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Girma WakeChief Executive Officer, Ethiopian Airlines

mEssAgE frOm thE CEO

thE EthiOpiAn AviAtiOn ACAdEmy

April - junE 2008 �

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mL·M br™!

Welcome aboard!

We have often reminded readers of sElAmtA that Ethiopian is one of Africa’s leading

carriers embracing an extensive route network over four continents. this is not an unqualified statement. Our role in the aviation industry combined with our unique contribution to the development of air transportation in Africa has earned us the reputation of excellence in service, reliability and safety. to that end, Ethiopian is the recipient of several international awards and enjoys the respect of its peers.

One of the secrets of our success is that, for over 60 years, we have developed and operated a unique Center for the training of our own staff and those

of other airlines as well. the Aviation training Center was first inaugurated in 1956 to provide

training for cabin crew, pilots, maintenance technicians and other staff members in marketing and finance. Over the years, the Center underwent many phases of development to meet the huge advances in aviation technology resulting in the creation of various independent training units. As of last year, these units have been organized under the new Ethiopian Aviation Academy (EAA), the mandate of which is not only to train and retrain our personnel, but also to provide training opportunities for employees of other airlines. the Academy has since introduced additional courses to cover the training needs of commercial, administrative and management staff. At present, the Academy has over 340 trainees, 60 of which are from other airlines in Africa and Asia.

A combination of high tech equipment and highly skilled professional instructors keep the training standard consistently high. the B767/757 simulator that we have been using since 1994 has now been supplemented by a new ng737-800 simulator that will raise Ethiopian’s training capacity to an even higher standard. the new, fully computerized simulator can be quickly adapted to different cockpit and engine configurations to suit most of our customers.

the products of Ethiopian’s training efforts are now spread over many countries of Africa, the middle East and Asia serving the world’s air transport community. this in itself is proof of the Academy’s invaluable contribution to the ever growing success of Ethiopian.

As you relax and enjoy your flight, you can rest assured that you are in good hands with Ethiopian. On behalf of the entire Ethiopian team, i thank you for choosing to fly with us.

‘Serving the

World’s Air Transport

Community’

� sElAmtA April - junE �008 3

Volume 25, Number1January- December 2008

08 riyAdh saudi Arabia’s Burgeoning Capital.

�2 ugAndA the single most Exciting safari Circuit in Africa?

�8 KuWAit Kaleidoscope

01 CEO’s message

04 Ethiopian news

�6 Ethiopia - the magic land

58 Ethiopia through the millennia

74 international route map

76 Ethiopian Worldwide timetable highlights

80 Ethiopian fleet

8� Ethiopian Offices

84 tips for the traveller in Ethiopia

85 healthy travelling

86 dining Out in Ethiopia

87 learn Amharic

88 Crossword puzzle & sudoku

rEgulArs

the views expressed in this magazine should only be ascribed to the authors concerned, and do not necessarily reflect the views either of the publishers or of Ethiopian Airlines. the printing of an advertisement in selamta does not necessarily mean that the publishers or Ethiopian Airlines endorse the company, product or service advertised.

dEstinAtiOns

36 prEtty flAmingOs But could this be the last dance for Africa’s fabulous flame

birds?

40 nAturEs sECrEts unlocked at the natural history museum’s vault.

48 EmpirE Of thE Air six decades ago, a new airline went looking for its first airplanes and

bought five douglas war-surplus C-47 ‘skytrains’ in Cairo and flew them proudly back to Addis Ababa.

54 lAliBElA protecting a city carved from legend.

6� COffEE Ethiopia’s legacy to the World.

64 timE thiEvEs stop them stealing from you.

68 tEssEmA the marathon renaissance man.

70 tEn stArs tO WAtCh profiles of the stars who are expected to highlight the

16th CAA African Athletics Championships (30 April - 4 may �008) in Addis Ababa.

7� gABrsElAssiE’s marathon Breakthrough!

spOrts

selamta, meaning ‘greetings’ in Amharic,

is published quarterly for Ethiopian Airlines by

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rukhsana haqguenet BerheBelen dessalegnWoinshet Berhanu �6

vOlumE �5, numBEr � • April - junE �008

08

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c o n t e n t s

Cover picture: pink flamingos are one of the world’s greatest wildlife attractions.photo© Camerapix/Karl Ammann

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4 sElAmtA April - junE �008 5

EthiOpiAn nEWs

EthiOpiAn And lufthAnsA CO-OpErAtEEthiopian Airlines has entered into a code share agreement with lufthansa on the Addis Ababa - frankfurt route. the agreement, which came into force on 30 march �008, will benefit the customers of both airlines by providing more choice of services and schedules.Ethiopian currently provides a regular service three times a week from its home base, Addis Ababa, to frankfurt on tuesdays, thursdays and saturdays with return flights to Addis Ababa on Wednesdays, fridays and sundays. lufthansa flies to Addis Ababa four times a week on mondays, Wednesdays, fridays, and saturdays with same day return flights to frankfurt. With this agreement, the two airlines will offer daily frequency on the route.Ato girma Wake, Chief Executive Officer of Ethiopian, commented: “this agreement is a significant landmark and is expected to pave the way for the two carriers to further explore mutual business opportunities for the future”.

nEW flight simulAtOrEthiopian Airlines has purchased a B737 next generation (ng) flight simulator from flight safety international (fsi), Oklahoma, usA. the new flight simulator enables Ethiopian to train its pilots at their home base as well as offer training for regional operators. the simulator has been approved by the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority to a level d standard, the highest in the industry.the new B737ng simulator was officially inaugurated on 5 february �008 by h.E. Ato junedi sado, Ethiopia’s minister of transport and Communications.

EthiOpiAn grAduAtEs 16 pilOtsthe Ethiopian Aviation Academy has recently graduated 16 trainee pilots after they completed the commercial pilot course with instrument and multi-Engine ratings.in the two years’ training, the group took 1,000 hours of class instruction and �50 hours of practical flight training on both single and multi-engine trainer aircraft. the pilot training package also focused on the need for responsibility, discipline and the safety standards of Ethiopian Airlines.Ethiopian’s Chief Operating Officer, Ato tewolde g. mariam gave out wings and certificates to the graduates. he also handed out prizes for the top ranking graduates in both academic and practical performance.

EduCAtiOnAl tOur fOr frEnCh AgEnCiEsAn educational tour with the aim of promoting tanzania was carried out for a group of travel agencies from paris from 10-17 january �008. the group, which comprised participants from 1� agencies, also visited Ethiopian’s facility at Addis Ababa.

All AfriCAn lEAthEr fAir �008Ethiopian’s leather industry Association (EliA) trade fair took place at the millennium hall from �4-�6 january �008. the fair was organized to showcase Ethiopia’s leather production potential to other African countries and the world at large. the fair was inaugurated by Ethiopia’s prime minister, h.E. meles Zenawi, and Ethiopian Airlines was proud to have been a sponsor.

trAvEl AgEnCy And BEst AgEnts AWArd On 7 february �008, Ethiopian’s Cairo office awarded travel agencies and best agents at the Concorde El salaam hotel. the awardees for best agents were mrs. nevin from City ticket Office as the lead reservations/ticket agent and mr Ashraf from Cairo airport transportation. travco tours, Astra travel, golden tours, Emeco travel, American Express, thomas Cook and misr travel received the best agency awards.

left to right: mrs. salwa mourad of EmECO travel; mr. Abd El moty El Zanaty of trAvCO tours; mrs heba shuyageb of AstrA travel; ms. Elizabeth hailu of Am Egypt and libya; mr. mohammed Kenawy of golden tours; mr. Amare t/tsadik of manager World sales; mr. jerar s, sales manager Cairo; mr. Alkhael mlkhael of American Express; mr. Khaled fawzy of thomas Cook and mr. El rorky of misr travel.

trAvEl AgEnCy AWArd – BEirut On 11 january �008, award ceremony for top Agent’s was held at Crown plaza hotel, Beirut. 10 travel agents were awarded for their top performance during the fiscal year �006-07. the top three are El Ajouz travel, matar travel & tourism and Express travel. Ethiopian area manager, mr. Bruck Alemtaye gave out the awards.

mArAthOn run Ethiopian partly sponsored a marathon run which took place in the southern part of Ethiopia from february 3-7 february �008. the objective was to promote Ethiopian tourism to the Belgium community and the surrounding countries besides the cultural, historical and anthropological attractions. 40 runners from Belgium, germany, holland and france participated in the race which covered 146 kilometres. it started from Bishangari lodge and ended at Bekele mola hotel, langano.

Above:Ethiopian’s Chief Operating Officer, Ato tewolde g. mariam with the 16 recently graduated trainee pilots.

nOvAtECh COnfErEnCE – thE iCt AfriCA mArKEtplACEnOvAtECh Conference �008 took place in Addis Ababa from 13-15 february �008 where discussions on information Communication technology in Africa and Europe were held. more than 300 participants: managers, key representatives of trade and finance organizations, ministers and representatives of government and development agencies from various countries in Europe and East Africa attended. the meeting, which was actively supported by the unECA and the African union, as well as other regional Economic Communities, was a success. Ethiopian was proud to be the official carrier of the conference.

Above: h.E meles Zenawi, prime minister of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia with mr. Abebe Angessa, Ethiopian manager Cargo sales.

Above: Ethiopian Airlines area manager paris, mrs.martha tilahun with the group of travel agents from paris.

Below: Ethiopian Airlines area manager Beirut, mr. Bruck Alemtaye with the travel agents who were awarded for top performance.

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It won’t be long now before the first

Ethiopian Airlines’ 787 Dreamliner arrives,

bringing with it a remarkable new era in air

travel. The revolutionary 787 will redefine the

flying experience, creating a new standard

of world-class comfort and efficiency.

Ethiopian Airlines and Boeing are proud to

bring this extraordinary airplane and service

to the people of Africa and the world.

Defining world-class forAfrica and the world.

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King Khalid International Airport, located 35 kilometres north of the city – a marvel of design, combining traditional Arab style with the best of modern architecture.

Riyadh is divided into 15 municipalities (in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter) while on its north-western outskirts lie the ruins of the former Saudi capital of Diriyah. Each municipal district contributes in its own way to the character of the city.

The bustling Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city. This commercial and residential area offers accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The Kingdom Center, Al Faisalyah Center and Al-Tahlya Street are the area’s most prominent landmarks.

The Diplomatic Quarter, or DQ as it is popularly known, is home to more than 90 foreign embassies, missions and international organizations, together with residential structures

Riyadh, which lies in Saudi Arabia’s Central Region, is the capital city of the Kingdom and now rivals many of the world’s most modern cities for its architecture

and infrastructure. Today the city extends for some 600 square miles (1,600 square kilometres) and has a population approaching 5 million. Since antiquity Riyadh has been a fertile area set in the heart of the Arabian peninsula some 680km (420 miles) east of Madinah. The name Riyadh is derived from the Arabic word meaning a place of gardens and trees (“rawdah”). The original ‘wadis’ (dry river beds) where wells were sunk to water the historic infant oasis settlement, have now been supplemented by numerous vast dams and piped-in desalinated seawater to quench the thirst of this prosperous capital, which some have dubbed ‘Queen of the

mostly modern, including contemporary high-rise towers, but the Al-Dira district, the nucleus of the city, has been rebuilt in a style that evokes the old mud-brick buildings of a bygone era.

Modern it may be, but visitors to Riyadh cannot fail to realise that they are in the heart of the Arab world. Ancient mosques and other remnants of times gone by jostle for space between the towering, futuristic buildings, glitzy shopping malls and broad, sweeping highways. Shady trees and date palms line the avenues, and camels sometimes sway among the luxury vehicles. The city is run on a strictly Islamic moral and cultural code, and visitors should respect the rules while exploring the sights, both ancient and modern, in this fascinating city. It should be noted, however, that women have restricted access to certain attractions and sites.

Nevertheless, Riyadh is perhaps Saudi Arabia’s most accessible city for the foreign visitor. The experience begins on arrival at

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Desert’. Travellers will find plenty in this unique urban landscape of historic interest or modern wonder.

Once a small walled city, Riyadh’s phenomenal growth began in 1902 when the desert lord Ibn Saud took over the city, determined to turn it into the centre of his Arabic kingdom. Thirty years later it became the capital of the new country of Saudi Arabia.

A major thrust came during the oil boom of the 1950s, when the old walls and some of the buildings were demolished to make way for commercial development. Today it is the richest city in Saudi Arabia and one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.

The city has burgeoned, both culturally and commercially, over the years. Along with the urban areas of Dhahran, Dammam, and Al-Khobar, Riyadh has become a focal point for both travel and trade.

Numerous educational, financial, agricultural, cultural, technical, and social organizations have set up base here. The architecture is

sAuDI ArAbIA’s burgeonIng cApItAl

Kingdom Center: Currently the tallest building in saudi Arabia.

10 sElAmtA

plAces oF Interest

• the riyadh tv tower, a 176 metre (578 ft) high television tower with an observation deck, is part of the ministry of information complex with a broadcasting station and television studio.

• the Al faisaliyah Centre was the first skyscraper constructed in saudi Arabia, and is the second tallest building in the country after the Kingdom Center. the golden ball that sits on top of the tower is said to be inspired by a ballpoint pen. inside the ‘ball’ is a restaurant; at ground level, a shopping centre with major international designer brands.

• Kingdom Centre: Currently the tallest building in saudi Arabia. this spectacular building, with its 65-metre-long ‘sky Bridge’ on top of the 300 metre high towers, offers magnificent panoramic views of riyadh. the Kingdom Centre provides luxury business suites, a hotel and residential apartments with state-of the-art amenities. At its base is a magnificent shopping mall.

• King fahd stadium: designed in a shape of a large round Arabic tent, this lavish stadium contains a football field and can accommodate 80,000 fans.

• King fahd Cultural Centre, located west of riyadh in an imposing position overlooking Wadi hanifah, has a planetarium, museum, library, and three theatres.

• King Abdul Aziz historical Centre is a complex of parks and museums, including an old residence of King Abdul Aziz, located in the centre of the city. it is also the site of masmak fort, one of the oldest buildings of riyadh, dating from about 1865. the clay and mud brick fort itself is free to enter. the museum contains a comprehensive history of riyadh dating back to the 1930s. All exhibits are explained in English as well as Arabic.

• the ministry of foreign Affairs Complex: this offers a breathtaking example of contemporary islamic architecture.

• the ministry of interior: this example of massive modern design hovers like a giant space ship over one of the city’s central areas.

• Other notable features of the city are riyadh Water tower, the national museum, the Zoo, the King fahd national library, and the Equestrian Club where horse racing regularly takes place.

Ethiopian flies � times a week to riyadh

and malls. With lush gardens and numerous sports facilities, it is also one of the city’s greenest areas. It is especially known for its fine architecture and is considered a model for other Islamic cities around the world. Despite its name, the Diplomatic Quarter offers no special privileges. All Saudi laws must be obeyed and there are occasional patrols by the Mutaween, or Saudi religious police.

The centre of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Dirah, is also its oldest part. At its heart lies the 19th-century Masmak fort, which is one of the city’s major attractions, famous for King Abdulaziz Al Saud’s daring raid on it in 1902; to the west lies the Riyadh Museum of History and Archeology and the Murabba’ Palace, once a residence of the first Saudi king, Ibn Saud, now also a museum. The Qasr Al-Hukm, or Palace of Justice, is nearby. It is here that the Governor of Riyadh Province meets citizens, listens to their grievances and problems, and keeps himself informed of all aspects of the region’s life. The Al-Dira area also contains commercial markets and traditional buildings, such as the Al-Mu’eiqilia market and the city’s Grand Mosque.

The city is served by a modern major highway system and 93 kilometres of ring road. The main Eastern Ring Road connects the city’s south and north while Northern Ring Road connects the city’s east and west. King Fahd Road runs through the centre of the city from north to south, in parallel with the East Ring Road. Makkah Road (also known as Khurais Road) runs east-west across the city’s centre, connecting eastern parts of the city with the main business district and the diplomatic quarters.

The Saudi Arabian Public Transport Co. (SAPTCO), the national bus system, provides public transportation inside the city, and also services to several cities across the kingdom and neighbouring countries.

Riyadh has the highest quality of living in Saudi Arabia, along with the best health and sanitation facilities in Saudi Arabia (Jeddah is second). The city is home to two national universities and several specialized colleges and private universities.

Certainly it has much to offer the visitor.

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1� sElAmtA April - junE �008 13

D e s t I n A t I o n

A few obvious candidates spring to mind, says philip briggs, but a creeping leftfield contender – one that might well get his final vote – is the road loop through western uganda’s murchison falls, Kibale forest, Queen Elizabeth, Bwindi and lake mburo national parks.

When it comes to sheer volumes of plains game, Uganda would register some distance below neighbouring Tanzania or Kenya. But equally, its rich mosaic of rainforest, savannah,

montane and wetland habitats does harbour an almost peerless diversity of large fauna. Where else, over the space of a few days, could one hike to within a few metres of gorillas and chimpanzees, navigate tropical waterways bustling with hippo and elephant, explore open plains grazed by thousands of kob antelope and attendant prides of well-fed lions, and tick a host of iconic African birds ranging from the flamboyant great blue turaco to the uniquely peculiar shoebill? The answer, quite simply, is nowhere else - in Uganda, and in Uganda only.

the single most Exciting safari Circuit in Africa?

the following sites, listed in clockwise order, can all be included in a two-week organised or self-drive tour of western uganda emanating from Kampala:

EntEBBE BOtAniCAl gArdEnsThe botanical garden in Entebbe doesn’t compare to any of a

dozen forest reserves scattered elsewhere in Uganda. But, situated only 3km from the country’s only international airport, it is highly accessible, and the nominal entrance fee buys some peerless urban birdwatching – great blue and Ross’s turaco, broad-billed roller, black-and-white casqued hornbill, swamp flycatcher, yellow-throated leaflove, red-chested sunbird and half-a-dozen weavers not found in southern Africa – as well as semi-habituated troops of the dashing black-and-white colobus monkey.

rAfting thE nilEThe series of Grade Five rapids along the Nile downstream of

its source at Jinja is one of the most thrilling rafting destinations in the world, and – with no fatalities recorded to date – far less dangerous than the Zambezi Gorge. Three rafting operators run day excursions out of Jinja and Kampala all year through, while the recent introduction of quad-biking, kayaking and bungy-jumping has made the entry point at Bujagali Falls a serious rival to the more established southerly ‘adrenaline capitals’ of Victoria Falls and Cape Town.

lAKE mBurO nAtiOnAl pArKAlthough quite common elsewhere in East Africa,

the Chestnut-coloured impala is only found in Uganada at Lake Mburo National Park. But the park does protect a fabulously authentic chunk of acacia woodland, and what game still remains – most prominently buffalo, warthog, eland, zebra and impala – is prolific. Boat trips on the lake are a treat, and the woodland birding – including species found nowhere else in Uganda, such as red-faced barbet and bare-faced go-away bird – makes for a welcome change from craning necks toward the forest canopy. It is ideally placed for an overnight stop between Kampala and Bwindi.

BWindi nAtiOnAl pArKFor most visitors, Gorilla tracking in Bwindi (or nearby

Mgahinga) will rank as the highlight of a trip to Uganda. But the forest-swathed hills of Bwindi harbour almost 100 mammal species in total, including rainforest specialists such as chimpanzee, L’Hoest’s monkey and the outsized yellow-backed duiker, and one of the most extensive butterfly checklists in the world. More than 350 bird species are present. The short road leading uphill from the park headquarters is one of the best forest birding sites in Uganda – up to 50 species might be seen over 3-4 hours, including several of the park’s 23 Albertine Rift endemics, bar-tailed trogon and black bee-eater. Deeper into the park, Mubwindi Swamp is the only non-Congolese locality for the eagerly sought African green broadbill.

phOtOs© CAmErApiX/dAvid pluth


u g A n D A

QuEEn EliZABEth nAtiOnAl pArK (QEnp)Savannah, forest and open water converge in QENP to create

a riot of biodiversity attested to by a bird checklist exceeding 600 species – in an area only one-tenth the size of the Kruger Park! A profusion of waterbirds, hippo, elephant and buffalo are likely to be seen from boat trips on the Kazinga Channel, while the fringing woodland often throws up leopard and giant forest hog. The Maramagambo Forest harbours a wide variety of forest monkeys, birds and butterflies. Chambura Gorge is an excellent site for chimp tracking, and the remote Ishasha Plains are known for tree-climbing lions. There are crater lakes tinged pink by thousands of flamingos, as well as Uganda’s only Ramsar Wetland Site – home to shoebill, sitatunga and other papyrus specialists – all set below the craggy glacial peaks of the Ruwenzoris. No other conservation area quite so encapsulates the full scenic and faunal diversity of East Africa.

KiBAlE fOrEst nAtiOnAl pArKKibale Forest is best known for its chimpanzees, the most easily

located and fully habituated community in Uganda. The main road through the forest is an excellent place to look for other diurnal primates – grey-cheeked mangabey, red colobus, black-and-white colobus – and it’s not unusual to see 20 different types of butterfly fluttering around one puddle. A guided walk through the adjacent Bigodi Wetland Sanctuary, an exemplary community-run project, provides a great introduction to Uganda’s forest fauna. I’ve regularly seen five different primate species here, as well as up to 50 forest and swamp birds including papyrus gonolek, red-headed bluebill and yellow-billed barbet.

KAsEndA CrAtEr lAKEsWhether explored in their own right or used as a base from

which to visit Kibale Forest, the 30-odd crater lakes dotted around the small town of Kasenda form one of the most scenic parts of Uganda, spectacularly so when the Ruwenzori peaks emerge from their customary veil of clouds. The area offers much to hikers, particularly those on a restricted budget, while relict forest patches such as the small Lake Nkuruba Nature Sanctuary (another estimable community-run project) harbour black-and-white colobus, great blue and Ross’s turaco, African grey parrot, splendid starling and various other forest primates and birds.

murChisOn fAlls nAtiOnAl pArK (mfnp)Uganda’s largest conservation area is named for the

impressive waterfall that explodes in a cacophonous roar of foaming white-water through a narrow cleft in the Rift Valley escarpment. Boat trips on the Nile below the falls are a perennial delight, for the spectacular densities of hippos and waterbirds, and seriously scary crocs. The palm-studded northern grassland harbours thousands of kob, a burgeoning lion population, herds of 50-plus Rothschild’s giraffe, plenty of elephant and buffalo, smaller herds of oribi and Jackson’s hartebeest, and some noteworthy birds including Abyssinian ground hornbill, black-headed lapwing and Denham’s bustard. Chimp tracking in the Budongo Forest can be undertaken as a day excursion from MFNP.Ecologically, Uganda, is where the eastern savannah meets the West African jungle, and it really does offer visitors the best of both these fantastic worlds!

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agreement and handed me a miniature work of art that I would merely use to serve coffee.

A thriving handicraft industry still flourishes in and around 2.1 million-strong Greater Kuwait City with talented artisans embellishing metal and wood with traditional designs and weaving textiles with time-tested patterns. Six decades ago it was a totally different story as the then sleepy Persian Gulf outpost was best known as an unpretentious port where vessels laded with export cargo of pearls, hides and dates began their sea journeys. In 1946 the scene began to change as tankers filled with oil first set out for nations of the industrialising world craving ‘black gold’. Over the past 60-odd years a massive influx of petro-dollars has transformed Kuwait from a dirt-poor backwater into one of the world’s richest countries.

