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25–28 June, 2019, Marine (Lower) Campus Marine Lecturer Theatre
The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
PROGRAMME
8:30–9:30am Registration(registrationdeskwillbeopenthroughoutconference)
10.00am Presentation: Dynamics of Informal Settlements in Suva
Eberhard Weber and Camari Koto
Rest of day excursions around Suva with emphasis on informal settlements
Tuesday-June25,2019
MorningTea
9:45am Interfaith Prayer
10:00–10:30am Welcome to the University and Opening of the Conference by Vice Chancellor and President of The University of the South Pacific, Professor Pal Ahluwalia.
10.30 – 10.45am Welcome by Elena dell'Agnese, Vice President, International Geographical Union
Development Challenges in Rural and Urban Areas of the Pacific Islands Eberhard WEBER
Regional higher education institutions as key development actors in geographic peripheries. A comparative study of Nordic and Baltic non-metropolitan university centres
Garri RAAGMAA & Jari KOLEHMAINEN
An inclusive and effective approach towards Climate Change Education? A critical examination of the Climate Change Resilience National Qualification in Fiji
Anuantaeka TAKINANA, Roger C. BAARS, & Jane SINGER
Women’s Education and Employment and the Gender Disparity: A Case Study of Usilamapatti Taluk, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India
I.K. MANONMANI
3:00–5:00pm Session2ClimateChangeasChallengetoRuralandUrbanDevelopment
Ontological security in a changing climate Carol FARBOTKO
Internal climate-induced relocation narratives. Content analysis of planned relocation discourses in Fiji and in the global arena.
Beatrice RUGGIERI
Wednesday-June26,2019
MorningTea
Session1 EducationandRuralandUrbanDevelopment
LunchBreak
Hazard and Resilience: The Case of Two Islands of the Maldives Marcella SCHMIDT DI FRIEDBERG, Elena
DELL ’AGNESE, & Stefano MALATESTA
How to sustain sustainability? Past and future of the La Digue island (Seychelles) Maciej JEDRUSIK
09:00–11:00am Session3 Tourism
Resort islands spatialities in the Maldivies Elena DELL'AGNESE
Local and Metropolitan Economic and Social Entrepreneurship: Palestinian Heritage Tourism in Jaffa
Tovi FENSTER
The Republican China as Cultural Capital: A Case Study of Chang-Jiang Road Tourism Boulevard in Nanjing
Cassidy I-Chih LAN & Chiung-Wen CHANG
Transformation in Land Ownership of Tribal Communities in Rural Gujarat: A Post-Displacement Assessment of Sardar Sarovar Project Resettement Sites, India
Gaurav SIKKA
11:30–1:30pm Session4 EconomicChallengesandSpatial/SectoralPlanning
Urban Sprawl and Land Reuse in Bucharest-Ilfov Development Region. Integrated Spatial and Statistical Analyses Ines GRIGORESCU, Bianca MITRIC�, Cristina DUMITRIC�,
Monica DUMITRAȘCU, & Gheorghe KUCSICSA14
Accessibility changes versus inequality reduction Tomasz KOMORNICKI
Economic clusters - towards supporting a creative economy in Romania Bianca MITRIC�, Claudia POPESCU, Ines GRIGORESCU, Irena MOCANU, Paul �ERBAN, & Monica DUMITRA�CU
3:00–5:00pm Session5 Resources
ThursdayJune27,2019
MorningTea
LunchBreak
Sustainable Urbanization in Formation: Multi-Actor Governance of Urban Experimentation Sino-Singaporean Cases of China
Ali CHESHMEHZANGI
The evaluation of local resources from the point of view of their role as factors underpinning development in regions of eastern Poland
Jerzy BA�SKI
Land use intensification in Fiji Islands: drivers, land tenure and swidden farming. David Lopez CORNELIO
Implementing SDGs development plan in Indonesia; a dilemma of top-down and bottom-up approach
Triarko NURLAMBANG
10:00–12:00am Session6
Doubling Farmer’s Income – The Case of India Rohit SINGH
Beyond the periphery: a comparative assessment of national social welfare respon-siveness across diverse peri-urban spatial zones in West Papua, Nusa Tenggara, and Java
Johni R.V. KORWA, Nicholas METHERALL, Barrisen RUMABAR, John Herman MAMPIOPER, & Tironi RANATHUNGA
State of urban – rural cleavage in electoral preferences caused by socio-political situation in Patna, India
Prerna BHARTI
Kadavu Island: Thirty years of change in the Fijian periphery Michael SOFER
Afternoon: Trips in Suva Evening: Start to the Field-trip to Kadavu
FridayJune28
LunchBreak
Venue: Marine Lecture Theatre, M107A (if required). The University of the South Pacific, Marine (Lower) Campus
Abstracts of the Conference
TheevaluationoflocalresourcesfromthepointofviewoftheirroleasfactorsunderpinningdevelopmentinregionsofeasternPoland
JerzyBAŃSKI
DirectoroftheInstituteofGeographyandSpatialOrganization,PolishAcademyofSciences,HeadoftheCommissiononLocalandRegionalDevelopmentIGU,00-818Warsaw,Twarda51/55POLAND
Regionaldevelopmentislargelyconditionedbythequalityandquantityofinternalresources,aswellas
the degree to which these are made use of. Local resources represent unique – and socially and
economically utilisable – features, factors and phenomena in a given area that are able to shape its
internalpotentialfordevelopment.Distinguishedamongthesearematerialandnon-materialresources,
withafurtherdivisionintogroupsandtypesalsoapplied.Theworkdetailedheresoughttoidentifythe
structure to local resources in three regions of eastern Poland, and to assess their development
potential. The effort to evaluate local resourcesmade reference to their utility and uniqueness,with
indicator values applied to these features. The work showed that most resources were of average
utilitarian and uniqueness value, often also characterised by considerable spatial differentiation. The
several typesof resource thatwere found todominate includedarchitectural formsandbuildings, as
wellasvaluablefeatureshelpingtoshapeattractivenesstotourists.Theresourcesofgreatestutilityin
shaping local development in fact emerge as very positively evaluated from the point of view of
uniquenessalso.Equally,thereisagroupofhighly-uniqueresourcescharacterisedbyfarmorelimited
utility from the practical point of view. This may attest to still-unused potential where the local
resourcesintheregionsstudiedareconcerned.
