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7/29/2019 28010526 Textile Auxiliaries Surfactant Auxiliaries
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Application of
Surfactant auxiliaries
Wirote Sarakarnkosol
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Surfactant containing auxiliary
Wetting and Rewetting agent
Scouring agent
Emulsifying and Dispersing agent
Levelling agent
Defoaming agent
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Wetting and Rewetting agent:
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Wetting power of surfactant
Middle hydrophilic group surfactant gave
higher wetting power than those of end.
Higher wetting power Lower wetting power
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Wetting power of surfactant
Branch or aromatic hydrophobic chain is
prefers.
Lower wetting power
Higher wetting power
or
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Wetting power of surfactant
Optimum of EO in non-ionic surfactant unit
gave maximum wetting power.
EO EO EOEOEO
EO EO EOEOEO EO EO EOEOEO
EO EO EO Low solubility : Lower wetting power
High water affinity
:Lower wetting power
Optimum EO : Highest wetting power
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pH of wetting agent application
pH Anionic wetting agent Nonionic wetting agent
Strongly alkaline Easily soluble surfactants with relativelylow MW are applicable. Those with esterlinkage are hydrolyse
Not-applicable (insoluble)
Weakly alkaline Applicable Generally applicable
Nearly neutral Applicable Applicable
Weakly acid Applicable, Sulphate type surfactant are
decomposed dependinf on conditions.
Applicable
Strongly acid Generally not applicable. In some casesparticular sulphonate type are applicable
Generally applicable
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Mercerization, Causticization
General scouring, bleaching,dyeing(Vat, Sulphur)
Desizing, Dyeing (Direct, Reactive)
Strongly acid
Strongly alkaline
Weakly alkaline
Nearly neutral
Weakly acid Chlorite bleaching, Dyeing(Acid, Disperse)
Carbonization
pH of textile application
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Wetting agent for desizing process
Enzymatic desizing Not deactivate enzyme
Good detergency
Should use nonionic wetting agent Polyethylene glycol ether
Block copolymer EO, PPO ether
Oxidative desizing : should use nonionic or
sulphonate anionic type Resistance to persulphate
As Enzymatic desizing
Sulphosuccinate derivative
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Wetting agent for scouring process
High wetting power
Good detergency and emulsifying
Not specify the chemical alone
Should use the blends of anionic and
nonionic surfactant. Fatty alkyl sulfate, sulfonate and phosphate
Ethoxylated fatty alcohol
Ethoxylated octyl-/ nonyl- phenol
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Wetting agent for bleaching
Resistance to oxidising agent
H2O
2resistance
Ethoxylated alkyl phenol Hypochlorite resistance
Disodium alkyl diphenyl ether
Sodium alkane sulfonate
Chlorite resistance EO of short chain carbon alcohol
EO of alkylphenol
EO + anionic surfactant
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Wetting agent for carbonising
process Resistance the mineral acid condition
Nonionic surfactant
Sulfonated anionic surfactant
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Wetting agent for mercerisation Resistance to strongly alkaline
Small hydrophobic group and good alkaline
solubility
Phenol derivative Blends of ethyl hexanol sulfate with organic solvent
Short-chain alkylphosphonate esters
Conventional wetting agent(insoluble in concentrated alkaline)
Wetting agent for mercerisation
soluble in concentrated alkaline
poor wetting in neutral
still wetting property in alkaline
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Rewetting agent
Promote wetting property of substrate
after drying
Not necessary to good wetting propertyAnionic surfactant
High EO unit nonionic surfactant
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Scouring agent :
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Factor for scouring
Scouring
Effects of scouringagent
Mechanical effect involved in washing
Wetting/Penetrating effect
Emulsifying/dispersing
Solubilizing effectDetergency
Foaming effect
Other effects
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Structural propose for scouring
agent Longer chain hydrophobic with remaining
soluble Linearhydrophobic part End position of hydrophilic part Cloud point is slightly higher than process
temperature (non-ionic) Optimum EO unit (different for hydrophobic part) Ionic head group can increase the detergency of
PEO surfactant (e.g. Laureth sulfate) Not adsorb on the fiber
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Schematic of Scouring process
(a) Surface covered with greasy dirt.
(b) Surfactant is added to the solution.
It reduce adhesion of dirt to the surface
when deposited with hydrophobic tails on the surface.
(c) Dirt particle are held as a suspension.
