2952 9465:نيلا نوا يمقرلا لسلستلا Early Diagnosis and Best Nutrient ... · Potassium levels influenced the yield of barley .The highest yield was (777 kg ha-1)

6802-2222: الطباعي العالمي الرقمي التسلسل................................. الزراعية للعلوم المثنى مجلة 2952-9465:الين اون الرقمي التسلسل

Muthanna Journal of Agricultural Science

Early Diagnosis and Best Nutrient Balance for Barley Crop , As

Influenced By Application of Different Levels of Nitrogen,

Phosphorus and Potassium Using DRIS Methodology

Alwand T. R. Dizayee Ali A. Hussein

[email protected] [email protected]

Salahaddin University – Erbil / Agriculture College / Soil and Water Science Dept.

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2012 at the Directorate

of Agricultural Researches – Ain-kawa -Erbil, to study the role of using DRIS approach

in evaluating nutrient balance of N, P and K for Barley (Hordeum distichum L.) in two

different stages . Four levels of nitrogen (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg N ha-1

), three levels of

phosphorus (0, 26 and 52 kg P ha-1

), and three levels of potassium (0, 42 and 84 kg K ha-

1). The experiment was laid out in factorial in randomized complete block design ,The

main results indicated that the best fertilizer combination that had the highest grain yield

of (1237kg ha-1

) was recorded by adding (N160P52K84 kg ha-1

) compared to the lowest

yield at Control treatment(N0 – P0 – K0 kg ha-1

)of 365 kg ha-1

. The "DRIS" could predict

the maximum crop yield at the early stage of growth ( tillering stage ). This can be

considered as an innovation or a qualitative shift. According to this methodology

,samples ( leaves ) can be taken before the flowering stage (when the nutritional elements

move from the leaves to form flowers and fill the spikes)(i.e tillering stage) . At tillering

stage prediction can be made successfully compared to latest stage (flowering) were both

stages had the lowest values of nutrient balance index "NBI"(1 and 3) and recorded best

results in plant height, 1000-grain weight, number of effective tillers per plant and

number of grain per spike over all other treatment, The result of nutrient balance as

N>P>K.( i.e N was more important than P followed by K)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Key words: Barley yield, NPK application, Nutrient balance, DRIS, Early Diagnosis , NBI, and Two

Stages

mailto:[email protected]




Introduction

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the earliest domesticated crop plants (22). In terms

of area and production worldwide, barley is the 4th most important cereal crop after wheat, rice and

maize. Barley can withstands salinity, drought and frost to a considerable level. Continuous

improvement in crop yields through genetics improvement, cultural practices, and pest

management needed due to high demand for this crop for food and fiber. Although new lands can

still be brought into production, the most productive soils are already under cultivation. Therefore,

increasing the food supply would require higher yields per unit land area, which will increase the

demand placed on the soil to provide adequate nutrients and fertilizer application. Chemical

fertilizer applied to cope with nutrient demand can increase the potential for surface and ground

water contamination. Good nutrient management with high nutrients use efficiency will reduce the

potential for the environmental degradation (14) and (4).

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is a diagnostic approach

that uses nutrient concentration ratios rather than concentrations themselves, to interpret tissue

analyses and diagnose the most limiting nutrient (9). Therefore, this research was conducted to

investigate the role of using DRIS approach in evaluating nutrient balance of N, P and K for Barley

(Hordeum distichum L.).

Materials and methods

The experiment was conducted during winter season of 2012 at the Directorate of Agriculture

Research field in Ainkawa- Erbil with an area of 1108.8 m2 (33.6m × 33m) on Silty Clay soil.

Soil samples were taken from different places in the field from 0-30cm depth mixed very well then

air dried and sieved through 2mm sieve and representative samples analyzed for some physical

and chemical properties, (Table- 1) Factors included three types of fertilizers sources four levels

of Nitrogen (0, 80, 160,240 kg N ha-1), three levels of Phosphorus (0, 26, 52 kg P ha-1) and three

levels of Potassium (0, 42, 84 Kg Kha-1)with three replication. Urea (46% N) used as source of

Nitrogen, Triple Super Phosphate TSP (20% P) used as source of Phosphorus and Potassium

Chloride KCl (50% K) used as source of Potassium. The experiment was conducted under rain-fed

condition. Barley seeds (Hordeum distichum L.) provided by Directory of Agriculture Research

(variety ACSAD 14) Where sawn by hand at 12th Dec. 2011 (7).



