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26812_01_OSID_webinar_presentation_Hughes_Feb2014. Understand the operating principles of traditional beamsmoke detectors Response to various stimuli How to simulate fault and fire alarm responses Impacts of minor misalignmentsUnderstand the unique function of the dual wave imagingdetector Particulate discrimination Obstruction identification Misalignment notification
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WWW.HAIFIRE.COM
Joshua B. Dinaburg
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Understand the operating principles of traditional beam smoke detectors Response to various stimuli
How to simulate fault and fire alarm responses
Impacts of minor misalignments
Understand the unique function of the dual wave imaging detector Particulate discrimination
Obstruction identification
Misalignment notification
1
BACKGROUND
OSID Detector operates using unique principle compared to more traditional beam detection devices Dual wavelength beam v. single wavelength beam Imaging array v. single sensor Emitter to Imager v. Emitter/Detector to Reflector
Full Scale tests of relative fire detection and nuisance source rejection conducted for Xtralis Simultaneous fire exposures Solid objects Dust Water Mist Angular Misalignment
2
OVERALL APPROACH
Expose detectors to various stimuli and record responseDetectors included:
Xtralis OSID OSI-10 long range detector
Three traditional beam detection devices (A, B, C)
Single beam wavelength
Emitter/Detector send signal to reflector panel design
Detectors installed at or near maximum listed distance 328 ft (100 m) for traditional beam detectors A, B, and C
492 ft (150 m) for OSI-10
3
FIRE TESTING: SETUP
4
• Detectors installed with common beam crossing point at height of 35 ft
• Fires at floor below point
FIRE TESTING: SETUP
5
• Detector Settings:• 35% sensitivity (Beam A 50%)
• 30 sec alarm delays (Beam B, Beam C)
• All other settings default/not available
DETECTOR VERIFICATION
6
• Verified that detectors did not “cross-talk” through daily fire/fault responses
• Detector operation verified at installation and daily before testing
• Initial installations performed by experienced contractors
• Baseline signal strength used to verify alignment
• Manually trigger fire alarm response
• Blocking portion of reflector for traditional beam devices
• Using red test filter for OSID detector
• Manually trigger fault response
• Fully blocking reflector for traditional beam devices
• Fully blocking emitter for OSID detector
FIRE TESTING: SOURCES
A range of fire sizes, smoke production rates, and source materials evaluated
Range of fire/smoke sizes selected to find detection threshold Fire size for all detectors to
alarm
Fire size for none or one detector to response
7
n-Heptane
DieselBoxes w/ peanuts
ABS Plastic
Empty boxes
FIRE TESTING: SOURCES
n-Heptane pan fires (12”x12” to 22”x22”)
Diesel pan fires (2”x4” to 15”x15”)
Cardboard boxes w/ polystyrene packing peanuts (empty to ½ full)
ABS plastic sheets 8”x16”x3/8” (1 and 4 vertical sheets)
8
n-Heptane
DieselBoxes w/ peanuts
ABS Plastic
Empty boxes
FIRE TESTING: RESULTS
DNA – Did not alarm * BEAM A at 50% sensitivity per manufacturers requirements
OSI-10 alarmed to most fires (earliest response to all fires)
OSI-10 DNA to small diesel pool and empty boxes (all DNA)9
Detector
N-Heptane Diesel Boxes ABS
12”x
12”
15”x
15”
22”x
22”
2”x4
”
6”x6
”
15”x
15”
4 Em
pty
2 –
1/8
full
2 –
¼ fu
ll
2 –
½ fu
ll
1 sh
eet
4 sh
eets
OSI-10
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
Beam A*
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
DNA
DNA
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
Beam B
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
DNA
DNA
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
Beam C
DNA
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
DNA
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
DNA
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
NUISANCE TESTING: SOLID OBSTRUCTION
DNA – Did not alarm * Beam A at 50% sensitivity per manufacturer
Solid cardboard placed partially and completely obstructing beam path at reflector (or OSID emitter)
Tested at ceiling level while installed in fire test locations
No detectors respond when blocked by 33%
OSID detector did not enter a fire alarm when partially obstructed
Emitter blocked partially from top/bottom/left/right10
DetectorPartial Obstruction
(% obstructed) Full Obstruction
OSI-10 DNA (up to 67%) FAULT
Beam A* FIRE (80%) FAULT
Beam B FIRE (67%) FAULT
Beam C FIRE (67%) FAULT
NUISANCE TESTING: CEILING LEVEL
11
• Initial dust and water mist exposures conducted at ceiling level• Simultaneous exposures to all devices at fire test location
• Individual exposures oriented down specific beam paths
NUISANCE TESTING: CEILING LEVEL
12
• Dust/mist could not be sustained long enough to maintain clouds at the ceiling level• Alarm level obscurations were reported by Beam B and C