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Mechanism for greasy dirt removal
from substrate
(a) Roll-up
(b) Emulsification
(c) Solubilisation
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Example of scouring agent with
variation of typesDetergent % Detergency
Sodium salts of sulfuric ester of higher alcohol 35.3
Lauryl diethanolamide (1:2 type) 48.4
Blends of above detergent 46.0
10 mole EO adducts of nonylphenol 47.0
0.3% solution of each chemical % Detergency = [(A B)/(C B)] x 100
Where A = Reflectant of soiled fabric after washB = Reflectant of soiled fabric before washC = Reflectant of white fabric
Standard soiled solution contained1 part Fully hydrogenated tallow3 parts Liquid paraffin0.8 part Carbon black800 parts Carbon tetrachloride
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Emulsifying & Dispersing agent :
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Distinguish of term
Emulsifying agent (Emulsifier)Agent for help immiscibility liquid/liquid to
uniformly distribute in each phase(liquid/liquid)
Dispersing agent
Agent for help uniformly distribute of solid inliquid phase (solid/liquid)
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Emulsifying agent
High HLB values use forO/W emulsion
Low HLB values use forW/O emulsion
Mix of 2 or 3 emulsifiers can gave
emulsion stability than those of single useAll of type of surfactant can be used for
emulsifier depends on liquid/liquid phase
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Schematic of anionic emulsion (O/W)
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Dispersing agent
Dispersing agent for disperse dyes
Anionic dispersing agent
Naphthalene sulfonate Lignin sulfonate
Nonionic dispersing agent Higher EO alcohol ethoxylate
Higher EO non-ionic surfactant
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Typical anionic dispersing agent
Napthalene sulfonate
Lignin sulfonate
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Model of the disperse dye system
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Dispersion thermal stability on
dispersing agent structure
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Levelling agent :
Levelness
Unlevelness
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Main mechanisms of levelling agents
Nonionic agents Usually form water-soluble complexes with the dye,
some degree of solubilisation being involved
Ionic agents Dye-substantive
Form complexes with the dye and there is competition
between the levelling agent and the fibre for the dye Fibre-substantive
competition between levelling agent and the dye for the fibre
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Levelling agent types and their uses
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Levelling agent for acid dyes
Cationic levelling agent
Anionic levelling agent
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Schematic representation of
solubilised acid dye-agent complex
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Mechanism of levelling for acid dyes
Dye-SO3-
CO
N
H
N+H3
Dye-SO3-
C
O
N
H
N+H3
Levelling-SO3-
C
O
N
H
N+
H3
Levelling-SO3-
C
O
N
H
N+H3
Dye-SO3-
Levelling-N+R4
Dye-SO3-
Levelling-N+R4
Dye-SO3-
C
O
N
H
N+H3
Dye-SO3-
Levelling-SO3-
Nylon
1. Complex dye-levelling
2. Competitive anionic levelling
Splitting out
Splitting out
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Levelling agent for disperse dyes
Non-ionic levelling agent tend to be separated at hightemperature but can increase dyes solubilisation (Low cloudpoint)
Anionic levelling agent can increase the cloud point of
nonionic agent Should synergistic mixing together
7-10% of B in A can increase cloud point of A alone (105oC)to 150oC
Fully effective at pH >7 (Carefully selection of dyes)
(A) fatty acid ethoxylate (B) sodiumdodecylbenzenesulphonate
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Levelling agent for disperse dyes
Modified nonionic (or Modified anionic,Weakly anionic) Phosphate ester ethoxylation
High temperature stability Protect hardness and trace metal ion
Stabilise under high concentration of electrolyte
Fully effective at pH 4-5 (pH of disperse dyeing)
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Levelling agent for disperse dyes
Oligo-soaps or Ethoxylated multi-ester
compounds.
More stable dye dispersion at high temperature Solubilisation take place at a lower temperature
Dyeing rate at lower temp. is much slower
Solubilisation of oligomer and acrylic size
Low foaming
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Defoaming agent :
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Foam breaking mechanism
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Typical defoaming agent
Organic based defoamers Relatively poor foam control
Some tend to leave deposit on machine Example is propylene-1,2-glycol
mononeodecanoate
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Typical defoaming agent
Silicone based defoamers High efficiency for controlling the foam
If the emulsion use not suitable emulsifier,Silicone spot is usually occur.
Example is ethoxylated polydimethyl siloxane
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Conclusion : Surfactant auxiliary
Surfactant contain the balancing of
hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part.
CMC and Cloud point of surfactants canindicate their application and property.
Surfactant usually locate at interphase.
Ionicity of surfactant is the importantfunction for choosing.
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