Table (1) Some Chemical and Physical Properties of the Studied Soil

Norms Calculation

At each site samples of soil and leaf tissue were taken for analysis and details concerning

farming practices, weather variables, cultivar, irrigation, nature and amounts of fertilizer applied,

etc., are recorded. The soil and leaf samples are analyzed for a number of essential elements by

conventional means. All this information constitutes a data bank and stored in a computer in a

Property Value Unit

Phy

si

cal

prop

ertie

s Particle Size Distribution

Sand 40

g Kg-1 soil Silt 490

Clay 470

Textural Name Silty Clay

Bulk Density 1.33 Mg m-3 C

hem

ical

Pro

pert

ies

pH 7.5 -

EC 0.3 dSm-1

Organic Matter

9.1 g Kg-1

Available Nitrogen

20

mg Kg-1soil Available

Phosphorus 7.5

Available Potassium

100

Carbonate Mineral CaCO3

235 g Kg-1

CEC 29 Cmole+ kg-1soil

(10) and(15)



readily accessible form. Once data bank of this nature has been formed, it enables one to study

and calibrate these interrelationships. In this presentation only the foliar diagnosis aspects of DRIS

will be dealt with using target method. The norms were the means of the various forms of

expressing the leaf analysis data for a subpopulation of high yielding up to (75 % of relative yield)

observations selected from the data base together with their respective coefficients of variation

(11).

The norms are the means of the various forms of expressing the leaf analysis data for a

subpopulation of high yielding up to (75 % of relative yield) observations selected from the data

base together with their respective coefficients of variation.

DRIS Methodology

The following are the formulas which established by (17)and(18) used to calculate indices

in this study and Microsoft Excel is used for calculation below equations:

Where f (N/P) =100(((N/P))/ ((n/p))-1) (10/(C.V.))

When the actual value of (N/P)>= (n/p);

Or\ f (N/P) =100(1-((n/p))/ ((N/P))) (10/ (C.V))

When the actual value of (N/P) < (n/p);

N index= ((+f (N/P) +f (N/K))/2)

P index= ((-f (N/P) +f (P/K))/2)

K index= ((+f (K/P)-f (N/K))/2)

Where N/P is the value of the sample and n/p is the norm for the parameter under consideration.

(C.V.) refers to Coefficient of Variance which can calculate according to (11) and (5).

Results and discussion

Grain yield is a complex character depending upon large number of environmental,

morphological and physiological characters .The main effects of Nitrogen fertilizers application

were significant (Table 2). The data indicated that yield highly influenced by application on Nitrogen

as the Nitrogen increased the yield from (458 kg ha-1) at control treatment to the highest yield (946

kg ha-1) by adding (160 kg N ha-1) with an increment of 107%. This result shows the polynomial

relation between Nitrogen levels and Yield. Grain yields depend upon other yield components. In

the present investigation, increased nitrogen levels increased grain yield as well(Table 2), in a way

similar with the results of (19) and (2).



The main effect of Phosphorus fertilization also had significant effect with the highest mean

value of (817 kg ha-1) which was recorded by ( P52 ).These results agreement with (3) and (6) for

wheat crop .

Potassium levels influenced the yield of barley .The highest yield was (777 kg ha-1)

recorded due to application of 84 kg k ha-1. However, Potassium was the lowest in its influence

after Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

Interaction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus also showed high significant effect on yield as the

highest mean values were (1084, 1032 kg ha-1) recorded by (N160 × P52), (N160 × P26), respectively.

The interaction between (N × K) and (P × K) and the combination of (N × P × K) did not show any

significant influence on yield even though the highest mean values were(1237, 1202 kg ha-1)

recorded by treatment of (N160 × P52 × K42) and (N160 × P52

× K84), respectively, and the lowest mean value was (365 kg ha-1) recorded at control

treatment(N0×P0×K0) , which explain the response of barley to Nitrogen more than Phosphorus

and Potassium, due to the low fertility of soil used (Table 1).