Slightly smaller than Belgium or Burundi, Kuwait has been one of the last sovereign nations in the region to embrace the mantle of tourism, though it was one of the first places on the Arabian

Gold teeth sparkled as the old shopkeeper smiled at my attempts to barter for a particularly striking dallah using only the most rudimentary command of Arabic. “Khamsa

Dinars … that’s my final offer,” I said, carefully examining the handmade Arab-style coffee pot for defects while mentally comparing it with others I had seen in the old covered souk of Kuwait City.

I could find no faults and the design with an inlay of silver had been more carefully crafted than other coffee pots I had come across elsewhere in the capital’s largest traditional marketplace. Five Dinars wasn’t too much to pay, I thought, knowing that the shrewd vendor wouldn’t take wahid (one) or ithinin (two) Dinars, the only other numbers I knew in Arabic. Of course, I could have used his electronic calculator to perhaps get my treasure for a little less but that wouldn’t have been nearly as much fun! Gold teeth sparkled again as the shopkeeper smiled, nodded in

D e s t I n A t I o n

KuWAit K A l e I D o s c o p e Kuwait’s success story has to be seen to be believed says thomas E. King. And that’s exactly what a relatively small number of inquisitive visitors do after landing at the stylish international airport and setting off to discover a miracle in the Arabian desert

Peninsula to be inhabited. During a fascinating foray through this still little-visited country I learned that archaeologists have unearthed 10,000-year-old chipped flint tools which suggest that Stone Age people once roamed throughout the area.

Excavations at a site in Sabbiya on the north shore of Kuwait Bay have yielded evidence of the oldest permanent settlement in the region dating back to about 4500 BC. The recovery of pottery fragments, metal knives and glass beads revealed that the place was occupied by Ubaid settlers, the same people who populated ancient Mesopotamia. This puts the earliest inhabitants of Kuwait in a special position, scientists say, relating these people to others who lived at the beginning of recorded human history, the Sumerians.

Skipping through the centuries, indeed the millennia, Alexander the Great is the first significant figure in history known by name to have had a close encounter with the land now called Kuwait. In seaworthy craft befitting their advanced civilisation, Greek explorers regularly plied Gulf waters. On his way to India an admiral in

Alexander’s army landed on a little island in the northern Gulf almost opposite the area which has since developed into the nation’s sophisticated capital and chief metropolis, Kuwait City. The Greeks established a major trading post and called their modest colony Ikaros, a name said to been given by Alexander the Great.

This island, now called Failaka, has yielded a wealth of historical treasures and information about Greek life on the Arabian Peninsula between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC. In tandem with this find has been the discovery of a complete town from the Dilmun Empire which flourished between 2300 and 1100 B.C. These days ferries take tourists of the 21st century to the tiny isle to explore the ruins of Greek-built dwellings, fortifications and temples, all made of limestone quarried from the peninsula, as well as the much older site which contains some of the best remains from the Bronze Age.

Kuwait’s emergence as an independent political entity, according to research I saw, dates back nearly 400 years although the name Kuwait back then was spelled Qurain. In English, this Arabic word means “high hill fortress adjacent to water”. I was told that the name was given by the local sheikh who, at the time, owned a storehouse/fort where he kept arms, food and livestock. In the early days when Kuwait was populated by merchants who traded pearls, hides and dates for the timber, rice, tea, rope and cloth of India and Africa, it would have been easy to spot such a secure building.

It’s virtually impossible to actually see a high hill anywhere in the country, however, as almost all of Kuwait is a flat sandy desert, gradually sloping down from the extreme west where it borders Saudi Arabia and Iraq to sea level in the east where it meets The Gulf. The location of the capital, Kuwait City, is pancake flat. Piercing the skyline, however, is a number of modern spires.

The most impressive are the three ‘needles’ belonging to the nearly 40-year-old Kuwait Towers. This futuristic looking landmark is covered in thousands of glazed turquoise coloured tiles. Fashioned in the style of massive rose water sprinklers, the tallest of the triplet

phOtO © ArABiAn EyE/gustAvO fErrAri

Aerial view of Kuwait towersphOtO © thOmAs King phOtO © thOmAs King

the cultural pride of the Kuwaiti people is reflected in rich artistic creations

the desert has many silhouette surprises at sundown.

�0 sElAmtA April - junE �008 �1

For more traditional takeaways as well as the latest ‘gee-whiz’ gadgets and lots of local colour, give more than a passing glimpse to the city’s grand Arab bazaar known as the Old Souk. Located between the Municipal Park and Mubarak Al-Kabeer Street – Palestine Street slices through this must-visit quarter – this true Aladdin’s Cave is stocked with everything from goat meat to the latest MP3 players.

Here, under covered walkways, I wandered for hours watching prayer beads being hand woven in dozens of colours, absorbing the many diverse sights, sounds and smells of the markets, sipping coffee in a friendly environment and bargaining first for my coffee pot and then a dishdasha, the flowing floor-length shirt and national dress worn by Arab men. Shopkeepers beckoned me to enter their tiny outlets, perhaps alerted to the fact by a colleague that I had a proficient command of Arabic!

Like everywhere else in the capital and the country and stocked to overflowing, sparkling shops drip with gold as they contain an almost overwhelming array of 21, 22 and even 24-carat baubles, bangles and bright, shiny beads. There’s little haggling because the prices, the shopkeepers so convincingly told me, are already cheaper than in other places in the region.

While the souk is one of the best places to see the Kuwait of yesteryear it’s not the only locale offering an interlude with the past. Beyond the city’s high-rise towers at a popular place called Doha Village, visitors can occasionally see dhows, the traditional sailing craft of The Gulf, being duly constructed by hand. Though fewer and fewer life-size boats are being built, a novel niche industry has emerged. Instead of multistorey vessels some creative craftsmen now make miniature dhows for tourists and collectors around the world.

Back in the capital the real thing can occasionally be seen sailing in waters just off the Arabian Gulf Street. This wide roadway, running along the bay, through the city and past the Kuwait Towers, is a favourite place to stroll in the evening. As the heat of the day wanes and a breeze sweeps in from The Gulf it’s customary for families to stroll while enjoying the change in temperature.

These days, however, old traditions are being challenged as there is an increasing number of other pursuits. The most noted, the Scientific Centre of Kuwait, is drawing rave reviews. Built at a cost of US$75 million and presented as a gift to his people by the then Amir of Kuwait, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah, the scope and detail of this user-friendly facility is unrivalled anywhere else in the prosperous region.

Inside the futuristic building committed to scientific education and environmental awareness are four distinct sectors. The massive aquarium – the largest in the Middle East – provides an insight into three ecosystems: the desert, the coastal mangrove and wetlands areas and the sea while the latest animated and educational films – some in 3D – are projected on the centre’s 5-storey, 21 metre wide IMAX screen.

In another part of this outstanding educational facility the Discovery Place gives younger visitors an insight into the petroleum industry, energy and how science relates to their daily lives. Perhaps the most interesting feature of the centre, however, is the Dhow Harbour where visitors can board old trade vessels that are still seaworthy and listen to stirring tales that recall the legacy of Kuwait’s past and foretell the bright future of this pearl of Arabia.

K u w A I t

‘giants’, the Main Tower, soars to 187 metres. The lower but larger tower contains the Horizon Restaurant. It’s here during lengthy lunch and dinner buffets that the famished can sample tasty local specialties like sayyadiya, a special fish and rice preparation and harees, a mixture of rice, yoghurt and meat.

Local business people entertaining executives from foreign shores as well as the occasional camera-clicking visitor frequent this sky-high dining room which makes one rotation every 30 minutes. For about half of that time the scene is a deep azure blue as the towers are at water’s edge and the uninterrupted panorama is over a sweeping stretch of The Gulf. For the other the setting is more varied because the vista includes souks, or markets, a multitude of restored, rebuilt or new municipal buildings including the striking National Assembly Building, stylish shopping centres and old city gates, the 5500-person-capacity Grand Mosque, Safat Square plus Al Sadu House and the mid-19th century Bayt Al-Bader – two of the best preserved pre-oil dwellings in the country – and, in the far distance at the edge of the city, one special sporting centre, the Hunting and Equestrian Club, a green oasis with its racecourse and 18-hole turf course.

During midday when it is often too hot for a golf game, sports-minded locals hibernate in their air-conditioned offices. (April to September is not the optimum season to visit Kuwait as daytime temperatures soar to well above 45°C.) Visitors, on the other hand, beat the heat as they congregate in the cool surroundings of marble-lined shopping centres. Upmarket central city retail outlets clustered along the lower end of Fahd Al-Salim Street (near the Sheraton Hotel) offer the usual range of creature comforts, all name brand, of course, and at surprisingly good prices.

phOtO © thOmAs King

innovative design and styling is seen in many buildings constructed

over the past few years

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nature & wildlife

ethiopia’s mountains rise up to a height of over 4,000 metres, with mount Batu, the second highest peak in Ethiopia, rising to 4,307 metres. the national parks enable the visitor to enjoy the

country’s scenery and its wildlife, conserved in natural habitats, and offer opportunities for travel adventure unparalleled in Africa.

Awash national park is the oldest and most developed wildlife reserve in Ethiopia. featuring the 1,800 metre fantalle volcano, numerous mineral hot-springs and extraordinary volcanic formations, this natural treasure is bordered to the south by the Awash river and lies ��5 kilometres east of the capital, Addis Ababa.

the wildlife consists mainly of East African plains animals, but there are now no giraffe or buffalo. Oryx, bat-eared fox, caracal, aardvark, colobus and green monkeys, Anubis and hamadryas baboons, klipspringer, leopard, bushbuck, hippopotamus, soemmering’s gazelle,

the simien mountain massif is a broad plateau, cut off to the north and west by an enormous single crag over 60 kilometres long. to the south, the tableland slopes gently down to �,�00 metres, divided by gorges 1,000 metres deep which can take more than two days to cross. insufficient geological time has elapsed to smooth the contours of the crags and buttresses of hardened basalt.

Within this spectacular splendour live the Walia (Abyssinian) ibex, simien red fox and gelada baboon – all endemic of Ethiopia – as well as the hamadryas baboon, klipspringer and bushbuck. Birds such as the lammergeyer, augur buzzard, verreaux’s eagle, kestrel and falcon soar above this mountain retreat. twenty kilometres north-east of gondar, the simien mountains national park covers 179 square kilometres of highland area at an average elevation of 3,300 metres. ras dashen, at 4,6�0 metres the highest peak in Ethiopia, stands adjacent to the park.

the simien escarpments, which are often compared to the grand Canyon in the united states of America, have been named by unEsCO as a World heritage site.

cheetah, lion, kudu and 450 species of birds of all kind live within the park’s 7�0 square kilometres.

the Bale mountains with their vast moorlands – the lower reaches covered with st. john’s Wort – and their extensive heathland, virgin woodlands, pristine mountain streams and alpine climate remain an untouched and beautiful world. rising to a height of more than 4,000 metres, the range borders Ethiopia’s southern highlands, whose highest peak, mount tullu deemtu, stands at 4,377 metres.

the establishment of the �,400-square-kilometre Bale mountains national park was crucial to the survival of the mountain nyala, menelik’s bushbuck and the simien red fox. this fox is one of the most colourful members of the dog family and more abundant here than anywhere else in Ethiopia. All three endemic animals thrive in this environment, the nyala in particular being seen in large numbers. the Bale mountains offer some fine high-altitude terrain for horse and

foot trekking, and the streams of the park – which become important rivers further downstream – are well-stocked with rainbow and brown trout.

the Baro river area, accessible by land or air through the western Ethiopian town of gambela, remains a place of adventure and challenge. travelling across the endless undulating plains of high sudanese grass, visitors can enjoy a sense of achievement in simply finding their way around. this is Ethiopia’s true tropical zone and here are found all the elements of the African safari, enhanced by a distinctly Ethiopian flavour. nile perch weighing 100 kilos can be caught in the waters of Baro, snatched from the jaws of the huge crocodiles that thrive along the riverbank. the white eared-kob also haunts the Baro, along with other riverbank residents that include the nile lechwe, buffalo, giraffe, tiang, waterbuck, roan antelope, zebra, bushbuck, Abyssinian reedbuck, warthog, hartebeest, lion, elephant and hippopotamus.

etHIopIA ...

Across ethiopian skies‘the land of a thousand smiles’, home of the Ark of the covenant, custodian of some of the world’s oldest civilisations - this is ethiopia. but how much do you really know about this amazing country? selamta fills in a few fascinating gaps..


lake tanaEthiopia boasts seven of the great rift valley lakes. some are alkaline brown, yet surprisingly good for swimming; some are tropical in setting; some are bordered or fed by hot mineral springs; some play host to large flocks of flamingos, pelicans, cormorants, herons, storks and ibises; with 831 recorded bird species, Ethiopia is a bird watcher’s paradise.

Ethiopia’s lake tana is the source of the Blue nile. the lake is dotted with island monasteries, which house many treasures of medieval art. Only 30 kilometres from the lake, the river explodes over tis isat falls (meaning ‘smoke of fire’) – a sight that inspired wonder from the 18th century explorer, james Bruce. Before the Blue nile joins the White nile, which flows north from lake victoria, it runs for 800 kilometres through one of the world’s deepest and most dramatic gorges.

Queen of shebalegend has it that Emperor menelik i, the son of the Queen of sheba and King solomon, brought the Ark of the Covenant from jerusalem to Axum, where he settled and established one of the world’s longest known, uninterrupted monarchical dynasties.

this is only one example of Ethiopia’s magnificent history, which encompasses legend and tradition, mystery and fact, from a powerful and religious ancient civilisation. the well-trodden path through Ethiopia’s famous and fascinating historic sites takes you through a scenic, magnificent world of fairy-tale names, such as lalibela, gondar, debre damo and Bahar dar.

travelling the route by plane, car or both will offer you a glimpse into a truly remarkable past. As well as many priceless historical relics, you will also see the castles at gondar, the churches of lalibela – hewn out of living rock, the mysterious giant stelae at Axum, the ruins of the Queen of sheba’s palace, and the monastery at debre damo, whose access is limited to men and then only by way of a rope lowered by the friendly monks above.

taking the historic route north from Addis Ababa, the first stop is debre markos, 305 kilometres north of the capital. here you will find the 19th century Church of markos (saint mark), with its pale but beautiful paintings depicting scenes of biblical and religious history.

bahar DarBahar dar, the next stop, is 578 kilometres from Addis Ababa, has daily Ethiopian Airlines flights and a number of good hotels, and is located on the southern shores of lake tana, the source of the Blue nile, with its ancient island monasteries and both the Blue and the White nile’s most spectacular feature, the tis isat waterfalls.

On the island of dega Estefanos, you will find the church of saint stefanos which has a priceless collection of icons and manuscripts and houses the mummified remains of a number of Ethiopian emperors.

for the modern traveller, the starting point of any visit to the Blue nile falls, or to the islands of lake tana, is the bustling market town of Bahar dar on the lake’s south-eastern shore. the colourful markets and a variety of handicrafts and weaving centres also make it a comfortable base for excursion by land or water. Bahar dar port provides access by boat to a number of historic lake-side churches and monasteries near and far. most date from the 17th century and have beautifully painted walls. many such places of worship now have fascinating museums, at which the visitor can see priceless illustrated manuscripts, historic crowns and fine royal and ecclesiastical robes. some monastic islands are forbidden to women, but others can be visited by both sexes.

visitors to Bahar dar can also see tankwas, locally made canoes, made out of the papyrus reeds growing by the lake shore, as well as a historic old building erected, in st. georges church compound, by the 17th century spanish jesuit, pero paes.

Across ethiopian skies


gondarthe next stop on the historic route is the graceful city of gondar, founded by Emperor fasilidas in 1635. the city was Ethiopia’s capital until the reign of the would-be reforming Emperor tewodros ii, also known as theodore. during its long years as a capital, the settlement emerged as one of the largest and most popular cities in the realm. it was a great commercial centre, trading with the rich lands south of the Blue nile, as well as with sudan to the west, and the red sea port of massawa to the north-east.

gondar is famous for its many medieval castles and the design and decoration of its churches. the earliest of the castles was created by fasilidas himself and is still in such an excellent state of repair that it is possible to climb its stairs all the way to the roof, which commands a breathtaking view over much of the city. Besides the famous palaces, visitors should inspect the so-called ‘Bathing palace of Emperor fasilidas’, which is used for the annual timket or Epiphany celebrations, and the abbey of the redoubtable eighteenth century Empress mentewab at Qwesquam, in the mountains just outside gondar.



lalibelahundreds of miles to the south and east of Axum is another ancient settlement, lalibela, which is also famous for its architecture. lalibela, is a city carved from legend – a mediaeval settlement in the lasta area of Wollo that is the site of eleven remarkable rock-hewn monolithic churches, believed to have been built by King lalibela in the late 1�th or early 13th century. these notable structures are carved inside and outside of the solid rock, and are considered among the wonders of the world. Each building is architecturally unique, and several of them are decorated with fascinating rock paintings. the unadulterated biblical atmosphere and vivid local colour of the timket celebrations provide an ideal opportunity to see lalibela as a sacred centre whose roots go back to man’s very early years.

Hararno journey along Ethiopia’s fabled historic route would be complete without a visit to the medieval walled city of harar, which stands amid green mountains on the east wall of the great rift valley. harar’s heritage is almost entirely muslim and Oriental.

harar has probably always had a great deal more in common with the horn’s coastal culture than with the life of the highlands – and it retains to this day a certain redolence of the Orient. the most dominant features, apart from its strong encircling walls, is its rich and exciting market place – probably the most colourful in Ethiopia. its islamic character is best expressed in the grand mosque (Al jami), which dominates the town.

rightly renowned for its intricately worked filigree jewellery of silver, gold and amber, harar’s megalo gudo market is also a centre for beautiful baskets of woven grass, decorative wall-mats and bright shawls, as well as all the fruits, vegetables, spices and grains of the province. harar’s five gates – the only means to enter or leave the city centre – have been strongly guarded over the years.


34 sElAmtA April - junE �008 3534 sElAmtA

Yeha, Axum, Debre Damothe journey through Ethiopia’s historic route takes you on rough tracks, through dramatic highland scenery and eventually ends in a beautiful and serene agricultural hamlet. it is here that you may see the towering ruins of yeha’s temple of the moon, an imposing rectangular edifice built more than �,500 years ago. the temple speaks eloquently of the works of an early high civilisation, although little is actually known about the people who built this great edifice.

much more is known about the historic highland city of Axum, once a great commercial centre, trading via the red sea port of Adulis and founded perhaps 500 years after the decline of yeha. Axum stands in the highlands of north western tigray, commanding spectacular views over the nearby Adwa hills. this ancient settlement is frequently referred to as “the sacred city of the Ethiopians” – a description that adequately sums up its significance in national culture as a centre of Orthodox Christianity. many remarkable monuments here attest to the great antiquity of religious expression in this country, and as a former capital that has never lost its special appeal to the hearts and minds of all Ethiopians.

Axum is renowned for its Cathedral of st. mary of Zion, where legend has it, the original Ark of the Covenant is housed. Axum is also famous for its seven mysterious monolithic stelae, hewn from single pieces of solid granite. the most notable are carved to resemble multi-storey houses; several weigh more than 500 tonnes and stand twenty metres high. they seem less like prayers of stone and more like lightning-rods to heaven.

Axum’s greatest significance, however, is as the epic centre of the Queen of sheba’s dynasty, upon which rests the notion for the sacred kinship of the semitic peoples of Ethiopia – a notion that links the recent past to ancient times. the former Emperor haile selassie claimed to be the ��5th monarch of the solomonic line. his death in 1975 marked the end of an era – and the beginning of the end of an entire way of life.

some four hours drive from Axum – plus a further two hours stiff uphill walk from the point where the road ends – lies the monastery of debre damo, situated on a clifftop in one of the wildest parts of tigray. debre damo is unique and unforgettable. the bluff on which damo stands is a real-life shangri-la. remote and beautiful, far from the hustle and bustle of the �1st century, the cool celestial island of rock offers panoramic views over the surrounding countryside and complete seclusion and peace for the hundred or so monks and deacons who live there. the monastery’s treasures include an extensive collection of illuminated manuscripts and the intricate carvings on the beams and ceiling of the ancient church around which the monastery is built.


36 sElAmtA


It doesn’t take much to flap a flamingo. One moment there are thousands of them, tripping a dainty minuet in one of nature’s best displays of synchronised dancing - dipping their heads and

arching their necks as if to a distant drum. Then a shadow, an eagle perhaps, crosses the sun; a fish jumps, or there’s a noisy tiff among neighbouring Egyptian geese, and panic spreads along the pink tidemark that marks their presence on so many African lakes. And up they go, in a Mexican wave of rosy feathers and neon-pink legs, filling the air with honks of alarm.

The main African concentrations are along the Rift Valley, round Lakes Natron, Manyara and Nakuru. Ethiopia also has its share, on smaller lakes such as Abijjata and Shalla in the mountains south of the capital. In a continent full of amazing birdlife, flamingos stand out not only for providing such enchanting mass spectacles, but because, viewed as individuals, they are quite weird and wonderful in their own right, and so something of a puzzle to biologists.

Anatomically, flamingos have the skeleton of a stork, but their egg-white protein is very similar to a heron’s. To further confuse, they have the webbed feet, waterproof plumage and honking call of a goose, and even behave like geese, especially as chicks. No wonder scientists spent years arguing about how to classify them, and not all agree that they got it right. Yet even children recognise flamingos instantly from ‘Alice in Wonderland’, where they are used as mallets to whack hedgehog ‘balls’ in a mad game of croquet on the Queen of Heart’s lawn.

What everyone remembers most about them is that they come in an amazing selection of pinks, from palest icing-sugar and almond blossom through deepening shades of flushing and blushing, to salmon and almost blood-orange with dashes of scarlet. As for those impossible legs, you couldn’t make them up – bright as sticks of seaside peppermint rock and just as brittle. Rather unglamorously, they got their catchy name from the Portuguese for ‘red goose’, and were considered rather mysterious for their habit of suddenly wheeling up and away, who knew where, only to return the following year to the same lagoons and marshes along the Mediterranean. But as exploration spread, it was found that the New World had them too, not to mention Africa and India.

Clearly impressed by the sheer spectacle of thousands of flamingos taking to the air like a bush fire with the wind behind it, the scientists finally sorted them out into two groups (or genera) both beginning with a form of the Greek word Phoenix – the mythical bird that rises from the ashes of its own funeral pyre. In the Phoenicopterus group are the Greater (or European) flamingo which, with its neck raised, is as tall as an adult human, the Lesser flamingo (mainly found in Africa and very showy), the Caribbean, and the Chilean flamingo which, untypically, has grey legs. The other two species (James’s and Andean flamingos) are in the Phoenicoparrus group and confined to South America.