Paper prepared under the research projects of the National Science Centre, nb. UMO-2015/19/B/HS4/01298,EvaluationofthelocalresourcesandtheirspatialdifferentiationintheregionsofEasternPoland.
Stateofurban–ruralcleavageinelectoralpreferencescausedbysocio-politicalsituationinPatna,India
PrernaBHARTI
PatnaUniversity,HouseNo.-06,EastTelegraphColony,KidwaipuriPatna-800001,India
The electoral choice of individuals ismodified by awide range of social, economic, political,institutionallegislativeandpsychologicalfactors.Indianelectionsaremindbogglinglycomplex.Thespatialpatternofelectoralpreferencesbaseduponthevarioussocio-politicalbackgroundcreatesaspaceforgeographicalresearch.Mostsocietiesaresplitalongsomefaultlineswhichshapespoliticalattitudeandperception.Thereareseveraldimensionsalongwhich thesocialfaultlinesorcleavesaremanifested.Suchassocialclass,religion,gender,occupation,ageetc.Oneoftheclassiccleavagesisframedbyurban-ruralconflictline.Ascitydwellersareusuallypolitically different from countryside people in terms of source of income, living condition,educationandsocialandeconomicpriorities.Thecharacteristicsofrural-urbancleavageistobeevaluatedinpresentpaperusingexampleofPatnadistrictlocatedineasternIndia.Thetimeperiodofupcominganalysisisfrom2005to2015.Indiansinurbanandruralcommunitieshavedifferentviewswhenitcomestosocialandpoliticalissues.Theobjectiveofthestudyistofindout how geographical locality of a voter predict her political attitude? Secondly, to comparevoting motivation and restraints among the urban and rural areas. Lastly, to study genderperspective of rural urban cleavage in electoral preferences. The research is basedupon thefieldsurvey,primarydataandsecondarydataaswellasnewspaperreportsandarticles.ApartfromthatgovernmentdatafromElectionCommissionofIndia,DistrictElectionPortalitselfhasbeenusedtoenrichthework.
Keywords:rural-urban,spatial,cleaves,electoralpreferences,politicalattitude
SustainableUrbanizationinFormation:Multi-ActorGovernanceofUrbanExperimentationSino-SingaporeanCasesofChina
AliCHESHMEHZANGI
DepartmentofArchitectureandBuiltEnvironment,TheUniversityofNottinghamNingboChina,CentreforSustainableEnergyTechnologies,TheUniversityofNottingham,Ningbo,China
JointventureprojectsofChinaintheformofurbanexperimentationplayamajorpartindevelopment
ofnewzones,districtsandtownsthataddressthemainthemeofsustainableurbandevelopment(SUD)
and formation of sustainable urbanisation. These urban experimentation projects address urban
sustainability in various forms of eco-, smart-, green-, knowledge-, low carbon-, and etc. Of all Sino-
foreignprojects, Sino-Singaporeanprojects tend tobemore influential in termsof theirdevelopment
patterns and progress. They also offer diversity of development pattern and variousmode of urban
experimentationatvariousscales.Todiscussthisthroughanevidence-basedapproach,threecasesof
Sino-Singaporeanprojectsarestudiedwithanalysesoftheircommonalitiesanddifferencesintermsof
their experimentation and sustainability pathways. These cases include: 1) the well-known national
flagship project of SinoSingaporean Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC), 2) the strategic economic partnership
projectofSinoSingaporeanSuzhouIndustrialPark(SIP),and3)thenewknowledgetransferplatformof
SinoSingaporeanGuangzhouKnowledgeCity(SSGKC).Thisstudyevaluatesdifferencesoftheseprojects
from multiple aspects of geographical, size, location, and actor involvement. It also explores the
commonality of multi-actor governance between these projects and from their nature of urban
experimentationastheirdevelopmentmode.WhileexistingstudiesonSinoSingaporeanprojectsfocus
on their business aspect, this study addresses the role of multi-actor structure of such projects in
association to their governance, urban sustainability pathways and planning directions. Hence, main
discussion of this study are focused on urban experimentation aspects and multi-actor governance
structures that are in place for development and delivery of these projects in forming sustainable
urbanisationinChina.Aswellassheddinglightonmultiactorgovernanceofsuchjointventureprojects,
theconcludingpointsprovideknowledgeforfuturesimilarprojects.
Keywords:UrbanSustainability;UrbanExperimentation;Sino-Singaporean;Governance;Sustainability;Multi-actor;China.
LanduseintensificationinFijiIslands:drivers,landtenureandswiddenfarming.
DavidLopezCORNELIO
SchoolofNaturalResources&AppliedSciences,SolomonIslandsNationalUniversity,Honiara
Shifting cultivation is a common agricultural practice in the Pacific Islands and the tropics in
general;itisasustainablepracticeifthefallowperiodsarelongenough.Theintensificationof
land use respond to the demand of higher profits in the short term, farms fragmentation,
uncertainties in landtenureandpopulationgrowthamongothers.Officialstatisticaldataand
mapswereutilizedtobuildupchloroplethmapsindicatingtheareasofhighlanduseintensity
according to farm size ranges and socioeconomic parameters (treatments) for the country.
Criticalmapsbuiltbybooleanoperationsdisplayedareas inwhichboththe landuseandthe
socioeconomic driver were simultaneously ranked as high or very high. Treatments showed
significantdifferences(p<0.05),beingthemostinfluentialthoserelatedtohumandemography;
thereforeit isrecommendedtoenforcepoliciesthatwilldes-acceleratetheratesoflanduse,
suchasthefacilitationoflandownershipoverfarmsofbiggersizes,thegradualreplacementof
monocroppingbyagroforestrysystems,andthecreationofmoreemploymentopportunitiesin
theindustry,tourismandservicessectors.