Table (2): The Combination effect of N, P and K fertilization on grains yield (kg ha-1)



The DRIS norms and their standard calculated locally from the high yielding treatments depending

on nutrient concentrations and their ratios. The division of sub population to high yielding

population which represent the yield more than 75% of the relative yield and low yielding

population represent the yields lower than 75% of the relative yield. The norms for two growing

stages calculated based on 5 statistical parameters different treatments presented at Table 3.

Table (3) Norms Selection

It can be noted that the concentration of

all nutrients decreased from tillering

stage to booting stage due to the

increment in volume and weight of plant causing dilution of nutrients in plant in what being called

dilution effect (1). Chart can be constructed as illustrated in (20) to explain nutrient ratios of n/p,

n/k and k/p in both growth stages. A chart constructed of three axes for N/P, N/k and K/P

respectively, The mean value of norms of the highest yield (more than 75% or relative yield)

located at the point of intersection for each ratio (center of the circle). The point of intersection of

three axes represents the optimum nutrient composition and where the highest yield was obtained.

The concentric circles are confidence limits, the inner one being set at the mean (15%) and the

outer one at the mean (30%) for each ratio. The values outer both circles represent high sufficiency

Limits of Confidence N/P N/K K/P

+30% 8.58 1.18 9.41

+15% 7.59 1.05 8.33

Norms 6.60 0.91 7.24

-15% 5.61 0.77 6.15

-30% 4.62 0.64 5.07



or high deficiency depending on arrow direction, Arrow point to above as an index to sufficiency ,

while the arrow to the down represents deficiency and to the right adequacy or optimum. Figure (1

and 2).

Figure (1) The Optimum and Critical Value for Nutrient Ratios in Barley at Tillering Stage (20)

Figure (2) The Optimum and Critical Value for Nutrient Ratios in Barley at Booting Stage (20).

The DRIS indices have positive and negative values and the sum of their absolute values are equal

to zero reflect the relative balance among the nutrients. The order of plant requirement is given by

the most negative index indicating the most required nutrient and the most positive nutrient

considered as most excessive. This is illustrated in (Table 4). Increasing severity indicated by the

Nutrient Balance Index (NBI) which is the sum of the indices irrespective of sign and is a measure

of the relative intensity of nutrient insufficiency. Starting from (N0×P0×K0) treatment, the DRIS

indices diagnose that Phosphorus is the limiting of the three nutrients under consideration due to

Limit of Confidence N/P N/K K/P

+30% 10.37 1.33 10.24

+15% 9.18 1.17 9.06

Norms 7.98 1.02 7.88

-15% 6.78 0.87 6.70

-30% 5.59 0.71 5.52

10.24

10.37



high negative(-ve) index value(- 71.36). Addition of further Phosphorus in treatment (N0×P52×K0)

resulted in a further yield increase with Nitrogen and potassium becoming most limiting. In the case

of adding Potassium, no significant increase of yield noticed however, When Nitrogen addition start

at treatment (N80×P0×K0) gives a further increase in yield indicating that the indices can correctly

predicts the pattern of response in the experiment. Addition of more Nitrogen (N160×P0×K0) made

Phosphorus and Potassium to be more limiting , The same was true for treatment (N240×P0 ×K0)

especially for Phosphorus finally, a response to Nitrogen was obtained but only after the

Phosphorus and Potassium requirement has been satisfied; a correct trend was predicted by the

DRIS approach(Table 4).

