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Embedded Systems
Special Lecture
By
N.SHANMUGASUNDARAM
Asst. Professor ECE Department
Mahendra Engineering College
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What is an Embedded System?
Embedded system is a
Microcontroller based
Software driven Reliable
Real time control system
Autonomous or Human interactive Operating on diverse physical variables
In diverse environments
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DRIVES
What is an Embedded System?
Embedded system is a Hardware with Software embedded in it,
for a dedicated application.
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SMART Embedded Systems
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SMART Embedded Systems
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SMART Embedded Systems
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HARDWAREProcessor, RAM, ROM, ADC, DAC, Timers, Ports, etc.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE written in Assembly, C, C++, Java, etc.
RTOS (to supervise the Application Software)
C OS-II, Win CE, VxWorks, Embedded Linux, etc.
3 MAIN COMPONENTS of Embedded System
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SMALL SCALE:8/16 bit CPU, little H/w, less S/w complexity, No RTOS,Battery operated.
MEDIUM SCALE:16/32 bit C or DSPs, Complex H/w & S/w design, RTOSSource code Engg tools, IDE.
SOPHISTICATED:Configurable processors, Cutting edge applications,Highly complex H/w and S/w design,
CLASSIFICATION of Embedded Systems
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SKILLS for Embedded System Engineer
HARDWARE:
P / C, DSPs, Memories, Peripheral devices, sensors,Computer architecture, Digital electronics, Electronic system design,Control system, Data communication.
SOFTWARE:
IDE - Editor, Assemblers, Compilers, Linkers, Debuggers, Simulator.Programming languages - Assembly, C, C++, Java
RTOS Vxworks, Win CE, RTLinux, etc.
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COMPONENTS of Embedded System Hardware
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PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems
ALU
ControlUnit
PROCESSOR
Types of Processor
General Purpose Processor(c, P, DSP, EP,MP)
Application Specific System Processor
Multiprocessor system
GPP/ASIP core with other hardware integrated in ASIC chip.
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OTHER HARDWARE for Embedded Systems
1. Power supply circuit
2. Memory - EPROM, RAM, EEPROM (flash), CACHE
3. I/O Ports - 8255 (PPI), 8251 (UART)
4. Timers - 8253
5. ADC / DAC - ADC0809, DAC0800
6. Display & Keyboard Controllers - 8279
7. Programmable Interrupt Controllers - 8259
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SOFTWARE Components in Embedded Systems
Programming Languages: 1. Machine code
2. Assembly language
3. High level languages ie., C, C++
Editor Simulator
Assembler Loader
Compiler Stethoscope
Linker Trace scope
Debugger IDE
Software Tools:
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Software Development Chain
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HARDWARE in Exemplary Embedded Systems
Processor Multi processor on a Chip
Bus Size 32
Architecture RISC
Cache Memory Yes
ROM 1 MB
EEPROM 32 KB
RAM 1 MB
I/O Ports KBD & Display ports
DAC & ADC YesModulation / Demodulation Yes
DSP instructions Yes
MOBILE PHONE
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SOFTWARE in Exemplary Embedded Systems
Editor yes
Interpreter No
Assembler No
Cross Assembler No
Compiler yes
Locator yes
Simulator yes
Source code Engg tools yes
RTOS yes
IDE yes
Stethoscope yes
MOBILE PHONE
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Exemplary SOC for Mobile Phone
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Types of I/O Devices
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Structure ofSerial Port
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Structure ofParallel Port
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BUSES for Communication
Buses
Serial Parallel
ISA, EISA, PCI, I2C, CAN, USB,
I2C : Bus for communication between multiple ICs.CAN: Bus used in automobiles with centrally controlled network.
USB: Bus for communication between CPU and devices like mouse, etc.
ISA, EISA, PCI are standard buses for parallel communication used inPCs, computer network devices, etc.