Ontologicalsecurityinachangingclimate
CarolFARBOTKO
CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation(CSIRO),ResearchSocialScientist,LandandWaterFlagship,PrivateBag10,ClaytonSouthVic3169,Australia
‘Existentialthreat’narrativesinthecontextofclimatechangeimpacts,particularlypopulation
displacement, are frequent. But such narratives are generally accompanied by very little
debate, discussion or reflection by what such a threat means. Introducing the idea of
ontologicalsecurity,itmaybepossibletosensitivelyandproductivelygrapplewith‘existential
threat’ofclimatechangeamongthoseatriskofdisplacement.Thispaperexplorestheconcept
ofontologicalsecuritywithreferencetoculturalresilienceandindigeneityinthePacificIslands.
LocalandMetropolitanEconomicandSocialEntrepreneurship:PalestinianHeritageTourisminJaffa
ToviFENSTER,
PECLAB,DepartmentofGeographyandHumanEnvironment,TelAvivUniversity
ThepaperpresentsanongoingresearchofPalestinianheritageinJaffa.Thisworkcombinestwomainlines of research, the first engages with the information and knowledge regarding the histories ofspecific houses which were owned by Palestinian owners pre 1948 and are now inhabited either bythemorbyotherPalestinianfamilies.
In this part we formulate what we term ‘the historiographic file’ of each address, mainly based onarchivalplanninginformationandoralhistories.
ThesecondlineofresearchfocusesontheeconomicandsocialbenefitsofthePalestinianslivinginJaffawiththeknowledgewehaveformulatedonthefirststageinusingittopromoteheritagetourisminthespecifichousesandareainJaffa.
Thisstageincludesformulatingadialoguebetweenfourmainactors:thePalestinianresidentsofthesehomes, the academic researchers, themunicipality of Tel Aviv-Jaffa and local Palestinian leaders andNGO’swhichareinterestedinpromotingsocialandeconomicqualityoflifeofthelocalcommunity.
The end result of this project is expected to be a formulation of a Local Economic and SocialEntrepreneurship Program which will be carried out in collaboration between the mentioned actorsmentioned.ItisexpectedthatthiskindofprogramwillpromotelocalentrepreneurshipinJaffawhichissomissingtoday.
UrbanSprawlandLandReuseinBucharest-IlfovDevelopmentRegion.IntegratedSpatialandStatisticalAnalysesInesGRIGORESCU,BiancaMITRICĂ,CristinaDUMITRICĂ,
MonicaDUMITRAȘCU,GheorgheKUCSICSA
InstituteofGeography,RomanianAcademy,12,DimitrieRacovitaStreetBucharest,Romania,postalcode023993
Urbansprawl(throughbuilt-upareasdynamics)andchangingthepatternsof industryhadcausedthe
foremostspatialandstructuraltransformationsofthepost-communistperiodinRomania(after1990).
In the context of rapid urbanization and suburbanization processes, these changes have resulted in
increased landconsumption,often including thereuseofabandoned landorpost-industrial sites.The
keyresearchquestionsofthepresentpaperare:(1)toanalysethepast(before1990)andcurrent(after
1990) former urban land grouped in three main categories: research & development institutions,
industrialandtransport(2)toidentifythecurrentfunctions/useofformerurbansites,(3)tounderstand
therelationshipsbetweenformerurbansitesandthecurrenturbangrowth/sprawland(4)to identify
thepotentialofmaintainingformerurbansites(e.g. industrialheritage).Thecurrentanalysisrelieson
integrating spatial (topographic maps & plans, satellite images) and statistical (National Institute for
Statistics,ChamberofCommerceandIndustry)datanecessarytoperformquantitativeandqualitative
interpretations of the structural and functional changes. The analysis has revealed as key features
related to former urban land reuse after 1990: significant spatial shrinkage, intensive fragmentation,
functionaldiversification,tertiarizationandchangeofpatterns–transitionfromcompacttomosaic-like
outline.Fivemaintypesofreshapingformerurbanlandhavebeenidentified(maintenance,conversion,
replacement,abandonmentanddemolition).Overall,between1990and2018,inthestudyareanearly
3,250ha(over50%)lossofindustrialsiteshasbeenrecorded.Thestudyresultswillhelpidentifyareas
prone to futuredevelopment through the adaptive reuseof formerurban lands (mainly industrial) in
ordertopredictfutureurbangrowthspatialtrendsandpatterns.
Howtosustainsustainability?PastandfutureoftheLaDigueisland(Seychelles)MaciejJEDRUSIK
DeanoftheFacultyofGeographyandRegionalStudies,UniversityofWarsaw,00-927Warsaw,Poland,KrakowskiePrzedmiescie30
Thenotionofsustainabledevelopmentisaverypopularone.Yet, itremainscontroversial issueinthe
caseof small islandsand their communities. LaDigue isa tiny island (some10sq.kms) inSeychelles.