Under the condition of the experiment the barley showed best nutrient balance at treatment

(N160×P52×K84) had less NBI of 1 and the highest yield 1237 kg ha-1 and the lowest yield of 365 kg

ha-1 a accompanied with lowest Relative yield of 30% and had NBI (143) , Can be considered as

This success of DRIS approach regarding to Nutritional Balance Index (NBI).An excess of

Nitrogen addition showed antagonism relation with Phosphorus and Potassium too, when the level

of Potassium decreased in treatment (N160×P52×K42) no significant changes in yield occurred the

yield and relative yield decreased from 1237 to1202 kg ha-1, (100 %) to (97 %) respectively and the

NBI became 6, With the same level of Nitrogen if the dosage of Phosphorus decreased to 26 kg

ha-1 the yield decreased by (6 % )and became 1162 kg ha-1 and NBI became 6 showing optimum

nutrition balance index .Regarding to Phosphorus this is showed that DRIS approach can predict

the sequence of the yield and confirm success of DRIS approach in diagnosis the best

combination of fertilizer which give the highest yield (12) ,(8) ,(13) and(11) .The highest and the

lowest Nitrogen index in treatments (N240×P0×K0) and (N0×P52×K84) were (137.03) and (-39.44) with

obtained yield 775 and 548 kg ha-1 respectively, Phosphorus highest and lowest index resulted in

treatment (N0×P52×K0) and (N240×P0×K0) were (33.65) and (-142.78) with yield518 and 775 kgha-1,

respectively. Potassium highest index value was (100 .28 ) recorded by (N0×P0×K84) yield obtained

405 kg ha-1and the lowest Potassium index value was (-28.97) recorded by (N0×P26×K0) giving

yield of 435kg ha-1 this indicate a good response to fertilizer.

Table 4 Concentrations, Nutrient Ratios and D.R.I.S. Indicators of N, P and K for Barley at Tillering Stage

Treatments (kg,ha-1)

Leaf composition ( % )

Nutrient Ratio DRIS indices NBI

Yield (kg.ha-1)

R.Y. (%)