All flamingos are tropical or sub-tropical, and there must be hundreds of nightclubs and hotels named after them, worldwide. As birds go, they are long-lived, in spite of their apparent fragility, with the known record being a ripe old 44 years of age. While the Greater

f E A t u r E

but could this be the last dance for Africa’s fabulous flame birds? asks Kate nivison!

prEtty flAmingOsF e A t u r e

time for reflection,flamingo at rest

pink flamingos are one of the world’s greatest wildlife attractions flamingos on one of Ethiopia’s rift valley lakes

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balding, hunch-backed ‘wicked uncle’ of the bird world – will take them, and flamingos know it.

If the flame birds had a corporate motto, it would be ‘safety in numbers’. Not that they have much choice, confined as they are by their diet to highly alkaline lakes which can be relied upon not to dry up during the breeding season, and these are not easy to come by. One of the largest is Lake Natron, on the borders of Kenya and Tanzania, where it is thought that three-quarters of all Lesser flamingos are hatched, creating one of the world’s great bird spectaculars.

Happily, a threat to this vital breeding area involving the building of a huge soda-ash plant on the Tanzanian side of the lake has now been put on hold, thanks to international protests. The aim was to extract soda, used in the manufacture of glass and dyes, and that would undoubtedly have affected the alkaline balance of the lake, and so put the flamingos’ food supplies at risk. Also planned was a coal-burning power station, a road and railway to this remote site, and a settlement for 1,400 workers. Yet this may be only a temporary reprieve for the larger populations of Lesser flamingos, because the developers are now looking at similar sites, also frequented by these and other birdlife.

It would be a cruel irony if one of Africa’s great natural treasures were to be endangered, simply because of the presence of low-value minerals such as soda which are so essential for their survival. Unfortunately, there simply aren’t many other places with the right conditions available, and it wouldn’t just be the flamingos of Tanzania that would be affected, but several neighbouring countries, including Ethiopia. Continued vigilance is clearly required.

To quote the famous naturalist, David Attenborough, ‘Natron’s vast flocks of shimmering pink flamingos are one of the world’s greatest wildlife attractions’. Surely Africa as a whole would be a poorer place without the flame birds to dance by its lakes.

Flamingo may have it for weight and height, it is the huge African flocks of Lesser flamingos that are the stars of so many wildlife films.

Wherever they come from, flamingos share many fascinating characteristics. Rare among birds, there is little difference in size and plumage between males and females within each species, and whatever their breed, they make excellent parents. Having been around for 30 million years, they are among the oldest of birds, but they have an impeccably up-to-date approach to the business of parenting. Both sexes build the nest – a curious structure often little more than a flamingo-sized platform of caked mud. They take turns to incubate the single egg which is the end product of their elaborate courtship rituals, by settling on the platform and carefully folding their spindly legs down the sides. Both parents produce a secretion to feed their chick. This is rather like mammalian milk in content, and is sometimes misleadingly referred to as such, but it is produced in the upper digestive tract, or crop, and actually a rather startling red in colour. Indeed it was once thought that both flamingos and pelicans (which produce something similar) were such devoted parents that they fed their chicks on their own blood, and they were praised in folklore of this.

Caring parents they may be, but flamingos draw the line at fostering, and will refuse to feed any chick not their own. On the other hand, they certainly approve of ‘nursery school’. Older chicks are shooed into great flocks, or crèches, to be guarded by a few adults while the rest go to feed, dance and preen, often in stunningly synchronised displays that are a delight to watch.

Apart from reinforcing group bonding and pleasing visitors, these mass antics serve to stir up the highly alkaline waters of certain lakes where their favourite food is found. Flamingos feed by swinging their curiously shaped beaks from side to side, their piston-like tongues pumping this murky soup over toothy ridges inside the beak to strain out the diatoms, blue-green algae, and tiny crustaceans and molluscs found only in such extreme conditions. By this simple method, flamingos obtain all the nutrients they need, and it is this mixture that gives them their amazing hues. When the birds are kept in captivity, it has to be mimicked precisely, or beta-keratin is added, to keep them ‘in the pink’, otherwise they quickly lose their famous colouring. Highly alkaline water, however, is as toxic to the birds as it is to humans and other animals, so they sometime have to fly long distances each day to find sources of fresh water.

One of the flamingos’ tricks is a mass ‘moonlight flit’. There may be thousands of them, preening, dancing and feeding peacefully into the sunset, yet by sunrise they are gone. Good night vision allows them to fly high and far by moonlight – sometimes over 300 km a night. Such sudden disappearances take a bit of explaining to disappointed visitors by apologetic tour guides. Meanwhile, hundreds of kilometres away, on another lake, a glorious, flapping flush of pink descends unexpectedly from a clear dawn sky.

An interesting advantage of a highly specialised diet that is unpalatable to other species is that the flamingos themselves taste awful to humans and animals alike. Excess salts are excreted though nasal glands at the base of the beak, and crusty ‘anklets’ of salts can develop as the lake dries out. Even notoriously unfussy hyenas regard them as a last resort, although the marabou stork – that

p r e t t Y F l A M I n g o s

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Each object has an intriguing story to tell. Highlights include:

dEvOnshirE EmErAldThe Devonshire Emerald is one of the world’s largest emeralds,

from the famous mines of Muzo, in Colombia. Pedro the First, Emperor of Brazil, when he came to Europe after his abdication in 1831, gave the giant gem to the sixth Duke of Devonshire. It is one of the most famous uncut emeralds in the world.

Emeralds are fascinating gemstones. They show the most beautiful and brilliant green imaginable. Emerald is the birthstone for the month of May and symbolises the promise of new life, growth, integrity, flourishing, and of prosperity and increase.

stAr Of sOuth AfriCAThe 1869 discovery of the large diamond, from which the 47.69-

carat pear-shaped diamond known as the Star of South Africa was cut, sent many people to the Orange and Vaal Rivers to start digging for diamonds. Later, the stone was purchased by Louis Hond, a diamond cutter and the first person to call the diamond the ‘Star of South Africa’, and fashioned to what was described as an ‘oval, three-sided brilliant’. It was sold to the Earl of Dudley. His wife, the Countess Dudley, wore it as a hair ornament, surrounded by 95 smaller diamonds. It is now mounted in a 1910 Cartier pendant.

Historically, diamonds were associated with divinity, bringing good fortune to those who carried them. Only kings were allowed to own large diamonds. Diamonds were a symbol of kingship, representing brilliancy and dignity and they have been linked to the fate of rulers, adventurers, celebrities. Diamonds are still one of the most portable forms of wealth.

F e A t u r e Z A n Z i B A r

unlocked at the natural History Museum’s Vault

Visitors to London’s Natural History Museum can now unlock the secrets to nature’s precious safe at The Vault, a new permanent gallery which opened in November 2007. It reveals

the stories behind some of mother nature’s most rare, unique and valuable treasures through a dazzling collection of the finest gems, crystals, metals and meteorites from around the world.

“Gemstones, meteorites and metals have been treasured since the beginning of human history,” explains Alan Hart, curator of Minerals at the Natural History Museum. “We have admired minerals as ‘nature’s sculptures’ since the dawn of time and used them for self-adornment, as early humans frequently decorated themselves with shells, bone and pebbles. Raw mineral materials were also polished to enhance their natural beauty into gemstones. These gems were believed to offer protection, have magical powers, or seen as a sign of wealth – allied to their beauty, rarity and properties such as bright colours and hardness.

“‘The Vault is a showcase of the most rare, scientifically unique and culturally historical examples from our national collection, together with some private loans. All of them are here because they are exceptional and tell a unique story.”

The rare delights held in The Vault will inspire both fashionistas and fans of gemstone geology. These include an extraordinary pink morganite beryl from Madagascar, an incredibly rare orange padparadscha sapphire from Sri Lanka and a 1,700-carat topaz found in the late 19th century.

AurOrA COllECtiOnA world-class collection of 296 naturally coloured diamonds,

the Aurora Collection is also part of The Vault’s exclusive array. This group of exceptionally rare diamonds includes the 12 colour varieties of these exquisite stones, ranging from emerald green and lemon yellow to blood red and lavender blue. The display highlights a little-known property shared by coloured and white diamonds – some of them glow and change colour when exposed to ultra-violet light.

Coloured, so-called ‘fancy’, diamonds have become more desirable than ever. Coloured stones were recently worn by actresses Halle Berry and Scarlett Johansson. Fancy diamonds are very rare: only one in every 10,000 gem-quality diamonds is coloured. The colour in diamonds results from tiny impurities, or from atomic scale defects, in the diamond structure.

hErOn-AllEn’s CursEd AmEthystKnown as the purple sapphire, Heron-Allen’s amethyst was

‘cursed and stained with blood’ according to Edward Heron-Allen who, himself worked at the Natural History Museum as a researcher in the early 20th century. The stone had been looted during the Indian mutiny in 1855 and brought to England by an officer of the Bengal cavalry who mysteriously lost his health and his money. After receiving the amethyst, the officer’s son suffered such ill fortune that he gave the stone to a friend, who then committed suicide, returning the stone to the officer’s son in his will.

Heron-Allen received the amethyst from the cavalryman’s son in 1890 and he too suffered misfortune. Upon discovering its sinister history Heron-Allen threw the stone into the Regent’s Canal, only for it to be returned to him three months later by a Wardour Street dealer who bought it from a dredger.

After binding the stone in a ‘double-headed snake’ that had been a finger ring of an astrologer, and two amethyst scarabs of Queen Hatasu of Thebes, Heron Allen packed the stone in seven boxes and gave it to his bank with the instructions that it should not be opened again until three years after his death. The stone was donated to the collections of the Natural History Museum by Heron-Allen’s daughter, together with a letter he wrote to accompany the stone warning anyone against handling it.

nAturE’s sECrEts phOtOs COurtEsy Of nAturAl histOry musEum

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Other highlights in The Vault include rare or unique objects such as the Nakhla, a Martian meteorite that people in Egypt witnessed falling to Earth in 1911. It is one of less than 70 known Martian specimens in the world. The Natural History Museum looks after a collection of 5,000 meteorite specimens. Each meteorite is a fragment of a world that exists beyond our own planet. They are valued by scientists for the wealth of information they hold about other planets, asteroids, stars and even the origins of our solar system.

The Natural History Museum is also a world-leading science research centre. Through its collections and scientific expertise, the Museum is helping to conserve the extraordinary richness and diversity of the natural world with groundbreaking projects in 68 countries.

The Mineralogy Department is one of six science departments at the Natural History Museum. Its scientists study the properties and relationships of minerals, rocks and meteorites in order to understand natural processes including pollutant dispersion, the formation of valuable natural resources, such as ores, the tectonic processes which have shaped the Earth, and the processes which gave rise to the planets, as the solar system formed.

Admission to the vault is free to all visitors to the natural history museum,Cromwell road, london sW7 5Bd, united Kingdom.

n A t u r e s s e c r e c t s

lAtrOBE nuggEtCharles Joseph Latrobe, Governor of the State of Victoria,

Australia was visiting the McIvor gold mine when word came that an unusually large nugget had been found, which was shown to him and named the Latrobe nugget in his honour. Well defined and large crystals of gold are rare and the Latrobe nugget is considered to be the best crystallised gold known and one of only a handful of specimens in the world. Although it is small when compared with other nuggets, it is one of the largest and finest groups of cubic gold crystals in the world.

AlEXAndritEDiscovered in 1830 in the Takovaya mines in Russia, alexandrite

is a stone which changes colour (red to green generally) under different lighting conditions. The old Russian imperial colours were green and red, consequently the stone was named after the Tsar Alexander II, since it is said that he came of age on the same day it was discovered. In daylight alexandrite appears a rich green, but at night under artificial light it becomes a deep purplish-red colour. The discovery of the emerald mines in the region is attributed to a local peasant, Maxim Kojevnikov, who reportedly found emerald crystals in the roots of a fallen tree near Takovaya River in autumn 1830. Organised mining began soon after in January 1831.

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F e A t u r e

EmpirE of the Air

six decades ago, a new airline went looking for its

first airplanes. World War ii had just ended when

the management of Ethiopian Air lines, as it was

then known, bought five douglas war-surplus C-47

‘skytrains’ in Cairo and flew them proudly back to

Addis Ababa. jay spenser reports.

It was February 1946 and Ethiopia—an ancient empire whose history is as rich as its geography is challenging—then relied mainly on mules, donkeys, ox carts and camels outside the main

towns, as it had for thousands of years. The thrilling prospect of modern air transportation promised to reduce days or weeks to mere hours.

Formed in December 1945, the fledgling airline began operations on 8 April 1946, with a 10-hour flight connecting Addis Ababa to Cairo via Asmara. Since that historic day, Ethiopian has evolved into a premier international carrier whose record of safe, reliable service rivals that of the finest airlines in the world. Crowning this ongoing success, Ethiopian will introduce Africa’s first ultra-efficient Boeing 787 Dreamliners to service next year. It’s a remarkable story and it all began with the C-47, a military version of the legendary DC-3 airliner.

thE prOpEllEr ErAThe Douglas DC-3 changed the world when it entered service

in 1936. Blunt nosed with iconic art-deco lines, this twin-engine, 21-passenger airplane let airlines make solid profits for the first time in history. Air travel truly came of age with the DC-3, which on the eve of WWII carried 90 percent of the world’s air traffic. Once aloft, the DC-3 cruised at 310 km/h (193 mph), low enough for passengers

to enjoy spectacular views of the unfolding scenery. The flight attendant (there was just one per airplane) passed out chewing gum to help them clear their clogged ears as the unpressurized airliner climbed or descended.

Douglas Aircraft in California, USA, delivered more than 400 DC-3s before WWII halted commercial production. That great company (which is today part of Boeing following a 1997 merger) then built more than 10,000 military derivatives of the DC-3 for wartime use by the Allied nations.

After the war, thousands of C-47s and other military DC-3 variants were converted back to civil use. By then, larger and more capable four-engine airplanes had been developed but none would rival the astonishing versatility of the DC-3.

rising tO thE ChAllEngEGround travel is arduous in Ethiopia, which encompasses some

of the world’s most difficult terrain. Towering mountains rise more to than 4,600 m (15,000 ft) in the north. River valleys slice deeply through hilly central highlands comprising most of the nation. Bisected by Africa’s Great Rift Valley, this central plateau ends in plunging escarpments at its eastern and northern periphery.

So perfectly did the C-47 Skytrain take all this in stride that Douglas might have designed the original DC-3 with Ethiopia

1. Early in 1947 the airline decided to convert three newly aquired dC-3s into �1 seat luxury passenger planes.

�&3. the four-engine dC-6B was the most successful propeller airliner of the postwar era.

4.unable to find a suitable replacement for it’s dC-3s stalwarts of the domestic services since 1946 the airline bought more in 1965.

5. Early passengers occupied bucket seats which made little concession for comfort. soon Ethiopian Airlines upgraded the accomodation.

6.mules, donkeys, ox carts and camels outside the main towns were the main mode of transport. the thrilling prospect of modern air transportation promised to reduce days or weeks to mere hours.


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The first of these large jets arrived on June 1, 1984, following a 13-hour delivery flight from Seattle that set a world’s record for commercial twinjets. Ethiopian’s first widebody, the luxurious 767 carried 190 passengers in its cabin and 12 tonnes of cargo in the lower hold.

By 1995 when Ethiopian celebrated its 50th anniversary, its route network had expanded to embrace London, Frankfurt, Rome, Bangkok, and Beijing as well as cities in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa from Senegal and Ivory Coast in the West to Cairo in the north and Johannesburg and Durban in the south. Three years later, transatlantic services were inaugurated to Washington and then New York.

Ethiopian today flies an all-Boeing jet fleet that includes Next-Generation 737s and 757s in addition to the big 767s. On domestic routes, the airline also operates a variety of turboprops and piston-powered airplanes by other manufacturers. Gone since 1991 but fondly remembered are the DC-3s that gave the airline its start.

lOOKing tO thE futurEWhen Africa’s first Boeing 787 Dreamliners enter service

next year, they will sport the colours of Ethiopian Airlines. On 4 February 2005, the airline and its preferred supplier mutually announced that Ethiopian had ordered 10 Dreamliners with purchase rights for five more.

Ethiopians’ pioneering spirit and commitment to innovation led it to once again become an early customer of a new Boeing jetliner. The 787 will use 20 percent less fuel than comparably sized twinjets, resulting in exceptional environmental performance. It will also cost 30 percent less to maintain than current types.

“You just can’t ignore how far Boeing has advanced the technology of commercial aviation with the 787 Dreamliner,” said Ethiopian Airlines CEO Ato Girma Wake on the occasion of the announcement. “The 787 represents the future—one in which Ethiopian Airlines will play a major part—and we view this airplane to be a cutting-edge solution to bolster our passenger service, improve our efficiencies and add to the airline’s bottom line.”

expressly in mind. The design’s large wings and tailwheel landing gear let it dispense with paved runways and easily serve short, high-elevation airstrips.

Purchasing four more C-47s at the end of 1946, Ethiopian used this growing fleet of aerial mules to link the nation with Aden, Cairo, Djibouti, and Khartoum. In addition to a few passengers, these workhorses carried coffee, coriander, animal skins, manufactured goods, and other cargoes.

With their large cargo doors and bare-bones military interiors, these first airliners left a lot to be desired in terms of passenger comfort. Paying customers occupied aluminum-frame-and-canvas bench seating that folded down from the side walls. Facing inward, they spent the entire flight staring at cargo lashed to the floor. Still, it was a start and vastly better than other available modes of transportation.

Profitable from the start, Ethiopian purchased more C-47s the next year and converted them to DC-3 standard with luxurious interiors and seating for 21 passengers. These machines were also the first to wear Ethiopian’s famous paint scheme, which depicts eagle feathers and a rearing gold lion—the symbols of the ancient empire of Ethiopia—in vivid reds, greens, and yellows.

Before the decade was out, this fast-growing airline linked upwards of 20 town and cities with domestic services and had expanded internationally as far as Nairobi, Port Sudan, Bombay (today Mumbai). So dramatic was the scenery it overflew in the Horn of Africa—including the sparkling Blue Nile with its world-famous waterfall—that it billed itself as The Wonderland Route.

But the best was yet to come and for that it needed longer-range airplanes.

WOrKing WingsIn 1950, Ethiopian Air Lines purchased three Convair 240s

for use on international routes, including new services to Athens. Newer and faster than the C-47s, which they relegated to domestic and charter use, these twin-engine Convairs carried 36 passengers in pressurized comfort. Unfortunately, however, they were not well suited to high-elevation airfields with short runways.

Although the runway at Addis Ababa Airport was soon extended, the Convairs didn’t last long in Ethiopian’s fleet.

Neither did a single Lockheed Constellation, the airline’s first four-engine model, which arrived in 1957. A slender greyhound of an airplane with a triple tail, the Constellation is considered by many to be the most beautiful airliner series of all time. However, it too proved ill-suited to the challenges of its new homeland and did not last long in the airline’s fleet.

Then Ethiopian purchased three Douglas DC-6Bs Super Cloudmasters, which arrived in the spring of 1958. Introduced in 1951, the four-engine DC-6B was the most successful propeller airliner of the postwar era.”. Pressurized and equipped with weather radar, it flew up to 4,800 km (3,000 mi) nonstop and cruised comfortably at an altitude of 7,600 m (25,000 ft).

Resplendent in Ethiopian’s bright paint scheme, these new airliners dwarfed the airline’s other airplanes in size as well as performance, seating 71 passengers in luxurious first-class and service classes. Opening new horizons, they pioneered services to Frankfurt, Ethiopian’s first European destination, in June 1958.

By then, the airline had also invested in a maintenance facility and training so that its personnel could maintain, overhaul, and repair airplanes and engines. These services would also be sold to the region’s other airlines, generating additional revenue.

thE jEt AgEJust six months after the arrival of Ethiopian’s Super

Cloudmasters, the Boeing 707 jetliner entered service across the North Atlantic. With dramatically swept wings and unprecedented performance, this amazing airplane ushered in a rapid transition to turbine propulsion—the commercial jet age was at hand!

Always innovative, Boeing had introduced the world’s first modern airliner in 1933 and the world’s first pressurized airliner in 1940. Even so, commercial success had eluded it in the propeller era. Now with the 707, Boeing streaked past Douglas to assume lasting leadership in the arena of commercial aviation.

Ethiopian’s distinctive DC-6Bs were by now a familiar sight at a growing number of airports in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.

Having won international acclaim and first-rank status through hard work, the airline and its proud nation were resolved to stay at the forefront of aeronautical progress.

Accordingly, competing jetliner models were evaluated including the DC-8, Douglas’ first jetliner. The winner was the Boeing 720B, a shorter range version of the 707 that could use smaller runways. An order was duly placed and construction began on an entirely new airport to accommodate them.

Ethiopian had outgrown Lidetta Airport, which had been built in 1936 and had been expanded as much as possible. Consequently, an entirely new airport was planned and built at Addis Ababa. Bole International, a thoroughly modern jetport, opened in December 1962 and Ethiopian’s first two Boeing jets arrived shortly thereafter.

On January 15, 1963, Ethiopian Air Lines inaugurated its first commercial jet service with a flight from Bole to Nairobi. The next day, the second airplane opened new services to Madrid via Asmara and Athens.

Meantime, Ethiopia’s DC-6Bs had in 1961 pioneered the world’s first direct air services between East and West Africa, sparing travelers indirect travel through Europe. As Ethiopian phased propeller airliners out of international service, this and other routes were taken over by the airline’s growing fleet of Boeings.

By now a vital part of Africa’s economic infrastructure, Ethiopian Airlines reformed in 1965 from a corporation to a share company. At that time, its name was updated to spell airlines as a single word, matching the change in general usage.

Before the 1960s ended, Ethiopian Airlines was flying large, long-range Boeing 707-300s. In the late 1970s, it acquired Boeing 727s to replace its 720Bs on intermediate-range routes. Ethiopian also acquired a simulator and began training its own pilots as well as those of other airlines.

thE WidEBOdy ErAAs the 1980s began, Ethiopian placed its first order for what

would soon be the backbone of its long-haul fleet: the Boeing 767. Ethiopian was in fact a launch customer of this fuel-efficient Boeing twinjet.


the Boeing 787 dreamlinerthe Boeing 767 jetliner


Huddled against the cold of the early morning dawn, a ghostly figure wrapped in white picks her way along the rocky track. Soon she is joined by another figure, then

another until a crowd of white-shrouded worshippers merges together, accompanied by the slow rhythmic beating of the negarit – the large drum used on ceremonial occasions. This is the feast day of Saint Mary, and the faithful have come to pray in the mystical Bet Maryam, one of the eleven 12th century rock-hewn churches of Lalibela.

This centuries-old spectacle is a reminder of the true purpose of the churches which these days have also become Ethiopia’s premier tourist attraction. Located in the Amhara region towards the north of the country, the construction of these monolithic wonders has been a source of intrigue and speculation for hundreds of years. They were not “built” in the traditional sense, but manually chiselled down through the rock as if trying to reach the earth’s very core.

One of the earliest Europeans to set eyes on the churches was the 16th century Portuguese priest Francisco Alvares who, believing his descriptions would arouse suspicion in the outside world, concluded: “I weary of writing more about these buildings because it seems to me that I shall not be believed if I write more. I swear by God in whose power I am, that all I have written is the truth.”