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Types ofTIMERS
Timers
Hardware
Timer
Software
Timer
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Structure ofHardware Timer
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Usage ofTIMERS
1 Real Time Clock (RTC) for the system
2 Initiating an Event after a preset time delay
3 Initiating an Event after a comparison of preset times
4 Capturing the count value in timer on an event
5 Finding time interval between two events
6 Watchdog timer
7 Baud rate control for Serial communication
8 Scheduling of various tasks in RTOS
9 Time slicing of various tasks
10 Time division multiplexing
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Programming Embedded Systems in Assy & C
Assembly C, C++
1. Full use of processor specific
instructions.
1. Software development cycle is short
due to usage of functions, std library
functions, modular programming
approach, Top down design, etc.
2. Machine codes are Compact. 2. Data type declarations make
programming easy.
3. Device driver code needs only
few assembly instructions.
3. Type checking eliminates errors.
4. Usage of Control structures
like if-then, do-while, for, etc.
5. Portability to different hardware
and OS.
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Programming Embedded Systems using C++
Combines the advantage ofOOPS, C & Assembly.
Special features: Data Encapsulation, inheritance, etc.
Advantages : Reusability of software components.
Disadvantages: Standard C++ programming makes code complexand lengthy, due to features like Templates, Multipleinheritance, Exception handling, Virtual base classes,Namespaces, etc.
Solution : Special version of C++ (Embedded C++) has provision for selective disabling of features.
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Phases of Software Development
1. Definition and Analysisof the SystemRequirement
a) Complete Specification of the System.b) Specification of the data, functions, tasks,..
c) System behaviour
d) Constraints of Design
e) Human machine interaction
f) Expected life cycle
g) Validation criteria & time delivery schedule
2. Development The process of software
Designing, Coding and Testing.
3. Support a) Correction of bugsb) Addition of extra functions as per changing
environment
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S/w development of Typical application (Automobiles)
Development of a Embedded system in a Car to monitor
Instrument clusters, Engine performance, Automatic Gear box,
Brakes, etc., the typical code will be as follows
Watch 1254
Recording data of usage / malfunction 168
Engine speed 399
Vehicle speed 557
Odometer 999
Wake-up / Sleep down 252
Fuel 376
Alarms 4781
Coolant Temperature 537
Light Control 1925
Automatic gear box 207
(Total 11643 LOC)
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Source Code Engineering tool
It is a tool for source code development, compiling, debugging and testing.
eg. SNiFF+ from WindRiver Systems
Features of SNiFF+
Comprehension, Navigation and Browsing
Editing
Configuring (selective disabling of C++ features)
Compiling
Debugging
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Code / Memory Optimization
It is a process of making the code compact and fitting into a small
memory space without affecting code performance.
Techniques for code optimization: Use ofunsigned byte
Avoiding std lib functions, when simple coding is possible.
Usage of Assy code, when target processor is well known.
Usage of Global Variable, when no chance for shared data problem.
Reduce usage offrequent function calls.
Usage ofdelete / free, to release the used memory.
Disabling the used features of C++.
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Process / Tasks / Threads
Process : It is a sequentially running program with its state.
Task : An application consisting of tasks controlled by scheduling
mechanism of an OS.
Threads : Light weighted sub-process in application program,
controlled by process control entity.
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Function ISR Task
- Set of instructions forperforming an actions.
- Called by Proc/Task/ISR.
- Each Fn has a context
- Provision for nestedFunction calls.
- ISR is independent
- Call from H/w & S/w.
- ISR has Priority.
- Each ISR has Context.
- Task is independent.
- Sync done by RTOS.
- Scheduler runs onetask at a time.
Comparison ofFunction / ISR / Task
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Inter Process Communication (IPC)
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Inter Process Communication (IPC)
IPC: Some information generated by a processes / tasks, by setting / resettinga flag / value, or generates an output so that it lets another process takenote / use of it.
Types: 1) Signal
2) Semaphores (flags, mutex, resource key, counting)
3) Queues, Pipes or Mailbox (eg. LCD display in Mobile Time, Ph No.)
4) Sockets (eg. COM port in PC to connect modem, port 80 web server)
5) Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) for distributed processes
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Shared Data Problem & its Solutions
Shared Data Problem: Conflict arising on a common variable due to usageby multiple tasks / processes on it.