Inhabitedonlyinlate18thcentury,theIslandhadformanyyearsdevelopedinastrongisolation,using
itsnaturalenvironmentalfeatures.Hillsupto350metersaslconstituteasubstantialpartoftheisland,
theshoreiswelldeveloped,andacoupleoftheisland’sseveraldozenbeacheshavegainedworldwide
reputationfortheirbeauty.ThewesternpartoftheislandhousesthelargestplateauinSeychellesthat
produces conditions perfect for agriculture (growing coconut palm, vanilla, as well as self-supply
agriculture.)Fortwocenturies,thechangestothenaturalenvironmentwereminor,theresourcesdid
notdecrease,andtheeconomysatisfiedtheneedsof the island’spopulation– inotherwords, itwas
characterized with sustainable development. Since late 20th century, touristic boom has exerted
growing pressure on local resources. Relationswith the outsideworld have become intense, and the
structureofeconomy,aswellaslanddevelopmenthavechangedsignificantly.In2018,theareacould
hardlybefurtheradaptedtothenewsituation.Isitpossibletoplanrational,sustainabledevelopment
of the territory?What scenarios should be adopted? Formany island communities the situation has
turnedouttobeverydifferentfrompreviouslyenvisagedscenarios.OnLaDiguetherealityin2018was
farfromscenariosfortouristicdevelopmentproposedin2004–“Freedevelopment”,“AuthenticCreole
Style”,“NaturePreservation”,“Five-Star-Eco-Tourism” (Günther,2004).Suchasituationresulted from
both local and global processes which very hard to envision and over which the small island
communities had little control. So perhaps the very idea of sustainable development is merely a
charmingslogan,andnotareachabletarget.
AccessibilitychangesversusinequalityreductionTomaszKOMORNICKI
InstituteofGeographyandSpatialOrganization,PolishAcademyofSciences
Thepurposeof the paper is to present the relationship between transport accessibility improvement
andregional/local inequalitiesreduction.Themeasuresof isochronalandpotentialaccessibilitywillbe
applied.Theywillberelatedtothesituationonthelabormarketandtotheprovisionoftheservicesof
general interests. The study considers also prerequisites for the positive impact of construction or
upgradingoftransportinfrastructureonterritorialdevelopmentaswellasgivessomeevidenceonthe
obstaclesthatmayhaveoccurredwhileachievingtheobjectives.
Theoretical considerations are based on the results of studies on the changes in road and railway
accessibility inPoland in theyears2004-2023 (bothex-postandex-anteanalysis).These twodecades
are the period of substantial improvement in transport network. This allows for the analysis of the
impact on inequalities at different geographical scales. It was found that fast development of the
transportnetworkhasincreasedthedisparitiesinspatialaccessibilityandineconomiccompetitiveness
between various areas. Accessibility growth is supporting policentricity on the national level, but
probablynotontheregionalone.Mediumsizecitiescouldbebothwinnersorlosersoftheaccessibility
changes.Betteraccessibilitycouldbalancedemographiclosses(intermsofthelabourforceavailability),
butlongcommutingbecomesachallengefortransportdevelopment.Ontheotherhand,smallercities
are at risk of transport exclusion (even if the infrastructure is developed). New investment seem to
improve the access to services located at bigger distances from the peripheral areas, not exerting
positiveinfluenceonservicingofpopulationatthelocalscale.
TheRepublicanChinaasCulturalCapital:ACaseStudyofChang-jiangRoadTourismBoulevardinNanjing
CassidyI-ChihLANSchoolofResourceandEnvironmentalScience,QuanzhouNormalUniversity,China
Chiung-WenCHANGDepartmentofTaiwanandRegionalStudiesattheNationalDongHwaUniversity,Taiwan
This research focuses on the place-branding of historical buildings in promoting urban cultural
tourism in Nanjing. We take the project of ‘Chang-jiang Road Tourism Boulevard’, which was
officially launched in 2016, as a case study to illustrate how historical heritages of Republican
China (1912-1949) are translated into the tourist destination. Our analysis draws on a semiotic
dimension of political economy to identify the preservation of Republican China’s historical
buildings as a strategy of urban cultural tourism to re-figure Nanjing’s tourist place-remaking at
the municipal level. It is found that the political symbol of Republican China which was used to
be seen a taboo in an ideological context of nationalism is now dramatically turned into tourist
narratives favoring economic benefits in post-Socialist transition. From a perspective of cultural
political economy, we take a critical look at the transformation of the politically-symbolic built
environment along the Chang-jiang Road into a lucrative catalyzer of capital circulation. We
argue that the preservation of cultural heritages is associated with capital circuit of built
environment. The research concludes by conceptualizing the terms of ‘cultural fix’ to explore the
dynamics of capital accumulation which is made by combining cultural/semiotic sphere with
spatio-temporal specificity transformed as a capitalist vigor.
Beyondtheperiphery:acomparativeassessmentofnationalsocialwelfareresponsivenessacrossdiverseperi-urbanspatialzonesinWestPapua,Nusa
Tenggara,andJava.
JohniR.V.KORWA,NicholasMETHERALL,BarrisenRUMABARJohnHermanMAMPIOPER,TironiRANATHUNGA
Thepaperaimstoshedlightontheimpactsofperi-urbanisationprocessesacrosstwocasestudiesin
PortNumbaywithintheProvinceofPapua.ThecasestudiesofAbePantaiandKoyaBaratareselected
asnovelexamplesofperi-urbanspatialzonesofaperipheralprovinceneartheborderbetween
IndonesiaandPapuaNewGuinea.Thecoreresearchquestionishowhaveperi-urbanisationprocesses
impacteduponlocalsocial,economic,agriculturalandenvironmentalhealthsystems?Threemethods
wereusedincluding:(a)focus-discussiongroupsforthecollectionofprimarydatainordertobetter
understandlocalperspectives;(b)secondarydatacollectionfromlocalgovernmentofficesandbureau
ofstatisticsdatasetsanalysedtocomparecasestudyprofiles;and(c)spatialobservationandhistoric
time-lapseanalysisthroughtheuseof‘GoogleEarthPro’visualcartographytools.Theresultsincluded
threemainthematicfindings:(1)thatthelastinglegacyofhistorictransmigrationanddecentralisation
policieshaveinfluencedprocessesofperi-urbanisationinshapingthesocialandeconomicconditions
withinthesecommunities,(2)thatwithinthesecase-studies,peri-urbanisationhasimpactedbiophysical
environmentsincludingagricultural-ecosystemsandenvironmentalhealthsystems;(3)historic
geospatialandcartographicvisualisationanalysisyieldsusefulinsightsintoarangeofperi-urbanisation
trends:particularlylandclearing,deforestationandexpansionofsettlementsovertime.Thepaper
concludesthatapproachestodecentralisation,healthservicedeliveryandsustainabledevelopment
interventionsintoperi-urbanzonesshouldtakeintoaccountlocalconditionsbyrecognisingcasesof
peripheralprovincesasuniquetocoreprovinces.Recommendationsforpolicyandfurtherresearchare
alsooffered.
