦)Â�H B()#U²"4øÚ()³²#0((#$�ªw0ÍUV#‘a�¼æ!2J4�(¦)Â�¬e»ðª#VW#

AB()ªUM0]6=�cd#,-VW"�!Xcv,-w�"�µYZ0wH7�ªwÂÃ�$ù�Ìý# _[\"ö÷0_]VÑ^_"�¦0yoUM�2��«"yo«RH¶µ7�0�¦#

Page 7: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-!!!!

TUM()3v#2’7‘®�J()0Á2()‘ _c·%½i$%=,Á ,#cdaw0(([#$�ª&��"c()#XYÜL��$Çb"Æ;>¡TUM()!X$%ùþúº»+Jc¡X/¥d�#

%6&>ÿ�()>ÿ�%0==#$&$+&()ªUM0ù�$ÂÃ�$!&(+O$:�%T2.&386VW">í!

$Xw�æR¾u"PiUM�¦$��«¦$ãe»ð$5\p÷3¨�"0HiÑf!�2XYgh#��"we�st»¿3vp8#

%:&H=+W0DM()

H=+W0DM()L2$)+=i{#()ß/"H=+W0DM()/ !#8’&0DM()mC’:"(%vB7C#!0.#¦�þ;º»"�i>65&8(+):;<./#H=+W0DM()ß/"di

Cú-.2�2Cú0!K�#

!"#"-!,?@*+

#"%0%?@’(

!!-$-QR()LÌi-$-,275#()"��’;-$-xuyo%� R#$(&SF@M’

6<<<&�jkvWl©’¡(»=c"£�(�w�v)#

’"A@%BC&?@’(

>íwÀ»¼iRÙïm%4$+’ZP5)"’&�n"RwvW!cv(»¼l©4O3o2pqrs"wôtð�ö÷.-/b]��#Qu#

!"DEF’(

‘v_()LZ-$-()#4>Ý.4#w46()ª" .-/#78$¾uVw#c¡M‘¹cvv_ÀÎ"aRl©Ë9"d$vÔ��£xþ��#<�yz%K+O"’9&

#.-/w46()ª2��{*e�#

�±#()>íiiª�QR"i#()a’i-$-2ãRQR"0DM()����()z{(»VÙ#�|"4>Ý£�qRÀ»2λ#

!"#"1!,GH’()IJ*+

ef()EFG#gh}5di2$)+=$0!3$$G2320$G20%lm&$525%no&$0=#%pq&$0D#3#0ghªL~#()stiºm%!52&$��%05/5&$��%08&’E&$�à%0&E+$&$��%4-&M&$X�%0%#)&$���%5&=)+9&$��%,2755D0K&$��%]32&3#

!"’!’()8K

!!|wghª#()}5st�8"«¬!""0�àáGML>�#"(%EFâ$ãäEF")�EF%2’7z{EF$¼Û³´¬eî$K023z{EF$:�z{EF$ù�z{

Page 8: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

--!!!

EF$VÙZ[EF$/5,6L<’2444C:@>z{EF&"DN��w�%��.-/#5=&89+)wxÁ5=&)w�$C\w�&"C�‘a�%01-w�$-.2w�$250w�&",-%ÎÏbÐÕ#234Á5.52,-$ÔÕ,-$Ò�-$Ö�-$/5,,-$vÏ,-$��,-&bV�VWî�"��:L:2�:L>½Ã#

�:L:!5=&)()

�:L>!5&89+)>;?()

!"’"#!$%&LMNLO

()ª¤�Þ#,-�L.-/w�"¢Z!"#.-/"46w�|w(%��01

5&89+)w�25=&)w�#

Page 9: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-1!!!

Þ±Lv#.-/./i5&89+)@:@$5&89+)>;?$5&89+);$5&89+):;<$5&89+)0$5=&)025=&)C#�¿5&89+)>;?$5&89+):;<$5&89+)0#.-/¢�wx3vjw�í 2̂H%̂+’&2$F+’)H&’8+"̂2H&��#5=&)=$5=&)0yç#.-/3vw�#�!"�ª+õ()ªL~#‘a�>ø#