N P K N / P N / K K / P N P K

N0 × P0 × K0 3.31 0.20 2.55 16.55 1.30 12.74 57.15 -71.36 14.21 143 365 30

N0 × P0 × K42 3.42 0.21 4.08 16.68 0.84 19.91 38.29 -109.10 70.81 218 394 32

N0 × P0 × K84 3.44 0.21 4.97 16.38 0.69 23.65 26.48 -126.75 100.28 254 405 33

N0 × P26 × K0 3.29 0.47 2.56 6.96 1.29 5.41 4.03 24.94 -28.97 58 435 35

N0 × P26 × K42 3.23 0.47 4.01 6.84 0.81 8.50 -17.83 3.96 13.88 36 453 37

N0 × P26 × K84 3.20 0.47 4.12 6.85 0.78 8.83 -19.67 2.18 17.48 39 469 38

N0 × P52 × K0 3.10 0.50 2.58 6.21 1.20 5.16 -5.13 33.65 -28.52 67 518 42

N0 × P52 × K42 3.00 0.50 3.92 6.05 0.77 7.90 -27.02 13.67 13.35 54 533 43

N0 × P52 × K84 2.96 0.49 4.81 6.10 0.62 9.91 -39.44 2.79 36.66 79 548 44

N80 × P0 × K0 4.25 0.38 2.79 11.30 1.52 7.41 37.65 -15.38 -22.28 75 647 52

N80 × P0 × K42 4.20 0.36 3.89 11.76 1.08 10.90 22.74 -36.01 13.26 72 567 46

N80 × P0 × K84 4.11 0.34 4.20 11.98 0.98 12.25 19.88 -44.17 24.30 88 601 49

N80 × P26 × K0 4.10 0.41 2.79 10.12 1.47 6.88 29.18 -5.67 -23.51 58 606 49

N80 × P26× K42 4.76 0.47 3.10 10.13 1.54 6.60 31.72 -3.68 -28.04 63 818 66



N80 × P26 × K84 3.86 0.34 4.32 11.29 0.89 12.62 12.21 -42.34 30.12 85 839 68

N80 × P52 × K0 3.53 0.47 2.88 7.53 1.22 6.15 5.35 14.04 -19.40 39 693 56

N80 × P52× K42 3.65 0.40 3.62 9.17 1.01 9.10 5.91 -12.74 6.83 25 821 66

N80 × P52 × K84 3.39 0.45 3.57 7.53 0.95 7.93 -5.54 2.28 3.26 11 970 78

N160 × P0 × K0 5.24 0.33 2.95 15.78 1.78 8.87 71.76 -47.26 -24.50 144 669 54

N160 × P0 × K42 5.11 0.33 3.62 15.63 1.41 11.08 56.54 -57.79 1.25 116 663 54

N160 × P0 × K84 5.09 0.32 4.38 15.96 1.16 13.72 48.61 -73.23 24.62 146 758 61

N160 × P26 × K0 4.70 0.31 3.06 15.16 1.54 9.87 58.91 -49.05 -9.86 118 851 69

N160 × P26 × K42 4.02 0.48 3.73 8.36 1.08 7.76 4.23 -1.43 -2.80 8 1083 88

N160 × P26 × K84 3.64 0.44 3.52 8.35 1.03 8.08 2.51 -3.00 0.49 6 1162 94

N160 × P52 × K0 4.16 0.50 3.46 8.30 1.20 6.91 8.79 3.94 -12.73 25 887 72

N160 × P52 × K42 4.50 0.55 4.20 8.20 1.07 7.65 3.16 0.05 -3.21 6 1202 97

N160 × P52 × K84 4.49 0.56 4.42 8.03 1.02 7.91 0.09 -0.43 0.34 1 1237 100

N240 × P0 × K0 5.81 0.21 3.18 27.54 1.83 15.09 137.03 -142.78 5.75 286 775 63

N240 × P0 × K42 5.71 0.23 3.35 25.04 1.71 14.68 118.90 -127.26 8.36 255 803 65

N240 × P0 × K84 5.67 0.25 4.50 22.86 1.26 18.16 89.67 -133.43 43.76 267 682 55

N240 × P26 × K0 5.60 0.26 3.24 21.54 1.73 12.45 100.95 -96.78 -4.17 202 729 59

N240 × P26 × K42 5.50 0.28 3.34 20.00 1.65 12.14 89.40 -86.88 -2.53 179 790 64

N240 × P26 × K84 5.44 0.29 3.10 18.89 1.75 10.76 87.59 -73.79 -13.81 175 805 65

N240 × P52 × K0 5.36 0.38 3.25 14.22 1.65 8.61 58.34 -37.43 -20.91 117 750 61

N240 × P52× K42 5.37 0.38 3.13 14.17 1.71 8.27 60.49 -35.42 -25.07 121 802 65

N240 × P52× K84 5.29 0.38 4.78 13.85 1.11 12.51 35.06 -55.59 20.53 111 845 68

From (Table 5) it is obvious that the concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

decreased at Booting stage compared to tillering stage .As a plant ages, the proportions of the

various types of structures change. Young plants are very succulent, with a high proportion of

water in the tissues. When the plant gets older, water content decreases, the proportion of cell

walls increases and the plant may become woody. Concentrations of some nutrients (N, P, K, Cu,

Zn) tend to decrease as plants age, while the concentrations of others (Ca and Mn) often increase

(21).

In booting stage the DRIS approach seems to be less predictable and less accurate compared

to tillering stage. As in control unit (N0×P0×K0) which had the lowest yield (30% of relative yield)

indicates sufficient amount of Nitrogen and Phosphorus but deficiency in potassium concentration

made Potassium as limiting factor while with application of (42 kg K ha-1) of Potassium fertilizer

potassium index increased to sufficient but both Nitrogen and Phosphorus decreased to became

deficient. With application of (84 kg K ha-1) Potassium index did not show a great response while

Nitrogen and Phosphorus indices stays low or deficient. For the last two treatments Phosphorus

tend to be the limiting factor of the yield. Application of Phosphorus fertilizer at treatment

(N0×P26×K0) did not change the state of P as limiting factor while Nitrogen increased to sufficiency

and Potassium to deficiency. Phosphorus does not show sufficiency at 26 kg P ha-1 but sufficiency

is noticed at 54 kg P ha-1.

