2644: 1 24 (2010) Article …aroberts/Henderson et al 2010.pdf · Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ... insects are also first records: Kalasiris

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ZOOTAXAISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press

Zootaxa 2644: 1–24 (2010) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article

Scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of New Zealand’s pygmy mistletoes (Korthalsella: Viscaceae) with description of three new species: Leucaspis albotecta, L. trilobata (Diaspididae) and Eriococcus korthalsellae (Eriococcidae)

ROSA C. HENDERSON1,3, AMIR SULTAN2 & ALASTAIR W. ROBERTSON2

1Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 2Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The scale insect fauna recorded on the pigmy mistletoe genus Korthalsella (Viscaceae) and New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes is reviewed. Three new species from New Zealand discovered on Korthalsella species during this study are described: the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs of two pupillarial species Leucaspis albotecta sp. nov.and Leucaspis trilobata sp. nov. (Diaspididae); and the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs and 1st-instar nymph of Eriococcus korthalsellae sp. nov. (Eriococcidae). A distribution map is provided for the three new species. We report the first records of adventive (exotic) scale insects on Korthalsella species in New Zealand – Ceroplastes sinensisDel Guercio, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, soft brown scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker), hemispherical scale, S. oleae(Olivier), black scale (Coccidae), and Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, oleander scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), latania scale, H. rapax (Comstock), greedy scale (Diaspididae), while three native scale insects are also first records: Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (Coccidae), Eriococcus pallidus Maskell (Eriococcidae) and Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae). Ten scale insect species are listed for New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes.

Key words: Coccidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Pseudococcidae, distribution, host plants, first records

Introduction

The pygmy mistletoes of New Zealand belong to the genus Korthalsella in the family Viscaceae. Korthalsella is a genus of about 25 species of leafless, aerial hemiparasites. The genus is distributed from Ethiopia, Madagascar and Mascarenes through South and South East Asia to Japan in the north, Australia and New Zealand in the south and the Hawaiian Archipelago, Marquesas and Henderson Island in the east (Molvray et al. 1999; Burrows 1996). New Zealand is home to three species, K. salicornioides, K. clavata and K. lindsayi (Fig. 1).

Korthalsella salicornioides occurs throughout the North and South Islands and on Stewart Island and is classified as “naturally uncommon-sparse” in the threatened and uncommon plants list for New Zealand (de Lange et al. 2009). K. salicornioides mainly occurs on Leptospermum scoparium and Kunzea spp. but has also been recorded on the introduced Erica lusitanica and E. vagans (Bannister 1989). Korthalsella clavataoccurs throughout the South Island but is rare in the North Island occurring from near Whakamaru in the Central Volcanic Plateau southwards to Cape Turakirae. K. clavata is regarded as a regionally threatened plant in Wellington Conservancy (Department of Conservation 2001). The favoured host of Korthalsella clavata is Coprosma propinqua, but it also occurs on several other Coprosma spp., Aristotelia fruticosa, Discaria toumatou and Melicope simplex. Korthalsella lindsayi occurs throughout the South Island and in the North Island occurs from Pureora in the Western Volcanic Plateau southwards. The main host for K. lindsayi is

Accepted by C. Hodgson: 20 Sep. 2010; published: 13 Oct. 2010 1


Melicope simplex while Lophomyrtus obcordata, Coprosma spp., Myrsine australis and M. divaricata are also frequently parasitised.

There are 100 named species of felt scales (Eriococcidae) in New Zealand (Hoy 1954, 1958, 1962; Hodgson 1994, Hodgson & Henderson 1996, Henderson 2006, 2007a, 2007b) and 18 named species of Leucaspis (Diaspididae) (Maskell 1879, 1884, 1893; Green 1929; Brittin 1915, 1937; Ferris 1942; de Boer & Valentine 1977). Here we describe two new armoured scale insects (Diaspididae) and one new felt scale insect (Eriococcidae).

Aulacaspis vitis (Green), a polyphagous armoured scale, is the only scale insect reported previously from a Korthalsella species. It was recorded on Korthalsella japonica (=K. opuntia) in Pakistan (Baloch et al. 1975) and this is the first account of scale insects associated with pygmy mistletoes of New Zealand. The other mistletoes in New Zealand are in the Loranthaceae, and the scale insects recorded from them are listed in Table 1. De Lange (1997) reported an infestation of Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, soft brown scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), black scale, and an Eriococcus sp. on Ileostylus micranthus and the presence of a Ctenochiton sp. and black scale on herbarium specimens of Trilepidea adamsii. The role of such invertebrates, particularly introduced species, in the decline of these mistletoes is largely unknown (de Lange 1997) but de Lange suggested that scale insects are possibly one of the several causes that have led to dramatic decline in the populations of Ileostylus micranthus in the Wellington region and presumed extinction of Trilepidea adamsii (de Lange 1997).

TABLE 1. Scale insects associated with Loranthaceous mistletoes of New Zealand.

* Adventive species.

Material and methods

Specimens were collected in 70% ethanol and were slide mounted by methods given in Hodgson and Henderson (2000), with an additional dissection step for the pupillarial female Leucaspis species: these were slit along one side of the ventral margin before heating in 95% ethanol, and the membranous adult females were gently teased out of their pupillaria after heating in 10% KOH. The illustrations were prepared by drawing over montaged images of slide-mounted specimens using the software packages Adobe Illustrator

Mistletoe sp Scale insect associates Reference

Ileostylus micranthus Eriococcus albatus Hoy Plant and Food 2010, plant name given as Loranthus sp.

Eriococcus sp. de Lange 1997

Plumichiton elaeocarpi (Maskell) (black plumed scale)

Hodgson & Henderson 2000, plant given as Ileostylus sp., but only one species known in New Zealand

*Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (soft brown scale) de Lange 1997

*Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (black scale) de Lange 1997

Alepis flavida Ctenochiton paraviridis Henderson & Hodgson (spotted sixpenny scale)

Hodgson & Henderson 2000

Peraxilla colensoi Ctenochiton paraviridis Henderson & Hodgson (spotted sixpenny scale)

Hodgson & Henderson 2000

Peraxilla tetrapetala Eriococcus elytranthae Hoy Henderson & Martin 2006

Tupeia antarctica Coelostomidia zealandica (Maskell) Morales 1991

*Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) (greedy scale) Charles & Henderson 2002

Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (fringed scale) Plant and Food 2010

Trilepidea adamsii Ctenochiton sp. de Lange 1997

*Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (black scale) de Lange 1997

HENDERSON ET AL.2 · Zootaxa 2644 © 2010 Magnolia Press


and Photoshop. The figures are presented as a map in the customary manner, with dorsal features on the left hand half and ventral features on the right hand half, and with detailed vignettes not to scale. Measurements are given as a range. Body measurements for adult female Leucaspis species were taken from their pupillaria. The reviewed records and species descriptions are listed under their respective scale insect family. A distribution map is provided for the three new species.

