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..2559
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE MANAGEMENT BY USING EDUCATIONAL GAMES ON
MATHEMATICAL ABILITY
OF EARLY CHILDHOOD STUDENTS
SUPITCHA TONTAN
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Master of Education Degree in Curriculum and Instruction
Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University 2016
Copyright of Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University
(1)
1) 2) 70 3) 4-5 1 1 2558 2 11 1) 20 2) 0.740.77 0.76 (Chi-square)
Wilcoxon 1) 11 100.00 2) 70 70 .05 3) .05
Abstract Title The Effect of Experience Management by Using
Educational
Games on Mathematical Ability of Early Childhood Students Author
Mrs. SupitchaTontan Advisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Walaiporn Mektrairat
Program Curriculum and Instruction Academic Year 2015
_____________________________________________________________________________
The objectives of this research were 1) to study the mathematical
abilities of children, 2) to study the number of early childhood
students that have been experienced by using educational games on
mathematical ability and passed the standard criterion of 70
percent of the total scores, 3) to compare the mathematical
abilities of early childhood students before and after the
experience of using educational games. The sample group in this
research was early childhood students at the age of 4 to 5 years
who are studying in the Kindergarten 1 at Bandongyen School, under
the Office of Kamphaeng phet Primary Educational Service Area 2.
This research was conducted in first semester, academic year 2015.
The participants were 11 early childhood students selected by the
group sampling technique. The research instruments used include:
1)the 20 lesson plans of using educational games in experiential
learning management and 2) a practical test to measure mathematical
abilities with the measurement reliability coefficient of
0.74,comparison reliability coefficient of 0.77 and sorting
reliability coefficient of 0.76.The statistics used for the
analysis were percentage, standard deviation (S.D) and the
statistics used in testing hypothesis were chi-square and Wilcoxon
Signed-Rank test. The results showed that 1) the 11 early childhood
students (100 percent) have the level of mathematical ability at a
good level, 2) the total early childhood students (70 percent) who
have been experienced by using educational games passed over 70
percent of the full score of mathematical ability test with the
0.05 level of significance, 3) the early childhood students who
have been taught by using educational games have higher scores on
the posttest of mathematical abilities than those of the pretest
with the level of statistical significance at 0.05.
(3)
2
6
10
11
13
5.1.4.2 /
5.1.4.5 ( / ) 5.1.4.6 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2
15
(2547, . 66) / 3 – 5
(2547, .90) (2551, .57) (2551, .142)
(2553, .141)
(2555, .17) 2. (2549, .180)
22
2. 3. () (2551, .143)
1. 2.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
(2557, .254) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2. 2.1
3. 3.1 3.2 3.3
4. () 4.1 4.2
24
6. () 7. () 8.
Kolumbus(1979, pp. 141-149; , 2551, .196) 6 1. (Manipulative games)
2. (Didactic games) 3. (Physical games) 4. (Language games) 5.
(Card games) 6. (Special games) (2541, . 52-69; , 2557, .254-263)
1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4
25
3. 3.1 3.2
4. 4.1 4.2 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3
26
7. () - - - - - - - - 4. (2551, . 21) 1. 2. 3. (2552, . 44) 1. 2.
3. 4.
28
30
31
32
33
34
1 2 3 1 3 1 10 1 30 1 2
3.
4. (2542, . 87-88; , 2552, . 13-14) 1. 1:1 2. 1-10 1-10 3. (Number
system) 1 = 2 = 4. 5. (Properties of math) 6. - - 7. 8.
(Measurement) 9.
35
36
37
4. -, -, , -, -, -, - 5. 1-30 6. 1-10 7. 8. - 1-10 9. 10. - 11. -,
- 12. 13. - 14. - 15. - (2551, . 158) 4 1. 1- 10 2. 1-3 3. 4. 5. 5
1. 1- 20 2. 1-5 3. 4. 5.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
5. (2557, . 147 -149) 1. 2 1.1 (Participant observation) 1.2 (Non -
participant observation) 2. 2.1
................................................
53
1 2 3
54
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
1. 3 ()
2 ()
1 ()
64
()
3 () 2 ()
2 () 1 ()
2 ()
1 ()
67
(3) (2) (1)
(2551, .14-16) (Rubric) 2
=
3. =
= 1.75 2
70
1. = 20, = 37 2. = – = 37- 20 =17 3.
=
30 2. 1) 2) = - 3)
1. = 50, = 93 2. = – = 93 - 50 =43 3.