Keywords:Peri-urbanisation,Indonesia,transmigration,agricultural,PortNumbay,WestPapua.
Women’sEducationandEmploymentandtheGenderDisparity:ACaseStudyofUsilamapattiTaluk,MaduraiDistrict,TamilNadu,India
I.K.MANONMANI
DepartmentofGeography,MaduraiKamarajUniversity,Madurai625021,TamilNadu,India
Womenofanynationare themirrorsof its civilization. Ifwomenenjoygoodstatus it shows that the
societyhasreachedalevelofmaturityandsenseofresponsibilitywhileadecadentimageconjuresupif
theoppositeistrue.Sexratioisanimportantparameterofwomenstatusinsociety.Themajorcauseof
the decrease of the female birth ratio in India is due to the violent treatments met out to the girl
childrenfromthetimeoftheirbirth.
ThesexratioofIndiawasalmostnormalduringthephaseoftheyearsofindependence,butthereafter
itstartedshowinggradualsignsofdecreaseinruralareas.Literacyandeducationarethemostessential
inputsforempowermentofwomen.Thelowlevelofliteracy,socialandculturalbindingsinmostofthe
Indiancommunitiescreateanimbalanceinthegenderaspect.Thesocialandeconomicdevelopmentof
anyregiondependsonthenumberofpersonswhoareeconomicallyactive,regularityoftheirworkand
theregularityoftheiremployment.
Usilampatti Taluk is one of the backward regions in Tamil Nadu, located in the western part of the
MaduraiDistrictarenotoriousforthepastfewdecadesforfemaleinfanticideandfemalefoeticideand
thisisduetooneofthereasonsforeconomicbackwardness.FemaleinfanticideinTamilNaduwasfirst
identifiedin1985byUsilampattitaluk,soforthepresentinvestigationinfourtimepointsselectedthat
isatimegapof40yearshasbeenchosen(1981-2011).Consideringthisinmind,anattempthasbeen
madetooutlinetheliteracy,genderdisparityinliteracy,femaleworkparticipationandgenderdisparity
inworkparticipation in termsof spaceand time inUsilampatti taluk.Toanalyze thegenderdisparity
Kundu&Rao’s(1986)methodofgenderdisparityindexmethodisappliedinthepresentstudy.
Keywords:Sexratio,Literacy,Femaleworkparticipation,GenderDisparity
Economicclusters-towardssupportingacreativeeconomyinRomaniaBiancaMITRICĂ1,ClaudiaPOPESCU1,InesGRIGORESCU2,IrenaMOCANU1,PaulŞERBAN1,
MonicaDUMITRAŞCU31SeniorResearcher,HumanGeographyandRegionalDevelopmentDepartment,InstituteofGeography,RomanianAcademy,Romania;DimitrieRacoviţă Str., no. 12, secor 2, Bucharest, Romania, tel: +40213135990, [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected], [email protected], 2 Senior Researcher, GIS and Environmental Geography, Institute of Geography,RomanianAcademy,Romania;DimitrieRacoviţăStr.,no.12, secor2,Bucharest,Romania, tel:+40213135990, [email protected], 3SeniorResearcher,PhysicalGeographyDepartment,InstituteofGeography,RomanianAcademy,Romania;DimitrieRacoviţăStr.,no.12,sector2,Bucharest,Romania,tel:+40213135990,[email protected]
Recently,innovationhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemainchallengesoftheRomanianeconomy.Sofar,the
insufficientlevelofinnovationoftheRomaniancompaniesishighlightedinthedocumentRomania:National
CompetitivenessStrategy2014-2020asamajor challenge.According to theGlobalCompetitivenessReport,
Romaniaranks54thfortheperiod2015-2016(outof140countries)intermsofglobalcompetitivenessindex,
and84thintermsofinnovationandcomplexity.AccordingtotheEuropeanInnovationScoreboard,Bulgariaand
Romaniahavebeendefinedas“ModestInnovators”withperformanceswellbelowEUaverage.Investmentsin
R&Dareconsideredessentialfortheenhancementofthecountry'sinnovativecapacity.UndertheEurope2020
Strategy,thenationaltargetforRomaniais2.0%ofGDPinvestedinR&D(theEuropeantargetis3%).According
tolatestdata,Romaniaisstillfarfromachievingthistarget(0.38%in2014vs.0.45%in2010).
Compared to the EU, the development of a creative economy in Romania is influenced by several
structuraldifferencesmirroredby thevaluesof relevantstatistical indicators: shareofemployment in
agricultureandmining,shareofemploymentinhighandmediumhigh-techmanufacturing,servicesand
publicadministration,shareofforeigncontrolledenterprises,numberoftopR&Dspendingenterprises,
shareofenterprisebirths,GDPpercapita,populationgrowthrate.
Themainobjectiveofthispaperistodemonstratetheimportanceofeconomicclustersforsustainable
regional development towards fostering a creative economy in Romania. Using a quantitative-based
approach (socio-economic and location indicators), the authors will identify and analyse specific
economic clusters defined by their functionality (e.g. industrial, cultural, commercial) or pattern (e.g.
agglomerated/non-agglomerated).
Economic clusters bring competitive advantages for their members, influence structural changes,
revitalize economic sectors, anddeliver thenecessary frame for researchof innovationand local and
regional development. For a creative economy, cross-border and cross-sectoral collaboration,
innovationandentrepreneurshipacrossdifferentregionsandvaluechainsshallbepromoted.