Conventions. Under Material examined, the data given for each new species are those on the slide label, categorised under the area codes of Crosby et al. (1998), followed by the NZAC accession number, the number of slides and specimens studied, including their life stages. For example: #09-073a-e [5]: 3 F, 3 fpl, 2 f2nd, 1 m2nd, 4 1st, 2 exuv1 denotes 5 consecutive slides (a–e) with a total of three adult females, three 2nd-instar female pupillaria, two 2nd-instar female nymphs, one 2nd-instar male nymph, four 1st-instar nymphs and two 1st-exuvia. In the case of the pupillarial Leucaspis species a 2nd-instar pupillarium is associated with each adult female.

Herbarium details

CHR Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.MPN Dame Ella Campbell Herbarium, Massey University, Palmerston North.WELT Museum of New Zealand - Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington.

Type depository: New Zealand Arthropod Collection (NZAC), Landcare Research, Auckland.

Result and taxonomy

Family Coccidae

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Chinese wax scale) is an adventive species recorded on 14 native plant species from 11 genera in 12 families (including one fern sp.) (Hodgson & Henderson 2000, Morrison 2007, Martin 1999, Plant and Food 2010, Anon. 2009). It also feeds on cultivated/exotic species such as weeping bottlebrush (Callistemon viminalis), Citrus sp., flowering gum tree (Corymbia ficifolia), Myoporum insulare, Nematolepis squamea, and pomegranate (Punica granatum) (Bain 2008, Hodgson & Henderson 2000, Hedley-Stevens 2009, Plant and Food 2010, Philip 2008, Anon 2009). Young scales were recorded on K. salicornioides while adults were seen on the mistletoe host Leptospermum scoparium in the present study. These are new host records for this scale.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, CL, Gemstone Bay, on Korthalsella salicornioides, 11 April 2010, A. Sultan.

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (soft brown scale) is an adventive species known to infest a wide range of native and exotic plants. Previous host records for soft brown scale include 24 native species from 16 families and 18 genera (including two fern species: Blechnum fraseri and Histiopteris incisa) (Hodgson & Henderson 2000, Walker 2008, de Lange 1997, Martin 1999, Plant and Food 2010). Cultivated/introduced hosts recorded include Abutilon, Dendrobium, blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Citrus sp., radiata pine (Pinus radiata), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), wild cherry (Prunus avium), cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) and grape (Vitis vinifera) (Hodgson & Henderson 2000, Plant and Food 2010). Korthalsella lindsayi and K. salicornioides are new host records for this species.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, WI, Rongotea, Coles Bush, on Korthalsella lindsayi, 18 July, 2009, A. Sultan; RI, Mangaweka Scenic Reserve, on Korthalsella salicornioides, 8 May, 2010, A. Sultan.

Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (fringed scale). This is the only native coccid recorded on a Korthalsella sp. so far. Previous hosts recorded for this scale comprise of 16 native spp. from 10 genera in 10 families (Hodgson

Zootaxa 2644 © 2010 Magnolia Press · 3SCALE INSECT FAUNA ON NEW ZEALAND MISTLETOES


& Henderson 2000, Plant and Food 2010). In the present study it was recorded on K. lindsayi, which is a new host record for this coccid.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, WI, Rongotea, Coles Bush, on Korthalsella lindsayi, October, 2009, A. Sultan.

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (hemispherical scale). Hosts recorded for this adventive species in New Zealand include 20 native species from 16 genera in 15 families (including 6 fern species) (Hodgson & Henderson 2000, Plant and Food 2010). Cultivated/exotic species infested include boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), Citrussp., quince (Cydonia oblonga), Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica), grape (Vitis vinifera), Meryta coriacea, umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla) and tree germander (Teucrium fruticans) (Bain 2008, Hodgson & Henderson 2000, Plant and Food 2010, Anon 2009, Philip 2008). In the present study this scale was recorded on K. salicornioides. This is a new host record for this scale.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, CL, Gemstone Bay, on K. salicornioides, 11 April 2010, A. Sultan.

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (black scale, olive scale, ‘H’ scale) is an adventive species. Previous host records for this species include 19 native plants from 15 families and 18 genera (Hodgson & Henderson 2000). Cultivated/exotic hosts recorded for black scale include kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), pear (Pyrus communis), Citrus sp., grape (Vitis vinifera), Mexican orange blossom (Choisya ternata), Abutilon, Hibiscussp. and pyramid tree (Lagunaria patersonia) (Hodgson & Henderson 2000). Korthalsella lindsayi is a new host record for this species.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, WI, Rongotea, Coles Bush, on Korthalsella lindsayi, 30 August, 2009, A. Sultan.

Family Diaspididae

In pupillarial armoured scale insects such as the genus Leucaspis, the 2nd-instar female nymphal skin is not cast off to be incorporated in the waxy scale cover as in most other diaspidids, but instead it becomes sclerotised and completely encloses the membranous 3rd-instar adult female. The advantage for taxonomy is that the additional characters of the 2nd-instar nymphal pupillarium allow for a combination diagnosis because one is always available with each adult female, even though these characters may be masked by the heavy sclerotisation of the pupillarium. If membranous 2nd-instar female nymphs are also available, they add clarity to these same features.

Key in three parts to separate the two Leucaspis species described below on Korthalsella species: (1) adult female; (2) pupillarium/female 2nd-instar; and (3) 2nd-instar male

1. Adult female: host plant Korthalsella salicornioides ................................................... albotecta Henderson sp. nov. - adult female: host plants Korthalsella clavata & K. lindsayi .......................................... trilobata Henderson sp. nov.2. Pupillarium: (i) with 1 to 2 pairs of submedian dorsal ducts on at least 3 abdominal segments; (ii) dorsal sclerotisa-

tion pattern a mosaic of dark and light tiny spots. 2nd-instar female nymph: (i) submedian dorsal ducts as for pupil-larium; (ii) submarginal dorsal duct on VII close to anterior end of median lobe; (iii) pygidial lobes tending club-shaped ............................................................................................................................. albotecta Henderson sp. nov.