=
71
()
60-64 2 65-69 1 70-74 1 75-79 5 80-84 3 85-89 4 90-94 3
30 (2555, . 206-207) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 3 3
72
3 50
20 2 19 3 18 4 17 7 16 10 15 4 14 2 13 8 12 5 11 3 10 2 50
1. = 20 – 10 = 10 2. 5 A B+ B C+C
3. =
4.
20-19 A 5 18-17 B+ 11 16-15 B 14 14-13 C+ 10 12-10 C 10
73
1. (2549) “ ” 3 2 2548 25 6 20 20 82.73/85.60 80/80 0.05
74
75
76
78
/
81
82
20 1
20 1
-
20 1
-
-
86
4.96 0.07 4.84 0.29
4.84 0.29 5 0 5 0 5 0
87
5 0 5 0
4.95 0.08 5 0
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
5.00 0.00 5 0
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
5.00 0.00
4.97 0.03
( = 4.97, S.D = 0.03 )
3.1
3.3
90
2.2 1) 2546 2546 (.) ( , 2553, . 1-273) 2) 20 3.3 3.3
/ 1. 2. 3. 4.
1 1 1 1
4 8 3 2 1
91
/ 1. 2. 3. 4.
2 2 2 2
8 16 3 2 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 2 2 2
8 16 3 2 1
92
93
94
1) 0.74 ( 223 )
95
T1 X T2
T1 X T2 1. 1.1 1.2 “” “”
1.2 ( , 2555, . 147)
=
99
PH PL
r
0.20 r 0.29 -1.00
r
DBCADCBA
BCAD
100
= n
2.2 ( , 2555, . 175)
101
(Expected Ffrequency) i k df = k-1
3.2 ( , 2556, . 223-224)
102
9–12 5–8 1-4
104
3.3
7.7
3.3
7.7
3.3
7.7
3.3
7.7
.50 ( 2 = 3.841)
105
.05 ( 2 = 3.841)
70 70 .05 2 3 11 4.3 4.3
11 6.45 11.27 66 0
0* 11 11.18 21.82 66 0 11 12.27 22.18 66 0 11 29.91 55.27 66
0
* .05, T (11, .05 = 10)
106
107
108
109
2 2558 48 1) .01 ( = 25.13 = 18.42 ) 2) .01 ( = 25.13 = 14.58 ) 2.
70 70 .05 70 .05 2
110
111
. ()., . . (2551). .
. (2553). . (). , . . (2553). 2. (). , . . (2555). : . : . .
(2558). .
116
118
. (2553). :. : . . (2553). …. ( 2.). : 9119 . . (2557). :. : . .
(2553). . : . , . (2547). 20 : . : . . (2555). . : . . (2549). .
(). .. .(2553). “ ”. : . Barbosa.(2004).Perception of
multidimensional stimuli: A differential sensitivity account
of
cognitive processing and development.Journal Of Experimental Child
Psychology, 54,213-249. Bruner, J. (1963). The process of
education. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. and Random House. Dewey,
J. (1963). Experience and education. New York: Macmillan Publishing
Company. Garrett, N. K., Busby, F. R., &Pasnak, R.
(1998).Cognitive gains from extended play at classification and
satiation .Report Research:U.S.:Verginia. Kolumbus,E. S. (1979). Is
it tomorrow yet: Israel: Mount Caramel International Training
Center. Lall, G.R. and Lall, B.M. (1983).Ways children learn.
Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
from http://www.thailis.uni.net.th/dao/,Pub.no.AAI9130525
Rubin,k.,&Maion,T. (2000,May). Play reference and its
relationship to egocentrism popularity longitudinal study.
Dissertation Abstracts International,60(11),171-179. Stebler, R.T.,
Vogt,F.Z., Wolf, I.N, Hauser, B.H.,&Rechsteiner, K.R.