ImplementingSDGsdevelopmentplaninIndonesia;adilemmaoftop-downandbottom-upapproachTriarkoNURLAMBANG
DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofIndonesia
SDGshasbecomeconsideredinIndonesiaSpatialandDevelopmentPlaninthelastthreeyears.Actually
SustainableDevelopmenthasbeenmain-streamedas stated in theLawofEnvironmentManagement
and Protection since 2009. There are different operational definition of Sustainable Development in
Indonesia development plan. Consequently there are two ways in accomplishing the spatial and
development plan based on sustainable development achievement, especially at local level. By using
policyandimplementationevaluationmethodthenitcanbeindentifiedwhichdevelopmentplanpolicy
approachusedmoreatwhatlevel.Theevaluationtechniquethroughcascadingmannerhasfoundthat
nationalpolicyleveldoesnotreallymatchtobottom-uplocaldevelopmentplan.Thereismis-matchon
theconceptualframeworkwhichthenmightinfluenceitslocalstaretgicdevelopmentplan.Thisoccured
ineitheratprovoncialordistrictdevelopmentplan.
Keywords:SustainableDevelopment,nationaldevelopmentstrategicplan,localdevelopmentstrategicplan,SEA,top-downandbottom-upapproach
Regionalhighereducationinstitutionsaskeydevelopmentactorsingeographicperipheries.AcomparativestudyofNordicandBalticnon-metropolitan
universitycentres
GarriRAAGMAA
UniversityofTartuPärnuCollege,Director,AssociateProfessorofRegionalPlanningRingi35,Pärnu80012,Vanemuise46,Tartu51014,Estonia
JariKOLEHMAINEN
TampereUniversitySchoolofManagement,Finland
Being part of globalising economy requires intensive knowledge exchange and this is challenginggeographicperipheriesallovertheworld.Regionalhighereducationinstitutions(HEI)havebeentakenas key knowledge agents, by some authors even as Development Anchor Institutions, actors pushingregionsbeyondtheirborders.However,theexistenceofauniversitycampusitselfdoesnotguaranteethewell-functioning entrepreneurial ecosystem. Entrepreneurial processes and learning are drivenbyindividuals:HEIpeoplecanboosthumancapital,promoteaconduciveentrepreneurialculture,enableinnovativepolicies, improveavailabilityofappropriate finances,extendcreativeproductmarkets,andprovideawiderangeofinstitutionalsupport.
Peripherieswith loworganisationalthicknessmightbeableto innovatemuchfasterthancoreregionscharacterised by thick and rigid institutional structures. In the case of well-orchestrated leadership,significant changes canbecarriedout inavery short time.Thequestionof survivalmakesperipheralHEIsproactiveandagileactors:theytrytoinfluencenotonlylocal/regionaldecision-makingbodiesbutalsointra-universityandnationalpolicyprocesses.
Sofar,wehavelittlecomparativeknowledgeabouttheplacebasedinstitutionalenvironmentswherebyHEIsandotherregionalinnovationsystemstructuresoperate.Inthispaper,wegoingtoinvestigatetwogroupsofregionalHEIs:universitycolleges(7) inEstoniaanduniversityconsortiums(6)inFinland.Wegoing to identify the critical policy processes, actors, and themotivation behind their decisions. Thesecond ring of questions deals with regional HEIs sustainability. And third, we’re going to use theentrepreneurial ecosystem framework when analysing the agency, entrepreneurial activity andeconomic development impact of regional HEIs. The study applies (1) desk research of policydocuments,statisticsandpublishedsurveys;(2)dataprovidedbytheregionalHEIrepresentativesand(3)semi-structuredinterviewswithregionalstakeholdersandregionalHEIleaders.
Internalclimate-inducedrelocationnarratives.ContentanalysisofplannedrelocationdiscoursesinFijiandintheglobalarena.
BeatriceRUGGIERI
DepartmentofHistoryandCultures–DISCI,AlmaMaterStudiorum–UniversityofBologna
ClimatechangenarrativesofvulnerabilitiesandresiliencearenotnewinthePacificRegion,norarediscourses
aboutclimatechangeandhumanmobility,especiallyifrefferedtoclimaterefugees,environmentalmigrantsor
disappearingstatesandconsequentinternationaldisplacementsandrelocationwhichwouldcause
understandableconcernsaboutcitizenships,humanrightsandsocio-culturaldisruptions.Allofthisenormous
amountofinformationled,firstly,tospecificimaginariesofvictimization,hoplessnessandinevitability,
subsequentlypartiallycontextedandreframedinamoreproactivewayusingdifferentterminologiesrelatedto
theconceptofresilience.Evenifstillpresentandpervasive,especiallyininstitutional,mediaticandartsectors,
suchdiscoursesandrepresentationshavebeenfiercelycontextedindifferentcontextsandbymultipleactorsin
thosepastyears.However,withtheemergingpoliticaldiscourseofplannedinternalrelocationasamoreand
morenecessaryadaptationstrategy,thesediscoursesrisktorapidlyresurfaceandaffectpeopleperceptionand
constructionofboththeirpresentandfuturetime.Ifwellplanned,communityinternalrelocationcanbeagood
andpositiveadaptationstrategy.Butwhatdoesitmeanto“planwell”?TherecentPlannedRelocation
GuidelinesandtheleadershipassumedbytheFijiangovernmentattheregionalandgloballevelareagood
attempttogiveananswertothisquestion.Nevertheless,ifwelookatmultiplescales,itseemsthatthingsare
movingatdifferentspeedsandtheoriesdon’tnecessarilycorrespondtopractices.Multiplenarrativeson
internalrelocationinFijihaveflourishedinthelastdecade,bothfromnationalandinternationalactorsand
sources.Aslearntbymanyhistoricalandmorerecentdevelopment-projectinducedrettlementsandasstated
intheGuidelines,communityrelocationmustbealastresortoption.Yet,toosimplisticcurrenttextualand
visualnarrativesatdifferentspatialscalesrisktorecreatethesameumpteenthrethoricofanunavoidablefuture
of«movingtohigherground»formanycoastalcommunities.Atthesametime,suchdiscoursescouldprevent
developednationstochangetheireconomicparadigmandimplementmitigationactions.Forthesereasons,
carefulplanningshouldalsobeappliedtothewayclimate-inducedinternalrelocationsarenarratedand
represented.