• Obscuration level could not be sustained to overcome alarm delays using setup
NUISANCE TESTING: FLOOR LEVEL
13
• Detectors installed at floor level (3 ft) at max distance
• Evaluated independently (not simultaneous exposure)
Dust exposures tested simultaneously in fire installation locations at ceiling level – no alarms produced
NUISANCE TESTING: DESCRIPTIONDUST EXPOSURE Portland ASTM C150 Type I-II
and Arizona A4 tested
Released from flour sifter over fan directed down beam path 20 ft from detector
WATER MIST Water ejected through
atomizing nozzle using 2000 psi pressure washer
Spray directed over reflector (OSID emitter)
14
NUISANCE TESTING: DUST EXPOSURE
15
Dust Type
Exposed Detector Response
Approx. Duration of
Dust Exposure
(sec)Cement
Beam AFIRE 30
Arizona FIRE 15Cement
Beam BFIRE 30
Arizona DNA (75% Obsc., dust not sustained for 30 sec) 15*Cement Beam C FIRE 30Arizona DNA (75% Obsc., dust not sustained for 30 sec) 15*Cement
OSI-10FAULT 30
Arizona DNA (sufficient obscuration for fault but not enough duration to produce response) 15*
DNA – Did not alarm * Arizona dust ejected through sifter quickly, insufficient amount to sustain over alarm delay time
Dust resulted in sufficient reduction in signal strength to cause fire alarm in all three traditional beam detectorsOSID detector entered fault condition to dust exposure, both UV and IR signals decrease proportionally to distinguish larger dust particles v. smaller smoke
NUISANCE TESTING: WATER MIST
16
DNA – Did not alarmWater mist resulted in sufficient reduction in signal strength to cause fire alarm in all three traditional beam detectorsOSID detector did not alarm to water mist
Insufficient obscuration to produce fault, both UV and IR decrease therefore additional mist would probably cause fault, not fire response
Detector ResponseBeam A FIREBeam B FIREBeam C FIREOSI-10 DNA
NUISANCE TESTING: OSID RESPONSE
17
Solid
Obs
truc
tion
-FAU
LT R
ESPO
NSE
-Re
d Te
st F
ilter
-FIR
E AL
ARM
Wat
er M
ist-N
o Re
spon
se
Cem
ent D
ust
-FAU
LT R
ESPO
NSE
A4 R
oad
Dust
-No
Resp
onse
*
*A4 dust sufficient obscuration to fault but exposure too short to overcome delay time
UV beam attenuationIR beam attenuation
• UV = IR FAULT• Solid Obstructions• Water Mist ( at higher
concentration than tested)• Cement Dust• A4 Road Dust (for longer
duration than tested)• UV >> IR FIRE
• Red Filter• 12 of 14 fire sources tested
Sign
al A
tten
uatio
n0%
10
0%
NUISANCE TESTING: ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT
Incrementally adjust horizontal alignment between detector and reflector/emitter Increment angle at 0.5o until detector responds with fire/fault
Signal strength decays with angle of misalignment Fire/Fault
OSID reduce UV/IR at same level Fault Response only
18
0102030405060708090
100
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Beam
Att
enua
tion
(%)
Misalignment (degrees)
Generic Beam Detector Response to Misalignment
NO RESPONSE
FAU
LT
FAU
LT
NUISANCE TESTING: ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT
All three traditional beam detectors enter fire alarm when slightly misaligned (fault at greater angles – signal decays with angle)
OSI-10 detector enter fault indication when slightly misaligned (no fire alarm produced up to 5o misalignment)
19
Detector Response Angular Misalignment
Beam A FIRE 1.5° - 2.0°FAULT 5.0°
Beam B FIRE 1.0°FAULT 5.0°
Beam C FIRE 1.0°FAULT 5.0°
OSI-10 (100 m distance) FIRE Fire alarm not producedFAULT 1.0°
OSI-10 (150 m distance) FIRE Fire alarm not producedFAULT 0.5° - 1.0°
DATA SUMMARY
20
Detector
Fire
s (A
larm
/Tot
al)
Dust
Wat
er M
ist
Solid
O
bstr
uctio
ns
Mis
alig
nmen
t
OSI-10 12/14 Fault± None± Fault* Fault*
Beam A 5/14 Fire Fire Fire/Fault¶ Fire/Fault¶
Beam B 5/14 Fire Fire Fire/Fault¶ Fire/Fault¶
Beam C 9/14 Fire Fire Fire/Fault¶ Fire/Fault¶
± - Desired response to dust/mist is unclear between fault or noneDesired response is dependent on continued ability to detect fires (not tested)
* - Fault indicated as GREEN condition for solid obstruction and misalignmentThese conditions prevent proper detection and a fault is a necessary response
¶ - Fire response obtained to partial obstructions or slight misalignmentFault (desired condition) to full obstructions or more severe misalignment
WWW.HAIFIRE.COM
CONCLUSIONSTraditional beam smoke detectors Produce fire alarm when measured light signal reduced Produce fault response when light signal completely cut off No ability to distinguish between various sources of partial or total
blockage Signal reduction from misalignment interpreted as fire when partial
or fault when fully misalignedDual wave imaging detector Discriminate between large (dust, water) and small (smoke)
particles by comparing attenuation of UV and IR response Identify solid obstructions by equal ratio attenuating UV and IR
response Identify misalignment using imaging array – locate and report fault
as misalignment
21