Eg. Interrupt changing thesubsequent bits while processing a 32 bit data on a8-bit CPU.
Solutions: 1) Use of modifier Volatile
2) Use of Re-entrant functions
3) Putting shared variable in circular queues
4) Disabling interrupts on execution of Criticalsection
5) Using Semaphores
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Semaphore & its types
Types of Semaphores: 1) Single, 2) Multiple, 3) Mutex
4) P & V 5) Counting
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GOALS of Operating System
1. Facilitating easy sharing of resource as per schedule and allocation.
2. Facilitating easy implementation of application software.
3. Optimally scheduling the processes on one / more CPU.
4. Maximizing the system performance without any security breach.
5. Providing the management functions for Processes, tasks, etc.
6. Providing the management functions for Devices, Files, etc.
7. Providing easy interface and management functions for network & protocols.
8. Providing portability of application software on different hardware.
9. Providing interoperability of application on different networks.
10. Providing common set of interfaces.
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STRUCTURE of Operating System
Application Software
API
System Software(with functions other than in OS)
OS interface
OS
Hardware OS
Interface
Hardware
Eg. Device driver for Multimedia device
Consists of KERNEL(Operated in User and Supervisory modes)
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KERNEL of Operating System
- OS is a middle layer between Application Software & Hardware.
- It consists of KERNEL and other functions not provided by Kernel.
- KERNEL is operated in Supervisory mode andOther functions are operated in User Mode.
KERNEL Services
Process Management
Memory Management
Inter Process Communication
I/O management
Interrupt Control
Device drivers
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Process Management in OS
A. Process Creation: Initial and Subsequent process.
B. Management of Created process:
- Processing resource requests
- Allocation of Resources (through Message / system calls)
- Controlling of process through PCB.
- Scheduling and synchronization
Process management consists of
creation, activation, running, blocking, resumption, deactivation, deletion of processes.
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Memory Management in OS
A. Memory Allocation: at the time of creation of a new process / tasks.
B. Memory Management after allocation:
- Fixed block allocation
- Dynamic block allocation
- Dynamic page allocation
- Dynamic data memory allocation
- Dynamic address reallocation
- Multiprocessor memory allocation
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Device Management in OS
A. Manages Physical / Virtual devices (eg. Pipes & sockets).
B. Three standard approach to three types of device drivers
a) Programmed I/O poling
b) Interrupt driven through ISRc) DMA
C. Functions of Device manager
It includes function like Device detection & addition, device allocation and
registration, device sharing, device buffer management, device accessmanagement.
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File System Organization & Implementation
- File is a named entity stored on secondary storage device.
- It contains data in different formats.
- Both real and Virtual files (Pipe) are managed.
Functions to Organize Files in systematic way:
Open
Write
Read Seek
Close
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Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS is an OS for Embedded system
for response time and event controlled processes.
RTOS Services:
Basic OS functions - PM, RM, MM, DM, FSM, I/o, etc.
RTOS main functions - RT task scheduling and latency control
Time management - Time Allocation, time slicing & monitoring for efficiency.
Predictability - Predicting time behaviour and initiation of tasksynchronization
Priorities Management - Allocation and Inheritance
IPC - Synchronization of Tasks using IPC.
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Why need RTOS?
Reasons for need of RTOS Occasions for NO need of RTOS
When efficient scheduling inneeded for multitasks with timeconstraints.
Task synchronization isneeded.
Interrupt latency Control isessential.
Small scale embedded systemnever use RTOS.
Instead of functions in RTOS,standard lib functions in C can beused.
eg. malloc(), free(),
fopen(), fclose(), etc.
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RTOS Task Scheduling Models
A. Control flow strategy
Complete control of i/p and o/ps. Co-operative scheduler adopts this
strategy. Worst case latencies are well defined.
B. Data flow strategy Interrupt occurrences are predictable.
Task control not deterministic.Eg.network. (Packet arrival not predictable) Pre-emptive scheduler adopts this
strategy.
C. Control-data flow strategy Task scheduler fns are designed withpredefined time-out delays.
WC latency is deterministic, because themax delay is predefined.