(2013).Play-based mathematics in kindergarten: Avideo analysis of
children’s mathematical behaviorwhile playing a board gamein small
groups .Journal Für Mathematik- Didaktik, 34(2), 149-175, Retrieved
fromhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s13138-013-0051-4#/page-1
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
134
5 4 3 2 1 1. 1.1
1.2 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1
4.2 5. 5.1
5.2 5.3 5.4
6.2
7. 7.1
7.2 7.3
137
5 4 3 2 1 1. 1.1
1.2 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1
4.2 5. 5.1
5.2 5.3 5.4
6.2
7. 7.1
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1.6 1.7
140
5 4 3 2 1 1. 1.1
1.2 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1
4.2 5. 5.1
5.2 5.3 5.4
6.2
7. 7.1
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
143
5 4 3 2 1 1. 1.1
1.2 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1
4.2 5. 5.1
5.2 5.3 5.4
6.2
7. 7.1
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1 5 4.87 5 4.96 0.07 2 5 4.87 5 4.96 0.07 3 5 4.87 5 4.96 0.07 4 5
4.87 5 4.96 0.07 5 5 4.87 5 4.96 0.07 6 5 4.86 5 4.95 0.08 7 5 4.86
5 4.95 0.08 8 5 4.86 5 4.95 0.08 9 5 4.86 5 4.95 0.08 10 5 4.86 5
4.95 0.08 11 5 5 5 5 0.00 12 5 5 5 5 0.00 13 5 5 5 5 0.00 14 5 5 5
5 0.00 15 5 5 5 5 0.00 16 5 5 5 5 0.00 17 5 5 5 5 0.00 18 5 5 5 5
0.00 19 5 5 5 5 0.00 20 5 5 5 5 0.00
4.98 0.04
149
1.
3 2 1 3 2 1 6 3
___________________ ( )
2.51 – 3.00 1.51 – 2.50 1.00 – 1.50
152
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-___________________________________________ 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-___________________________________________ 1
153
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-___________________________________________ 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
154
157
1.
3 2 1 3 2 1 6 3
___________________ ( )
2.51 – 3.00 1.51 – 2.50 1.00 – 1.50
160
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-___________________________________________ 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-___________________________________________ 1
161
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-_____________________________________________________ 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
162
165
1.
3 2 1 3 2 1 6 3
___________________ ( )
2.51 – 3.00 1.51 – 2.50 1.00 – 1.50
168
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-______________________________________________________ 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-_____________________________________________________ 1
169
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-______________________________________________________ 1
170
171
172
173
1
2
3
3 2 1 1.
–
–
175
- 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-___________________________________________ 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
×
176
- 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-___________________________________________ 1
3 2 1 3 2 1 6 3
___________________ ( )
2.51 – 3.00 1.51 – 2.50 1.00 – 1.50
178
179
180
1
182
3.
3 2 1 1.
2. -
-
-
183
- 1
- 3
3 2 1 3 2 1 6 3
___________________ ( )
2.51 – 3.00 1.51 – 2.50 1.00 – 1.50
186
1. 2.
1 10
1 1. 2. 3.
...................... ......................
...................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
1 10
2 1. 2. 3.
...................... ......................
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..................... .....................
3. 4.
1 10
3 1. 2. 3.
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
.....................
1 10
4 1. 2. 3.
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
.....................
+ 1 0 -1
5. 6.
1 20
5 1. 2. 3.
.................... .................... ....................
.................... .................... ....................
.................... ....................
....................
5. 6.
1 20
6 1. 2. 3.
.................... .................... ....................
.................... .................... ....................
.................... .................... ....................
....................
7. 8.
450 1 10
7 1. 2. 3.
.................... .................... ....................
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.................... .................... ....................
....................
8 1. 2. 3.
.................... .................... ....................
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...................
2
1 1. 2.
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2
3 1. 2.
...................... ......................
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3.
2
5 1. 2.
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..................... .....................
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6 1. 2.
...................... ......................
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..................... .....................
.....................
4.
2
7 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
.....................
8 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ....................
5.
....................... .......................
....................... .......................
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.................... .................... ....................
.................... .......................
.................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
13 1. 2. 2
...................... ......................
...................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
14 1. 2. 2
...................... ......................
...................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
8.
2
15 1. 2. 2
...................... ......................
...................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
16 1. 2. 2
...................... ......................
...................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
+ 1 0 -1 1.
3
1 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
2 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... .....................
.....................
+ 1 0 -1 2.
3
3 1. 2.
...................... ......................
...................... ......................
...................... ......................
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4 1. 2.
...................... ......................
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.....................
+ 1 0 -1 3.
3
5 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
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.....................
6 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
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.....................
+ 1 0 -1 4.
3
7 1. 2.
........................ ........................
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8 1. 2.
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+ 1 0 -1 5.
3
9 1. 2.
....................... .......................
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+ 1 0 -1 6.
3
11 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
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12 1. 2.
..................... ..................... .....................
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..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ....................