Their creation is attributed to the devout 12th century ruler, King Lalibela after whom the town is named, and who according to legend, built the churches upon a vision from God. Nestled at 2,600 metres in the imposing Lasta mountains, the town was formerly known as Roha. The legend goes that no mortal hand could have fashioned these churches alone, and that when the stonemasons finished work for the day, the angels would continue at night. When Lalibela died, Roha was renamed in his honour and the town became a holy city with thousands of pilgrims flocking to the churches during major religious ceremonies, a tradition that is still very much alive today.

Often referred to as the ‘eighth wonder of the world’, the churches are awesome to behold. In this transcendental setting it’s

easy to lose yourself in lore and legend. Although there are a number of rock-hewn churches dotted about the countryside, the main cluster of eleven churches is contained in the centre of the town. They vary from imposing freestanding monoliths sculpted with their own deep courtyards to quarried enlargements of caves, some of which are connected by labyrinthine tunnels and underground mazes.

These days Lalibela is a shadow of its former imperial self. Now a small town with a population of around 12,000, it nevertheless has a lot of charm. And since the construction of a proper airport with an all-weather runway in 1997 it is a little less isolated. Its unique two-storeyed circular rock houses demonstrate an outstanding flair for stone masonry. It explains perhaps the master craftsmanship in this area which led to the sculpting of the churches.

But many centuries of tramping feet, adverse weather and human activity have resulted in a severe degradation of these antiquities and the UN’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) now describes the situation as critical. The soft pink granite from which the churches are hewn is crumbling badly, cracks are appearing in the walls, the foundations are unstable and the beautiful religious murals inside the monuments are fading away. Water seepage is a major problem as is humidity, but the geological, geophysical and chemical properties of the rock are also thought to be contributing to the general decay. Early restoration attempts, however well-intentioned, may also have played a role.

The preservation of this unique rock church complex is vital for showcasing Ethiopia’s rich cultural heritage, for its religious significance and for local community development. In recognition of their universal value, the churches were inscribed on UNESCO’s prestigious World Heritage List in 1978 and the UN body has been at the forefront of conservation efforts. The churches have attracted significant attention and various attempts at preservation over the decades.

Many visitors have complained that the corrugated roof structures currently protecting the churches detract from the aesthetic visual experience of the monuments. They have been

F e A t u r e

the passage of time has taken its toll on the world-famous rock-hewn churches of lalibela. corinne Archer describes the measures being taken to halt the gradual degradation of the site and to preserve the unique structures for future generations.

l A l i B E l Ap r O t E C t i n g A C i t y C A r v E d f r O m l E g E n d

phOtO© CAmErApiX/dAvid pluth

lalibela’s Bet gyorgis, the Church of st. george

lalibela, priests celebrate the annual timket ceremony

58 sElAmtA

in place for years, and conservationists acknowledge that new protective methods need to be found.

However an ambitious project by the European Union, launched in 1997 to erect state-of-the-art protective shelters over five of the most-affected churches, rang alarm bells among the conservation community, including UNESCO and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). In addition to the colossal size of the proposed new structures, conservationists warned that the enormous foundations required for these 16 masts would have scarred the original landscape forever. Under pressure from conservation organisations, a less invasive structure was agreed upon to the satisfaction of all concerned. New temporary shelters, whose installation will not damage the rock, will protect the delicate churches until a permanent solution is found for their preservation.

Attempts to find such a solution are being spearheaded by UNESCO and the WMF. A pilot project is to be carried out on the small Mercurios church which will hopefully lead to sustainable ways of protecting the entire site by using local labour and simple technology, thus ensuring long term benefits for the local population. In a departure from past initiatives, the project aims to establish community-driven development programmes and create local labour opportunities in the conservation and tourism fields. The involvement of the local people is seen as critical by invoking the importance of conserving their cultural heritage for their economic survival. They will be trained to carry out the conservation techniques thus ensuring implementation of a regular maintenance plan without external assistance.

The new project therefore envisages a holistic approach to the Lalibela challenge, taking into account the socio-economic context of the town and the remoteness of the site. Scientists also say it is vital to understand the behaviour of the rock in order to find a lasting solution. If successful, the techniques will be generalised, leading to the total conservation of the site and, it’s hoped, a win-win situation for all concerned.

l A l I b e l A

the inside of a lalibela rock-hewn church.solemn and serene, a priest emerges from

one of lalibela’s rock-hewn churches

The Italians, who had seized the Red Sea port of Massawa in 1885, had rapidly advanced into the Ethiopian interior, and within a few years were claiming a Protectorate over the whole country. Menelik had strenuously rejected this claim, and insisted on preserving Ethiopia’s complete independence. Years of negotiation between the two countries had failed, and the Italian Government realized by 1895 that it could impose its will only by force. Italian troops accordingly advanced into northern Tigray, where they were confronted by its ruler Ras Mangasha, whose resistance they succeeded in breaking.

Menelik thereupon mobilised his army, on 17 September 1895, and advanced northwards to confront the invader. The first clash of arms in this phase of the struggle took place on 7 December, when Menelik’s men succeeded in capturing the natural fortress of Amba Alagi, after which they surrounded an Italian fortress near Mekele for 40 days. On 7 January 1896 they gained control over the fort’s water supply, after which the invaders had little choice but withdraw northwards – to a place called Sawaria, where they established a new camp. There they waited, hoping that the Ethiopian army, which was starving, would disintegrate for lack of food. Things came to a head on 25 February 1896 when the Italian Prime Minister, Francisco Crispi, dispatched a fateful telegram to the Italian commander-in-chief, General Oreste Baratieri. It declared that Italy was “ready for any sacrifice to save the honour of the army and the prestige of the monarchy”. Baratieri interpreted this as a command to resume military operations. Though lacking proper maps he moved his men into position to launch a surprise, three-pronged attack – which immediately misfired, for patriotic Ethiopian soldiers in the Italian army at once informed Menelik of the enemy’s intentions. The Italians attacked on 1 March at the first light of dawn. Fierce fighting followed in which the Ethiopians were able to battle with the three invading forces separately. The fighting resulted in heavy casualties, and led to the route of the invading army. The Italians lost 261 officers and 2,918 men, and a further 954 Italians classified as “permanently missing”. The invaders thus lost 43 percent of their fighting force. Of the five Italian field commanders, three, i.e. Arimondi, Dabormida and Galliano, were killed, and a fourth, Albertone, was captured. The Ethiopians at the same time captured most of the enemy’s weapons: some 50 cannon and over 10,000 rifles. Ethiopian casualties were higher – but the decisive factor was that the Italian army was beaten. Baratieri’s defeat led to rioting in Italy, where many Italians had from the start opposed the war and some were crying “Long Live Menelik!”After some hesitation, and misgivings, the Italian Government accepted the outcome of the battle. On 26 October 1896 Italy signed the Peace Treaty of Addis Ababa, whereby she withdrew her Protectorate claim, and recognized the complete independence of Ethiopia.This was a great turning-point in Ethiopia’s history.

ethiopia through the Millennia

the Historic battle of Adwa of 1896

The Battle of Adwa between Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and the Italian Government, fought in 1896, was one of the most important events in Ethiopia’s millennial-old history.

Emperor menelik ii

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f E A t u r E

It has caused exploration and wars, religious condemnation and social change, and is the world’s second most valuable trading commodity. National economies depend on it, fortunes have been

founded by it, its industry employs some 20 million people worldwide, and it is now used throughout the world. What is this fabulous substance? Diamonds? Gold? Oil? Far from it. It is nothing more than the berry of a humble plant that, when prepared and infused with water, produces coffee.

The image of this marvellous drink has received something of a battering in recent years, thanks largely to its caffeine content. Most people these days would probably imagine drinking coffee is unhealthy – although that does not seem to stop us from enjoying it. Coffee consumption worldwide has been rising steadily over the last few years. The leaders in the field, the Scandinavians, consume nine kilograms, or over 600 cups, per person every year.

Nutritionally speaking, coffee certainly does not add much to the diet. Although coffee beans contain vitamin B, vitamin C, iron, potassium and sodium, these are only found in tiny amounts in brewed coffee, and vitamin C not at all. Coffee also contains oxalic acid (also found in spinach, rhubarb and tea) which prevents the body from absorbing calcium, although this is of no importance as long as the diet contains adequate amounts of calcium-rich foods. Coffee has only low energy value, trace amounts of fat and no cholesterol, although whether or not sugar and milk is added will effect this.

Caffeine, coffee’s best-known chemical substance, is a stimulant of the nervous system. How much caffeine a cup of coffee contains will depend on how it is made. Drip-brewed coffee has well over 100 mg of caffeine per cup, percolated coffee 65-120 miligrams and instant coffee 40-100 mg. Decaffeinated coffee, despite the name, still

contains caffeine, though only in insignificant amounts—up to five miligrams per cup.

Coffee stimulates acid secretion in the stomach, and its consumption is therefore not advised for those on a bland diet or ulcer diet, nor by those taking antibiotics by mouth, since the rate at which they are absorbed will be reduced. Since caffeine is a drug, withdrawal symptoms, including headaches and irritation, can be experienced, as many people know only too well. Drinking another cup of coffee will relieve the symptoms immediately, but this can turn into a spiralling cycle. Since people develop tolerance to caffeine over time, the more often they consume it, the more often they will require a larger dose to provide the same effect. The result can be an addiction to caffeine and the products that contain it, such as coffee or colas.

Caffeine is also a well-known trigger of migraines, so those suffering from them need to ensure that coffee is not the cause. Excessive consumption of coffee may be linked to increased risk of osteoporosis in women and of heart disease, but the jury is still out on this, and on what might constitute “excessive” consumption. Some studies have shown that people who drink more than six cups of coffee a day are more prone to heart disease. However, this depends on how the coffee is prepared. Instant coffee, or coffee filtered through a paper, has no effect; espresso coffee, or coffee grounds to which is added hot water then brought to the boil (a method widely used in Scandinavia, for example) may release chemicals that raise cholesterol levels.

There are many other allegations concerning coffee, but these have either been discredited or unproved. Coffee has not been shown to have any effect on people with hypertension, or on birth defects in a mother who consumes coffee while pregnant, or on fibrocystic breast

disease, although with the latter giving up coffee may reduce the symptoms in some women. It has also been suggested that coffee can increase the risk of various kinds of cancer, including pancreatic cancer,

but this has been discounted recently. In fact, some studies suggest that coffee intake may actually cause a

decrease in risk of bowel cancer.The news is not all bad, for caffeine has some

medical uses and benefits, as the legend of coffee’s discovery shows. In third century Ethiopia an

observant goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats reacted strangely when they consumed the berries

of the coffee bush, and had so much energy that even the older goats sprang around like little kids. He told this to the

abbot of a monastery nearby, who decided to test the berry for himself. He infused some in water, and found that the resulting drink helped the monks stay awake through many long hours of prayer.

The news travelled across the Middle East, and around a thousand years ago coffee was first being cultivated there as a crop. Arabian physicians confirmed that coffee did indeed contain a mild stimulant, and the drink soon became popular in the Muslim world, where alcohol was frowned upon, as a help to religious exercises and meditation. By around 1500AD coffee drinking was widespread in the Middle East, and by the next century it had been introduced to Europe.

We might not need to pray for long hours these days, but office workers would certainly agree with the abbot that caffeine acts as a stimulant. This is true: caffeine is known to increase concentration and alertness and speeds up the heartbeat. For this reason, it might cause sleeplessness in those not used to drinking coffee in large amounts. However, since caffeine also elevates mood, there are those who also claim that coffee makes them relax. In fact, the effects of caffeine vary from person to person and also depend on how much

coffee they consume. Whatever the case, drinking large amounts of coffee as a stimulant is hardly recommended in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It might be better to consider what is causing tiredness or lack of concentration and remedying this, rather than drinking a coffee to counteract its effects.

Caffeine is a mild diuretic too, and is sometimes found in medicines for premenstrual tension. Coffee is also known to be a laxative, though which of its ingredients causes this is not known – not caffeine, at least.

Doctors are divided as to whether heart patients should drink coffee. Caffeine increases the heartbeat, but it also dilates the coronary arteries and increases the blood flow to the heart. (The fact that it dilates blood vessels may be one reason why coffee relieves headaches caused by swollen blood vessels in the brain.) Moderate coffee drinking does not cause high blood pressure. Recent research also shows that drinking coffee does not produce irregular heart rhythms as was once thought, and there is therefore no need for someone who has suffered a heart attack to avoid coffee.

People have been debating the health or harmfulness of coffee for many centuries. For a long time in the Middle East people have had a high regard for coffee as a health drink, whereas in the West these days it is fashionable to discredit coffee – or rather its caffeine content – as a harmful stimulant. Coffee is not particularly healthy, but nor is it as bad as some people imagine. Current medical opinion is that, if taken excessively, it may cause long-term health problems. It is quite acceptable, however, to consume coffee in moderation – in other words, no more than six cups of brewed coffee daily.

And there you have it – there is no need to forego the odd cup of coffee. If you are warm it will cool you off, if cold it will warm you. If you are tired it will boost your energy, if you want to relax it is just the thing. If you are depressed it will cheer you up, and it you are excited, calm you down. Or so people claim. What more could you ask from a drink?

EthiOpiA’s lEgACy tO thE WOrldKathleen day investigates a substance that transcends its mere chemical composition and has become an international institution.

H e A l t H

Coffee, one of the world’s favourite beverages,was ‘born’ in the Kaffa region of Ethiopia.


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feasible, have calls screened. Give people a time when you will return calls, and ask for clear messages about the purpose of the call.

Interruptions: Who are the principle culprits? When it is your boss, learn to manage this situation proactively! One option is to acknowledge what they are asking for, state that you have another thing with a deadline and ask them to tell you which is the priority. Another choice is to arrange to meet with your bosses regularly, using the time to share what you are planning to do and asking them what they have coming up where they may need your help so that you can schedule it.

When it is your staff, check whether it is something which really needs your help or is it “a monkey”! This concept refers to things which they want to pass on to someone else rather than deal with them. You need to create “a monkey free zone” by learning to pass these back, stopping feeding them. Encourage them to go and think of some options for how they will deal with it, come back and share these and to tell you which they will do. Support them with their choice – and be ready to do it again until they become confident in making their decisions and stop leaving you the monkeys!

If colleagues cause interruptions, learn to feel OK about telling them you are busy, or to give them a time when it is convenient to come back. If this is not working – stand up when they come to your desk or office, they will linger for a shorter time than if they can sit.

e-mail: A real scourge for many in this electronic and IT age. Whether at your computer or with your Blackberry, learn to be away from e-mail for times of the day. (Over-availability is not helpful in time management!) Access your email in certain time slots, rather than as it comes in. Deal with it during these windows and then do other things until the next one. Beware large circulation lists, becoming a thief to others.

self-inflicted: There are two main elements of this, the first is something which can occur to us all to varying degrees, procrastination. We all have the ability to put things off until we have no choice other than to do them. Ask yourself, what are the tasks you do procrastinate on – and why? What do you hope to gain? What are the consequences? Recognising these, you can get on and do them which will save you time and frees you to do something you can enjoy!

The other aspect to self-inflicted thieves, is the habit of being over-available or inviting people to come and interrupt you. It is your time, and learn to respect this and use it for what is important. Set aside some time for you, to be unavailable to others so that you can get on with some tasks which need completing. They will be done more quickly and more accurately – freeing you to give time to others.

Identifying the time thieves which cause you to be distracted from your plan is the easy part. Starting to use some of these approaches to reduce their impact is more challenging; however the benefits for you can make it worthwhile. The solution is in one person’s hands – yours. Remember, “if you continue to do what you have always done, you will always get what you have always got”. So, reclaim control of your time and get rid of the time.

Do you feel as though you are under time pressure for much of your day-to-day life? Do you think you are “cash rich, time poor”? So many people living in today’s apparently increasingly busy and frenetic world feel as though they do not have enough time. Why is it so many people struggle with this? Over the years of running various forms of time management training I have come to the conclusion that the reasons are simple. However, doing something about them is challenging!

The majority of people do not value their own time sufficiently. Time is our universal resource – we all have exactly the same amount of it. Yet, do we treat is as a resource? Do we value it? The following quotation is worth thinking about.

“The supply of time is totally inelastic. Time is totally perishable and cannot be stored. Time is totally irreplaceable….there is no substitute for time.”

Peter Drucker

To begin to get more from your time and to feel less pressure, think about taking more ownership of your own time and stop putting blame on others. The basic principles of time management are very simple and many of you reading this will doubtless have covered them. So what is stopping you applying them consistently? You are! We make choices about our use of time and our responses to people and situations. These are based on some deep-seated aspects of ourselves, tied into our personal beliefs and values so we feel that these things are automatic.To get more from your time, there are 3 basic steps:1. Decide what you want to do or achieve.2. Plan and organise to get there.3. Cope with the distractions to your plan.

It is this third step which causes many to struggle: the range of time thieves which either sneak up gradually, mug us or even get invited in!

To deal with them effectively you need to identify which ones steal your time. Create a simple system to record them – noting whether they are face-to-face, telephone or e-mail interruptions; who the people are (boss, colleagues or staff?) and how long these interruptions take from your day. Also note down how often you are your own thief, by getting distracted, putting things off or inviting in the other person!

The main time thieves which typically affect us are listed below, with some ideas for dealing with them. As mentioned, these are both simple and yet challenging. The only person who is going to make them work is you! When you accept this and begin to act on it, you will find that things begin to improve and you regain control of your time and life.

telephone: The idea that this device has improved communication can be the subject of a great deal of debate. The problem with many of us is a feeling of having to be accessible and so we receive calls anywhere at any time. Remember it is a tool for communication and treat it as such. Learn to be unavailable by turning phones off, using voicemail (although it is important to update messages and not to have a generic one hanging around) or re-directing the calls. Where g

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Ti ime is now one of the most frequently used words in our language. Why? Because we feel we do not have enough in this busy, busy world we inhabit. In reality we have all the time there is! Time management is something we can all benefit from - and one of the critical requirements for improving time

management is to identify, and deal with, our time thieves or time stealers.

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stop them stealing from you

timE thiEvEs

70 sElAmtA

The first results of his work became visible in spring 2006 when Gishu Mendaye (2:28.21) and Robe Tola (2:24) won marathons in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and Hamburg, Germany. Since then, four male runners have run under 2:10, while six of his athletes have managed 2:30 or better for the women’s marathon.

“The major project with Ethiopian marathon runners has been psychological,” he says when asked what aspects of preparations he has improved. “Many runners do well and cover their training load effectively, but very few take that mentality to competition. That is one of the things that I have tried to change with the runners. In other countries, they would use sports psychologists to solve such psychological problems. I use my experience to advise them.”

Another major problem Tessema dealt with effectively was the lack of finishing speed that had haunted many Ethiopian marathon runners. “In our country, many of the training regimes focused on dealing well with the opening 30km of the marathon,” he says. “But in modern marathon, the race starts at the 35km point and we worked well with our runners to help them gain extra speed in their legs for the final 7kms.”

Tessema’s biggest success story is Deriba Merga. A runner who came from Wellega in Western Ethiopia, a region not well known for producing top distance runners, Merga completed a road racing hat-trick in 2006 when winning the Nazret World Cup 10km, the Ethiopian 20km championships, and the Great Ethiopian Run 10km.

Initially, he had problems repeating his success over the marathon before finishing a close second in the 61st Fukuoka International Marathon in a new personal best time of 2:06.50. “No one knew Deriba before he won the Great Ethiopian Run,” says Tessema. “But now [after winning gold in the All-African Games and his performance in Fukuoka], he is very well known.”

Tessema’s programme and efforts have not only unearthed new talents, but also revitalized the careers of runners who had stagnated before they joined his group. A typical example is Bezunesh Bekele, who had been a decent track and cross country runner without any major championship success.

Now a full-time road runner, Bekele [who is not related to Ethiopia’s top track runner Kenenisa Bekele] smashed the national half marathon record when finishing fourth in the IAAF World Road Running Championships before making her stunning full marathon debut in the Standard Chartered Dubai Marathon where she clocked 2:23.20.

“What we have done with these runners is design a different training schedule for their specific race and their habits,” says Tessema. “Running a good marathon needs lots of preparation and knowledge of the course where one competes in. Before I took over their preparations, the runners would prepare the same way for two marathon races regardless of the type of course or competition. What I have changed is to tailor-make their training for the type of race they are expected to run.”

With less than six months before the 29th Olympic Games are held in Beijing, China, Tessema’s charges occupy four of the six [three for men and three for women] qualification berths for the world’s showpiece event. He admits he faces difficult months in order to synchronize his training programme with the EAF.

“The two systems are different and it will not be good for the runners to change systems,” he says. “But I hope the Federation realize that it is important to prepare ahead of time in order to get maximum results.”

Tessema also believes that current and traditional training methods are not sufficient to counter the threats of adverse conditions in Beijing and the city’s pollution. “We have to plan ahead of time to counter such problems,” says Tessema. “It will be a big challenge, but we will try to adapt using many mechanisms.”

Elshadai negash is the Ethiopian correspondent for the website and magazine of the international Association of Athletics federations (iAAf and a regular contributor to selamta magazine. please email comments to [email protected].

despite a rich tradition, and apart from few glimmers of hope, Ethiopian marathon running has languished in an apparent downward spiral. now, thanks to the efforts of manager-cum-coach getaneh tessema, we are seeing many signs of progress. elshadai negash reports on an ambitious project that is reaping rewards.

Getaneh Tessema smirks at the mention of his increasingly-popular nickname ‘The Marathon Renaissance Man’.

“I am happy when I am called that name,” he says. “But I am more than happy to have contributed to Ethiopian marathon running and helped my compatriots. It is a big honour.”

For the Ethiopian athletics family, Tessema, who is the husband of Ethiopian marathon runner Gete Wami, is known for his work as the Ethiopian representative of Global Sports Communication (GSC), the athletics management agency headed by Jos Hermens that manages the career of athletes like Haile Gebrselassie and Gete Wami.

But very few people realize his involvement in a marathon renaissance that is currently gripping Ethiopian athletics. His athletes, who are also represented by GSC, currently sit on top of the Ethiopian marathon lists, well ahead of runners who are centrally trained by the athletics governing body in Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Athletics Federation (EAF), or other training arrangements.

His male athletes Deriba Merga (2:06.50) and Tsegaye Kebede (2:08.10) are only preceded by world marathon record holder Gebrselassie in the season’s Ethiopian lists, while four athletes

– Wami, Bezunesh Bekele, Dire Tune, and Robe Tola – have all run under 2hrs and 25 minutes for the women’s marathon to become among the country’s top ten fastest ever marathon runners in history.

A former runner, Tessema started his ambitious project to unearth world class marathon runners nearly five years ago.

“We did not start this for the money,” he says. “In Ethiopia, we have lots of 5,000m and 10,000m runners, but not many good marathon runners. Many who could do well in the marathon run the shorter events because that was where they thought they would be successful. Coaches even pushed runners to these events because they felt it was the right distance for talented athletes. I personally felt it was a wrong approach.”

In addition, Tessema’s experience as an athlete’s representative helped him with identifying problems associated with marathon running in Ethiopia. “We had managed many marathon runners and realized that there were many things wrong with their preparation,” he says. “As a former runner, I also felt that we are very much behind the rest of the world in our training and preparation. Something had to be done about that.”