DRIS approach kept its predicting the highest yield in both stages based on NBI value, with the highest

yield (1237 kg ha-1) obtained by combination of (N160×P52×K84) with the lowest NBI 3 then followed by NBI 6

which represent the second high yield of (97% of relative yield) at the treatment of (N160×P52×K42) which

gave(1202 kg ha-1) then followed by 3rd lowest NBI is 8 which represent the 3rd highest yield (94% of

Norms n/p n/k k/p

Norms value 7.98 1.02 7.88

C.V (%) 11.60 12.54 12.29



relative yield) which gave(1162 kg ha-1) at treatment (N160×P26×K84) that showed a slight deficiency of

Phosphorus. Finally, the sequence of DRIS prediction end with 4th highest yield treatment (N160×P26×K42)

recorded (1083 kg ha-1) represent (88% of relative yield) having NBI of 9 shows the slight deficiency of

Phosphorus and Potassium which make them the limiting factors. The 5th lowest NBI was 10

shared by 5th (78 %) and 6th (72%) of the highest yield interpolate with (43 % of relative yield)

which obtained by the treatments of (N80×P54×K84), (N160×P52×K0) and (N0×P52×K42), respectively.

At booting stage (Table 5 )the NBI for combination treatments tends to decrease more than

tillering stage as the highest NBI value was 124 recorded for treatment combination of

(N160×P0×K84) which gave (758 kg ha-1) showing a severe decrease in Phosphorus index (-62.13)

fallowed by the treatment combination of (N0×P52×K0) NBI of (115) showing significant decrease in

Potassium index (-57.55),this was in agreement (16).

Table 5 Concentrations, Nutrient Rations and D.R.I.S. Indicators of N, P and K for Barley at Booting Stage.

Treatments (kg,ha-1)

Leaf composition( % ) Nutrient Ratio D.R.I.S. indices NBI

Yield

(kg ha-1)

R.Y.

(%)