- Pupillarium: (i) with 1 pair of submedian dorsal ducts on segment V only; (ii) dorsal sclerotisation pattern composed of larger dark textured spots separated by tiny clear spots. 2nd-instar female nymph: (i) submedian dorsal ducts as for pupillarium plus microducts on prepygidial segments; (ii) submarginal dorsal duct on VII close to pygidium mar-gin; (iii) pygidial lobes slender ......................................................................................... trilobata Henderson sp. nov.

3. 2nd-instar male nymph: dorsal submedian ducts all similar ....................................... albotecta Henderson sp. nov.- 2nd-instar male nymph: dorsal submedian ducts of 2 distinct sizes, with macroducts becoming numerous large

microducts on anterior segments ..................................................................................... trilobata Henderson sp. nov.



FIGURE 1. New Zealand Korthalsella species in life. A, young fruiting K. clavata parasitic on Coprosma propinqua; B, flowering K. salicornioides parasitic on Leptospermum scoparium; C. fruiting K. lindsayi parasitic on Melicope simplex; D, Leucaspis trilobata sp. nov. on K. lindsayi.

Leucaspis albotecta Henderson sp. nov.Figs 2–4

Unmounted material. Pupillarial; exuviae terminal, pupillarium light brown with a white waxy coating; adult females membranous; male covers bright white and relatively thick, with dark terminal exuviae.

Adult female (Fig. 2), measurements taken from 14 specimens.Mounted material. Body length 1.62–2.3 mm, width 0.56–0.92 mm measured on pupillaria. Body shape

elongate when young, shortened and roundly oval with shrunken abdomen when mature; derm membranous except for pygidial sclerotisation in patches and around anal opening, and with a ventral median longitudinal band of crenulae (curved short lines of microtrichia) between mouthparts and abdominal segment III. Pygidium broadly rounded, with 2 to 3 pairs of lobes on margin, each lobe teardrop-shaped, smooth and slightly rounded distally, about 12 μm long and 6 μm wide including basal sclerotisation; plates extending well beyond lobes, tapering to a point, lightly fringed on each side, with 2 to 3 plates in each space between lobes, this variable with varying lobe positions, and with about 5 plates laterally each side of 3rd lobe position, diminishing in size towards prepygidium; pygidium submarginal ducts small, randomly distributed, a total of



9 to 15 ducts present; longest setae 12–32 μm in length. Perivulvar pores in 5 nearly contiguous groups, with 2 to 3 additional subsidiary groups on each side of prepygidium segments, having a total of 108–132 pores in main arch and 5–16 pores in each lateral subsidiary group. Posterior spiracles stout, 27–37 μm long and 15–17 μm wide, with four cells at base, without associated pores or microducts. Anterior spiracles 25–30 μm long and positioned close to mouth parts, perispiracular pores 5-locular, numbering 16–31 by each spiracle; parastigmatic ducts similar to small gland tubercles, numbering 22–40 in an elongate group each side of mesothorax about equidistant between median and margin. Antenna a sclerotised stub with usually 6 setae comprising 1 pair each of stout, medium, and finer setae.

2nd-instar pupillarium (Fig. 2 vignette), measurements taken from 15 specimens. Mounted material. Shape elongate. Body length and width as above. Ventral derm membranous. Dorsal

derm heavily sclerotised in a dense mosaic pattern of dark and clear spots from head to abdomen segment I, this pattern then breaking into transverse bars of diminishing width on each abdominal segment posteriorly and absent on pygidium; division lines on abdominal segments II–V crevice-like. Margins from metathorax to pygidium lined with series of macroducts opening onto the margin, and large columnar duct tubercles present from prepygidium segment III forwards to metathorax and absent on pygidium. Submarginal and submedian macroducts present on dorsal prepygidium and pygidium. Ventral macroducts on pygidial margin each with a transverse lunate opening, one duct between each lobe. With 3 pairs of club-shaped lobes on pygidium with long ventral scleroses. Fringed plates between lobes more finely fimbriate than plates anterior to 3rd lobes, which are more digitate in appearance. Ventral microducts present on prepygidial abdominal segments. Mouthparts, antennae, spiracles and associated pores and ducts bundled together posteriorwards at ecdysis and usually lost during slide-mounting.

2nd-instar female nymph (Fig. 3), measurements taken from 1 specimen. Body shape fusiform, narrower at head, pygidium rounded, length 0.67 mm, width 0.29 mm, derm

membranous except for sclerotisation patches on pygidium. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes, club-shaped, broader at body margin and basally narrowing to a point, apex square, 2nd and 3rd lobes progressively smaller than median lobes. Fringed plates either side of median lobes appearing digitate (but only 1 specimen seen here so fineness of fringing may vary), finely fimbriate lateral to 2nd and 3rd lobes, becoming finely serrate on prepygidial segments. Dorsal macroducts: 1 pair submarginally on segment VII, positioned lateral to anterior end of median lobes, 2 pairs submarginally on VI–III, becoming smaller as far forward as metathorax; submedially 1 pair on VI, 2 pairs on V and IV, then a few microducts on III. Ventral ducts: (i) macroducts with sclerotised lunate opening on margin, each associated with a fringe plate: 1 duct between median lobes, then on each side 1 duct in first space (between median and 2nd lobes), 1 duct in second space (between 2nd and 3rd lobes), and 7 ducts to segment III; (ii) columnar gland tubercles, smooth-sided and lacking fringed opening on margin, in close groups on abdominal II–I and metathorax, becoming normal gland tubercles scattered submarginally on mesothorax; (iii) medium size microducts moderately numerous in groups present submarginally on mesothorax, and submedially on abdomen II–V. Antenna with 4–6 setae. Spiracles each about 22–25 µm long, anterior spiracle with 4 perispiracular pores, posterior spiracle without pores.

2nd-instar male nymph (Fig. 4), measurements taken from 6 specimens. Similar to female nymph except: body length 0.64–1.2 mm, width 0.28–0.44 mm.Pygidium with 2 or 3 pairs of lobes, 3rd lobes sometimes more plate-like than lobular. Fringed plates

generally finely fimbriate on pygidium. Dorsal macroducts more numerous than on female nymph, submedially 1 to 4 pairs on each of segments VI–II then becoming short, wide microducts in rows on II–I and mesothorax, with about 2 pairs submedially on dorsal head; submarginally similar distribution to female nymph but ducts more numerous. Ventral ducts: (i) macroducts with sclerotised lunate opening (similar to female nymph); (ii) columnar gland tubercles (less numerous); (iii) microducts few submedially on abdomen I–V. With 3 pairs of ventral setae on head submedially in a line between mouthparts and anterior margin, in addition to other head setae.