Tessema scoured the country looking for runners who were talented, but had no means of support. “I did not want runners who were previously enrolled with other clubs or the Federation,” he said. “I wanted to start fresh with new runners.”

His new ideas faced lots of challenges from the onset. “Many of the runners did not feel they were good enough marathon runners,” he says. “Some of them left our group to join other clubs because they were ambitious about running the short events.”

tessema with gete Wami

tune dire at the finish line

s p o r t s

tessema the Marathon renaissance Man

getaneh tessema and gete Wami

dire tune, another tessema discovery, celebrates victory in the �007 Chevron houston marathon

deriba merga, who has a

marathon personal best of �:06.50,

regarded highly by Ethiopian distance running star haile

gebrselassie and is tessema’s biggest

success story.

phOtOs © viCtAh sAilEr (phOtOrun)


Although he reaffirmed his growing stature on the continent with an All-African Games gold in Algiers, the youngster has not yet thrown anything close to the likes of world champion Tero Pitkamaki of Finland. Addis Ababa’s calm weather in May should help his attempts to crack the 80m barrier.

7. Francoise Mbango Etone (CMR): Four years ago, triple jumper Francoise Mbango Etone put Cameroon on the athletics map with victory in the 2004 Olympic Games final, beating such established luminaries as the Russian pair. Tatyana Lebedeva and Tatyana Kotova.

The 30-year-old has shown indifferent form since returning to competition from maternity leave, but remains a tough competitor on the African circuit. She will have already circled the Olympic Games in Beijing as the peak of her make-or-break 2008 season and could fly to Addis Ababa from her Paris base to fine-tune her preparations.

8. Gary Kikaya (DRC): International men’s 400m has been dominated by Jeremy Wariner for the last four years, but few forget that the only man to threaten the American’s dominance in 2006 was Congolese sprinter Gary Kikaya.

The son of a former diplomat, Kikaya was fortunate to tune-up his career in the American collegiate system, but has opted to compete for his parent’s country of origin. Any hope that the Democratic Republic of Congo – a country more familiar to sports audiences through soccer and boxing – may have of entering the medal table lies with this precocious one-lap speedster.

9. Olisoji Fasuba (NGR): Nigeria has long been known in Africa for producing some world class sprinters and the latest is Olisoji Fasuba who is probably too good for the rest of Africa at the moment.

Fasuba ran the race of his life in 2006 when he clocked 9.84 to smash the African 100m record in Doha, Qatar, so early in the season. Since then he won the All-African Games title last year and finished fourth in the world championships to assert his continental dominance.

The year 2008 will be important for the Nigerian to make a breakthrough in international sprinting. A good race in Addis Ababa early in the season should help scare some of his major competitors.

10. Hatem Ghoula (TUN): Race Walking is often regarded as a stronghold of the former Eastern Europe, Spain, and parts of Latin American. That is not doing Tunisian Hatem Ghoula’s progress over recent years any justice.

A stalwart of the continental scene for the last 15 years, Ghoula scaled new heights in 2007 when he won bronze over the 20km walk in Osaka. He comes to a country where race walking is making rapid progress and should take the championships by storm.

s p o r t s

1. Abubakar Kaki Kamis (SUD): Ever since he made his international debut as a junior four years ago, Kaki has always been regarded as a dangerous athlete in the men’s 800m. The runner from Darfur made his senior breakthrough in 2007, winning the All-African Games title, but his lack of experience saw him failing to get past the first round in the 11th IAAF World Championships in Osaka, Japan.

However, two months later he took a solo victory in the Pan Arab Games in Cairo, Egypt. His performances have earned him many admirers in the international circuit, but 2008 will be the make-or-break year for 18-year old. The competition in Addis Ababa should be his platform to kick off his season.

2. Moses Kipsiro (UGA): Ugandans have had little to celebrate since John Aki-Bua brought home the country’s only track medal in the Olympic Games in 1972. But the emergence of young Kipsiro now has the Cranes dreaming of success all over again.

The 23-year old won the All-African Games 5000m title in Algiers last year before winning bronze over the same event in Osaka, Uganda’s only medal in the world championships. He also ran his personal best in the event late in the season clocking 12:50.74 in Brussels, Belgium..

He started where he left off this year by winning the Belfast International Cross Country in Northern Ireland and should be a favourite to put one over runners from Ethiopia and Kenya in May.

3. Asbel Kiprop (KEN): Given the depth of talent available in Kenya, it is very difficult to pick a single athlete to star in Addis Ababa. But among the legion of potential winners, youngster Asbel Kiprop will have a point to prove in Addis Ababa.

The 19-year old was one of the revelations of male distance running last year after his victory in the junior race at the 35th IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Mombasa, Kenya. He then went on to take victory in the 1500m event at the All-African Games and finished fourth over the same event in Osaka.

His breakthrough year was hailed as one of the best in recent seasons, although the athlete has gone on record claiming that he is not yet satisfied about his achievements just yet. Victory in Addis Ababa could help set him on his way to a highly successful season.

4. Gelete Burka (ETH): There is nothing that will light up a championship more than success for the host nation. While usual major championship medal winners like Kenenisa Bekele, Meseret Defar, and Tirunesh Dibaba will be hoping to add an African crown to their prestigious list of honours, Gelete Burka is perhaps the runner with the most point to prove.

The 2006 world short course cross country champion has always been regarded as a precious talent since her emergence in 2003. She

started her track season last year with personal bests and superior performances, but struggled in the final of the women’s 5000m in Osaka before finishing a hugely disappointing eighth.

A regular performer on international track circuits and respected by her competitors,

Burka has struggled to convince her compatriots when they gather around

their television sets during major championships. A convincing

home performance will help her gain the national public

recognition her talent deserves and boost

her confidence in the countdown to the Beijing Olympics.

5. Agnes Samaria (NAM): In the 1980s and ‘90s, sprinter Frankie Fredericks

help put Namibia on the athletics map thanks to

terrific performance on the track. Now veteran middle

distance runner Agnes Samaria is trying to help this Southern

African nation stay in touch with the world’s elite.

In August, Samaria was one of three Africans to qualify for the final of the women’s 1500m in Osaka, a terrific achievement given that the athlete was making a long-awaited return to action after a horrific career-threatening injury. She also won silver in the All-African Games and achieved a new personal best in the 800m.

6. Robert Oosthuizen (RSA): In 2003, it was Jacques Freitag. A year later it

was Hestrie Cloethe. And now it seems to be the time of Robert Oosthuizen.

South Africa produces fine field event specialists and the 19-year old Javelin thrower looks set to follow on the trail set in recent years. Two years after winning the world junior title in Beijing, Oosthuizen will return to the Chinese capital in August this year for his Olympic debut and with more than one major concern weighing on his mind.

elshadai negash profiles the stars who are expected to highlight the 16th CAA African Athletics Championships (30 April - 4 may �008) in Addis Ababa.

10 stars to watch

robert Oosthuizen

gelete Burika



Gebrselassie has every reason to respect the marathon and, after a couple of failed attempts, the ‘Emperor’ can claim to have finally mastered the event.

He made his debut over the distance at the age of 17. “I ran to see the city,” says Gebrselassie of his 2h50minutes run performance. “I returned back to Assela a week later and swore that I would never run a marathon. It felt so difficult.”

But after two Olympic and four world 10000m titles and more than a dozen world record performances on the track, he returned to the roads in 2002 for his “serious” marathon debut when he lined up against the best in the world in the Flora London Marathon.

Although he smashed the Ethiopian national record over the distance and finished a respectable third, many categorized his race in London as a failure. It was three years before Gebrselassie returned to the roads after making his last track appearance in the 2004 Athens Olympics.

Injury problems delayed his reappearance over the marathon until October 2005, but he made up for the long wait with another national record time of 2:06.20 in the Amsterdam Marathon. He opened 2006 with world records over the half marathon (Arizona, USA) and the 25km (Alphen Den Haag, Netherlands) although the latter was not ratified due to the absence of EPO testing by organizers.

He then made three more unsuccessful attempts over the marathon in London (where he struggled with the rain and could only manage ninth), Berlin (where he failed in a record bid but further lowered his personal best and national record to 2:05.56), and Fukuoka (where he was challenged by a world class field, but came out with victory in 2:06.52, the fourth sub 2:07 performance of his career).

But 2007 was the year in which Gebrselassie finally achieved his dream. It started off badly with a dropout of his “jinx” race, the London Marathon, due to a pollen allergy, but he made up for it by smashing both the world track one hour and 20000m records at the 46th Zlata Tretra - IAAF Grand Prix meeting - in Ostrava, Czech Republic in June.

In September, he capped an outstanding year by slicing nearly 30 seconds off his friend and archrival Paul Tergat’s world marathon record when winning the Real Berlin Marathon in 2:04.26.

“Everything was perfect in Berlin,” he says. “But I could have run faster. I think I am capable of 2:03 in the future.”

His performances made him one of the favourites to be named the male athlete of the year at the 2007 IAAF World Athlete of the Year awards. Although he lost out to American sprinter Tyson Gay, Gebrselassie was awarded the Inspirational Award by the world athletics governing body.

“I am happy with this award,” he says. “I just hope that it is not a consolation award because I could not get the main prize.”

Elshadai Negash is the Ethiopian correspondent for the website and magazine of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF and a regular contributor to Selamta Magazine. Please email comments to [email protected].

Even by his own admission, Ethiopian distance running legend Haile Gebrselassie is still a student of the marathon, his relatively newest discipline. But if he continues to push

the limits as he did in Berlin and Dubai, his days as a mere pupil are numbered. Elshadai Negash talks to the 34-year old about his marathon breakthrough.

It is a week after the Standard Charted Dubai Marathon in the United Arab Emirates and Haile Gebrselassie is seating comfortably in his office and – as usual – smiling.

The man with the trademark grin is known around the world for his affable character and infectious personality, but missing out on a cool one million dollars a week earlier must have come close to wiping the grin from his face!

“I missed the money but not the clock,” he says. “I still ran the second fastest time in history. That is a big achievement in itself.”

In Dubai, flanked by pacemakers for the first 30kms of the race, Gebrselassie arrived at the half way point in the race 30 seconds ahead of schedule – pushed too fast by an overzealous pacemaker.

“I told him five times during the race to slow down,” Gebrselassie said. “The other pacemakers were doing fine, but the Kenyan guy did not listen. He pushed me too hard.”

Predictably, Gebrselassie slowed down in the second half of the race and eventually missed the world record by 27 seconds, although he comfortably won the race in 2:04.53, the second fastest time in men’s marathon history. He pocketed a cool USD 250,000 for his efforts, but he also lost USD 1million on offer for improving his own world record.

“Breaking the world record would have been great for the sport,” he explains. “It would have raised the profile of the sport. I really appreciate the organization in Dubai. They have done great in trying to raise the standard.”

Narrowly missing world records and breaking them is nothing new for Gebrselassie. In a career that is exceeding 20 years, the ‘Emperor’ has smashed more than twenty world records, but says none of his efforts are remotely close to training for and running a marathon.

“When I started to really get a grip on the marathon,” he says. “I felt I had been joking when I was running the 5000m and 10000m. The

track races are nothing compared to the marathon. The marathon is no

joke.” It is surprising to hear such

words from a man who has won two Olympic and four world championship titles over the 10000m and has smashed more than 20 records inside a stadium. But Gebrselassie is

unrelenting when he explains how running the most gruelling

athletics discipline has changed his outlook on life.

“It has changed me a lot,” he says. “The marathon has taught me to be patient, not only in running, but also in my ways outside training and competition. It is the true endurance sport and I cannot stress enough that people should give it the respect it needs.”

s p o r t s

Marathon breakthrough gebrselassie’sRespect and Patience keys to Gebrselassie’s marathon breakthrough


gebrselassie breaking the world marathon record in

Berlin last year.


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South AtlanticOcean

North AtlanticOcean

Indian Ocean

INTERNATIONAL ROUTE MAP Ethiopian Destinations Destinations with Special Agreements

Juba

1200 1100 1000 2200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900

Yaoundé

Vancouver

San Francisco Colorado Springs

DenverOmaha

KansasCity

KlahomaCity

Minneapolis

Chicago

St. Louis

IndianapolisDayton

TorontoDetriot

Ottawa

Cleveland

RochesterSyrac.

Columb.CincinnatiBashville

Memphis

AtlantaNewOrleans Orlando

Fort Lauderdale

HavanaMiami

Tampa

Jacksonville

Little Rock

Montréal

Quebec

Portland

Washington D.C.Norfolk

Columbia

Boston

Las Vegas

San Antonio

Dallas

Houston

AlbuquerquePhoenix

TucsonSanDiego

OntarioSan José

Los AngelesSanta Ana

Seattle

Portland

Salt Lake City

Douala

Abuja

Bangui

N‘Djamena

Brazzaville

Kinshasa

Luanda

Lagos

NiameyKano

New YorkPhiladelphia

Bamako

Dakar

LoméAccra

Abidjan

Libreville

Malabo

Bujumbura

KigaliEntebbe

NairobiKilimanjaro

Zanzibar

Dar es SalaamDodoma

Lusaka

Windhoek

Gaborone PretoriaMaputo

MbabaneJohannesburg

Maseru Durban

Cape Town

Lilongwe

Harare

DireDawa

Asmara

Jeddah

Cairo

Tel Aviv

Palermo

Rome

Geneva

Paris

FrankfurtBrussels

Amsterdam

Oslo Helsinki

Stockholm

London

Milan

Beirut

Alexandria

Riyadh

Kuwait

DubaiBahrain

Muscat

Mumbai(Bombay)

Kolkata(Calcutta)

Yangon(Rangoon)

Bangkok

Vientiane

Hong Kong

Beijing(Perking)

Manila

Jakarta

Haiphong

Guangzhou(Canton)

New Delhi

Abu Dhabi

DjiboutiHargeisa

San’áKhartoum

ADDIS ABABA

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Abidjan (Côte d’ivoire)Abu dhabi (uAE)Accra (ghana)Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)Bamako (mali)Bangkok (thailand)Beijing (China)Beirut (lebanon)Brazzaville (Congo)Brussels (Belgium)Bujumbura (Burundi)Cairo (Egypt)dar es salaam (tanzania)dakar (senegal)delhi (india)dire dawa (Ethiopia)djibouti (rep. of djibouti)douala (Cameroun)dubai (uAE)Entebbe (uganda)frankfurt (germany)guangzhou (China)harare (Zimbabwe)hargeisa (somaliland)hong Kong (China)

jeddah (saudi Arabia)johannesburg (s. Africa)juba (sudan)Khartoum (sudan)Kigali (rwanda)Kilimanjaro (tanzania)Kinshasa (d. r. of Congo)Kuwait (Kuwait City)lagos (nigeria)libreville (gabon)lilongwe (malawi)lomé (togo)london (united Kingdom)luanda (Angola)lusaka (Zambia)mumbai (india)nairobi (Kenya)n’djamena (Chad)paris (france)riyadh (saudi Arabia)rome (italy)san’á (uAE)stockholm (sweden)tel Aviv (israel)Washington d.C. (usA)Zanzibar (tanzania)

Cape town (south Africa)dorval, montréal (Canada)gaborone (Botswana)helsinki (finland)jarkata (indonesia)Kolkata (india)manila (philippines)Oslo (norway)Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)palermo (italy)stockholm (sweden)toronto (Canada)vancouver (Canada)Windhoek (namibia)united states of America:Albuquerque, new mexicoAtlanta, georgiaBoston, massachusettsChicago, illinoisCincinnati, OhioCleveland, OhioColorado springs, ColoradoColumbia, s. CarolinaColumbus, Ohiodallas, texasdayton, Ohiodenver, Coloradodetroit, michiganfort lauderdale, floridahouston, texasindianapolis, indianajacksonville, floridaKansas City, Kansas

las vegas, nevadalittle rock, Arkansaslos Angeles, Californiamemphis, tennesseemiami, floridaminneapolis, minnesotanashville, tennesseenew Orleans, louisiananew yorkOklahoma City, OklahomaOmaha, nebraskaOntario, CaliforniaOrlando, floridaphiladelphia, pa.phoenix, Arizonaportland, Oregonportland, mainerochester, new yorksaint louis, missourisalt lake City, utahsan Antonio, texassan diego, Californiasan francisco, Californiasan jose, Californiasanta Ana, Californiaseattle, Washingtonsyracuse, new yorktampa, floridatucson, Arizona

dEstinAtiOns With spECiAl AgrEEmEnts

Ethiopian DEstinations

intErnAtiOnAl rOutE mAp


*Times in local

Carrier Flt No. Frequency A/C Type From STD To STA

ET 500 -2-4567 B763 Addis Abeba 22:15 Washington(Dulles) 07:20+1

ET 501 1-3--6- B763 Washington(Dulles) 20:30 Addis Abeba 19:40+1

ET 503 ----5-7 B763 Washington(Dulles) 09:30 Addis Abeba 08:35+1

ET 700 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 12:00 London(Hethrow) 18:55

ET 700 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 12:00 Rome(Fiumicion) 16:30

ET 701 1-3-5-- B757 London(Hethrow) 21:00 Addis Abeba 07:30+1

ET 710 ---4-67 B763 Addis Abeba 00:25 London(Hethrow) 07:15

ET 710 ---4-67 B763 Addis Abeba 00:25 Rome(Fiumicion) 04:45

ET 711 ---4-67 B763 London(Hethrow) 20:20 Addis Abeba 08:10+1

ET 711 1--5-7 B763 Rome(Fiumicion) 00:35 Addis Abeba 08:10


ET 702 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 00:40 Stockholm(Arlanda) 09:00

ET 703 1-3-5-- B757 Stockholm(Arlanda) 20:00 Addis Abeba 07:40+1

ET 703 -2-4-6- B757 Rome(Fiumicion) 00:05 Addis Abeba 07:40

ET 704 1-3-5-- B763 Addis Abeba 23:55 Paris(deGaulle) 05:45+1

ET 704 1-3-5-- B763 Addis Abeba 23:55 Brussels 07:55+1

ET 705 -2-4-6- B763 Paris(deGaulle) 22:25 Addis Abeba 07:20+1

ET 705 -2-4-6- B763 Brussels 20:25 Addis Abeba 07:20+1

ET 706 -2-4--7 B763 Addis Abeba 23:50 Frankfurt 05:15+1

ET 706 -2-4--7 B763 Addis Abeba 23:50 Brussels 07:15+1

ET 707 1-3-5-- B763 Brussels 20:40 Addis Abeba 07:45+1

ET 707 1-3-5-- B763 Frankfurt 21:40 Addis Abeba 07:45+1

ET 901 1234567 B763 Addis Abeba 09:15 Lagos 12:40

ET 900 1234567 B763 Lagos 13:40 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 905 --3--6- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Douala 11:35

ET 905 --3--6- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Libreville 13:25

ET 904 --3--6- B763 Libreville 14:10 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 904 --3--6- B763 Douala 12:30 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 915 -2--5-- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Douala 13:15

ET 915 -2--5-- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Libreville 11:35

ET 914 -2--5-- B763 Libreville 12:20 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 914 -2--5-- B763 Douala 14:10 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 907 -2-4--7 B757 Addis Abeba 09:00 Lome 11:55

ET 907 -2-4--7 B757 Addis Abeba 09:00 Accra 13:20

ET 907 -2-4--7 B757 Addis Abeba 09:00 Abidjan 15:00

ET 916 -2-4--7 B757 Lagos 23:30 Addis Abeba 06:45+1

ET 916 -2-4--7 B757 Accra 20:20 Addis Abeba 06:45+1

ET 916 -2-4--7 B757 Abidjan 18:30 Addis Abeba 06:45+1

ET 907 -----6- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Lome 13:00

ET 907 -----6- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Accra 14:35

ET 906 ------7 B757 Accra 10:15 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 906 ------7 B757 Lome 11:45 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 909 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Bamako 13:35

ET 909 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Dakar 16:20

ET 908 -2-4-6- B757 Dakar 08:05 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 908 -2-4-6- B757 Bamako 10:50 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 917 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 01:40 Lagos 05:00

ET 917 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 01:40 Accra 05:45

ET 917 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 01:40 Abidjan 07:30

ET 906 1-3-5-- B757 Abidjan 09:15 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 906 1-3-5-- B757 Accra 11:00 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 906 1-3-5-- B757 Lome 12:25 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 937 -2-4--7 B73W Addis Abeba 22:30 N'Djamena 00:10+1

ET 936 1-3-5-- B73W N'Djamena 01:30 Addis Abeba 07:15

ET 939 ---4--7 B73W Addis Abeba 10:45 N'Djamena 12:30

ET 938 ---4--7 B73W N'Djamena 14:30 Addis Abeba 20:00

ET 308 1-34-6- F50 Addis Abeba 14:10 Dire Dawa 15:10

ET 308 1-34-6- F50 Addis Abeba 14:10 Hargessa 16:15

ET 309 1-34-6- F50 Hargessa 16:35 Addis Abeba 18:40

ET 309 1-34-6- F50 Dire Dawa 17:40 Addis Abeba 18:40

ET 801 1234567 B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Nairobi 12:00

ET 801 1234567 B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Kilimangaro 13:25

ET 800 1234567 B757 Kilimangaro 16:45 Addis Abeba 20:10

ET 800 1234567 B757 Nairobi 18:10 Addis Abeba 20:10

ET 805 --3---7 B757 Addis Abeba 10:30 Dareselaam 13:10

ET 805 --3---7 B757 Addis Abeba 10:30 Zanzibar Iseland 14:25

ET 805 -2-456- B73W Addis Abeba 10:30 Dareselaam 13:10

ET 805 -2-456- B73W Addis Abeba 10:30 Zanzibar Iseland 14:25

ET 804 --3---7 B757 Zanzibar Iseland 16:20 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 804 --3---7 B757 Dareselaam 17:35 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 804 -2-456- B73W Zanzibar Iseland 16:20 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 804 -2-456- B73W Dareselaam 17:35 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 807 1-3456- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Kigali 11:45

ET 807 1-3456- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Bujumbura 13:00

ET 806 1-3456- B757 Bujumbura 15:45 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 806 1-3456- B757 Kigali 17:00 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 811 -2-67 B73W Addis Abeba 11:30 Entebbe/Kampala 13:30

ET 810 123-56- B73W Entebbe/Kampala 18:25 Addis Abeba 20:25

ET 811 1-3-5-- B73W Addis Abeba 11:30 Entebbe/Kampala 13:30

ET 811 1-3-5-- B73W Addis Abeba 11:30 Juba 15:30

ET 810 1-3-5-- B73W Entebbe/Kampala 18:25 Addis Abeba 20:25

ET 810 1-3-5-- B73W Juba 16:25 Addis Abeba 20:25

ET 809 1234567 B73W Addis Abeba 09:00 Johannesburg 13:35

ET 808 1234567 B73W Johannesburg 14:35 Addis Abeba 21:00

ET 851 1-3-5-- B763 Addis Abeba 09:30 Luanda 12:20

ET 850 1-3-5-- B763 Luanda 13:40 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 871 -2-4--7 B73W Addis Abeba 09:30 Harare 12:45