Cyclic Co-op Schd, Pre-emp Schd, Fixedtime Schd, Dynamic RT Schd uses thisstrategy.
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Co-operative Round robin Scheduling
Other Types of Co-operative scheduling: i) using ordered list.
ii) using time slicing with timers
Dis-advantages: Longer execution time of a low priority task makes a higherpriority task wait until it finishes.
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Pre-emptive Scheduling
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Other Scheduling techniques and Critical Section
Critical Section: It is an important portion of a task, which should not beblocked as it uses a shared variable.
Here, Pre-emptive scheduling leads to conflict.
Other SchedulingTechniques: 1) Fixed real time scheduling of Tasks
2) Probabilistic timed Petrinets
3) Multi Thread Graphs (MTG)
RTOS - Real Time Operating
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p gSystem
A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is an operatingsystem (OS) intended for real-time applications inEmbedded systems.
A key characteristic of real-time operating systems is thelevel of its consistency concerning the amount of time ittakes to accept and complete an application's task.
A real-time OS has an advanced algorithm for scheduling.
Key factors in an real-time OS are a minimal interruptlatency and a minimal thread switching latency.
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Basic functions of RTOS
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Need forTested RTOS
While designing a complex embedded systems, we need a tested bugfree codes for the following.
Multiple task functions in C or C++.
Real time clock based software timers (RTCSWT).
Software for Co-operative scheduler. Software for a Pre-emptive scheduler.
Device drivers and Device managers.
Functions for Inter Process Communications.
Network functions
Error handling functions and exception handling functions.
Testing and System debugging software.
A readily available RTOS package provides the above functions and alot of time is saved for coding the same.
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Options in RTOS
Optionsfor
RTOS
Own RTOSLinuxBasedRTOS
C/ OS-II(Freeware)
PSoSVxWorksNucleusWin CE
Palm OS
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C/OS-II (MUCOS)
C/OS-II is Free Open-sourceRTOS designed by Jean J. Labrossein 1992.
C/OS-II is intended forNon-commercial use.
C/OS-II codes are in C and few CPU specific modules are in ASSY.
C/OS-II code Port on MANY Processors that are commonly used inES design.
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Features of C/OS-II
C/OS-II is a Scalable OS.
C/OS-II uses Pre-emptive Scheduler(for multitasking).
C/OS-II has System level functions.
C/OS-II has Task service functions.
C/OS-II has Task delay functions. C/OS-II has Memory allocation functions.
C/OS-II has IPC functions.
C/OS-II has Semaphore, Queue, Mailbox functions.
when OS or OS_used as prefix, it denotes a function / variableis a C/OS-II function or variable.
Eg. OSTaskCreate() --- C/OS-II function for TASK CREATION.
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Source code files of C/OS-II
A. Processor dependent source files
Os_cpu.h Processor definition header file
Os_cfg.h Kernel building configuration file
Os_tick.c C file for ISR and RTOS timers
Os_cpu_c.c Processor C codes file
Os_cpu-a.s12 Assy code for task switching functions (68HC12)
Source code files of C/OS-II
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(contd..)
Ucos.ii.h MUCOS header file
Ucos.ii.c MUCOS header file
Os_core.c For RTOS core
Os_time.c For RTOS timer
Os_task.c For RTOS task related functions
Os_mem.c For Memory partitioning
Os_sem.c For Semaphore related functionsOs_q.c For Queue related functions
B. Processor independent source files
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RTOS System level functions
The System level functions are
void OSInit (void) At the beginning prior to OSStart()
void OSStart (void) After OSInit() and task creating functions
void OSTickInit (void) To initialize System timer ticks
void OSIntEnter(void) Just after the start of ISR codes
Void OSIntExit (void) before return form the ISR codes
OS_ENTER_CRITICAL Macro to disable all interrupts
OS_EXIT_CRITICAL Macro to enable all interrupts
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Task Service functions
These functions are used to create task, suspend and resume, andtime setting and retrieving functions.
