294_grammar Units I and II_5898

8/13/2019 294_grammar Units I and II_5898

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UNIT III - QUESTION TAGSREVISION AND TESTS

Question tags are usually translated into Romanian by nu-i aa?. They are made up oftwo parts: a positive / negative sentence and a question (preceded by a comma) that has the role

of reinforcing the former statement. The general rule is that the question tag always containsthe opposite form of the main verb (thus, if the main verb is in the affirmative, then the verb inthe question tag will be negative and vice versa). It is also important to notice that verbs usedin question tags have the same tense as the main verb.

Before doing the test included in this unit, consider the examples below:

E.g. He isa brilliant judge [statement], isnthe? [question tagseparated by comma]

She canwriteextraordinary speeches, cantshe?They wontrefuseus this little favour, willthey?

You haventforgottento phone my secretary, haveyou?

They hadnever beenthere before, hadthey?The lawyer linguist speaksat least two foreign languages very well, doesnthe?

You interrogatedall the suspects, didntyou?

!For the verb to be, when used in the affirmative with the first person, singular, the question tag

will be arent I?E.g.: I amwell qualified for this position, arentI?

Test

Choose the right answer:

1- I'm not experienced enough for this position, .....?

am I;

arent I.2The judge imposed an injunction on him, ......?

didn't he;

doesnt he.3- We ought to pay this large sum for him to be released on bail, .......?

isnt it;

oughtnt we.4You are an undergraduate, ........?

are you;

arent you.5If you are released on parole it means you are conditionally released, ........?

isn't it;

doesnt it.6His face reminds you of the offender, ......?


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does it;doesn't it.

7There are several hypotheses that you must take into consideration, .......?

no;

aren't there.

8She promised to represent us in court, .......?did she;

didn't she.9- I'm not very convincing, .......?

aren't I;

am I.10You two had known each other for a long time when the offence was committed, .........?

hadn't you;

didn't you.11Her questions made him feel abashed, ........?

didn't it;

didn't they.12The verdict will be returned tomorrow, .......?

won't it;

isn't it.13- They've been under a lot of stress recently, .......?

have they;

haven't they.14Please, promise us that you won't let us down, ........?

will you;

don't you.

15In case we were in trouble, you would help us ......?wouldn't you;

won't you.16- I'm not being indiscrete, .......?

aren't I;

am I.17All students have got to hand in the papers by the end of the semester, ..........?

haven't they;

don't they.18The lawyer mentioned it on purpose, ......?

didn't he;

did he.19- You haven't got a license for this gun, ........?

do you;

have you.20- I'm wrong to suppose that he made up this story, .........?

aren't I;

am I.


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21- You'd rather not report this offence to the police, .......?

hadn't you;

wouldn't you.

22- I'd better keep for myself what I saw, .......?wouldn't I;

hadn't I.

23-Nobody's got to try to obtain a bachelors degree, .........? Everyone can choose his own wayin life and a diploma doesnt necessarily make you a successful man.

has he;

have they.


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UNIT IV - THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES -REVISION AND TESTS

The rules which govern the sequence of tenses are basically 3 (corresponding to the three

segments of time within which one / more actions may occur), and they stem out of the logical

relations between independent and dependent clauses in a sentence.

Let us consider the following examples:

A. The action expressed by the verb in the main clause is in a present tense (any present tense).

= > the verb(s) in the secondary clause(s) will be in any tense that is required by the given

context (present/past/future):

E.g.: The judge is wonderingwhether -> the lawyeris trying to misleadthe witness.-> the lawyer tried to misleadthe witness.

-> the lawyer will try to misleadthe witness.

B. The action expressed by the verb in the main clause is in a past tense (any past tense).

= > the verb(s) in the secondary clause(s) will be in a past tense that is required by the given

context (simple past, past perfect, future-in-the-past):

E.g.: The instigator did not think for a second that his words would make the author of the

crime act with such cruelty. (Future-in-the-pastis used to indicate that the action expressed bythe verb in the secondary clause - would make - is subsequent to the action expressed by the

verb in the main clause - did not think);

E.g.: The accessory to the fact was aware that his acts had facilitated the completion of theoffence to a great extent. (Past perfectis used to indicate that the action described by the verb

had facilitatedwas prior to the action expressed by the verb was aware);

E.g.: When I calledthe police, I knewthat the chances we had to apprehend the offenders wereinsignificant. (Only past tenseis used to indicate that the enumerated past actions were parallel)

B.i.. Exceptions to rule B:

If the verb in the secondary clause expresses a general truth, this verb will be used only inthe present tense simple (even if the verb in the main clause is in the past).