Comments. The main diagnostic feature is the three pairs of lobes on the 2nd-instar pupillarium and female nymph, (this feature shared with the second new species L. trilobata described below but see the key for distinctions) which previously was known only from two other species. The first of those other species is Leucaspis senilobata Green on which the 3rd pair of lobes is inconsistently present; also, L. senilobata usually



has a 5-locular pore on the ventral pygidium just anterior to each 3rd lobe (or its position), and always has 2 pairs of lunate marginal macroducts between the 2nd and 3rd lobes (always a single lunate duct there on L. albotecta); lastly, host plant preferences for L. senilobata are Griselinia and Hebe. The second species with three pairs of lobes is an undescribed species outside the scope of this paper, which cannot be confused because it is about half the size of L. albotecta, and because its host plant preferences are Halocarpus biformis, H. bidwillii, Manoao colensoi (Podocarpaceae) and Libocedrus plumosa (Cupressaceae). With regard to the adult female L. albotecta, the presence of subsidiary abdominal pore groups places it outside the

FIGURE 2. Leucaspis albotecta Henderson sp. nov., adult female. Pupillarium with vignette of dorsal sclerotisation pattern.



group of species discussed by de Boer and Valentine (1977). However, many more species are known that do have subsidiary pore groups. The remaining described Leucaspis species unfortunately lack sufficiently good descriptions for useful comparison.

FIGURE 3. Leucaspis albotecta Henderson sp. nov., 2nd-instar female nymph.



FIGURE 4. Leucaspis albotecta Henderson sp. nov., 2nd-instar male nymph.

Material examined: HOLOTYPE: Female and pupillarium, here designated. NEW ZEALAND, CO, Lake Roxburgh, 11 Jan 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella salicornioides parasitic on Kunzea ericoides, #10-008a [1]: 1 F, 1 fpl. Barcode NZAC02008535.

Paratypes: as for holotype: #10-008b-d [3]: 6 F, 6 fpl, 1 f2nd, 1 m2nd, 1 exuv1.



Other material examined. NEW ZEALAND, MB, Wairau Valley, Branch River, Feb 2010, A.W. Robertson, Korthalsella salicornioides, #10-068 [1]: 1 F (parasitised), 2 fpl, 1 m2nd, 1 1st; WA, Lake Wairarapa, Western Lake Road, Lake Shore Scenic Reserve, March 2010, A. Sultan, #10-094a–b [2]: 2 F, 3 fpl, 1 exuv1; BP, Rotorua Whakarewarewa Geothermal Reserve, 10 Apr 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella salicornioides, #10-063a–d [4]: 2 F, 2 fpl, 5 m2nd, 1 1st, 2 exuv1; as previous except Jan 1920, D. Petrie, from herbarium sheet WELT SP031442, #10-046 [1]: 2 F, 2fpl; [no collection data] Korthalsella salicornioides, from herbarium sheet MPN 31332, #10-097a–b [2]: 2 F, 3 fpl, 1 exuv1.

Syntype material of Leucaspis senilobata was examined when previously on loan to RCH from the Natural History Museum, London.

Etymology: ‘albo’—white, combined with ‘tecta’—covering, for the abundant white male scale covers noted in the type series collection.

Leucaspis trilobata Henderson sp. nov.Figs 1D, 5–7

Unmounted material. Pupillarial; exuviae terminal, pupillarium light brown with a white waxy coating; adult females membranous; male covers white tinged with golden-white, with dark terminal exuviae.

Adult female (Fig. 5), measurements taken from 12 specimens.Mounted material. Body length 1.52–2 mm, width 0.58–0.8 mm measured on pupillaria. Body shape

elongate when young, shortened and roundly oval with shrunken abdomen when mature, derm membranous except for pygidial sclerotisation in patches and around anal opening, and with a ventral median longitudinal band of crenulae (curved short lines of microtrichia) between mouthparts and abdominal segment III. Pygidium broadly rounded, with 2 to 3 pairs of lobes on margin, each lobe teardrop-shaped, smooth and rounded distally, about 12 μm long and 6 μm wide including basal sclerotisation; plates extending well beyond lobes, tapering to a point, slightly fringed on each side; 2 to 3 plates in each space between lobes, variable with varying lobe positions, and with about 5 plates laterally each side of 3rd lobe position, diminishing in size towards prepygidium; pygidial submarginal ducts small, randomly distributed, a total of 9 to 11 ducts present; with 7 to 9 long setae, longest 32–37 μm in length. Perivulvar pores in 5 nearly contiguous groups, with 2 to 3 subsidiary groups on each side of prepygidium segments; total of 93–117 pores in main arch and 1–6 pores in each lateral subsidiary group. Posterior spiracles stout, 32–37 μm long and 15–17 μm wide, with four cells at base, without associated pores or microducts. Anterior spiracles positioned close to mouth parts, about 27 μm long and 5 μm wide, perispiracular pores 5-locular, numbering 10–15 by each spiracle; parastigmatic ducts, similar to microducts with a wide opening surrounded by a wider lightly sclerotised ring, numbering 22–42 in an elongate group each side of mesothorax about equidistant between median and margin. Antenna a sclerotised stub with usually 6 setae comprising 1 pair each of stout, medium, and finer setae.

2nd-instar pupillarium (Fig. 5 vignette), measurements taken from 12 specimens. Mounted material. Shape elongate. Body length 1.52–2 mm, width 0.58–0.8 mm. Ventral derm membranous. Dorsal derm heavily sclerotised in a dense mosaic pattern of dark textured larger spots separated by tiny clear spots from head to abdomen segment I, this pattern then breaking into transverse bars of diminishing width on each abdominal segment posteriorly and absent on pygidium; division lines on abdominal segments II–V broad and crevice-like. Margins from metathorax to pygidium lined with series of macroducts opening onto the margin, and large columnar duct tubercles present from prepygidium segment III forwards to metathorax and absent on pygidium. Submarginal macroducts present on dorsal prepygidium and pygidium, 1 pair on dorsal submedian. Ventral macroducts on pygidial margin each with a transverse lunate opening, one duct between each lobe. With 3 pairs of slender lobes on pygidium with long ventral scleroses. Fringed plates between lobes more finely fimbriate than plates anterior to 3rd lobes, which are more digitate in appearance. Ventral microducts present on prepygidial abdominal segments. Mouthparts, antennae, spiracles and associated pores and ducts bundled together posteriorwards at ecdysis and usually lost during slide-mounting.