+ 1 0 -1 7.
3
13 1. 2. 3
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................
.....................
14 1. 2. 3
..................... ..................... .....................
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+ 1 0 -1 8.
3
15 1. 2. 3
.................... .................... ....................
.................... .................... ....................
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16 1. 2. 3
.................... .................... ....................
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.................... ....................
IOC
1
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1
1 8 1 1 1 1
4
211
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1
1 8 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1
16 1 1 1 1
8
212
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1
1 8 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1
16 1 1 1 1
8
213
PH PL
2 0.91 0.64 0.78 0.27 -
3 0.96 0.53 0.75 0.43 2
4 0.96 0.82 0.89 0.18 -
5 0.89 0.49 0.69 0.40 3
6 0.82 0.56 0.69 0.26 -
7 0.84 0.44 0.64 0.40 4
8 0.87 0.62 0.75 0.29 -
(p) 0.40 - 0.80 (r) 0.40
=
PH PL
214
PH PL
1 0.82 0.38 0.60 0.44 1 2 0.51 0.42 0.47 0.09 - 3 0.89 0.33 0.61
0.56 2 4 0.58 0.33 0.46 0.25 - 5 0.89 0.47 0.68 0.42 3 6 0.51 0.49
0.50 0.02 - 7 0.91 0.56 0.74 0.35 - 8 0.84 0.44 0.64 0.40 4 9 0.84
0.38 0.61 0.46 5
10 0.69 0.33 0.51 0.36 - 11 0.69 0.40 0.55 0.29 - 12 0.87 0.44 0.66
0.43 6 13 0.67 0.40 0.55 0.27 - 14 0.84 0.40 0.62 0.44 7 15 0.82
0.38 0.60 0.44 8 16 0.71 0.38 0.55 0.33 -
(p) 0.40 - 0.80 (r) 0.40
=
PH PL
215
PH PL
1 0.84 0.44 0.64 0.40 1 2 0.51 0.40 0.46 0.11 - 3 0.93 0.33 0.63
0.60 2 4 0.82 0.47 0.65 0.35 -
5 0.84 0.40 0.62 0.44 3 6 0.91 0.56 0.74 0.35 - 7 0.58 0.40 0.49
0.18 - 8 0.80 0.38 0.59 0.42 4 9 0.87 0.33 0.60 0.54 5
10 0.67 0.49 0.58 0.18 - 11 0.51 0.42 0.47 0.09 - 12 0.84 0.38 0.61
0.46 6 13 0.71 0.40 0.56 0.31 - 14 0.89 0.47 0.68 0.42 7 15 0.69
0.40 0.55 0.29 - 16 0.82 0.38 0.60 0.44 8
(p) 0.40 - 0.80 (r) 0.40
=
= PH – PL
PH PL
216
1
1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 23 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 23
17 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 23 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 22
15 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 22 11 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 22 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 21 3
3 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 21 6 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 21 7 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 21
10 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 21 13 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 21 14 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 21
19 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 21 18 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 20 42 41 43 43 40 37 38 39
323
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 360 PH 0.93 0.91 0.96 0.96 0.89 0.82 0.84
0.87 0.90
217
1
25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 17 21 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 16 20 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 15
22 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 15 26 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 15
4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 14 27 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 14 28 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 14 29
1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 14 30 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 14 8 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 13
12 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 13 24 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 13 23 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 12
16 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 11 23 29 24 37 22 25 20 28 210
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 360 PL 0.51 0.64 0.53 0.82 0.49 0.56 0.44
0.62 0.58
218
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 44 5 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
2 2 42
17 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 42 9 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 41
15 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 38 11 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1
3 3 2 37 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 37 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 2 3
2 3 2 2 2 3 36 6 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 36 7 2 2 3 2 2 2 3
3 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 35
10 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 33 13 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2
2 2 2 32 14 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 31 19 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 2 2 30 18 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 30 37 23 40 26
40 23 41 38 38 31 31 39 30 38 37 32 544
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 720
PH 0.8 2
11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
25 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 22 21 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 21 20 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 21 22 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 21 26 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 4 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 20
27 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 20 28 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 20 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 19 30 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 19 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 19
12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 18 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 19 23 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 17 19 15 15 21 22 25 20 17 15 18 20 18 18 17 17
294
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 720
PL
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 44 5 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