Þ±(]�¿y[î(%01å+�y!0!3#5&89+)>A6%�@5&89+)0&�b

2$)+=#5&89+)>;?"lD09Z¯!"#EFG"¶ôÖ!L��>4()MRG�cv

0!3ÁH2$)+=#.-/#T~EFG¢£�6.-/#ÎvwBãäEF#|w#()ªi���¬ôK+"½�.-/$ÂÃ�$ãäEFM�ióôF#10y

o#�~"w()ª��¡0>FEF"vB.-/byo#��ÚÓ�Z��ôµ��#()ªvBÓ�.-/��#��Lw.-/Qç�%ô�V�u1��� "���  Bw�!.-/w�¡z"¢�!wx#��� ë Bwx¢�#¿N ¡#

!"’"’!45678

wº»yo¿.-/üê(%uv"µw()yo¿ü/%uv#ëL()ª#MNz{EFG%.*#EF+)&"EFGL()#DNGM�0"lDù+K£¤#V�Âî�¤+·�°UMw>ü#ZB()µ¥"EFG5¦T~04¡()#«R"4µ§��þú·¨»yo«R#¬©"��ªlL()#OP#EFG#QR2()ª,275¿\�#

,275«¬«RLT~()s­2��׫#Îv¶®#z{EFG>íAåFEFGM"*+w()ª#)ç ¡#!""�L01ãäEF

2âäEF#�¿�ç.-/ #>¡1ãäEF"<>¡1âäEF#ãäEF��Z

.-/#782(³$C\#782¤+JK$250’-.2’01-w�24..¯°#¢£#âäEFë��ZY,.%vÏz{î&$KD.%̈ ¼¼Ûz{î&$/5,%�vÒ�^_&$/=)’"3!0::’AA’C<<’C::$4234ÉsÊË�!20.-2%¦YRÙZ[&#¢£#�¿ãäEFüê(±«#uv"H@1(ä%I&F),’#(Z+&#()cv�6ãäEFùT~()¢£�6.-/"µE²wãäEF¿#C\z{îHù=,T~�¢£#C\67#

ª0¤�v#âãäß/="Þ±EFG��ƦY#§§U_./¬a"�¿Nz{!EFG#2$)+=#?WWyçEFGæL47EFG#èé"lù>��yo�234,-$³õ$!&(+O 2 /5,=,,O(EF"RR��/ -.2^_Í>1#ÌÍ"È�0

6AA!,’F#EFGL()ªª.-/=UV¤+#EF"3vé¿´�%-]H-&�!µ,w()

ª"Á3v¶�:r·ç%-10&́ ��!wO()#w�¿"i#EFª¿¸¹ê>¡óôF#EFGdRrs!"#()2L~#EFGºt4�Ë9#�2$)+=?<B?AÀ$»D¼½À$ξEFG#()ªL~#z{EFGi2$)+=$G20$TG2320$525$0D23"�¿+�0()3v2$)+=#z{EFG#|¿æ5h(]EFG��#¿8fs£ÀÁ#ÂÃ#

#"2034545678

2$)+=i{#¤(%#EFG01�|56!2$)+=?B<’?B<4$2$)+=?>B$2$)+=?>?$2$)+=?AB$2$)+=?;B-J2$)+=@6BW’@CB-’@CB1#�¿?>BEFGL2$)+=#^tfs"vB

Page 10: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-6!!!

-+$)#QOAL<2AA!IJ.-/*>:<TMEFGvBÄÅm%T+E)Q$+&.-/"4å6EFGÞ±‘<}~"!Xef#�-#EFGÞ±Mw"Æef2cv#]6EF#«R2:v#.-/Mi>~#,9"|¿09ÂÃ2$)+=>:<HMb��#)*#]6EFG#

%C&2$)+=?B<’?B<4EFG

2$)+=?B<’?B<4EFG1K0!,/5C\2-+$)#QO>.-/KÇ~£"¤È°¬©0

-+$)#QO>.-/#õR#%6&2$)+=?>ByçEFGu1#K0!,/5¼è#´É"2$)+=?>BEFG15&89+)>;?.-/c·"cv53K0!"ã