ET 871 -2-4--7 B73W Addis Abeba 09:30 Lusaka 14:40

ET 870 -2-4--7 B73W Lusaka 15:30 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 870 -2-4--7 B73W Harare 13:30 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 873 1-3-56- B73W Addis Abeba 09:30 Lilongwe 12:10

ET 873 1-3-56- B73W Addis Abeba 09:30 Lusaka 14:10

ET 872 1-3-56- B73W Lilongwe 13:55 Addis Abeba 20:10

ET 872 1-3-56- B73W Lusaka 15:10 Addis Abeba 20:10

ET 831 1-34567 B763 Addis Abeba 09:45 Brazzavile 11:55

ET 831 1-34567 B763 Addis Abeba 09:45 Kinshasa 13:15

ET 830 1-34567 B763 Brazzavile 12:55 Addis Abeba 20:35

ET 830 1-34567 B763 Kinshasa 14:15 Addis Abeba 20:35

ET 831 -2----- B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Kinshasa 12:10

ET 830 -2----- B757 Kinshasa 13:40 Addis Abeba 20:00

ET 306 1-3-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 11:30 Djibouti 12:30

ET 306 1-3-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 11:30 Sanaa 14:15

ET 307 1-3-5-7 B73W Sanaa 16:45 Addis Abeba 19:45

ET 307 1-3-5-7 B73W Djibouti 18:45 Addis Abeba 19:45

ET 402 1--45-7 B757 Addis Abeba 00:55 Jeddah 03:35

ET 403 1--45-7 B757 Jeddah 04:35 Addis Abeba 07:15

ET 450 1-3-5-- B73W Addis Abeba 09:15 Khartoum 11:00

ET 450 1-3-5-- B73W Addis Abeba 11:30 Cairo 13:20

ET 451 1-3-5-- B73W Cairo 14:20 Addis Abeba 20:35

ET 451 1-3-5-- B73W Khartoum 18:55 Addis Abeba 20:35

ET 452 -2--5-- B73W Addis Abeba 22:15 Cairo 01:05+1

ET 453 --3--6- B73W Cairo 02:10 Addis Abeba 07:00

ET 470 -23-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 00:10 Khartoum 01:55

ET 471 -23-5-7 B73W Khartoum 04:40 Addis Abeba 06:20

ET 408 1234567 B73W Addis Abeba 21:50 Beirut 01:45+1

ET 409 1234567 B73W Beirut 02:30 Addis Abeba 08:10

ET 600 1234567 B763 Addis Abeba 22:30 Dubai 03:15+1

ET 601 1234567 B763 Dubai 04:45 Addis Abeba 07:30

ET 602 12-4567 B763 Addis Abeba 10:45 Dubai 15:30

ET 603 12-4567 B763 Dubai 18:00 Addis Abeba 20:45

ET 620 --3-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 22:15 Bahrain 02:00+1

ET 620 --3-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 22:15 Abu Dhabi 04:45+1

ET 621 1--4-6- B73W Abu Dhabi 05:30 Addis Abeba 08:15

ET 621 1--4-6- B73W Bahrain 02:45 Addis Abeba 08:15

ET 404 -2-4-67 B757 Addis Abeba 02:05 Tel Aviv 05:40

ET 405 1-3-5-7 B757 Tel Aviv 00:20 Addis Abeba 06:00

ET 604 12-4-67 B763 Addis Abeba 00:40 Delhi 09:00

ET 604 12-4-67 B763 Addis Abeba 00:40 Beijing 18:40

ET 605 12-4-67 B763 Beijing 20:10 Addis Abeba 06:50+1

ET 605 123-5-7 B763 Delhi 02:45 Addis Abeba 06:50

ET 606 12345-7 B763 Addis Abeba 00:25 Bangkok 13:20

ET 606 12345-7 B763 Addis Abeba 00:25 Guangzhou 18:30

ET 607 12345-7 B763 Guangzhou 22:00 Addis Abeba 06:35+1

ET 607 123456- B763 Bangkok 01:40 Addis Abeba 06:35

ET 608 -2-4-6- B763 Addis Abeba 00:40 Bangkok 13:35

ET 608 -2-4-6- B763 Addis Abeba 00:40 Hong Kong 18:45

ET 609 -2-4-6- B763 Hong Kong 21:50 Addis Abeba 06:25+1

ET 609 --3-5-7 B763 Bangkok 01:30 Addis Abeba 06:25

ET 610 1234567 B757 Addis Abeba 21:40 Mumbai 04:45+1

ET 611 1234567 B757 Mumbai 05:45 Addis Abeba 08:20

EthiOpiAn AirlinEs WOrldWidE timEtABlE highlights*times in local

EthiOpiAn AirlinEs WOrldWidE timEtABlE highlights*times in local

*Times in local


ET 500 -2-4567 B763 Addis Abeba 22:15 Washington(Dulles) 07:20+1

ET 501 1-3--6- B763 Washington(Dulles) 20:30 Addis Abeba 19:40+1

ET 503 ----5-7 B763 Washington(Dulles) 09:30 Addis Abeba 08:35+1

ET 700 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 12:00 London(Hethrow) 18:55


ET 701 1-3-5-- B757 London(Hethrow) 21:00 Addis Abeba 07:30+1

ET 710 ---4-67 B763 Addis Abeba 00:25 London(Hethrow) 07:15

ET 710 ---4-67 B763 Addis Abeba 00:25 Rome(Fiumicion) 04:45

ET 711 ---4-67 B763 London(Hethrow) 20:20 Addis Abeba 08:10+1

ET 711 1--5-7 B763 Rome(Fiumicion) 00:35 Addis Abeba 08:10


ET 702 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 00:40 Stockholm(Arlanda) 09:00

ET 703 1-3-5-- B757 Stockholm(Arlanda) 20:00 Addis Abeba 07:40+1

ET 703 -2-4-6- B757 Rome(Fiumicion) 00:05 Addis Abeba 07:40

ET 704 1-3-5-- B763 Addis Abeba 23:55 Paris(deGaulle) 05:45+1

ET 704 1-3-5-- B763 Addis Abeba 23:55 Brussels 07:55+1

ET 705 -2-4-6- B763 Paris(deGaulle) 22:25 Addis Abeba 07:20+1

ET 705 -2-4-6- B763 Brussels 20:25 Addis Abeba 07:20+1

ET 706 -2-4--7 B763 Addis Abeba 23:50 Frankfurt 05:15+1

ET 706 -2-4--7 B763 Addis Abeba 23:50 Brussels 07:15+1

ET 707 1-3-5-- B763 Brussels 20:40 Addis Abeba 07:45+1

ET 707 1-3-5-- B763 Frankfurt 21:40 Addis Abeba 07:45+1

ET 901 1234567 B763 Addis Abeba 09:15 Lagos 12:40

ET 900 1234567 B763 Lagos 13:40 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 905 --3--6- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Douala 11:35

ET 905 --3--6- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Libreville 13:25

ET 904 --3--6- B763 Libreville 14:10 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 904 --3--6- B763 Douala 12:30 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 915 -2--5-- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Douala 13:15

ET 915 -2--5-- B763 Addis Abeba 09:00 Libreville 11:35

ET 914 -2--5-- B763 Libreville 12:20 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 914 -2--5-- B763 Douala 14:10 Addis Abeba 20:50

ET 907 -2-4--7 B757 Addis Abeba 09:00 Lome 11:55

ET 907 -2-4--7 B757 Addis Abeba 09:00 Accra 13:20

ET 907 -2-4--7 B757 Addis Abeba 09:00 Abidjan 15:00

ET 916 -2-4--7 B757 Lagos 23:30 Addis Abeba 06:45+1

ET 916 -2-4--7 B757 Accra 20:20 Addis Abeba 06:45+1

ET 916 -2-4--7 B757 Abidjan 18:30 Addis Abeba 06:45+1

ET 907 -----6- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Lome 13:00

ET 907 -----6- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Accra 14:35

ET 906 ------7 B757 Accra 10:15 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 906 ------7 B757 Lome 11:45 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 909 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Bamako 13:35

ET 909 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Dakar 16:20

ET 908 -2-4-6- B757 Dakar 08:05 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 908 -2-4-6- B757 Bamako 10:50 Addis Abeba 20:30

ET 917 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 01:40 Lagos 05:00

ET 917 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 01:40 Accra 05:45

ET 917 1-3-5-- B757 Addis Abeba 01:40 Abidjan 07:30

ET 906 1-3-5-- B757 Abidjan 09:15 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 906 1-3-5-- B757 Accra 11:00 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 906 1-3-5-- B757 Lome 12:25 Addis Abeba 20:55

ET 937 -2-4--7 B73W Addis Abeba 22:30 N'Djamena 00:10+1

ET 936 1-3-5-- B73W N'Djamena 01:30 Addis Abeba 07:15

ET 939 ---4--7 B73W Addis Abeba 10:45 N'Djamena 12:30

ET 938 ---4--7 B73W N'Djamena 14:30 Addis Abeba 20:00

ET 308 1-34-6- F50 Addis Abeba 14:10 Dire Dawa 15:10

ET 308 1-34-6- F50 Addis Abeba 14:10 Hargessa 16:15

ET 309 1-34-6- F50 Hargessa 16:35 Addis Abeba 18:40

ET 309 1-34-6- F50 Dire Dawa 17:40 Addis Abeba 18:40

ET 801 1234567 B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Nairobi 12:00

ET 801 1234567 B757 Addis Abeba 10:00 Kilimangaro 13:25

ET 800 1234567 B757 Kilimangaro 16:45 Addis Abeba 20:10

ET 800 1234567 B757 Nairobi 18:10 Addis Abeba 20:10

ET 805 --3---7 B757 Addis Abeba 10:30 Dareselaam 13:10

ET 805 --3---7 B757 Addis Abeba 10:30 Zanzibar Iseland 14:25

ET 805 -2-456- B73W Addis Abeba 10:30 Dareselaam 13:10

ET 805 -2-456- B73W Addis Abeba 10:30 Zanzibar Iseland 14:25

ET 804 --3---7 B757 Zanzibar Iseland 16:20 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 804 --3---7 B757 Dareselaam 17:35 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 804 -2-456- B73W Zanzibar Iseland 16:20 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 804 -2-456- B73W Dareselaam 17:35 Addis Abeba 20:15

ET 807 1-3456- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Kigali 11:45

ET 807 1-3456- B757 Addis Abeba 10:15 Bujumbura 13:00



ET 100 1234567 B73W Addis Abeba 06:30 Mekele 07:30

ET 101 1234567 B73W Mekele 08:15 Addis Abeba 09:15

ET 104 1--4--- F50 Addis Abeba 07:20 Axum 08:50

ET 104 1--4--- F50 Addis Abeba 07:20 Shire 09:45

ET 104 1--4--- F50 Addis Abeba 07:20 Mekele 10:15

ET 105 1--4--- F50 Axum 09:10 Addis Abeba 12:05

ET 105 1--4--- F50 Shire 09:45 Addis Abeba 12:05

ET 105 1--4--- F50 Mekele 10:35 Addis Abeba 12:05

ET 106 --3-5-- F50 Addis Abeba 07:20 Mekele 08:40

ET 106 --3-5-- F50 Addis Abeba 07:20 Axum 09:20

ET 106 --3-5-- F50 Addis Abeba 07:20 Shire 09:55

ET 107 --3-5-- F50 Mekele 09:00 Addis Abeba 11:55

ET 107 --3-5-- F50 Axum 09:40 Addis Abeba 11:55

ET 107 --3-5-- F50 Shire 09:45 Addis Abeba 12:05

ET 120 1234567 F50 Addis Abeba 07:30 Bahir Dar 08:30

ET 121 1234567 F50 Bahir Dar 08:50 Addis Abeba 09:50


ET 122 1234567 F50 Addis Abeba 07:10 Gondar 08:50

ET 122 1234567 F50 Addis Abeba 07:10 Lalibella 09:40

ET 122 1234567 F50 Addis Abeba 07:10 Axum 10:40

ET 123 1234567 F50 Axum 07:20 Addis Abeba 14:35

ET 123 1234567 F50 Lalibella 07:20 Addis Abeba 14:35

ET 123 1234567 F50 Gondar 07:20 Addis Abeba 14:35



ET 124 1234567 F50 Addis Abeba 13:20 Gondar 15:00

ET 125 1234567 F50 Gondar 07:20 Addis Abeba 17:00


ET 126 ----5-7 F50 Addis Abeba 13:00 Bahir Dar 14:00

ET 126 ----5-7 F50 Addis Abeba 13:00 Lalibella 14:50

ET 127 ----5-7 F50 Lalibella 15:10 Addis Abeba 17:00

ET 127 ----5-7 F50 Bahir Dar 16:00 Addis Abeba 17:00

ET 128 -23-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 06:30 Gondar 07:20

ET 128 -23-5-7 B73W Addis Abeba 06:30 Axum 08:30

ET 129 -23-5-7 B73W Axum 09:10 Addis Abeba 10:10

ET 129 -23-5-7 B73W Gondar 08:00 Addis Abeba 10:10

ET 200 1-34--7 F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Dire Dawa 08:00

ET 200 1-34--7 F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Jijiga 08:40

ET 200 1-34--7 F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Gode 10:10

ET 201 1-34--7 F50 Gode 10:30 Addis Abeba 13:40

ET 201 1-34--7 F50 Jijiga 11:50 Addis Abeba 13:40

ET 201 1-34--7 F50 Dire Dawa 12:30 Addis Abeba 13:40

ET 202 -2--5-- F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Dire Dawa 08:00

ET 202 -2--5-- F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Kebridahar 09:40

ET 202 -2--5-- F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Gode 10:25

ET 203 -2--5-- F50 Kebridahar 10:00 Addis Abeba 13:25

ET 203 -2--5-- F50 Gode 10:45 Addis Abeba 13:25

ET 203 -2--5-- F50 Dire Dawa 12:25 Addis Abeba 13:25

ET 204 -----6- F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Dire Dawa 08:00

ET 204 -----6- F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Shilavo 09:45

ET 204 -----6- F50 Addis Abeba 07:00 Gode 10:35

ET 205 -----6- F50 Shilavo 10:05 Addis Abeba 13:35

ET 205 -----6- F50 Gode 10:55 Addis Abeba 13:35

ET 205 -----6- F50 Dire Dawa 12:35 Addis Abeba 13:35

ET 206 1-3---7 F50 Addis Abeba 16:00 Dire Dawa 17:00

ET 207 1-3---7 F50 Dire Dawa 17:20 Addis Abeba 18:20

ET 139 --3-5-- F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Jimma 11:55

ET 139 --3-5-- F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Gambela 13:10

ET 138 --3-5-- F50 Gambela 13:30 Addis Abeba 15:30

ET 138 --3-5-- F50 jimma 14:45 Addis Abeba 15:30

ET 139 -2-4--- F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Jimma 11:55

ET 139 -2-4--- F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Assosa 13:25

ET 138 -2-4--- F50 Assosa 13:45 Addis Abeba 16:00

ET 138 -2-4--- F50 jimma 15:15 Addis Abeba 16:00

ET 139 -----67 F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Jimma 11:10

ET 139 -----67 F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Gambela 13:10

ET 139 -----67 F50 Addis Abeba 11:10 Assosa 14:10

ET 138 -----67 F50 Assosa 14:30 Addis Abeba 16:45

ET 138 -----67 F50 Gambela 13:30 Addis Abeba 16:45

ET 138 -----67 F50 jimma 16:00 Addis Abeba 16:45

ET 135 --3---7 F50 Addis Abeba 08:30 Jimma 09:15

ET 135 --3---7 F50 Addis Abeba 08:30 Arba Minch 10:10

ET 134 --3---7 F50 Arba Minch 10:30 Addis Abeba 12:10

ET 134 --3---7 F50 jimma 11:25 Addis Abeba 12:10

Red Sea

Gulf of Aden Tana

Shire Axum

Makale

Lalibela

Akaki

Dire Dawa

Jijiga

Kabri Dar

Shilavo

Gode

Gondar

Bahar Dar

Asosa

Gambella Gore

Dembidollo

Mizan Teferi

Jimma

Arba Minch

Jinka

Denakil Depression

Simien Mountains

Amhara Plateau

Choke Mountains

ADDIS ABABA

Mendebo Mountains

Ogaden Region

Ahmar Mountains

Shala

Abaya

Shamo

Abiata Langano

Zwai

Koka

Ras Dashan (4,620m)

DOMESTIC ROUTE MAP Destinations

Addis ABABAmain City ticket OfficeChurchill roadpO Box 1755tel: �51-11-5517000fax: �51-11-5513047/5513593

ArBA minChtel: �51-46-8810649 (CtO)

AssOsAtel: �51-47-7750574/1197

AXumtel: �51-34-775�300 (CtO) �51-34-7753544 (Apt)

BACO (jinka)tel: �51-46-77501�6 (CtO & Apt)

BAhAr dArtel: �51-58-��000�0 (CtO) �51-58-��06900 (CtO) �51-58-��60036 (Apt)

dEmBidOllOtel: �51-57-5550033

dirE dAWAtel: �51-�5-1113317 (Apt) �51-�5-1111766/1147 (CtO) �51-�5-1113017 (CgO)pO Box 176

gAmBEllAtel: �51-47-5510099

gOdEtel: �51-�5-7760015 (CtO) �51-�5-7760030 (Apt)

gOndArtel: �51-58-11101�9 (CtO) �51-58-1117688 (CtO) �51-58-111760� (CtO) �51-58-1140735 (Apt)pO Box 1�0

gOrEtel: �51-47-5540048

jijigAtel: �51-�5-775�030 (CtO) �51-�5-7754300 (Apt)

jimmAtel: �51-47-1117�71 (CtO) �51-47-1110030 (CtO) �51-47-1110�07 (Apt)

lAliBEllAtel: �51-33-3360046 (CtO)

mEKEllEtel: �51-34-4400055 (CtO) �51-34-440405� (CtO) �51-34-44�0437 (Apt) �51-91-4700910 (Cell)pO Box �30

miZAn tEfEritel: �51-47-3360014

shirEtel: �51-34-444��4

CtO – City ticket OfficeApt – Airport OfficeCgO – Cargo Office

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EthiOpiAn AirlinEs dOmEstiC timEtABlE highlights*times in local


fokker 50seat Capacity: (Et-AKr, Et-AKs, Et-AKt, Et-AKu, Et-AKv) Economy Class, 5�. total: 5�. max. gross Weight: take Off, �0,8�0 kgs; landing, 19,730 kgs; Zero fuel, 18,600 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 1�,970 kgs.total Cargo volume: (7.01m3).fuel Capacity: 4,1�1 kgs.Engines: p/W 1�7B — turbo prop. engine. sea level thrust: — shp: �,750.

Boeing 757-�00 Erseat Capacity: (Et-AKf, Et-AKE, Et-AKC) Cloud nine, 16; Economy Class, 144. total: 160. max. gross Weight: take Off, 108,86� kgs; landing, 89,811 kgs; Zero fuel, 83,460 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 61,179 kgs. total Cargo volume: 1,670 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 34,�71 kgs.Engines: pW�040.sea level thrust — lB: 40,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-Aly) Cloud nine, 16; Economy Class, 159. total: 175.max. gross Weight: take Off, 115,666 kgs; landing, 89,81� kgs; Zero fuel, 83,485 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 60,94� kgs.total Cargo volume: 1,670 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 34,�71 kgs.Engines: pW�040.sea level thrust — lB: 40,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-AlZ) Cloud nine, 16; Economy Class, 154. total: 170.max. gross Weight: take Off, 115,699 kgs, landing, 89,81� kgs; Zero fuel, 83,485 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 60,94� kgs.total Cargo volume: 1,670 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 34,�71 kgs.Engines: pW�040.sea level thrust — lB: 40,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-AmK) Cloud nine, 16; Economy Class, 159. total: 175.max. gross Weight: take Off, 115,85� kgs. landing, 89,811 kgs; Zero fuel, 83,460 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 61,07� kgs.total Cargo volume: 1,670 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 34,�71 Cu.ft.Engines: rB�11-535E4.sea level thrust — lB: 40,000.

Boeing 757-�60 freighterCargo Capacity: (Et-Ajs & Et-AjX) 15 (88” x 1�5“) pallets. max. gross Weight: (Et-Ajs) take Off, 115,89� kgs; landing, 95,�54 kgs; Zero fuel, 90,718 kgs.(Et-AjX) take Off, 109,316 kgs; landing, 89,811 kgs; Zero fuel, 83,460 kgs.Operating Weight: (Et-Ajs) 53,010 kgs. (Et-AjX) 54,176 kgs.Cargo volume main: 6,600 Cu.ft.lower: (Et-Ajs) 1,8�9 Cu.ft. (Et-AjX) 1,76� Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: (Et-Ajs) 34,348 kgs. (Et-AjX) �9,306 kgs.Engines: pW�040.sea level thrust: 40,000 lbs.

Boeing 737-700seat Capacity: (Et-AlK, Et-AlQ, Et-Alu, Et-Alm & Et-Aln) Cloud nine, 16; Economy Class 10�. total: 118.max. gross Weight: take Off, 70,080 kgs; landing, 58,604 kgs; Zero fuel, 55,�0� kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 41,015 kgs.total Cargo volume: 966 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: �0,896 kgs.Engines: Cfm 56-7B�6.sea level thrust — lB: �6,300.

Ethiopian Airlines Current Commercial fleetlong range passenger servicesj 9 Boeing 767-300 Er: Et-AlC, Et-Alh, Et-All, Et-Alj, Et-AlO, Et-Alp, Et-AmE, Et-Amf, Et-Amg

medium range passenger services 6 Boeing 757-�00Er: Et-AKC, Et-AKE, Et-AKf, Et-Aly, Et-AlZ, Et-AmKj 5 Boeing 737-700: Et-AlK, Et-AlQ, Et-Alm, Et-Alu, Et-Aln

domestic passenger servicesj 5 fokker 50: Et-AKr, Et-AKs, Et-AKt, Et-AKu, Et-AKvj � de havilland Canada

Cargo and non-scheduled servicesj 1 Boeing 757-�60 freighter: Et-Ajsj 1 Boeing 757-�00pCf: Et-AjXj 1 An-1�j � Boeing 747-400f

BOEing 767-300 Erseat Capacity: (Et-All) Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, �13. total: �37.max. gross Weight: take Off, 186,879 kgs; landing, 145,149 kgs; Zero fuel, 133,809 kgs.Operating Empty Weight: 91,367 kgstotal Cargo volume: 3,770 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-AlC) Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, �10. total: �34.max. gross Weight: take Off, 185,065 kgs; landing, 145,149 kgs; Zero fuel, 130,634 kgs.Operating Empty Weight: 90,416 kgs.total Cargo volume: 3,770 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000

seat Capacity: (Et-Alh) Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, �13. total: �37.max. gross Weight: take Off, 186,880 kgs; landing, 145,149 kgs; Zero fuel, 133,809 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 90,058 kgs.total Cargo volume: 3,770 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-Alj)Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, �11. total: �35. max. gross Weight: take Off, 186,880 kgs; landing, 145,149 kgs; Zero fuel, 133,809 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 93,�77 kgs.total Cargo volume: 3,770 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000.