3 3 42
17 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 41 9 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 41
15 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 38 11 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
2 2 3 37 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 37 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 2
1 2 3 3 2 3 36 6 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 36 7 3 2 3 2 3 3 2
2 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 35
10 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 34 13 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2
3 1 2 34 14 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 32 19 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 2
2 1 2 2 3 3 1 31 18 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 31 38 23 42 37
38 41 26 36 39 30 23 38 32 40 31 37 549
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 720
PH 0.8 4
13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
25 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 22 21 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 22 20 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 21 22 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 21 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 20 4 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 20
27 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 20 28 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 19 29 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 19 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19
12 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 24 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 19 23 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 19 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 20 18 15 21 18 25 18 17 15 22 19 17 18 21 18 17
292
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 720
PL
A B C D
1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
223
14 () A B C D
1 2 2 2 1 2 25 26 27 28 29 30
21 2 1 6
DBCADCBA
BCAD
6212161212
)12(6)(21
1
2
3
4
1 3 3 2 2 10 16 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 7 17 3 1 3 1 8
3 3 1 2 1 7 18 3 2 2 2 9
4 2 1 2 1 6 19 3 2 3 1 9
5 3 2 3 2 10 20 2 2 2 2 8
6 3 2 2 2 9 21 3 2 2 1 8
7 2 2 2 1 7 22 2 2 2 1 7
8 1 1 1 1 4 23 1 1 1 1 4 9 2 3 2 2 9 24 1 1 1 1 4
10 3 2 2 1 8 25 2 2 2 1 7
11 2 2 2 1 7 26 2 2 2 1 7
12 1 1 1 1 4 27 1 1 1 1 4 13 2 2 2 2 8 28 1 1 1 1 4 14 2 2 2 1 7 29
1 1 1 1 4 15 2 2 2 1 7 30 2 2 2 1 7
225
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 3 3 3 3 12 16 2 1 1 1 5 2 2 3 2 2 9 17 3 2 3 2 10
3 3 2 2 2 9 18 3 3 3 3 12
4 2 2 2 1 7 19 3 3 3 2 11
5 3 3 3 3 12 20 2 3 2 3 10
6 3 3 3 2 11 21 3 3 3 2 11
7 2 2 2 2 8 22 3 3 2 1 9
8 2 1 1 1 5 23 1 2 1 1 5 9 3 3 3 3 12 24 2 2 2 1 7
10 3 3 2 1 9 25 3 3 2 2 10
11 2 2 2 2 8 26 2 2 2 2 8
12 1 1 1 1 4 27 2 2 1 1 6 13 3 3 2 2 10 28 1 1 1 1 4 14 3 2 2 2 9
29 2 1 1 1 5 15 3 3 3 2 11 30 1 1 1 1 4
226
A B C D
1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
227
17 () A B C D
1 2 2 2 1 2 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
19 2 1 8
DBCADCBA
BCAD
8211981219
)12(8)(19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 18 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 17
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 18
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 18
6 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 19
7 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 20
8 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 10
9 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 17
10 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 18
11 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 19
12 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 11
13 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 21
14 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 20
15 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 19
16 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 14 17 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 18
18 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 19
19 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 20
20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
21 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 21
22 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 22
23 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15
229
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
24 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 14 25 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 18
26 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 17
27 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 11
28 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 13
29 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 18
30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
230
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 20 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 19
3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 21
4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 18 5 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 22
6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 23
7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24
8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
9 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 20
10 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 22
11 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 23
12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
13 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24
14 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 23
15 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 22
16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 17 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 22
18 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24
19 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 23
20 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 20
21 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 23
22 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24