HazardandResilience:TheCaseofTwoIslandsoftheMaldivesMarcellaSCHMIDTDIFRIEDBERG
“RiccardoMassa”DepartmentofHumanSciencesandEducation/MarineResearchandHighEducationCenter(MaRHE),UniversityofMilano-Bicocca,Italy/Rep.oftheMaldives.
ElenaDELL’AGNESEDept.ofSociologyandSocialResearch,MarineResearchandHighEducationCenter(MaRHE),UniversityofMilano-Bicocca,
Italy/Rep.oftheMaldives.
StefanoMALATESTA“RiccardoMassa”DepartmentofHumanSciencesandEducation/MarineResearchandHighEducationCenter(MaRHE),
UniversityofMilano-Bicocca,Italy/Rep.oftheMaldives.
TheMaldivesareatriskofstormsurges,monsoonalflooding,swellwaves,tsunamisandclimatechange
assea-inducednaturalhazards:noislandcouldbeconsidered“safe”. In2004thecountrywasdirectly
affectedbythetsunami,withnearly12,000peopledisplacedandanother8,500temporarilyrelocated
withintheir islands.ThegovernmentisworkinghardtoimplementtheSendaiFramework, linkedwith
theSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandtheParisAgreementonclimatechange.Disasterriskreduction
andresilienceareessentialforthecountry’seffortstoachievesustainabledevelopmentanddealwith
thechallengeofclimatechange. Inthepresentation,weconsiderthecasesoftwoislandsaffectedby
the tsunami,where social and economic resilience produced twodifferent developmentmodels. The
economy ofMeedhoo, themost inhabited island in the Dhaalu Atoll (population: 1400) depends on
fishing.The2004tsunamiseverelyhitMeedhoo,twopeopledied.Thepeoplehaverecoveredquickly,
and the island is fastdeveloping.Themain threat to thedevelopmentof the island is its sizeandsoil
erosion.Topreventthisproblemanareaofabout50feetwasreclaimedaroundtheislandin2006,and
new land reclamation projects have started. Land reclamation on the reef flat, especially on the
oceanward size can alter the natural defensivemechanisms of the islands and the drainage systems.
Ribudhooisland(population:545),theislandofthejewellers,hasbeenseverelyaffectedbythetsunami
in2004;herealsothereweretwocasualtiesandmanyinfrastructuraldamages,forcingmanypeopleto
migrate.Ontheisland,nolandreclamationprojectsareforeseen.Therecoveryoftheislandstartsfrom
specifichistoricalandculturalheritageandtherevivaloftraditionalhandicraftandtheartofjewellery,
involvingyoungpeople—twoislandstwodifferentstoriesofresilience.
Keywords:Hazard;Resilience;SIDS;Maldives;Landreclamation
DoublingFarmer’sIncome–TheCaseofIndiaRohitSINGH
GuruGobindSinghIndraprashtaUniversity,NewDelhi,IndiaandJawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India,Roomnumber318,BlockC,USHSS,GGSIPU,Dwarka,NewDelhi110078
[email protected];[email protected]
Agriculture,inmostofthedevelopingandunder-developedcountries,istheprimarysectorresponsible
foremploymentandlivelihoodofmajorityofpopulation,especiallyrural.Thissectorisentrustedwith
the responsibility of poverty alleviation in rural areas and contribution to overall economic growth.
Hence,designingoptimalpolicyandsettingobjectiveshavealwaysbeenaconcernareaforthepolicy
makers. In the last fiscal year, policy objective of doubling farmer income by the year 2022, was
announcedbythegovernment.Thispaperanalysesthehistoricalaspectsofdoublingoffarmer’sincome
usingNSSOsituationassessmentsurveyanddrawsprojectionforthefutureatdegeneratelevelacross
landholdingandstates.Whatactuallywoulditrequiretodoublethefarmer’sincome,theoptimalmix
of policies that should be adopted by the government for successful achievement of objective? The
paper also presents a comparative analysis with such policy objective being successfully achieved in
Chineseeconomy.
Keywords:Doublingoffarmer’sincome,NSSOsituationassessmentsurvey,policymixinagriculturesector.
KadavuIsland:ThirtyyearsofchangeintheFijianperipheryMichaelSOFER
DepartmentofGeographyandEnvironment,Bar-IlanUniversity,Ramat-Gan,Israel
The outer island of Kadavu located in the Eastern Division has been considered for long time as a
representative of the Fijian periphery. It has been revisited and researched for thirty years and this
presentation deals with the changes it has gone along this period. The aim was to study its
infrastructuralconditionsandvillageeconomicactivitieswiththeaimofunderstandingthechangesits
population has experienced since the early 1980s. A combination ofmicro-geographic studies in two
villages and a meso-geographical analysis of its infrastructural services, together with the changing
governmentpolicy, showthat thepatternofdevelopment found initially inKadavu in theearly1980s
haschanged toa limitedextent.Thekava (yaqona)economy is stilldominant.Thecurrentpatternof
cashcropproductionandtradeisalmostentirelydependentonthekavabeveragecrop;infrastructure
lagsbehind;theislandsuffersfromthephenomenonofperipheralpenalty;andgovernmentinitiatives
to change the trend are very limited. The current form of non-capitalist production and its derived
benefit forcedvillagers intoastrategyofadaptationwhich,undercertaindegreeofstagnation,might
actuallybepreferableforthemunderthecurrentconditionsofperipheralisation.
