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Unix/Linux Command Reference
File Commandsls directory listingls -al formatted listing with
hidden filescd dir - change directory to dircd change to homepwd
show current directorymkdir dir create a directory dirrm file
delete filerm -r dir delete directory dirrm -f file force remove
filerm -rf dir force remove directory dir *cp file1 file2 copy
file1 to file2cp -r dir1 dir2 copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if
itdoesn't existmv file1 file2 rename or move file1 to file2 if
file2 is an existing directory, moves file1intodirectory file2ln -s
file link create symbolic link link to filetouch file create or
update filecat > file places standard input into filemore file
output the contents of filehead file output the first 10 lines of
filetail file output the last 10 lines of filetail -f file output
the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10
lines
Process Managementps display your currently active processestop
display all running processeskill pid kill process id pidkillall
proc kill all processes named proc *bg lists stopped or background
jobs; resume a stopped job in the backgroundfg brings the most
recent job to foregroundfg n brings job n to the foreground
File Permissionschmod octal file change the permissions of
fileto octal, which can be found separately for user,group, and
world by adding:
4 read (r)2 write (w)1 execute (x)
Examples:chmod 777 read, write, execute for allchmod 755 rwx for
owner, rx for group and worldFor more options, see man chmod.
SSHssh user@host connect to host as userssh -p port user@host
connect to host on port as user
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ssh-copy-id user@host add your key to host for user to enable a
keyed orpasswordless login
Searchinggrep pattern files search for pattern in filesgrep -r
pattern dir search recursively for pattern in dir
command | grep pattern search for pattern in the output of
commandlocate file find all instances of file
System Infodate show the current date and timecal show this
month's calendaruptime show current uptimew display who is
onlinewhoami who you are logged in asfinger user display
information about useruname -a show kernel informationcat
/proc/cpuinfo cpu informationcat /proc/meminfo memory
informationman command show the manual for commanddf show disk
usagedu show directory space usagefree show memory and swap
usagewhereis app show possible locations of appwhich app show which
app will be run by default Compressiontar cf file.tar files create
a tar named file.tar containing filestar xf file.tar extract the
files from file.tartar czf file.tar.gz files create a tar with Gzip
compressiontar xzf file.tar.gz extract a tar using Gziptar cjf
file.tar.bz2 create a tar with Bzip2 compressiontar xjf
file.tar.bz2 extract a tar using Bzip2gzip file compresses file and
renames it to file.gzgzip -d file.gz decompresses file.gz back to
file
Networkping host ping host and output resultswhois domain get
whois information for domaindig domain get DNS information for
domaindig -x host reverse lookup hostwget file download filewget -c
file continue a stopped download
InstallationInstall from source:./configuremakemake install
dpkg -i pkg.deb install a package (Debian)rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm
install a package (RPM)
ShortcutsCtrl+C halts the current commandCtrl+Z stops the
current command, resume withfg in the foreground or bg in the
backgroundCtrl+D log out of current session, similar to exitCtrl+W
erases one word in the current line
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Ctrl+U erases the whole line!! - repeats the last commandexit
log out of current session* use with extreme caution