23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
231
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
24 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 25 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 21
26 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 20
27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 15
28 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
29 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
30 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
232
A B C D
1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
233
20 () A B C D
1 2 2 2 1 2 25 26 27 28 29 30
20 2 1 7
DBCADCBA
BCAD
7212071220
)12(7)(20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 20 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 15 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 14 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 5 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 13 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 14 7 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 13 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 9 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 14
10 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 12 11 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 13 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 13
2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 15 14 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 13 15 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 16 1
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 17 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 12 18 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 14 19 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 15 20 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 14 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 22 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 14 23 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 11
235
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 26 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1
13
27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 28 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 29 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 30
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
236
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 22 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 20 4 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 11 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 19 6 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 20 7 2 2 3
2 2 3 2 2 18 8 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 10 9 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 20
10 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 18 11 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 17 12 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 13
2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 20 14 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 17 15 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 23 16 2
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 17 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 19 18 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 17 19 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 23 20 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 21 21 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 22 3 3 3
3 3 2 2 2 21 23 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 14
237
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
24 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 25 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 22 26 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
17
27 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 10 28 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 13 29 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 11
30 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9
238
23
1 60 2 60 3 54 4 53 5 56 6 55 7 52 8 53 9 59
10 53 11 53
100.00
24
1 12 2 12 3 10 4 10 5 12 6 11 7 10 8 11 9 12
10 12 11 12
100.00
25
1 24 2 24 3 23 4 20 5 22 6 21 7 20 8 22 9 23
10 21 11 20
100.00
26
1 24 2 24 3 21 4 23 5 22 6 23 7 22 8 20 9 24
10 20 11 21
100.00
70
1 60 - 100 2 60 - 100 3 54 - 90.00 4 53 - 88.33 5 56 - 93.33 6 55 -
91.67 7 52 - 86.67 8 53 - 88.33 9 59 - 98.33
10 53 - 88.33
11 53 - 88.33
608 11 - 92.12 70 60 42
244
i k df = k-1
70
1 12 - 100 2 12 - 100 3 10 - 83.33 4 10 - 83.33 5 12 - 100 6 11 -
91.67 7 10 - 83.33 8 11 - 91.67 9 12 - 100
10 12 - 100
11 12 - 100
246
i k df = k-1
70
1 24 - 100 2 24 - 100 3 23 - 95.83 4 20 - 83.33 5 22 - 91.67 6 21 -
87.5 7 20 - 83.33 8 22 - 91.67 9 23 - 95.83
10 21 - 87.5
11 20 - 83.33
248
i k df = k-1
70
1 24 - 100 2 24 - 100 3 21 - 87.5 4 23 - 95.83 5 22 - 91.67 6 23 -
95.83 7 22 - 91.67 8 20 - 83.33 9 24 - 100
10 20 - 83.33 11 21 - 87.5 244 11 - 92.42
70 24 17
250
i k df = k-1
1 44 60 16 2 2 2 41 60 19 3 3 3 27 54 27 6.5 6.5 4 26 53 27 6.5 6.5
5 30 56 26 4.5 4.5 6 25 55 30 9 9 7 23 52 29 8 8 8 20 53 33 11 11 9
28 59 31 10 10
10 27 53 26 4.5 4.5 11 38 53 15 1 1
329 608 66 0
252
1 9 12 3 2.5 2.5 2 6 12 6 8.5 8.5 3 4 10 6 8.5 8.5 4 5 10 5 5.5 5.5
5 6 12 6 8.5 8.5 6 5 11 6 8.5 8.5 7 5 10 5 5.5 5.5 8 4 11 7 11 11 9
9 12 3 2.5 2.5
10 9 12 3 2.5 2.5 11 9 12 3 2.5 2.5
71 124 66 0
253
1 17 24 7 2.5 2.5 2 17 24 7 2.5 2.5 3 12 23 11 6 6 4 9 20 11 6 6 5
11 22 11 6 6 6 10 21 11 6 6 7 9 20 11 6 6 8 8 22 14 9.5 9.5 9 6 23
17 11 11
10 7 21 14 9.5 9.5 11 17 20 3 1 1
123 240 66 0
254
1 18 24 6 1.5 1.5 2 18 24 6 1.5 1.5 3 11 21 10 6 6 4 12 23 11 7.5
7.5 5 13 22 9 4 4 6 10 23 13 10.5 10.5 7 9 22 13 10.5 10.5 8 8 20
12 9 9 9 13 24 11 7.5 7.5
10 11 20 9 4 4 11 12 21 9 4 4
135 244 66 0
255
257
1. 2. 2 3. 4. 5.
258
261
262
3.: :
4.: :
264
265
266
1. 1) 2 2) 3)
267
3. 1) 2 2) 3)
268
5. 1) 2) 3)
269
8. 1) 2 2) 3)
270
1. : 2 :
2. : 2 :
3. : 2 :
4. : 2 :
5. : :
6. : :
7. : 2 :
8. : 2 :
272
273
274
5. 1) 1 2)
6. 1) 1 2)
8. 1) 3 2) 3
278
1. : :
2. : :
3. : :
4. : :
5. : :
6. : :
7. : :
8. : :
280
- 28 2517
229 1 62210
.. 2536 ..2542 . () ..2555 () ..2543 1
..2545 1
..2551- . 2
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