energy engineering

QUESTION1The geochemical process that transforms plant material into coal is calledCoalification and is often expressed as:Peat lignite subbituminous coal bituminous coal anthraciteQuestion 2(a) Growth in-situ theory (b) Drift theory (Allochthanous)Growth in-situ theory (Autochthanous)This theory states that the coal-vegetation was fossilized practically on the site' of growth, either due to tectonic movement or due to some other reasons. Evidences in support of this theory are as follows:1. A vast amount of plant materials is accumulated 'in-situ' in the present day swamps.2. Many fossilized tree-trunks are found in erect positions with their roots firmly fixed in the under clays that lie beneath the coal seams.3. A comparatively pure state of coal-seams indicates that the material accumulated without getting mixed with adventitious material and had not been transported along with sediments.QUESTION 4Moisture content varies inversely with change in rank i.e. with high rank low moisture is attributedCarbon content varies directly with rank i.e. low rank coal has low carbon contentQUESTION 5Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans. This sediment can include minerals, small pieces of plants and other organic matter. Examples of sedimentary rocks include limestone, sandstone, mudstone, greywacke, chalk, coal, clay stone and flint.Reservoir rock A permeable subsurface rock that contains petroleum. Must be both porous and permeable Reservoir rocks are dominantly sedimentary (sandstones and carbonates)QUESTION9API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquestionuid is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks. API gravity is thus a measure of the relative density of a petroleum liquestionuid and the density of water, but it is used to compare the relative densities of petroleum liquestionuids.API = (141.5 SG) - 131.5

QUESTION 7Mainly consists of butane and propane Uses Metal Processing Chemicals Production The manufacture of pulp, paper and cardboard Glass industry and refinery QUESTION 10VI is an arbitrary numbering scale that indicates change in viscosity with changes in time. Higher V.I indicates low changes in lubricants viscosity over change in temperature .that is why lubricants with high V.I are preferQUESTION 11Flash point is more important because it is used to determine transport and handling of a fuel and it is lower than fire point so keeping fuel below flash point is better (b)The cloud point of any petroleum product is an indicator of how well the fuel will perform under cold weather conditions the temperature below which wax in fuel tends to form a cloudy appearance. While pour point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel continues to flow. Pour point of a fuel is an indication of the temperature at which fuel can still be pumped.Knowing cloud point is more important because pour point is limiting temperature and below that our system will stop workingQUESTION 12Octane number Octane rating or octane number is a standard measure of the anti-knock properties (i.e. the performance) of a motor or aviation fuel. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in high-compression engines that generally have higher performance. It is used for gasoline Cetane number It is analogous to octane number but it is used for diesel oils Cetane Number ImproversCI-0801 is a 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN), a Cetane Number Improver,CI-0808 is a blend of Di-tert-butyl peroxide, a Cetane Number Improver,

Question 27The primary objective of coal tar distillation process is to produce a number of tar acid products from the crude tar. Tar distillation plant (TDP) consists of the following sections, Tar distillation section Caustic washing section De-oiling section Springing section Recasting sectionQUESTION 23Most commonly used basis in classification of coal areAs-receivedData are expressed as percentages of the coal with the moisture. This category is also sometimes referred to as as-fired and is commonly used by the combustion engineer to monitor operations and for performing calculations as it is the whole coal that is being utilized; Dry basis (db)Data are expressed as percentages of the coal after the moisture has been removed Dry, mineral-matter-free (dmmf) The coal is assumed to be free of both moisture and mineral matter, and the data are a measure of only the organic portion of the coal QUESTION 221. Up draught or counter current gasifier1. Downdraught or co-current gasifiers1. Cross-draught gasifier1. . Fluidized bed gasifier1. Fixed bed gasifierQUESTION 25Feeding arrangementsOverfeedthe fuel is fed onto the top of the bed and flows down as it is consumed while combustion air flows up through successive layers of ash, incandescent coke, and fresh coal.Underfeedthe flows of coal and combustion are parallel and usually upward.Cross feedthe fuel moves horizontally and the combustion air moves upward at right angles to the fuelQUESTION 20

QUESTION 15The float and sink test is an importantA method for separating particles of different specific gravity from a sized ore feed, e.g. coal particles from the ore are sieved to obtain size fractions of different particle size ranges, after which a load of particles of a size fraction are placed in a container and fluidized by passing a fluid flow through the load of particles. By lowering the flow velocity of the fluid through the load the particles are deposited in the container in one or more layers depending on the specific gravity of each of the particles, after which the deposited particles are separated in portions of different specific gravity. The obtained portions represent different ore content of the particles in each portion on basis of which the theoretical yield of the ore can be determined.Question 18 (A)Coal combustion is complete, full utilization of coal, maximum energy output is there.(B)In the oxy-fuel process, coal is combusted in an atmosphere consisting of pure oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2). This purer mixture burns at a higher temperature than natural air, and so utilization of the oxyfuel process results in more efficient burning. Main application is cutting and welding of metals