2nd-instar female nymph (Fig. 6), measurements taken from 5 specimens.



FIGURE 5. Leucaspis trilobata Henderson sp. nov., adult female. Pupillarium with vignette of dorsal sclerotisation pattern.



FIGURE 6. Leucaspis trilobata Henderson sp. nov., 2nd-instar female nymph.

Body shape fusiform, becoming wider from mesothorax to posterior abdomen and narrower at head when near 2nd moult (as in Fig. 6), pygidium rounded; body length 0.58–1.14 mm, width 0.31–0.48 mm, derm membranous except for sclerotisation patches on pygidium. Pygidium with 3 pairs of slender lobes, basally narrowing to a point, 2nd and 3rd lobes progressively smaller than median lobes. Plates finely fimbriate on pygidium, serrate on prepygidial segments. Dorsal macroducts: 1 pair submarginally on segment VII, positioned close to margin, lateral to median lobes, 2 pairs submarginally on VI–II, becoming smaller as far forward as metathorax; submedially 1 pair on V, then replaced by microducts to segment I. Ventral ducts: (i)



macroducts with sclerotised lunate opening on margin and associated with a fringe plate: 1 duct between median lobes, then on each side 1 duct in first space (between median and 2nd lobes), 1 duct in second space (between 2nd and 3rd lobes), and 6 ducts to segment III; (ii) columnar gland tubercles, with fringed opening on margin, in close groups on abdominal III–I and metathorax, becoming ordinary gland tubercles scattered submarginally on meta- and mesothorax; (iii) medium size microducts moderately numerous in groups present submarginally on mesothorax, and submedially on abdomen II–V. Antenna with 4–5 setae. Spiracles each about 22–25 µm long, anterior spiracle with 2 perispiracular pores, posterior spiracle without pores.

FIGURE 7. Leucaspis trilobata Henderson sp. nov., 2nd-instar male nymph.



2nd-instar male nymph (Fig. 7), measurements taken from 3 specimens. Similar to female nymph except: body length 0.68–0.82 mm, width 0.31–0.37 mm.Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes. Dorsal macroducts more numerous than on female nymph, submedially

all one size, 1 to 3 pairs on VI–I (not replaced by microducts); submarginally similar distribution to female nymph but ducts more numerous, plus about 2 pairs microducts submedially on dorsal head. Ventral ducts: similar to female nymph except columnar gland tubercles rather fimbriate on sides and margins. Antennae with 3–4 setae. With 3 pairs of ventral setae on head submedially in a line between mouthparts and anterior margin, in addition to other head setae.

Comments. The main diagnostic feature is the three pairs of lobes on the 2nd-instar pupillarium and 2nd-instar nymphs, but see under L. albotecta above for discussion comparing other species with 3 pairs of lobes, and see key to separate L. trilobata from L. albotecta.

Material examined: HOLOTYPE: Female and pupillarium, here designated. NEW ZEALAND, DN, Aramoana, 12 Jan 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella lindsayi, parasitic on Coprosma areolata, #10-007b [1]: 1 F, 1 fpl. Barcode NZAC02008364.

Paratypes: as for holotype above: #10-007a, c–f [5]: 7 F, 7 fpl, 3 f2nd (2 mature), 3 m2nd.Other material examined. SC, Peel Forest, Te Wanahu Flat, 5 Jan 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella lindsayi,

parasitic on Lophomyrtus obcordata, #10-009 a–c [3]: 7 F, 7 fpl, 1 f2nd (mature); MK, Motuariki Island in Lake Tekapo, 9 Oct 1973, B.P.J. Molloy, Korthalsella lindsayi and K. clavata parasitic on Muehlenbeckia, from herbarium sheet CHR 286231 #09-346a–c [3]: 6 F, 7 fpl; as previous except small island near Motuariki Island, 9 Jan 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella clavata, #10-004a–e [5]: 10 F, 10 fpl; as previous except Korthalsella lindsayi, #10-003 [1]: 2 F, 2 fpl; SL, Winton, 8 Dec 1882, T. Kirk, Korthalsella lindsayi, from herbarium sheet WELT SP031420, #10-045a–d [4]: 6 F, 6 fpl, 2 f2nd.

Etymology: the species name trilobata refers to the uncommon feature of three pairs of lobes on the 2nd-instar pupillarium and on the 2nd-instar female and male nymphs.

Other species

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (latania scale) is an adventive species, recorded on 9 native spp. from 9 genera in 9 families (Charles and Henderson 2002, Plant and Food 2010 , Anon 2009, Walker 2008). Also recorded on kiwifruit vine (Actinidia species) (Hill & Holmes 2009, McKenna et al. 2009). In the present study it was recorded on Korthalsella salicornioides which is a new host record for this species.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, CL, Black Jack Road, on Korthalsella salicornioides, 11 April 2010, A. Sultan.

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) (greedy scale) is an adventive armoured scale species. Previous host records include 46 native species from 32 families and 39 genera (Charles & Henderson 2002, Plant and Food 2010). Korthalsella lindsayi and K. salicornioides are new host records for this species.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, BP, Kohi Point walkway near Whakatane, on Korthalsella salicornioides, 10 April 2010, A. Sultan; TO, Turangi, Motuoapa, on K. salicornioides, 19 March 2009, A. Sultan; WI, Rongotea, Coles Bush, on K. lindsayi, 7 August 2008, A. Sultan; WA, Glenside Station, Mangahuia Stream Bush near Gladstone, on K. lindsayi, 26 February 2010, A. Sultan; WA, Oporua (east of Lake Wairarapa), on K. clavata, 27 February, 2010, A. Sultan; KA, upper Flaxbourne River, on K. salicornioides, 1 Jan 2010, A. Sultan.

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (oleander scale) is an adventive species recorded on a wide range of hosts including 31 native plant species from 25 genera in 24 families (Charles & Henderson 2009, Plant and Food 2010, Hedley-Stevens 2009), while cultivated/exotic species recorded as hosts include Buddleja davidii, boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) and Coleonema pulchellum (Kay & Smale 1990, Bain 2008). In the present study it was recorded on K. clavata, K. lindsayi and K. salicornioides which are new host records for this species.



Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, RI, Mangaweka Scenic Reserve, on Korthalsella salicornioides, 8 May, 2010, A. Sultan; WA, Oporua (east of Lake Wairarapa), on K. clavata, 27 February, 2010, A. Sultan; Masterton, on K. salicornioides, 15 October, 1945, J. O. Anderson; KA, Marble Point, on K. lindsayi, February, 2010, A.W. Robertson; SC, Te Wanahu Flat, Peel Forest, on K. lindsayi, 5 January, 2010, A. Sultan.

Family Eriococcidae

Eriococcus korthalsellae Henderson sp. nov.Figs 8–11

Unmounted material: The felt cover of the adult female appeared resinous and brown. Nymphs had a marginal fringe of quite broad wax filaments.

Adult female (Fig. 8), measurements taken from 7 specimens.Body shape elongate-oval, 0.69–1.07 mm long, 0.35–0.75 mm wide; derm membranous except for anal

lobes. Eyespots present. Marginal setae robust, conical with rounded tips, 10–15 μm long, with 2 setae on each side of each abdominal segment and then forming a line on thorax to head. Antennae 6-segmented, 112–120 μm long, 3rd segment longest; fleshy setae: 1 each on segments IV and V, 3 on VI. Labium 50–55 μm long with 5 pairs of setae. Anal lobes large, broadly triangular, 110–120 μm long and 67–75 μm wide, with dorsal base margin distinctly curved; with a prominence on inner apex and apical seta offset on outer angle; strongly sclerotised with robust papillae over all dorsal surface and on outer submargin of ventral surface, remaining ventral surface smooth; anal lobe setae lengths: anterior inner margin seta 15–20 μm, posterior inner margin seta 20–23 μm, lateral margin seta 12–17 μm; ventral surface seta 20–23 μm, apical seta 70–75 μm; suranal seta 30–42 μm long; outer dorsal seta and inner margin setae curved and blunt tipped; ventral seta and suranal seta straight and sharply pointed. Anal ring cellular, ventral, with 4 pairs of anal ring setae. Legs well developed; metathoracic leg with translucent pores about size of 5-locular pores, distributed over one half of dorsal surface of coxa and with a few on distal femur; metathoracic coxa not much larger than coxae of other legs, metathoracic leg lengths: coxa 30–37 μm, trochanter + femur 77–87 μm, tibia + tarsus 90–107 μm, claw 17– 20 μm, denticle present.

Dorsum. Dorsal setae of 2 sizes: (i) larger robust setae slightly smaller than and similar to marginal setae, distributed in a median band 1–4 setae wide from mesothorax to mid-abdomen; (ii) minute truncate setae about 4 μm long distributed as submedian pairs on last abdominal segments, in a submarginal line on abdomen, and with a few additional setae on thorax. With 2 kinds of tubular ducts: (i) largest a macrotubular duct 20–23 μm long, with fairly symmetrical cup and moderately thick ductule leading to a large gland, distributed in a broad submarginal band, scattered medially and submedially on thorax, head and abdomen; (ii) microduct, half length of macrotubular duct at 10–12 μm long, comprised of a slender outer ductule and a dark vestibule at its base with a proximal filament leading to a minute gland; a microduct associated with and opening near the base of each large robust seta, and scattered over dorsum; also with several microducts on dorsal surface of each anal lobe.

Venter. Submedian abdominal setae flagellate, of various sizes; with a line of small pointed straight setae on submargin, each seta about 10 μm long; with 3 pairs of interantennal setae. Macrotubular ducts and microducts absent. Disc pores 5-locular, small, 3–4 μm in diameter, distributed in a line between each anal lobe and posterior spiracle, with 3 to 4 pores near each spiracle, and a few scattered over head and near mouthparts. Mesothoracic spiracles 25-32 μm long including the muscle plate (apodeme), 10 μm wide across peritreme; metathoracic spiracles 25– 30 μm long, 7–10 μm wide across peritreme. Vulva present on abdominal segment VI–VII.

Comments. This new species is closest to Eriococcus myrsinae Hoy but can be separated by the following diagnostic features: (i) the shape of the anal lobes, which are broadly triangular with a distinctly curved dorsal basal margin and with a ratio width to length about 1:1.2 (more elongate-tapering and dorsal margin nearly straight transversely in E. myrsinae with width to length ratio about 1: 1.5); (ii) anal lobes more papillate and rugose than on E. myrsinae; (iii) possession of a denticle on the claw (absent in E. myrsinae);



and (iv) a microduct associated with each robust seta (not so associated in E. myrsinae). Other diagnostic features are the presence of translucent pores on the metacoxae and metafemora; the robust dorsal surface setae forming a longitudinal median band; and minute truncate dorsal setae. The adult female of Eriococcus parsonsiae Henderson (Henderson 2006) was described as having papillate and rugose anal lobes, but in that species the lobes are elongate; in addition, the robust marginal setae on E. parsonsiae are pointed rather than conical, ventral disc pores are numerous and widespread especially over abdomen, translucent pores are absent from metathoracic femora, and the medium-sized duct described below for the 2nd-instar male nymph of E. korthalsellae is present on both dorsum and venter of the adult female E. parsonsiae (absent on adult female E. korthalsellae).

FIGURE 8. Eriococcus korthalsellae Henderson sp. nov., adult female.



2nd-instar female (Fig. 9), measurements taken from 3 specimens.Body shape elongate-oval, length 0.57–0.58 mm, width 0.34–0.36 mm. Derm membranous apart from sclerotised anal lobes. Eyespots present on margin of head. Marginal setae very slightly larger than dorsal setae, 10–17 μm long. Labium 42 μm long, with 5 pairs of setae. Antennae 90–105 μm long, with 6 segments, segment III longest; setal distribution as for adult female. Anal lobes 55–62 μm long and 37–42 μm wide; lightly sclerotised, not rugose or papillate except for isolated patch at base of each lobe; with 3 or 4 [2 in Fig.] microducts on dorsal surface of each lobe; anal lobe setae lengths: anterior inner margin seta 10–12 μm, posterior inner margin seta 12–15 μm, lateral margin seta 10–12 μm; ventral surface seta 17 μm, apical seta on outer angle, 55–65 μm; suranal seta 17–22 μm long; outer dorsal seta and inner margin setae slightly curved and blunt tipped; ventral seta and suranal seta sharply pointed. Anal ring cellular, ventral, with 3 pairs of setae. Legs well developed; all coxae similar in size; metathoracic leg lengths: coxa 22–25 μm, trochanter + femur 70 μm, tibia + tarsus 87–29 μm, claw 15 μm, denticle present.