TransformationinLandOwnershipofTribalCommunitiesinRuralGujarat:APost-
DisplacementAssessmentofSardarSarovarProjectResettementSites,India
GauravSIKKA
UniversityDepartmentofGeography,L.N.MithilaUniversity,Bihar
Landisacriticalresourcethatformsanintegralpartofthetribalsociety.ThetribesofNarmadavalley
identifiedthemselveswiththeirlandsandtheriver.ThecustomsofthetribalpeopleaffectedbytheSardarsarovarprojecthasthedirectrelevancetotheresettlementandrehabilitationpolicies.The
majorityoftribalsenjoyedcustomaryaccessandcultivatethelandsbutdonotformallyownthem.Moreover,theauthoritynegatesanyclaimofcustomaryrightsonland.ThepostcolonialIndiawent
on a spree of creating large development projects encompassing large swathes of land for thefunctionality of the project. The tribes, especially of mainland India, have lost their lands andlivelihoodstodevelopmentprojectswhichhavenotbroughtthemanybenefits(Xaxa,2018)
Importantly, the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 which was operational made for only ‘cash’
compensationforthedisplacedpersons.Further,theNarmadaWaterDisputeTribunalAward(1979) ignoredany landcompensation for tribalswithoutprevious landownership.However,todayGujarat setsoutmost liberal resettlementand rehabilitation (R&R)policy in thecountry
(SahandTomar,2011)asitprovided‘land-for-land’compensationtoalltheaffectedfamiliesoftribalcommunitiesirrespectiveoftheirlandtenurestatus.
Theideaof landcompensationundertheGujaratpolicy isasignificantonebecauselandisnot
only amode of production, but also a commodity that can be used as collateral in obtainingcredit.ThisalsoresonateswellwiththeNewIndiavisionofourPrimeMinisterwhichhas‘Sabka
Saath,SabkaVikas’asitsbasicpremise.
ThepaperattemptsapostdisplacementassessmentoftheGujaratR&Rpolicytounderstandthe
transformation in terms of ownership of land in the tribal communities. Land being a criticalresource for affected community, the quality of land given and dynamics of land as a finite
resource is also discussed. The research has adopted a complementarity of quantitative and
qualitative methods in data collection. Data has been collected through household surveys,
focusgroupdiscussionsandin-depthinterviewswithkeyinformants.
AninclusiveandeffectiveapproachtowardsClimateChangeEducation?AcriticalexaminationoftheClimateChangeResilienceNationalQualificationinFiji.
AnuantaekaTAKINANA
RogerC.BAARS
GraduateSchoolofGlobalEnvironmentalStudies,KyotoUniversity
JaneSINGER
GraduateSchoolofGlobalEnvironmentalStudies,KyotoUniversity
E-mail:[email protected]
ClimateChangeEducationcanberegardedasanimportanttooltofosterabetterunderstandingof
and to increase community resilience towards the future impacts of climate change. Small Island
Developing States (SIDS) are predicted to experience potentially devastating effects of climate
change.Therefore,itiscriticaltoeducatesocietyasawholetoacquiretheskillsneededtoengage
effectivelyinclimatechangeadaptationstrategies.TheFijiangovernmentiscurrentlyintheprocess
ofdefiningtheobjectives,criteria,curriculumandlearningapproachesforclimatechangeeducation
programstargetingstakeholders inthegovernment,educationandbusinesssectoraswellas local
communities. The overall goal of the recently created Climate Change Resilience National
Qualificationwastocombinenotonlytheinterestsandexpertiseofallstakeholdergroupsinvolved
butalsotofosteramoreholisticconceptofsustainabledevelopmentbasedonbothscientificand
traditional knowledge. However, we argue that rather than creating an inclusive and effective
program the content and objective of the new qualification was predominantly shaped by the
businesssectorpushingforconservativeand limitedconceptsofdevelopment.Thispaperoffersa
firstaccountoftherecentlyimplementedclimatechangeresiliencequalificationandsuggeststhata
more refined and inclusive approach to climate change resilience and sustainable development is
requiredtocreateamoreeffectiveandsustainableprogram.
DevelopmentofInformalSettlementsinSuva(possiblyasexcursiononJune25)
EberhardWEBER
SchoolofGeography,EarthScienceandEnvironment,TheUniversityoftheSouthPacific,Fiji
Climatechange isoneof theurgentchallengesof the21stcentury.An importantpartof the
discoursesaroundclimatechangeisaboutmobility.Manyarguethatmobilityinconnectiontoclimatechange,naturalhazards,orsimilar is tobringpeopletosafety,or tosupport themintheirowneffortstoreachsafegroundsorasMcAdam(2015)putsit:totakepeopleawayfrom
“dangerzones”.
Thepresentationinvestigatesaspectsaroundmobilityofpeoplelivingininformalsettlementsin Suva, the capital of Fiji. It is expected that the intensity of hazards arising from climatechangewillincrease.Itissurelytimelytoreflectonhowhazardsimpactonvulnerablepeople
and their agency to deal with such hazards. This chapter, however, concentrates on theastonishingfactthatpeoplearemovingtohighlyexposedareas.
Howcanweexplainwhenpeoplemoveto“dangerzones”likeitishappeninginmanyinformal
settlementsinthePacificIslandregion(andsurelyelsewhere)?Arepeoplenotawarethatthelocationsaredangerous,dotheynotbother,ordotheyconsciouslychosesuch‘dangerzones’?
The studymade interviews and observations in two informal settlements in Suva. Research
supports suggestions that the two locations where people established informal settlementswere chosen because of their unfavorable environmental conditions. Whether this happen
consciouslyormoreinareflexivelearningprocessthatdirectedpeopletolocationswerethey
didnotfaceevictionsneedtobeestablishedinfutureresearch.
It is becoming evident, however, that in Suva space is become scare. Locationswhich some
decadesagonobodywasinterestinginarenowinhighdemand.Thisalsoputspeoplewholiveinmanyinformalsettlementsatrisktoget‘evicted’bygovernments’plansofrelocationand/
orbymarketforces.Thissituationcanbeseenasaspecialformofgentrification.