N P K N / P N / K K / P N P K

N0 × P0 × K0 1.78 0.26 1.40 6.73 1.28 5.27 7.72 11.00 -18.72 37 365 30

N0 × P0 × K42 1.80 0.25 2.61 7.30 0.69 10.57 -4.24 -15.42 19.67 39 394 32

N0 × P0 × K84 2.15 0.33 3.08 6.57 0.70 9.41 -5.51 -9.02 14.53 29 405 33

N0 × P26 × K0 2.13 0.19 1.47 11.35 1.45 7.82 21.13 -12.60 -8.53 42 435 35

N0 × P26 × K42 2.17 0.21 2.61 10.24 0.83 12.30 6.17 -28.94 22.77 58 453 37

N0 × P26 × K84 1.90 0.40 2.71 4.70 0.70 6.69 -11.05 8.18 2.87 22 469 38

N0 × P52 × K0 2.70 0.51 1.57 5.29 1.72 3.07 13.00 44.55 -57.55 115 518 42

N0 × P52 × K42 2.70 0.36 2.55 7.58 1.06 7.16 5.17 -1.78 -3.39 10 533 43

N0 × P52 × K84 1.70 0.47 2.78 3.62 0.61 5.90 -20.43 18.46 1.97 41 548 44

N80 × P0 × K0 2.94 0.37 1.57 7.93 1.87 4.24 22.28 18.57 -40.85 82 647 52

N80 × P0 × K42 2.06 0.21 2.10 9.69 0.98 9.85 8.15 -17.51 9.36 35 567 46

N80 × P0 × K84 2.07 0.29 2.63 7.15 0.79 9.07 -1.57 -8.82 10.39 21 601 49

N80 × P26 × K0 2.61 0.36 1.65 7.30 1.58 4.61 15.17 15.73 -30.91 62 606 49

N80 × P26× K42 2.86 0.36 2.47 8.03 1.16 6.92 8.17 -1.70 -6.47 16 818 66

N80 × P26 × K84 2.32 0.42 2.98 5.47 0.78 7.02 -5.91 3.83 2.07 12 839 68

N80 × P52 × K0 2.02 0.31 1.69 6.53 1.20 5.46 5.70 10.00 -15.70 31 693 56

N80 × P52× K42 2.30 0.42 2.46 5.43 0.94 5.81 -2.47 10.50 -8.02 21 821 66

N80 × P52 × K84 2.35 0.42 2.95 5.59 0.80 7.02 -5.13 3.49 1.64 10 970 78

N160 × P0 × K0 2.85 0.20 1.69 14.44 1.68 8.58 32.44 -22.35 -10.08 65 669 54

N160 × P0 × K42 3.01 0.29 2.41 10.42 1.25 8.35 15.04 -12.82 -2.22 30 663 54

N160 × P0 × K84 2.87 0.16 2.61 17.93 1.10 16.31 28.09 -62.13 34.04 124 758 61

N160 × P26 × K0 3.06 0.26 1.78 11.77 1.72 6.86 27.38 -9.39 -17.99 55 851 69

N160 × P26 × K42 2.60 0.34 2.57 7.65 1.01 7.55 4.37 -3.55 -0.83 9 1083 88

N160 × P26 × K84 2.96 0.42 3.32 7.05 0.89 7.91 0.63 -3.76 3.12 8 1162 94

N160 × P52 × K0 2.60 0.33 2.50 7.78 1.04 7.49 5.20 -3.58 -1.62 10 887 72

N160 × P52 × K42 2.94 0.43 2.99 6.84 0.98 6.95 2.05 0.72 -2.77 6 1202 97

N16 × P12 × K10 2.95 0.47 3.30 6.28 0.89 7.02 -0.99 1.65 -0.66 3 1237 100

N240 × P0 × K0 3.00 0.46 1.87 6.52 1.61 4.06 13.92 23.79 -37.71 75 775 63



N240 × P0 × K42 3.05 0.38 2.22 8.03 1.38 5.84 12.50 4.20 -16.70 33 803 65

N240 × P0 × K84 3.12 0.32 2.65 9.75 1.18 8.29 12.15 -11.15 -1.00 24 682 55

N240 × P26 × K0 2.78 0.20 1.88 14.07 1.48 9.50 27.53 -25.41 -2.12 55 729 59

N240 × P26 × K50 2.88 0.32 2.09 8.88 1.37 6.46 14.31 -1.26 -13.05 29 790 64

N240 × P26 × K84 2.84 0.23 2.76 12.10 1.03 11.77 14.20 -30.70 16.51 61 805 65

N240 × P52 × K0 3.10 0.38 1.89 8.16 1.64 4.97 18.16 10.47 -28.63 57 750 61

N240 × P52× K42 2.69 0.49 2.04 5.45 1.32 4.14 5.27 25.63 -30.90 62 802 65

N240 × P52× K84 3.03 0.33 2.76 9.21 1.10 8.39 9.42 -10.37 0.95 21 845 68

The DRIS results indicate successfully to early diagnosis at tellring stage and the fitness and

identification of tellring and botting stage is same results of nutrient balance especially of (N,P and

K).

It can be recommended according to this result that it is possible to take plant sample at tellring

stage with good results. The "DRIS" could predict the maximum crop yield at the early stage of

growth ( tillering stage ) .This can be considered as an innovation or a qualitative shift .According

to this methodology ,Samples ( leaves ) are taken before the flowering stage when the nutritional

elements move from the leaves to form flowers and fill the spikes.

References:

1. Abu-Dhahi Y.M. and Al-Yunis M.A. (1988).Guide of Plant Nutrition . Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Baghdad, Directory of books publication . (in Arabic)

2. 2.Alam M.Z., Haider S.A. and Paul N.K.,(2007).Yield and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in Relation to Nitrogen Fertilizer. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(10): 1022-1026, 2007.

3. 3.Al-Ghzawi A. ,Taifour H. , Tawaha A.M. and Turk M.A.(2003).Two raw Barley response to plant Density, Date of Seeding, Rate and Application of Phosphorus in Absence of Moisture Stress. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences ,2(2):180-183.

4. 4.Ali,N.S. ;H.S.Rahi;and A.A.Shaker.2014.Soil Fertility.1st Edition ,Al-Mugtamaa Al-Arabi Book Store for publishing ,Jordan and Scientific Book House for Publishing Iraq.