BOEing 787-8 drEAmlinErA super-efficient airplane with new passenger-pleasing features. it will bring the economics of large jet transports to the middle of the market, using �0 percent less fuel than any other airplane of its size.seating: �10 to �50 passengers range: 8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles (14,800 to 15,700 kilometres) Configuration: twin aisle Cross section: ��6 inches (574 centimetres) Wing span: 197 feet (60 metres) length: 186 feet (57 metres) height: 56 feet (17 metres) flight deck size: similar to that of a 777Cruise speed: mach 0.85 Cargo Capacity After passenger Bags: 5 pallets + 5 ld3s maximum take Off Weight: 476,000 lbs program milestones: Authority to offer late �003 Assembly starts �006, first flight �007 Certification/Entry into service �008

seat Capacity: (Et-AlO)Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, �11. total: �35. max. gross Weight: take Off, 186,880 kgs; landing, 145,149 kgs; Zero fuel, 133,809 kgs.Operating Empty Weight: 93,499 kgs.total Cargo volume: 3,770 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-Alp) Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, �08. total: �3�. max. gross Weight: take Off, 186,880 kgs; landing, 148,149 kgs; Zero fuel, 133,809 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 93,�77 kgs. total Cargo volume: 3,370 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-AmE) Cloud nine, 30; Economy Class, 190. total: ��0. max. gross Weight: take Off, 181,436 kgs; landing, 137,89� kgs; Zero fuel Weight, 130,634 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 9�,087 kgs. total Cargo volume: 3,370 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: Cf6-80C�B6f.sea level thrust — lB: 60,000.

seat Capacity: (Et-Amf, Et-Amg) Cloud nine, �4; Economy Class, ��1. total: �45. max. gross Weight: take Off, 186,880 kgs; landing, 145,149 kgs; Zero fuel Weight, 133,809 kgs. Operating Empty Weight: 91,700 kgs. total Cargo volume: 3,370 Cu.ft.fuel Capacity: 73,369 kgs.Engines: pW406�.sea level thrust — lB: 6�,000.

EthiOpiAn flEEt

COming sOOn


AngOlAlargo 4 de fevereirohotel meridien presidenteluanda, Angolatel: (�44�) 3103�8/310615fax: (�44�) 3103�8BAhrAinChamber of Commerce Buildingp. O. Box 1044manama, Kingdon Of Bahraintel: 973-17-�15-0��/�9fax: 973-17-�10-175Email: [email protected] 704, Bp31BruCArgO, B1931CgO tel: 3��7-535-��9CgO fax: 3��7-535-��6Apt tel: 3��7-535-��8/043Apt fax: 3��7-535-043BurundiAvenue de la victorie no. 09p.O. Box 517, Bujumburatel: �57-��68�0/��6038fax: �57-�48089Apt: �57-��984�mobile: �57-841844E-mail: [email protected] Avenue general Charles de gaulleB.p 13�6 douala, CamerounCtO tel: �37-33-430�46Am direct line: �37-33-430�64CtO fax: �37-33-430167Am mobile: �37-77-9379�9ld transportn Agt: �37-33-0346�5sales rep: �37-33-0346�5E-mail: [email protected] Charles de gaulep.O. Box 989, n’djamenatel: �35-5�3143/5�30�7fax: �35-5�3143Apt: �35-5��599ChinAl�03 China World tower �,China World trade Centreno.1 jianguomenwai Ave. Beijing(100004)tel: 8610-65050314/5 / 6506969�fax: 8610-650541�0Apt tel: 8610-64591156Apt fax: 8610-64599445E-mail: [email protected] World trade Centre Complex13th floor, room no. 1303-1305huan shi dong road, ChinaCtO tel: 86�0-876�1101/01�0/0836fax: 86�0-876�0837Apt tel./fax: 86�0-36067405E-mail: [email protected], dEmOCrAtiC rEpuBliCBoulevard du 30 juin no. 15�5Aforia Building - 1st floorgombe, KinshasaCtO tel.: �43-817-006-585/810-884-000Apt. mobile: �43-817-006-589E-mail: [email protected]@[email protected], rEpuBliC OfAvenue foch, Brazzavillep.O. Box 141�5tel: �4�-810761/810766mobile: �4�- 5�8-1059E-mail: [email protected] d’ivOirEAvenue Chardyimmeuble le parisp.O. Box 01 Bp 5897 ABj 01, Abidjantel: ��5-�0�1933�/�0�15538/�0�15884/�0�19179fax: ��5-�0�190�5mobile: ��5-05061583

Apt: ��5-�0�1�78819Apt mobile: 00��5-05063�94E-mail: [email protected] de marseillesp.O. Box 90, djiboutitel: �53-351007/354�35fax: �53-350599Apt: �53-341�16E-mail: [email protected] hilton hotelp.O. Box 807, Ataba, Cairotel: �0�-�574 0603/785/85�/887/911fax: �0�-�574 0189Apt: �0�-��65 4398CgO: �654346E-mail: [email protected] City ticket OfficeChurchill roadp.O. Box 1755, Addis Ababatel: �51 11 5517000 �51 11 6656666 (reservation) �51 11 51783�0 (Apt)fax: �51 11 6611474yekatit 66 Avenuep.O. Box 176, dire dawatel: �51 �5 1113069 �51 �5 111�546frAnCE66 Avenue des Champs Elysees75008 parisCtO tel: 331-5376-4153 /338-�58-�6135fax: 331-537-71303/60537Apt: 331-486�-663�Apt fax: 331-486�-6634Apt (mobile): 0607616375E-mail: [email protected] londonrue Ogouarouwe plaque no. 14pO Box 1�80�, librevilletel: �41 760144/45Apt tel: �41 443�55fax: �41 760146gErmAnyAm hauptbahnhof 6603�9 frankfurt Am mainCtO tel: 49-69-�74-007�7CtO fax: 49-69-�74-00730Apt tel: 4969-03�-391 / 4969-690-519�Apt fax: 4969-691-945CtO E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] nkrumah Avenue, Cocoa house,ground floortel: �33-�1664856/57/58fax: �33-�1673968Apt: �33-�1775168/778993/776171E-mail: [email protected] KOngrm 1803 ruttonjee house11 duddell street, Central hong Kongtel: 85�-�1171863/�1170�33fax: 85�-�1171811Apt: 85�-315081��Apt fax: 85�-315081�5E-mail: [email protected] World trade Centre, Cuffe,Cuffe parade, mumbai 400005CtO tel. ��166066/67/68/69CtO fax: ��1537�5Apt tel: �68�86�6/�7Apt fax: �68�86�8CgO tel: �68�8415/16Cgp fax: �68�8417E-mail: [email protected]

Alps Building, 1st floor56, janpath, new delhi 110 001tel: 9111-�331�30�/03/04fax: 9111-�33�9�35Apt tel: 9511-�56-53739/40Apt fax: 9111-11�56539/40E-mail: [email protected] Ben yehuda streetroom �016, tel AvivCtO tel: 97�-3-5100501/5160564fax: 97�-3-5160574Apt: 97�-3-9754096Apt fax: 97�-3975-4097CgO: 97�-3975-4096E-mail: [email protected] Barberini 5�00187 rome, italytel: 3906-4�00-9��0fax: 3906-481-9377Apt: 3906-6595-41�6Apt fax: 3906-6501-06�1CgO: 3906-65954113E-mail: [email protected] Albricci 9 - �01�� milantel: 390� 805656�fax: 390� 7�010638E-mail: [email protected]

KEnyABruce house muindi mbingu streetp.O. Box 4�901-00100, nairobitel: �54-�0 �47508fax: �54-�0 �19007Apt: �54-�0 8��36/311CtO: �54-�0311507/311544mobile: �54-7��51853�E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] st. gefinor Center,Block (B)Beirut, lebanontel/fax: 961-175�846/7Apt: 961-16�9814E-mail: [email protected] drive, Bisnowaty CentreCtO tel: 01 771 00�/ 308 01 77� 031fax: 01 77� 013AtO: 01 700 78�Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] patrice lumumbap.O. Box 1841, Bamakotel: 00 ��3-��088fax: 00 ��3-��6036Apt mobile: 00 ��3-6795819E-mail: [email protected], idowu taylor, victoria island,lagos, nigeriap.O. Box 160�tel: �341-7744711/�fax: �341-4616�97Apt: �341-7744710/77519�1/3E-mail: [email protected] house, ground floorp.O. Box 385, Kigalitel: �50-575045/570440/4�fax: �50-570441Apt: �50-514�96E-mail: [email protected] ArABiAmedina road, Adham Centerp.O. Box 8913, jeddah �149�

tel: 966�-651�365/6614/9609fax: 966�-6516670Apt: 966�-6853064/196Apt fax: 966�-685316CgO tel/fax: 966� 6851041E-mail: [email protected] Airporttel: 966�-6853064/6853196/68535�7Apt (mobile): 00966�-54301354E-mail: [email protected] AirportAl Zouman Centre, Old Airport roadpO Box 7543, riyadh 1147�tel: 966-1-478�140/4789763/4793155fax: 966-1-4793155sEnEgAlimmeuble la rotonde, rue dr. thezepO Box 50800, Cp 185�4 dKr rptel: ��1-8�3 555�/54fax: ��1-8�3 5541E-mail: [email protected] tel: ��1-8�0-9396/5077E-mail: [email protected] hotel, hargeisatel: �5�-�-5�844/�138607mobile: �5�-�-4�7575E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] AfriCA156 hendrick verwoerd drive�nd floor holiday house - randburgCtO tel: �7-11-7815950CtO fax: �7-11-7816040Apt tel: �7-11-3903819Apt fax: �7-11-3943438CtO Email: [email protected] [email protected] 37, sE-11156 stockholmtel: 459-440-�650fax: 46 8�066��Apt: 46 859360170E-mail: [email protected] street, El-nazir Buildingno. 3/�gp.O. Box 944 Khartoumtel: �491-8376�063/88fax: �491-837884�8Apt: �491-8790991E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]: �49-811-8�3600/�0fax: �49-811-8�3600tAnZAniAt.d.f.l Building Ohio streetp.O. Box 3187, dar-es-salaamtel: �55-�� 117063/4/5/�1�5443fax: �55-�� 115875Apt tel: �55-�7 �554159E-mail: [email protected] roadp.O. Box 93 Arusha, tanzaniatel: �55-�7 �504�31/�506167CgO: �55-�7 �507511�Apt: �554�5� Ext. ��1E-mail: [email protected] One pacific Bldg, unit 180718th floor, sukhumvit roadKlongtoey, Bangkok 10110tel: 66�-6534366/7/8fax: 66�-6534370Apt tel: 66�-1343061/64Apt fax: 66�-1343060CgO: 66�-�379�07fax: 66�-�379�00E-mail: [email protected] palm Beach, 1 rue Komorep.O. Box 1�9�3

tel: ��8 ��17074/��18738fax: ��8 ��183�Apt: ��8 ��630�9/��8 ��61�40Ext. 4313/4517E-mail: [email protected] Kimathi Avenuep.O. Box 3591, Kampalatel: �56 41 �54796/97/345577/78fax: �56 41 3�1130/�31455Apt: �56 41 3�0570/3�1130/ 3�0555/3�0516 Ext. 305�/98E-mail: [email protected] ArAB EmirAtEsflat �0�, pearl Bldg., Beniyas streetp.O. Box 7140, dubaitel: 9714-��37963/87fax: 9714-��73306Apt: 9714-�166833/1833/�161833Apt fax: 9714-��44841/�8��655CgO: 9714-�8��880/�163813CgO fax: 9714-�8��655CtO E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] KingdOm1 dukes gate, Acton lanelondon W4 5dXtel: 44-0�0-8987917�fax: 44-0�0-87479339Apt tel: 44-0�0-87454�34/5/6Apt fax: 44-0�0-87457936CgO tel: 44-0�0-8987�471E-mail: [email protected] stAtEs Of AmEriCAAtlanta, tel: 800-445�733; Boston,tel: 800-445�733; miami, tel: 800-445�733; dallas, tel: 800-445�733;denver, tel: 800-445�733; houston,tel: 800-445�733; los Angeles, tel:800-445�733; Chicago, tel: 800-445�733; san francisco, tel: 800-445�733; seattle, tel: 800-445�733

Washington dCdulles international Airportp.O. Box 16855Washington, dC �0041tel: 703-57�-8740fax: 703-57�-8738mobile: �0�-�55-8399Ethiopian Airlines�77 south Washington streetSuit �20Alexandria, vA ��314tel: (01) 703-68�0569fax: (01) 703-69�0573yEmEnmarib travel & tourismdamascus (haddah) st.CtO tel. 9671-4�7993/6833CtO fax: 9671-4�799�/6836E-mail: [email protected] tel. 9671-348188E-mail: [email protected] Zambia Bank BuildingOff Cairo road, plot no. 6907p.O. Box 3839�tel: �60 1 �3640�/3fax: �60 1 �36401Apt: �60 1 �71141 or �60 1 �71313 Ext 473E-mail: [email protected] Center, 4th floorCnr jason moyo Avenue �nd st.p.O. Box 133�, hararetel: �63 4790705/6/700735fax: �63 4795�16Apt: �63 4575191E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

EthiOpiAn AirlinEs OffiCEs

ABu dhABisalem travel Agencytel: (00971�) 6�15600/6�18000fax: (00971�) 6�11155AlgEriAAir Algeriatel: �13-643731AngOlAluanda, Angolatel/fax: �44-��-335-713E-mail: [email protected]: 54-1148933003fax: 54-114893005AustrAliAWorld Aviation system (WAs)tel: 0�-9�44-�111fax: 0�-9�90-3641E-mail: [email protected] Airline management services gmBhtel:+431 585 363 019fax: +431 585 363 088AtC Aviation Cargo Agenttel: +43-1-7007-38854fax: +43 1 7007 38853E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] int’l traveltel: (973) 17��3315fax: (973) 17�10175BAnglAdEshmAAs travels & tours ltd.tel: 880�-717 0517/956 8388/956 5380fax: 880�-956 5378BElgium & luXEmBOurgpark hill, mommaertslaan �0Atel: 3� (0) ��750175/�4034476fax: 3� (0) �4034479Aviarepstel: 3� (0) �71�0586fax: 3� (0) �7�5839�BEninvitesse voyage (speed travel)tel: ��9-�131-0718mobile: ��9 9713-7791BrAZilAviarepstel: 5511-31�3-1800fax: 5511-3�59-8440CAnAdAAirline services internationaltel: (905) 6�945��fax: (905) 6�[email protected]: 56�-�36�748/�36�749fax: 56�-�36�750COlOmBiAAviarepstel: 571-317 �805/�57 1818fax: 571-317 �890CZECh & slOvAK rEpuBliCstel. +4�0 ��4 815 377, fax. +4�0 ��4 815 379, email: [email protected], dEnmArKKhyber internationaltel: 4533934455fax: 4533933799dhAKA (Bangladesh)mAAs travels & tours ltd.tel: (880�)7170517/9568388/9565380fax: (880�) 9565378duBAiAsia travel & tour Agencytel: (009714) �951511fax: (009714) �955315

finlAnd & EstOniAmatkantekijat oy(tour planners ltd.)tel: 358 9687 78940fax: 368 9687 78910

gErmAnytel: +49-(0)69690519�1, +49-(0)696903�391, fax:+49-(0)69691945,email: [email protected] AtC Aviation, tel.+49 69 698053 47 fax +49 69 698053 �0email: [email protected] star ltd.tel: (030) �103�46706fax: (030) �103�467�3hungAryAviareps113� Budapest, Borbely u. 5-7hungaryindiAAhmedabadsheba travels pvt. ltd.tel: (079) �7544056fax: (079) �754�317Bangalorestic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (080) ��67613/��0�408/��56194fax: (080) ��0�409Cochinstic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (0484) �367476/477/478fax: (0484) �367476Bodhgayastic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (0631) ��01166jaipurstic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (0141) �37�997/998/965fax: (0141) �373059Chandigarhstic travels pvt. ltd.tel : (017�) �70656�/67fax: (017�) �70�770trivandrumstic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (0471) �310919/1548/1554/3509fax: (0471) �310919Kolkatastic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (033) ��9711�/105fax: (033) ��66588hyderabadstic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (040) �3�35657/1451/101�77fax: (040) 5561�966jallandharstic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (0181) ��3�056/58/59fax: (0181) ��30961puneleonard travelstel: (95�0) �6131647/7690fax: (95�0) �613078�Chennaistic travels pvt. ltd.tel: (044) �4330�11/098/�55/841fax: (044) �4330170indOnEsiApt Ayubergatel: 6�-�18356�14/15/16/17/18fax: 6�-�18353937irAniran national Airlines Corp.tel: (0098�1) 600�010fax: (0098�1) 601�941irElAndpremAir marketing services ltd.tel: 353-1-663-3933fax: 353-1-661-075�E-mail: [email protected]

isrAEl-tEl AvivOpensky Cargo ltdBen gurion Airporttel: 97�-3-97�-4338E-mail: [email protected] system inc.E-mail: [email protected] Karmel traveltel: 96�6 5688301fax: 96�6 568830�KuWAitAl-sawan Co. W.l.l.tel: (965) 8080�0 Ext. 1603/1604fax: (965) �453130/�46�358liBEriAtrade management int’ltel: 00�316 5�445�mAlAysiAplancongan Abadi sdn Bhdtel: �4�6360/�484313fax: �41�3��/�48646�mAdAgAsCArAir madagascartel: ��-��mAltABajada Enterprises limitedtel: (356) �1�37939fax: (356) �1�37939mAuritAniAAgence megrebine de voyagestel: (��) �5485�/�50584mEXiCOAviarepstel: 5�55-5�1�-1193toll free: 01800-510-8�1� (mEX)fax: 5�55-5553-5867mOrOCCOskyline internationaltel: 00�1� �3683��/�3fax: 00�1� �369775mOZAmBiQuEglobo tours ldAtel: (�711) 308067fax: (�711) 303596nEpAlgurans travel & tours pvt. ltd.tel: 977-155� 4�3�fax: 977-155� 69�6nEthErlAndstriport 6th floor, Evert van de Beekstraat 461118 Cl schiphol, the netherlandsnEW ZEAlAndWorld Aviation systemstel: 64 9 308 3355OmAnnational travel & tourismtel: 968-�466 0300fax: 968-�456 61�5pAKistAntrade Winds Associates pvt. ltd.islamabadtel: (9�51) �8�3040/�8�3350fax: (9�51) �8�4030Karachitel: (9��1) 566171�-14/5661716fax: (9��1) 566175lahoretel: (9�4�) 6365165/6305��9fax: (9�4�) 6314051pEruAviarepstel: 511-�418�89/�416767fax: 511-8�78philippinEstel: 63�-8970683fax: 63�-8906631E-mail: [email protected] Aviation poland ltd., Al.tel: 48-��-6�7-��59fax: 48-��-6�5-3146email: [email protected] [email protected]

pOrtugAlAcross / Air mattel: 351-�17-817-47fax: 351-�17-817-979QAtArfahd travelstel: 974-443��33fax: 974-443��66rWAndAKigali,satguru international (rwanda) sArltel: �50-573079e-mail [email protected] ArABiAjeddahtel: (966-�) 6531��fax: (966-�) 6534�58Alkhobertel: (966-3) 864�084/864�43�fax: (966-3) 8991539Alqatiftel: (966-3) 85�0513fax: (966-3) 85�00��dammamtel: (966-3) 83�857�fax: (966-3) 8349383hofuftel: (966-3) 59�4637fax: (966-3) 59�9917Khamis mushayattel: (966-�) 5375081fax: (966-�) 5373484 Makkahtel: (966-4) 549��fax: (966-4) 54��58tabuktel: (966-4) 4��1064fax: (966-4) 4��1816yanbutel: (966-4) 3��73�5/3�13819fax: (966-4) 3�139�6madinatel: (966-4) 8�75469fax: (966-4) 8�75484sEyChEllEsmason’s travel pty. ltd.tel: �48 3�4173fax: �48 �88888siErrA lEOnEipC traveltel: ��1481/�/3/��6�44fax: ��7470singApOrEtel: 65-6�97-1�13E-mail: [email protected] AfriCAholiday Aviationtel: �711-�89-8077/800fax: �711-�89-807�sOuth KOrEAtel: 8�-�-777-9850fax: 8�-�-774-7765E-mail: [email protected] Air travel managementtel: 0034-914 0��718fax: 0034-914 015�39sri lAnKA & mAldivEsvms Air services pvt. ltd.tel: 9411-�44 7370/7�/�3� 39�9fax: 9411-�43 7�49sWEdEngsA scandinivatel: 468-797 9840fax: 468-797 984�sWitZErlAndAirline Centertel.+41 44 �86 9968 fax.+41 44 �8 69978 [email protected] Airnautic (Cargo only)tel: 41-61 ��7 9797 fax: 41-61-��7 9780 e-mail [email protected],

EthiOpiAn AirlinEs gEnErAl sAlEs AgEnts

syriAAl tarek travel & tourismtel: (963-11) ��11941/��16�65fax: (963-11) ��35��5tAnZAniA tel: �55�7�504�31/6167 �55�7�509904email : [email protected] Apt tel �55�7�554159�55�7�554�5� Ext. ��1email: [email protected] traveltel: 886-�-�713-1900fax: 886-�-�718-1057E-mail: [email protected] travel & tour tel. (66) �650 9�07-9fax: (66) ��37 9�00tunistunis Airtel: 785100/�88100turKEypanoramatel 90 �1� �315919fax 90 �1� �344999uKlondon (Area office)tel: 44-0�0 8987 9086 (Admin) 44-0�0 8987 7000 (reservation)fax: 44-0�0 7747 9339email: [email protected] officetel: 44-0�0 8745 4�35/6fax: 44-0�0 8745 7936tel: 07984916159 (CArgO)E-mail [email protected] Air ltd.(Cargo Only)tel: 44-0�0 8757 4730fax: 44-0�0 8831 9309E-mail: [email protected] Officetel 703 68� 0569 toll free number 1-800-445 �733fax 703 68� 0573email:- [email protected] dulles international Airporttel : 703 57� 6809fax: 703 57� 8738Cargo Onlytel 630 595 �3�3fax 630 595 3�3�email: [email protected]: 58-�1�-�866951fax: 58-�1�-�866951yEmEnmarib travel & tourist Agencytel: 9671-4�6 831/83�/833/834/835fax: 9671-7�6 836yugOslAviAjugoslovenski Aerotransporttel: 683164

* for physical Address please call or email the respective general sales offices


these gentle exercises, which you can carry out easily during your flight, will help blood circulation and reduce any tiredness or stiffness that may result from sitting in one place for several hours. Check with your doctor first if you have any health conditions which might be adversely affected by exercise.

Ankle circles: lift feet off the floor, draw a circle with the toes, simultaneously moving one foot clockwise and the other foot counterclockwise. reverse circles. do each direction for 15 seconds. repeat if desired.

foot pumps: start with both heels on the floor and point feet upward as high as you can. then put both feet flat on the floor. then lift heels high, keeping the balls of your feet on the floor. Continue cycle in 30 second intervals.