evW#ÊË#

"2$)+=?>B3EFG¢£33KC\"ÖcïM1¥>èC\��#

" ¢£B::!IJH5,.-/#

" Þ¥#2.I>z{î"¢£/5,6L<#

#2$)+=?>B1’1UEFG#

" UMÞ¥#:3��ÂÃEF#

" d¢£><<!IJH5,.-/#

" Þ¥#2.I>z{î"¢£/5,6L<#

$2$)+=?>B-4EFG#

" ¢£B::!IJH5,.-/#

" ¢£33K:::��%d:vB->&#

" Þ¥#2.I>z{î"¢£/5,6L<#

%2$)+=?>B1GEFG#

" UMÞ¥#:3��ÂÃEF#

" ¢£B::!IJH5,.-/#

" ¢£33K:::��%d:vB->&#

" Þ¥#2.I>z{î"¢£/5,6L<#%:&2$)+=?AB-4’?;B-EFG

" ¢£?<<!IJH5,.-/#

" ¢£Ì�-33K><<��%d:vB->&#

" Þ¥#2.IB’2.IBKz{î"¢£50D02K023<#%>&2$)+=?>?-EFG

" ¢£?<<!IJH5,.-/#

" ¢£?�-33K><<��%d:vB->&#

" Þ¥#2.IBz{î"¢£50D0#%B&2$)+=@CB’@6BEFG

"U10;;B´�.-/ék#

" ¢£?<<!IJH5,.-/#

" ¢£Ì�-33K6><<��#

" Þ¥#2.IAz{î"¢£50D02-.24WE’+FF#

Page 11: Tsinghua · 2⁄‹yoî‰*FXY¢£234cd$]6ƒ§Ò$ÖŁ,-bRÙZ[3−0#å FEFïð#æòºA-.2^_ó—#ô…#EFGæıäö`÷Ì>ł"ø”»yo¿]œß“#î‰2cd€,üý‹Mþÿ#

-7!!!

’"82*

G20%lm&L>hÍË\#z{EFGefg�#%C&^t#0E&==&fs^t# 0E&==&fsi>Gz{EFG!vB5&89+);()#i 0E&==&!G-:2

0E&==&!G->åG*vB5=&)C()#i0E&==&-’&20E&==&-’&-=QFåG#%6&G20YD><<EFG

�:LB!EFG

l�G20YD6AAªg�ý"lmV�æ‘<�ì°ÎÏ0 0!3ékfs#(]ghÐÑ"YD6AA0���~#«Rb÷8#5\"Òs0+�0cv0!3.-/#32_+’»["G20¤¥âäEFGD?6:B¢£Aú/5,6L<"¢£

0D0C::bAù-³³yo"��ªÓÔ!/

2$)+=#2.I>,"X§ªG20¤¥)*#YD:::$

YD><<yç"�w�~«R#प̧0Z

33K:::b33K><<C\#¢£"iõ°�X0C\ÌÍ#0YD><<Õ5!¢£Ì�-C\./"C\^_ ÍÕ5LA> "��:LB½Ã#

lmV�G200E&==&YD><<EFGLAGD?:;;yoz{î2 GD?6:BG[U#$9âäEF/M##GD?:;;ãäEF3v0?6?-#$#,10´�"GD?6:BâäEF3v0

>?;-#$#1,0´�#µGD?:;;yoz{5&89+)0%5&89+)>A6&#0!30)*=&$M-’

0)*=&$’3Q’&$y[î"lC�0-UU%ÖI�&VW��¤×#¼ÛØtz{#Pi>úy[îÔÕÙÄO-"��¤×y[î#õ´"6>úy[îÉsO-2z{Úç"��0À\�y[îÉs2z{Úç"PiÛÜåú!"#Ý\#J�Þ YD:::b YD6AAI/"

YD><<ª�!¢£33K><<="’(§O0Z01-?M#¢£�bA?6:Bâä¶4#ä8׫#

%:&G20YDA<<%GD?6:;&EFG#0!3Y;()

G20YDA<<%GD?6:;&EFG¢£><<!IJH5,³´#0)*=&$M-y[î"��&’

GD?6:;âäEF#¢£Ì�-50D0CB<2?ú/5,6L<²-#(%×��|!

" ¢£0!3Þyç5&89+)0}\y[î*¢£ /=)’"3!0::’AA’C<<’C::234ÎÏ*¢£01-?M’>M@!#

# ¤¦¢£!6r32!! w�"6133K:::’><<":r32!! w�":133K6<<’6AA#C\#

$ ��5&\)!+$QD!&2ß��"��c~½i.-/àÉ#

% ��Cú01-w�"Bú-.2w�"6ú50D0,-"6ú234,-"CúÔÕ,-"UMiÎ�Úáyo#

’ ¢£0D0C::"¢£50D0CB<2K023<’C#%>&G20YD??<EFG#0!3Y;()

G20YD??<EFG¢£Ì�- 33K><<C\��"��«Râ�àáªJ G20