5. 5.AL- RAWI K.M. AND KHALFL ALLAH A.M.( 1980 )Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments University of Mosul. ( In Arabic )

6. 6.Alwan A.H. , Al-Anbari M.A., Al-Aamry A.A.H and Abd-AlradaH,Aziz, (2009).Effect of sowing date and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ).Scientific Journal of Karbala University, 7 (3 )Scientific.

7. 7.Al-Yunis A.A. (1993). Production and Improvement of Field crops. Ministry of Agriculture and Scientific Researches, Baghdad University, directorate of book house of publishing and pressing. (in Arabic)

8. 8.Bailey, J.S.; Beattie J.A.M. and Kilpartick D.J., (1997). The DRIS for diagnosing the nutrient status of grass and swards: model establishment. Plant and Soil. 197: 127-135.

9. 9.Beaufils, E. R. (1971). Physiological Diagnosis -a guide for improving maize production based on principles developed for rubber trees. J. Fert. Soc. S.Afr. 1, 1-31.

10.Black,C.A.( 1965 ).Methods of soil analysis.Amer.Soc Agron .Inc. U.S.A..

11.Dizayee.Alwand.T.R. (2001). Determination of Best Nutrients Balance of (NPK) for Soybean Crop in Alluvial Soil Using (DRIS) Methodology. Ph D. Dissertation College of Agric. Baghdad Univ. (in Arabic)

10. 12.Elwail, A.M.O. and Gascho G.J. (1988). Supplemental fertilization of Irrigated corn guided by foliar recommendation integrated system Norms. Agron. J. 80: 243-249.

11. 13. Hassan ,K.H(2000)Evaluation DRIS System in Plant and Soil for Fertilization of Corn ,Ph.D.thesis,Agriculture

College,University of Baghdad( In Arabic ) 12. 14. Havlin, John L. Tisdale, Samuel L.,Werner L. Nel (2004). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers : An Introduction to Nutrient

Management (7th Edition) Published by Pearson. 13. 15.Page ,A.L.,R.H.Miller and D.R.Keeney (1982)Methods of soil analysis .part2:Chemical and microbiological

properties. Agron series No.9.Amer.Soc.Agro.Soil Sci.Soc. Amer.Inc.Madison U.S.A. 14. 16. Sultan .M.Y,( 2005)Effect of Bacterils Inoculation and Chemical fertilizer on Lentil ( Lens culinaris )by Using

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) Ph.D.thesis College of Agriculture Univer,. of Mosul ( In Arabic )

15. 17.Sumner, M.E. (1977b). Effect of corn leaf sampled on N, P, K, Ca and Mg content and calculated DRIS indices.

Commun. In Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8:269-280. 16. 18.Sumner, M.E. (1982). The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). Council on Soil Testing and

Plant Analysis, Anaheim, CA. 17. 19.Szafranski, W.(1995). The effect of the level and method of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain yield of selected

cultivars of barley and oats depending on the environmental conditions of the foothills of the Carpathians. II. Yield structure components and grain quality. ZeszytyNaukoweAkademiiRolniczejim. HugonaKollatajawKrakowie, Rolnictwo., 32: 113-124.

18. 20.Tisdale, S.L.; Nelson W.L.;.Beaton J.D. and. Havlin J.L. (1993). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 5thed.MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.07458

19. 21.Walworth J.L. and Sumner M.E. (1987). the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). p. 149-188. In B.A.

20. 22.Zohary, D. and Hopf, M. (2000). Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press. Oxon, UK

( .Hordeum distichum Lذشا غذائ نحصىل انشعز) إاحس و رشخص انثكزان

رشخص و انيهط و اسرعال (Kو Pو Nي خالل ذاشز اضافح يسرىاخ يخرهفح ي )

انركايم حرىصان

علوانعلي حسين ه ييدز رشيدالوند طاهر

[email protected] [email protected]

كزدسرا انعزاق-ارتم-ظايعح صالغ انذ-كهح انشراعح-لسى عهىو انرزتح وانا

المستخلص

نذراسح غزح طحف ذزتح ارتم -عكاوج –اظزد ذعزتح حمهح ف يذزح انثحىز انشراعح

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حس انرزوظ كاد اكصز اهح شى انفسفىر وانران انثىذاسىو . . N >P >K( وفك انرزذة

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