Knee lifts: lift leg with knees bent while contracting your thigh muscles. Alternate legs. repeat �0 to 30 times for each leg.

shoulder roll: hunch shoulders forward, then upward, then backward, then downward, using a gentle, circular motion.

Arm Curl: start with arms held at a 90-degree angle: elbows down, hands out in front. raise hands up to chest and back down, alternating hands. do this exercise in 30-second intervals.

Knee to chest: Bend forward slightly. Clasp hands around the left knee and hug it to your chest. hold stretch for 15 seconds. Keeping hands around knee, slowly let it down. Alternate legs. repeat 10 times.

forward flex: With both feet on the floor and stomach held in, slowly bend forward and walk your hands down the front of your legs towards your ankles. hold the stretch for 15 seconds and slowly sit back up.

Overhead stretch: raise both hands straight up over your head. With one hand, grasp the wrist of the opposite hand and gently pull to one side. hold stretch for 15 seconds. repeat on the other side.

shoulder stretch: reach right hand over left shoulder. place left hand behind right elbow and gently press elbow toward shoulder. hold stretch for 15 seconds. repeat on the other side.

neck roll: With shoulders relaxed, drop ear to shoulder and gently roll neck forward and to the other side, holding each position about five seconds. repeat five times.

• for your own comfort try and travel light.

• Wear loose clothing and elasticated stockings made of natural fibre.

• increase your normal intake of water and only if need be drink alcohol but in moderation.

• use moisturising cream to keep your skin from drying out.

• take off shoes in the plane to prevent your feet from swelling up or wear shoes that will cope with expanding ankles.

• Avoid heavy meals during the flight.• short walks once every two hours are

excellent for circulation.

• try to touch your toes when waiting in the aisle to stretch your hamstrings.

• On arrival at your destination, have a hot shower or a relaxing bath.

• On arrival a quick jog, brisk walk, or a vigorous scrub will help stimulate your circulation.

sEAtEd EXErCisEs

Other tips for a Comfortable flight

hEAlthy trAvElling

Ethiopian Airlines disclaim any responsibility in the unlikely event that you may suffer any injury as a direct result of these gentle exercises.

land Ethiopia covers an area of 1.14 million square kilometres (944,000 square miles).

Climatethere are two seasons: the dry season prevails from October through may; the wet season runs from june to september.

topographyEthiopia has an elevated central plateau varying in height between �,000 and 3,000 metres. in the north and centre of the country there are some �5 mountains whose peaks rise over 4,000 metres. the most famous Ethiopian river is the Blue nile (or Abbay), which runs a distance of 1,450 kilometres from the source in lake tana, to join the White nile at Khartoum.

EconomyAbout 90 per cent of the population earn their living from the land, mainly as subsistence farmers. Agriculture is the backbone of the national economy and the principal exports from this sector are coffee, oil seeds, pulses, flowers, vegetables, sugar and foodstuffs for animals. there is also a thriving livestock sector, exporting cattle on the hoof, hides and skins.

languageEthiopia is a multi-ethnic state with a great variety of languages spoken in the country, of which there are 83 with �00 dialects. Amharic is the working language of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia while Oromigna, tigrigna and guragina are widely spoken.

Electric supplyEthiopia uses ��0 volts 50 cycles AC.

timeEthiopia is in the gmt + 3 hours time zone. Ethiopia follows the julian calendar.

peoplethe population is estimated at 71 million (as of �004), over 50 per cent of whom are under �0 years old.

ExcursionsExcursions within Ethiopia, whether for a day or for a month, may be organized for you by any of the travel agencies or by the national tour Operation.

hotelsAddis Ababa has hotels that cater for all pockets, from the luxurious sheraton and hilton hotels to the tourist-class hotels such as the ghion, the Ethiopia and the Wabi shebelle. All tourist resorts offer a choice of modern hotels.

Banking hours Banking hours are usually from 8:00 am – 4:00 pm from monday to friday and from 8:00 am – 11:00 am on saturdays. Closing times may be an hour longer in some private banks. most banks work through lunchtime; however foreign exchange services are closed during lunch hours (1�:00 noon – 1:00 pm).

Communicationstelephone, fax and internet access is available in Addis Ababa in most hotels, at the Ethiopian telecommunications Authority main office and at private internet service centres situated around the city.

Courier and money transfer servicesmoney transfers can be made through Western union and money gram. Both have representative branches in Addis Ababa and also make their services available from private and national banks. for courier services, dhl, fedex, ups, tnt and Ems have offices in Addis Ababa.

Currencythe local currency is the Ethiopian Birr (EtB), made up of 100 cents. Birr notes are available in denominations of 5, 10, 50 and 100. visitors may import an unlimited amount of foreign currency but this must be declared on arrival to the customs authorities on the appropriate blue-coloured form. foreign currency may only be exchanged at authorised banks and hotels, and a receipt must be obtained. the currency declaration form must be retained as this will be required by customs on departure. visitors may change back any surplus Ethiopian Birr to cash at the

airport before departure. in addition to any Ethiopian Birr, along with the currency exchange form you must bring with you all receipts for exchange transactions.

public holidayspublic holidays are celebrated according to the Ethiopian (julian) Calendar which consists of twelve months of thirty days each and a thirteenth month of five days (six days in a leap year). the calendar is seven years behind the Western or gregorian Calendar, with new year falling in the month of september.

september 11 – Ethiopian new yearseptember �7 – the finding of the true Cross (meskal)Otober � – id ul fitr (ramadhan)december 9 – id ul Ahda (sacrifice)january 8 – Ethiopian Christmasjanuary �0 – Ethiopian Epiphanymarch � – victory of Adwamarch �0 _ Birth of prophet mohammed (mauwlid)April �5 – Ethiopian good fridayApril �7 – Ethiopian Eastermay 1 – international labour daymay 5 – Ethiopian patriots’ victory daymay �8 – downfall of the dergue regime

*the holidays of id ul fater and id ul Adaha and the prophet muhammad (s.A.W.) are subject to moon sighting.

Customs duty-free imports are permitted for up to:a) �00 cigarettes, 50 cigars, or 1/� lb of tobaccob) � litres of alcoholic beveragesc) half-litre or two bottles of perfume.visitors may export souvenirs, although some articles (such as animal skin and antiques) require an export permit.

health requirementsprior to entry, visitors should be in possession of a valid health certificate for yellow fever. vaccination against cholera is also required for any person who has visited or transited a cholera-infected area within six days prior to arrival in Ethiopia.

visa and immigration requirements:visa applications may be obtained at Ethiopia’s diplomatic missions overseas. however, nationals of 33 countries are now allowed to receive their tourist visas on arrival in Ethiopia at the regular charge. the list includes Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, denmark, finland, france, germany, greek, ireland, israel, italy, japan, republic of Korea, Kuwait, luxembourg, mexico, netherlands, newzealand, norway, poland, portugal, russian federation, south Africa, spain, sweden, switzerland, thailand, citizens of united Kingdom and united states. for China including passports issued in hong Kong (sAr China) and mACAO (sAr China), visa is available on arrival.

Bole international Airportthe new Bole international Airport is situated 8 kilometre from the centre of the city (a 15 minute drive under normal conditions). paid parking, luggage carts and uniformed porters are available at the airport terminal.taxis are readily available. the national tour Operator (ntO) has yellow mercedes sedans which can be ordered at their airport desk. the rates for these taxis are fixed and receipts will be given if requested. privately-owned blue cabs and yellow cabs are also in abundance, but do not have fixed rates; establishing their fare is advisable before getting into the vehicle.foreign exchange service is available at the arrivals lounge.security at the airport is tight and travellers need to produce their air ticket and passport to enter the terminal building. All other visitors are required to pay a fee of two Ethiopian Birr at the booths located in the parking lot and need to show identification cards at the guard post.

tips fOr thE trAvEllEr in EthiOpiA


simple pronunciation guide:a as the a in fathere as the e in seti as the i in shipo as the o in gou as the oo in bootgn as the gn in compagne (french)

Amharic spellings that follow are phonetic as per the above guide to aid in pronunciation.

m-masculine, f-feminine & p (plural and can be used for older people)

mEEting And grEEtinghello halogood morning Endemn adderu/

k(m)/sh(f)good afternoon Endemn walu/k(m)/

sh(f)good evening Endemn ameshu/

eh(m)/esh(f)goodbye dehna hunu/

hun(m)/hugne(f)how are you? tenayistillign

/endemen not? eh(m)/esh(f)

i am well dehna negnthank you (very much) (Betam)

amesegenallehuyou’re welcome (don’t mention it) minim aydelplease come in yigbu/giba(m)/

gibi(f)please sit down yikemetu/

tekemet(m)/tekemechi(f)

What is your name? simewo man no?h(m)/sh(f)

my name is . . . sime . . . noWhere do you come from? Keyet metu? ah(m)/

ash(f) hagero yet

no?eh(m)/esh(f)i come from . . . Ke . . . metahumy country is . . . hagere . . . noCan you speak Amharic? Amaregna

yenageralu? tenageraleh(m)/tenageriyalesh(f)

Only a little tinishi want to learn more yebelete memar

ifelegalehuhow do you find Ethiopia? itiyopiyan endet

agegnuat? hat(m)/shat(f)

i like it here itiyopiya tesmamtognal

usEful WOrdstoday Zaretomorrow negeyesterday tilantnow AhunQuickly toloslowly Kesmr Atomrs Weyzeromiss Weyzeriti Eneyou Ersewohe, she Essu, EssoaWe Egnathey EnnessuWhat? min?Who? man?When? metche?how? Endet?Why? lemin?Which? yetignaw?yes (all right) Eshino Aydelem / AyhonemExcuse me yikirtai am sorry Aznallehugood tiru / melkamBad metfo

dirECtiOns/EmErgEnCiEsWhere? (place) yet?Where is it? yet no?Where? (direction) Wodet?street/road mengedAirport Awiroplan marefeyaWhere is the hotel? hotelu yet no?Where are you going? yet iyehedu no? eh(m)/

esh(f)i am going to . . . Wede... iyehedku noturn right Wede kegn yitatefu/

tatef(m)/tatefi(f)turn left Wede gra yitatefu

tatef(m)/tatefi(f)go straight Ketita yihidu/hid(m)/

higi(f)please stop here Ezih yikumu/kum(m)/

kumi(f)Come na (m)/ney(f)/

nu(p)go hid (m)/higi(f)/

hidu(p)stop Kum(m)/Kumi(f)/

kumu(p)help irdagn(m)/irgegn(f)/

irdugn(p)hospital hospital/hakem betpolice polis

rEstAurAnts/shOps/hOtElshotel hotelroom KifilBed Algato sleep metegnatto bathe galan metatebWhere is the toilet? metatebiya betu yet

new?Where may i get yemiteta neger yetsomething to drink? agengalehu?Coffee BunaOne (cup of) coffee And (sini) bunaBeer BirraCold Kezkazahot muktea shayfood migibmeat sigafish AssaBread daboButter Kebesugar sikuarsalt Chowpepper Berbereshop sukto buy megzatto sell meshetmoney genzebCent santimehow much does this cost? Wagaw sint no?that is quite expensive Betam wood no

numBErsOne Andtwo huletthree sostfour Aratfive Amistsix sidistseven sebatEight semmintnine Zetegnten AsserEleven Asra-andtwelve Asra-huletthirteen, etc. Asra-sost, etc.twenty hayatwenty-one, etc. haya-and, etc.thirty selasathirty-one, etc. selasa-and, etc.forty Arbafifty AmsaOne hundred And metoOne thousand And shi

dAys Of thE WEEKsunday ihudmonday segnotuesday maksegnoWednesday Erobthursday hamusfriday Arbsaturday Kedame

English–AmhAriC

learn some basic Amharic so that you can interact with the locals and enjoy your stay in Ethiopia by experiencing the rich culture of the ethiopian people.

lEArn AmhAriCARABIC & MEDITERRANEAN

Al Baraka(5155903BoleRoad,nexttoBolePrintingPressKnownfor:Hannid,KebabsAlBaraka7daysaweek

Al Mendi(5512143OntheroadbetweenOlympiaandBambis,oppositeGreekSchoolKnownfor:AlMendimeat7daysaweek

Serenade Restaurant(091-1200072NearMasterPrintingPressAmistKiloKnownfor:Finehomecooking,dinneronlyClosed:Mondays,Tuesdays,andSundays

ARMENIAN

Aladdin Restaurant(6614109OffBoleRoad,neartheJapaneseEmbassy’sResidenceKnownfor:Grilledmeat,houmus,taboulleh7daysaweek

Ararat Club(1113572Piazza,behindNazarethSchoolKnownfor:SheshkebabandManteSoupClosed:Sundays

ASIAN

China Bar and Restaurant(5513772NexttoGhionHotelKnownfor:OneoftheoldestrestaurantsinAddis7daysaweek

Rainbow Seoul(5512311OnBoleRoad,nexttoOromiaBureauKnownfor:Koreandishes7daysaweek

Shanghai(4655290OnDebreZeitRoad,nexttoOmedadBuildingKnownfor:ExceptionalvarietyofChinesedishes7daysaweek

CONTINENTAL/EUROPEAN

Addis Ababa Golf Club(3201892OldAirportinfrontofSwissEmbassyKnownfor:BBQatweekends7daysaweek

Amsterdam Bar & Restaurant(6613493NexttoBoleMiniKnownfor:RoastBeef7daysaweek

Antica Restaurant(6634841/6615815OnBoleRoad,nexttoHararMesobRestaurantKnownfor:BrickOvenPizzaandHotRockBBQ7daysaweek

Blue Tops (1232463/64AmistKiloinfrontoftheNationalMuseumKnownfor:Pizza,icecreamClosed:Mondays

Breezes (Sheraton Addis)(5171717Ext.6998/6103Knownfor:BBQonSundays7daysaweek

Family Restaurant(5528413InfrontofIbexHotelKnownfor:MexicanFoodandWarmChocolateCakewithIcecream7daysaweek

Gazebo (Hilton)

(5518400Ext.953BesidethepoolKnownfor:SaladsandHamburgers7daysaweekHamlet Steak House(0114-168691MeskelFlowerStreetKnownfor:Steak7daysaweek

Jacaranda (Hilton)(5518400Ext.986IntheGardenWingofthehotelKnownfor:uniquemenuthatcontinuouslychangesClosed:Sundays

Kaffa House (Hilton)(5518400Ext.962InthemainlobbyoftheHiltonKnownfor:SeafoodeveryFriday7daysaweek

Les Arcades (Sheraton Addis)(5171717Ext.6604Knownfor:GourmetmenuClosed:Sundays

Rodeo Bar and Restaurant(5510294OnBoleRoad,nexttoDStv.Knownfor:BBQonThursdays,Fridays,andSaturdays7daysaweek

Summerfields (Sheraton Addis)(5171717Ext.6089Knownfor:Hamburgers,BuffetandIce-Cream7daysaweek

The Cottage(5516359Nextto7thDayAdventistChurchKnownfor:Fondue&IrishCoffeeinbar7daysaweek

Top View(6511573/77UpthehillfromMeganagnaRoundabout,AsmaraRoadKnownfor:PastaClosed:Mondays

ETHIOPIAN

Abasha Restaurant (5518358BoleRoad,nexttoSabitBld.Knownfor:KwantaFerferandBozenaShiro7daysaweek

Agelgil Restaurant(4653299/091-1222105InsideVillaVerdiKnownfor:Agelgel(combinationofdifferentEthiopiandishes)7daysaweek

Dashen Restaurant(5529746BehindthemainPostOfficeKnownfor:MelasseTibsandlivemusiconweekendnights7daysaweek

Enesra Traditional Bar & Restaurant (091-1653611OnMickeyLelandRoad,OppositeNyalaInsuranceKnownfor:SpecialTibs7daysaweek

Fasika National Restaurant(5509912/5514193OffBoleRoad,infrontofSunshineBuildingKnownfor:EnfeleandlivemusicClosed:Mondays

Gursha Restaurant(6632545OppositeSilverBulletKnownfor:BozenaShiro&Kitfo7daysaweek

Shangri La Restaurant & Bar(091-1223489MickeyLeylandRoad,adjacenttotheEuropeanCommissionKnownfor:Ethiopiandishes,includingTejandrawmeat7daysaweek

Yod Abyssinia Culture(6612176NexttoDesalegnHotelKnownfor:Ethiopiandishes,includingTej&rawmeat7daysaweek

FRENCH

Loti Restaurant(0911411066/0115531313TebaberBertaBusinessCenter,3rdFloorEthio-ChinaFriendshipStreet(WolloSefer)Knownfor:French,Spanish&Africandishes7daysaweek

INDIAN

Ajanta Restaurant(6611049NeartoRwandaEmbassyOppositeBoleClinicKnownfor:SouthIndian,NorthIndiancuisine&Indiansweets7daysaweek

Jewel of India(5513154OffBoleRoadfromOlympia,towardsMeskelFlowerHotelKnownfor:Tandooris,Tikkas7daysaweek

Sangam’s (5518976/5516579NexttoCityCaféKnownfor:TandooriChickenandfreshNaans7daysaweek

Shaheen (Sheraton) (5171717Ext.3633Knownfor:Livecooking,delicateflavoursandexpresslunchmenu7daysaweek

ITALIAN

Arcobaleno(3713257InMekanisa,infrontofMidrocHeadOfficeKnownfor:Antipasto,NilePerchandGorgonzolaCheeseSauce7daysaweek

Castelli(1571757/1563580OffPiazzaAradaRoad,infrontofMohmoudMusicShopKnownfor:Pastas,GrilledFish,ChickenandSaladsClosed:Sundays

Don Vito(4653809/4655389OnDebreZeitRoad,beforeConcordeHotelKnownfor:FreshPasta&PizzaClosed:Tuesdays

IL Caminetto(6625587OffBoleRoad,thestreetinfrontofBrassClinicKnownfor:Pastas&RavioliClosed:Sundays

Makush Italian Restaurant(0115-526848/55BoleRoadMegaBuilding1stfloor7daysaweek11:00am-11:00pm

Pizzeria (Hilton) (5518400Ext.962ThroughtheKaffaHouseKnownfor:AntipastoandPizzas7daysaweek

Pizzeria Italia (5156553OffBoleRoadKnownfor:Pizza7daysaweek

Stagioni (Sheraton Addis)(5171717Ext.6097Knownfor:Regionalmenus7daysaweek

CAFES / PASTRY SHOPS

Bole Mini(0116639898BoleRoadKnownforBurgers,FreshFruitJuice,Waffles&Donuts7daysaweek

City Café & Pastry(5151807OnBoleRoad,nexttoMegaHouseKnownfor:Millefogli,BlackForestandIcecream7daysaweek

Enrico’s Pastry(1571490OffChurchillRoad,nexttotheItalianLibraryacrossfromMegaBookStoreKnownfor:MillefogliandCreamPuffs7daysaweek

Fantasy CafeOnBoleRoadMedhanialemRoadnearAtlasHotelKnownfor:Cinamondanish7daysaweek

IL Penguino Gelateria(5505298OffBoleRoadatOlympiatowardsHaileGebreSelassieAvenueKnownfor:SundaeIcecreamClosed:Wednesdays

Kaldi’s Cafe(6638455/6638456InfrontofBoleMedhanialemKnownfor:CaramelMacchiato7daysaweek

La Parisienne(5528820/5156174OffBoleRoad,atOlympiaKnownfor:Croissants&Breads7daysaweek

London Café(6620197OnBoleRoad,nexttoSatelliteRestaurantKnownfor:Melewah(Yemenipastry)7daysaweek

Roby’s(5518808OnBoleRoadoppositeMegaHouseKnownfor:ItalianPastryandFruitCake7daysaweek

Saay Pastry(6188000OnBoleRoad,nexttoFantuKnownfor:Croissants7daysaweek

Temptations (Sheraton)(5171717Ext.3633Knownfor:Awideselectionofbreads7daysaweek

Tomoca(1112498OffChurchillRoad,onthesameroadasBookWorldKnownfor:Manyvarietiesofcoffee7daysaweek

Village CaféInfrontofEstifanosChurch,cornerofMeskelSquareKnownfor:Mini-pizzas7daysaweek

LATE NIGHT

Heri’s Cigar Bar & Lounge(0911648212Boleroad,WolloSefer,BertaBuilding,1stFloorKnownfor:CigarandCocktailDrinks7daysaweek

The Mask Pub (6631102BoleRoadbehindPalestinianEmbassyKnownfor:Snacks,Decor7daysaweek

Memo Club(5519887OffBoleRoad,behindExhibitionCentreKnownfor:BozenaShiroandGrill,Dancing7daysaweek

Savanna Safari Pub & Grill(091-1210610BoleRoad,closetoairportKnownfor:SnacksandDancing,JazzonWednesdays7daysaweek

dining Out

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CluEs ACrOss1. leaning for a songwriter? (8)

5. saint in America – it’s a position (6)

9. italian twitch for a feeling of love (8)

10. make a box with eastern content (6)

1�. submariner’s rest? (4, 5)

14. the red and white lads start to go fishing (5)

15. Khan or cooker (3)

16. One renting a property by post ? (6)

19. notably shortened, goes back for a stick (5)

��. An itinerant with heavy footsteps, perhaps (5)

�3. near Et makes things tidier! (6)

�5. Angler’s name? (3)

�8. Better honey contains something french. (5)

�9. this seat is certainly not hard! (4,5)

3�. nothing comes beneath this (6)

33. large wine bottle from Ebo major (8)

34. Eddie right round and treat with contempt (6)

35. song for a large number in calm surroundings (8)

CluEs dOWn1. pay around �5 for satirical mimicry (6)

�. song to produce less feeling? (6)

3. tips when start of � comes to blows. (5)

4. put one inside facial organ and make a sound. (5)

6. move furniture and use this to make music (9)

7. tap a tyre for afternoon social gathering. (3, 5)

8. does a witch do this to write words correctly? (8)

11. disturbed traps a greek city of old (6)

13. until, without international body, goes back illuminated (3)

17. squeezed out and verbalised (9)

18. soft form of money, drawn behind perhaps (6)

�0. dart lest assortment caused surprise (8)

�1. Woman far off reveals old warship (3-�-3)

�4 type of yacht initially is just a plaything (3)

�6. father with a dog going back to eastern temple. (6)

�7. Only two thirds of programme – that’s a bit lightweight! (6)

30. nordic vegetable? (5)

31. Opted for one hundred stockings (5)

Answers across1.penchant 5. status 9.romantic 10.Create 1�. deep sleep 14. trawl 15.Aga 16. letter 19. Baton ��. tramp �3. neater �5. rod �8. rhone �9. Easy chair 3�. lowest 33. jeroboam 34. deride 35.serenade

Answers down1. parody �.number 3. hints 4. noise 6. turntable 7. tea party 8. spelling 11. sparta 13. lit 17. Expressed 18. tender �0. startled �1. man-of-War �4. toy �6. pagoda �7. gramme 30. swede 31. Chose

place a number from 1 to 9 in every empty cell so that each row, each column and each 3x3 box contains all the numbers from 1 to 9. no number can appear twice in a row, column or 3x3 box. do not guess - you can work it out by a process of elimination.

good luck!

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take time and relax ...have some fun by testing your wit!

Having

Fun!

sudoku

CrOssWOrd puZZlE & sudOKu

Documents

25no2