E.g.: The professor toldus [past tense Main Clause] that the penalty applied for seconddegree murder isat least 15 years imprisonment [present tense Secondary Clause].

If the secondary clause contains a modal verb which does not have a past form, the modalverb remains unmodified (even if the verb in the main clause is in the past):


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E.g.: They knew [past tense Main Clause] that they should consult a lawyer ex officio[modal verbshouldremains unmodifiedSecondary Clause].

C. In adverbial clauses of time and condition future tense is never used, while in the main clause

simple future is often used.

Consider the following examples:

E.g.: If we identify new evidence before the next deadline established by the court, we will

standa chance to win the case.

After you are calledto the Bar, you will be able to pleadin court.

Test 1

I denti fy the Main Clause in each sentence:

1. No matter if you confess or not, truth will come out.

2. While the case is being judged, we will have time to search for other clues.

3. It isn't necessary to work so hard these days because so far we have advanced in our

investigation to a serious extent.

4. Before you begin collecting information about the foreign agent, you will probably intend to

read this presentation of him.

5. I would like to apply for this position but, unfortunately, I don't have enough experience.

6. No matter what you have decided to do about the facultative and optional courses, I am

determined to attend at least one of them.

7. Teenagers will stop consuming drugs only when they understand the risks that drug

consumption poses to anyone.

8. Since most students fail to pass this exam, we have already started to revise for the test.

9. Until he proves that his guilt is beyond any reasonable doubt, the judge cannot consider his

acquittal.

10. It was then when we decided to ensure special protection to the suspects who were remanded

in custody for political corruption offences.

Test 2

Put the verb i n brackets in the right tense:


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1. The victims parents declared that they (be) not ready to talk to the offender at thatmoment.2. The politician said that he (know) how the events (be depicted) in the mass media.3. In the statement he said that he (just, get back) from a trip when the murder was committed.

4. The officer didn't notice when the patient (leave) the warden. 5. You promised you (send) us an email as soon as you (arrive).6. The former party leader didn't want to accept that most of his supporters (declare) - whenasked by Exit Poll representatives - that they no longer (trust) him due to the previous nightevents.7. I didn't say that I (not like) criminal law; on the contrary, I find it simpler and moreinteresting than civil law.

8. Everyone hoped that the economic crisis (be) over in 5 years at the latest.9. She confessed that she (be) in the building for 2 hours when the burglars held up the bank. 10. The HR Manager said he (not consider) that this position (need) to be filled in by anew employee.

Test 3


1. I knew that she the conference before, so I asked her to give me some advice about itbefore I submitted my research paper for evaluation.

a) has attended b) has been attending c) attended d) had attended

2. The professor promised to help me if I to structure the paper properly.a) haven't managed b) didn't manage c) wont manage d) wouldnt manage

3. When I started to work as an in-house counsel for this firm, I in Bucharest for many years.a) live b) have lived c) lived d) had lived

4. The counsel for the defense and the prosecutor realized that the offender to influence one ofthe jurors.

a) tries b) is trying c) has been d) was trying

5. We inferred that he as his clothes were dirty with car oil. a) is mending the car b) has been mending the car c) was mending the car

d) had been mending the car

6. We asked her whether she , but we realized that she was afraid to do that.a) testifies b) is testifying c) will testify d) would testify

7. She declared that the offender attacked her when she for the key to her house.a) looked for b) has looked for c) was looking for d) had looked for

8. I intended to call on her but I didn't know if she at home.


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a) is b) was c) were d) had been

9. He told me that he would call as soon as he to Bucharest.a) has come back b) came back c) will come back d) would come back

10. Yesterday the constitutional law professor told us that the Romanian Constitution of 1923 one of the most modern constitutions in the world at that time.a) is b) was c) has been d) had been

Test 4


Many law firms expected _____ promising changes thanks to the newly adopted legislation.

to see to have seen seeing

My colleague would like _____ for a law boutique for the rest of his career.

to work to have worked working

Thanks to his experience the judge saw what solution he ______ for that case.

should choose will choose choose

The manager declared that a number of factors ______ to the insolvency of his company.

had led led have led

Due to the financial crisis, the board of directors ______ to make investments in developing

countries.

has decided decided had decided

Many young lawyers are unemployed now because the number of law graduates

___________considerably in the last 10 years.

increased has increased had increased

When an offender decides to collaborate with authorities, he _______ that he can negotiate a

remission of the penalty.

knows has known knew

Unless a clerk receives proper training, he / she __________ work in a good law firm.


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doesnt find will not find wouldnt find

However, if you do not make a good impression at an interview, it is hard to say that you________

a good job.

get will get would get

We ________ that being the largest company on the Romanian market would be enough to winthis complex case.

have thought thought had thought

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294_grammar Units I and II_5898