unsigned byte OSTaskCreate () Must call before running a task
unsigned byte OSTaskSuspend (..) Called for blocking a task
unsigned byte OSTaskResume (..) Called for resuming a blocked task
void OSTimeset (..) When system time is to be set
Unsigned int OSTimeGet (void) Find present count when time is read
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Time Delay functions
MUCOS Time delay functions for the tasks are
void OSTimeDly () To delay a task by count-1 value
unsigned byte OSTimeDlyResume () To resume a task after a preset delay
void OSTimeDlyHMSM () Time delay to block a task
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Memory related functions
MUCOS memory related functions for the tasks are
OSMem *OSMemCreate () To create and initialize memory partition
void *OSMemGet (..) To find the pointer of memory control block
unsigned byte OSMemQuery (..) To find pointers of memory blocks
and data structures
unsigned byte OSMemPut () To return a pointer of memory block
S f
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Semaphore related functions
When a semaphore created by OS and used a resource acquiring key, it mustbe initialized with 1 to indicate the resource is available.
MUCOS Semaphore related functions for the tasks are
OS_Event OSSemCreate () To create and initialize a semaphore
void OSSemPend (..) To check whether a semaphore is pending
unsigned short OSSemAccept (..) To check whether SemVal > 0
unsigned byte OSSemPost () If SemVal = 0 or more, increments, and
makes a semaphore again not pending.
unsigned byte OSSemQuery () To get semaphore information
Oth f ti
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Other functions
Apart from the previous said functions, MUCOS has functions related to
Mailbox
Queue
A t ti Ch l t V di M hi (ACVM)
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Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine (ACVM)
Applications
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Applications
Medical instrumentation Military applications Aerospace research
Robotics Consumer Electronics Industrial Applications Automobiles
Telecommunication
B kth h i E b dd d S t D i
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Breakthrough in Embedded System Designs
M k t P t ti l f E b dd d S t
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According to analyst firm,the embedded system opportunity is expected to touch
US$ 360 billion (in terms of devices)
US$ 36 billion (up from the existing US$ 2 billion).
Experts also predict that there will be a ten-fold increase in the number ofpeople employed in the embedded systems industry,
from the current 60,000 professionals to oversix lakh people by 2015.
- Source: NASSCOM
Market Potential forEmbedded Systems
E b dd d S t C i i B l
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Embedded Systems Companies in Bangalore
Sadhanasoft Click Technologies (I) Pvt. Ltd. NiharInfowayLtd. Infobahn (India) Pvt. Ltd.
VisionComptechIntegrators Ltd
DatamationConsultants Pvt. Ltd.
Koenig Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Convergent Communications (India) Pv
OptimalInfotechPvt. Ltd. CompucomSoftware Ltd. SuryaSoft-Tech Ltd Kale Consultants Ltd
DatamationConsultants Pvt. Ltd.
SuryaSoft-Tech Ltd Mphasis-BFL LtdRhombus Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Mphasis-BFL Ltd Global Automation ( Kale Consultants Ltd MindEdgeSolutions
KarishmaSoftware Ltd. Parsec Technologies (India) Ltd.
Binary Semantics Ltd. Netmumbai
VirgosysSoftware Pvt. Ltd. Polaris Software Lab Ltd Cybersol Technologies Pvt Ltd SolutionNetIndia Pvt. Ltd.
IQura Technologies Pvt. Ltd. SDIInfotechPvt. Ltd. DatumTechnologys(India) Ltd
GatewayWebSystemsPvt. Ltd.
WorldwideInfotechInc. JavaSoftechPvt. Ltd. Binary Semantics Ltd. LearnetIndia Ltd.
Intrepid Solutions Private Ltd Global Software Initiatives Pvt. Ltd.
WebspectrumSoftware Pvt. Ltd.
KPITInfosystems Ltd
iBiltTechnologies Ltd iTechWorkshop Pvt. Ltd. DatumTechnologys(India) Ltd
Perfect E Com SolutionPvtLtd.
References
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References
1. Rajkamal, Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design,TMH, First reprint Oct. 2003
2. David E.Simon,An Embedded Software Primer, Pearson Education Asia,
First Indian Reprint 2000.
3. www.embedded.com
4. www.micrcontroller.com
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Thank You
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Thank Youfor your PATIENCE.