Dorsum. Dorsal robust setae distributed as 5 pairs in a longitudinal median band from prothorax to abdomen II, then diminishing in size to 4 pairs of minute truncate setae to segment VI. Microducts as for adult female. Macrotubular ducts absent.

FIGURE 9. Eriococcus korthalsellae Henderson sp. nov., 2nd-instar female nymph.



FIGURE 10. Eriococcus korthalsellae Henderson sp. nov., 2nd-instar male nymph.

Venter. Ventral abdominal setae flagellate submedially and in a line of 8 small pointed setae each side on submargin to mesothorax. Disc pores 5-locular, distributed in a line between metathoracic spiracle and near to anal lobe on each side, with 1 pore by each spiracle and several scattered on thorax. Mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles each about 12 μm long and 7.5 μm wide across peritreme. Macrotubular ducts and microducts absent.

Comments. Generally smaller than adult female; lacking vulva, macrotubular ducts, and translucent pores on metathoracic legs; anal lobes sclerotised but not strongly papillate.

2nd-instar male (Fig. 10), measurements taken from 3 specimens.Body shape elongate-oval, length 0.58–0.67 mm, width 0.32–0.41 mm. Derm membranous apart from

anal lobes. Eye spots present on margin of head. Marginal setae very slightly larger than dorsal setae, 10–17 μm long. Labium 37–45 μm long, with 5 pairs of setae. Antennae 102–120 μm long, with 6 segments, segment III longest with pseudosegment apparent at about mid point; setal distribution as for adult female. Anal lobes 55–62 μm long and 37–42 μm wide; lightly sclerotised, not rugose or papillate except for isolated patch at base of each lobe; with 2 or 3 microducts on dorsal surface of each lobe; anal lobe setae lengths: anterior and posterior inner margin setae each 15–17 μm, lateral margin seta 12–15 μm; ventral surface seta 17–20 μm, apical seta on outer angle, 60–62 μm; suranal seta 22–35 μm long; outer dorsal seta and inner



margin setae slightly curved and blunt tipped; ventral seta and suranal seta sharply pointed. Anal ring cellular, ventral, with 3 pairs of setae. Legs well developed; all coxae similar in size; metathoracic leg lengths: coxa 35–40 μm, trochanter + femur 92–95 μm, tibia + tarsus 115–120 μm, claw 17–20 μm, denticle present.

Dorsum. Dorsal robust setae distributed as 0–7 pairs in a longitudinal median band from prothorax to abdoman II, then minute truncate setae continue the line to segment VI, and also form a submarginal line each side of body. Microducts as for adult female. With 2 kinds of macrotubular ducts: (i) similar to macrotubular ducts of adult female except shorter, 12–15 μm long, moderately numerous throughout dorsum; (ii) smaller sized duct 7–10 μm long, similar in length to microduct but nearly as wide as large macrotubular duct, with cup roundly-oval in dorsal view with a pointed lip on one side leading to a short filament without a visible gland; these ducts few, distributed submarginally with 1 on each side of each abdominal segment and similarly on thorax and head.

Venter. Ventral abdominal setae flagellate submedially and in a line of 8 medium size (longer than on 2nd-instar female), pointed setae each side on submargin to mesothorax. Disc pores 5-locular, distributed in a line from each metathoracic spiracle to near each anal lobe, and 1–3 pores by each spiracle plus several scattered on thorax. Mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles each about 12 μm long and 7.5 μm wide across peritreme. Macrotubular ducts and microducts absent.

Comments. Similar to 2nd-instar female nymph except for presence of 2 kinds of dorsal tubular ducts, and with antennae and various body setae slightly longer, and ventral disc pores more numerous. Note phenotypic variation in number of dorsal robust setae in median band: the highest value was from the type series collection, Turangi, North Island, while the lowest value was from the Banks Peninsula, South Island collection.

1st-instar nymph (Fig. 11), measurements taken from 5 specimens.Body shape elongate-oval, length 0.38–0.47 mm, width 0.21–0.29 mm. Derm membranous. Eyespots

present on margin of head. Marginal setae 12–17 μm long, more elongate and pointed than marginal setae on other instars, with 1 seta on each

side of each abdominal segment, and becoming a line anteriorly, with several additional setae submarginally on head. Antennae 77-95 μm long with 6 segments, segment III just a little longer than other segments, with 1 fleshy seta on each of segments IV–VI.

Labium: 32–37 μm long, with 5 pairs of setae. Anal lobes small, 22–25 μm long, 22–30 μm wide, with rounded apex, very lightly sclerotised; anal lobe setae lengths: anterior inner margin seta 10–12 μm, posterior inner margin seta 15–17 μm, lateral margin seta 10–12 μm; ventral surface seta 25–30 μm, apical seta, 70–87 μm; suranal seta 17–20 μm long; outer dorsal seta and inner margin setae not slightly curved or blunt tipped; ventral seta and suranal seta flagellate. Anal ring cellular, ventral at base of lobes, with 6 setae.

Legs well developed; all coxae similar in size; metathoracic leg lengths: coxa 20–22 μm, trochanter + femur 57–62 μm, tibia + tarsus 72–77 μm, claw 15 μm, denticle present. Dorsum. Dorsal setae all minute truncate setae about 4 μm long, distributed as submedian pairs and in a submarginal line each side of body. Microducts present near each marginal seta on abdomen, less numerous anteriorly, with a few scattered on thorax. Macrotubular ducts absent.

Venter. Ventral abdominal setae flagellate, and with a few small pointed setae on submargin. Disc pores 5-locular, distributed in a line from each metathoracic spiracle to near each anal lobe, with 1 pore by each spiracle. Mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles each about 15–17 μm long and 5 μm wide across peritreme. Macrotubular ducts and microducts absent.

Comments. As for 2nd-instar female, except shape of robust marginal setae more pointed than conical, robust setae absent from dorsum, microducts and quinquelocular pores much less frequent.

Material examined: HOLOTYPE: Female, here designated. NEW ZEALAND, TO, Turangi, Motuoapa, 19 March 2009, A. Sultan, Korthalsella salicornioides parasitic on Leptospermum scoparium, #09-073b [1]: 1 F. Barcode NZAC02008385.

Paratypes: as for holotype: #073a, c-i [8]: 9 F, 3 f2nd, 2 m2nd, 5 1st. Other material examined. BP, Rotorua, Whakarewarewa Geothermal Reserve, 10 Apr 2010, A. Sultan,

Korthalsella salicornioides, #10-056 [1]: 1 m2nd; WA, Gladstone, Longbush Road, Mangahuia Stream Bush, 26 Feb 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella lindsayi, #10-047a–b [2]: 3 F (1 mature + 3 young), 1 f2nd, 2 m2nd;



MC, Banks Peninsula, Otanerito Bay, 4 Jan 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella lindsayi, #10-006 [1]: 5 m2nd, 1 1st; MK, Lake Tekapo, small island near Motuariki Island, 9 Jan 2010, A. Sultan, Korthalsella lindsayi, #10-002a–c [3]: 5 F (4 mature + 1 young), 5 m2nd.

Etymology: named after the host plant genus, Korthalsella.

FIGURE 11. Eriococcus korthalsellae Henderson sp. nov., 1st-instar nymph.

Other species

Eriococcus campbelli Hoy. The presence of female individuals of this species on Korthalsella salicornioides is considered probably vagrant from its co-host plant Leptospermum scoparium.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, TO, Turangi, Motuoapa, on Korthalsella salicornioides parasitic on Leptospermum scoparium, 19 March 2009, A. Sultan; FD, Supply Bay, Lake Manapouri, on K. salicornioides, February, 2010, A. W. Robertson.



Eriococcus leptospermi Maskell. The presence of female individuals of this species on Korthalsellasalicornioides is considered probably vagrant from its co-host plant Leptospermum scoparium.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, ND, Gumfields Rd, Ahipara, on K. salicornioides, 14 April 2010, A. Sultan; MB, Wairau River, on K. salicornioides, February, 2010, A. W. Robertson.

Eriococcus pallidus Maskell. This native felt scale has been recorded on 18 native plant species from 15 genera in 12 families (Hoy 1962, Plant and Food 2010). Cultivated/exotic species infested by this scale include Cytisus sp., Elaeagnus x reflexa, and Escallonia sp. (Hoy 1962). In the present study it was recorded on K. lindsayi, which is a new host record for this species.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, WA, Oporua (east of Lake Wairarapa), on Korthalsella lindsayi, 27 February, 2010, A. Sultan.

Family Pseudococcidae

Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell). This native mealybug has been recorded on 25 native plant species in 22 genera from 20 families (including a fern and a club moss species) (Cox 1987, Plant and Food 2010). Cultivated species infested include grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi) (Cox 1987). In the present study it was recorded on K. lindsayi which is a new host record for this species.

Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, WA, Oporua (east of Lake Wairarapa), on Korthalsella lindsayi, 27 February, 2010, A. Sultan.

Discussion

The occurrence of greedy scale, soft brown scale and black scale on K. lindsayi and of greedy scale on K. salicornioides are the first records of these exotic scale insects feeding on Korthalsella spp. in New Zealand. This is not altogether surprising as all three scale insect species have been recorded from loranthaceous mistletoes (see Table 1) and may be the result of habitat fragmentation and the cultivation of infected exotics in the vicinity of the remnant mistletoe populations. The same scenario probably applies to the other exotic scales found on Korthalsella in this study (see Table 2), although so far not recorded on loranthaceous mistletoes: Chinese wax scale, hemispherical scale, latania scale and oleander scale are all polyphagous and known to feed on native plants. The native coccid Kalasiris perforata was also recorded on loranthaceous mistletoes (Table 1) and here is reported on K. lindsayi, a new record for the scale and host. Although the native spotted sixpenny scale has been recorded on two loranthaceous mistletoes (Table 1), its absence from these pygmy mistletoes could be due to its larger physical size when adult, <8 mm length and <6.5 mm width.

The lack of earlier scale insect records on Korthalsella species may simply reflect a lack of collecting effort by entomologists in the past, pygmy mistletoes perhaps being overlooked due to their leafless form. The collections of the two new Leucaspis species gleaned from various herbarium samples dating back to the earliest one in 1882 demonstrates this point from another angle, that botanists likely ignore scale insects for a lack of knowledge about them, but despite this and luckily for entomologists, they may be safely stored on herbarium sheets anyway. The field collections during this in-depth study of Korthalsella species led to targeted searches for scale insects among the herbarium sheets, and so added more valuable information about host preferences and distribution. We found that L. trilobata was restricted to the southern South Island on K. clavata and K. lindsayi, whereas L. albotecta was found only on K. salicornioides and in both North and South Islands (Fig. 12). The distribution of Eriococcus korthalsellae also stretched between North and South Islands (Fig. 12) and its host preferences included both K. lindsayi and K. salicornioides. We consider that the two new Leucaspis species described here are host specific to their respective Korthalsella species and E. korthalsellae to the genus, which possibly implies a long association between these scale insects and the New Zealand pygmy mistletoes.



FIGURE 12. Distribution map for Leucaspis albotecta, L. trilobata and Eriococcus korthalsellae in New Zealand.

TABLE 2. Scale insects associated with New Zealand’s Pygmy mistletoes recorded in the present study.

Mistletoe sp. Scale insect associates

Korthalsella clavata *Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (oleander scale)

*Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) (greedy scale)

Leucaspis trilobata Henderson sp. nov.

K. lindsayi *Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (oleander scale)

*Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (soft brown scale)

Eriococcus korthalsellae Henderson sp. nov.

E. pallidus Maskell

*Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) (greedy scale)

Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (fringed scale)

Leucaspis trilobata Henderson sp. nov.

Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell)

*Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (black scale, olive scale, ‘H’ scale)

......Continued next page



* Adventive species.

Acknowledgements

Thankful acknowledgements are extended to Department of Conservation, Te Puia, Manawatu District Council, Whakatane District Council, Narbey family and Taylor family for permission to collect and to Ines Schonberger, Mary Korver (Allan Herbarium), Leon Perrie (Museum of New Zealand - Te Papa Tongarewa) and Lesley van Essen (Dame Ella Campbell Herbarium, Massey University) for allowing access to Korthalsella collections. Sultan and Robertson were supported financially by Massey University and the Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan. Rosa Henderson’s entomological research was supported by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology through the Defining New Zealand’s Land Biota OBI. We thank Chris Hodgson, Doug Williams and one anonymous reviewer for their careful critiques that have greatly improved the manuscript.

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TABLE 2. Continued

Mistletoe sp. Scale insect associates

K. salicornioides *Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (oleander scale)

*Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Chinese wax scale)

*Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (soft brown scale)

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2644: 1 24 (2010) Article …aroberts/Henderson et al 2010.pdf · Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ... insects are also first records: Kalasiris