9
5($/,6086 VWROHWtQHE\ORRYOiGiQRMHGLQêPVORKHPMDNWRPXE\ORY SHGHãOêFKREGREtFK=DWtPFRMHKR SUYQtSRORYLQDE\ODY\SOQQD]iSDVHPNODVLFLVPXDURPDQWLVPXYHGUXKpSRORYLQ QDVWiYiREUDW NStWRPQRVWLN SRNURNXN UHDOLVPX1i]HYUHDOLVPXVY\FKi]t] ODWLQVNpKRUHDOLVVNXWHþQê 5HYROXþQtKQXWtY URFHRWiVORFHORX(YURSRXWHFKQLFNpY\QiOH]\PQLO\WYi VYWDDYGHF NêSRNURNGiYDOQDGMLQDOHSãtEXGRXFQRVW &tOHPVQDåHQtVHVWiYDODREMHNWLYLWDQRYêStVWXSVHVQDåLORSURVWLWRGÄRVREQtKRþLQLWHOH³QDSUY QtPPtVW E\ODVFKRSQRVWUHDOLWXSHVQ SR]RURYDWDQLåE\E\ODGHIRUPRYiQDIDQWD]LMQtPLSHGVWDYD PL 9 XPQtMGHRVPUNWHUêSRGiYi YUQêXPOHFN\SUDYGLYêREMHNWLYQtREUD]VNXWHþQRVWL-DNR UHDOLVPXVE\ORR]QDþHQRKQXWtNWHUpY]QLNORYH)UDQFLLSHG SRORYLQRXVWROHWtDE\OR]DVWRXSHQR PDOtLMDNR*&RXUEHW+'DXPLHU6PRYDOLN QPXLNUDMLQiLEDUEL]RQVNpãNRO\ 5HDOLVWLFNpWHQGHQFHRYãHPYLGtPHY XPQtPQRKDREGREtRG tPVNpKRSRUWUpWXSRUHDOLVPXVKRODQGVNpKR PDOtVWYtVWROHWt,GHRORJLFN\]NUHVOHQRXSRGRERXUHDOLVPXMHIDãLVWLFNêDVRFLDOLVWLFNêUHDOLVPXV 7pPDWDXPOHFNêFKGOVHYHOLFH]PQLOD0L]tQiERåHQVNpPRWLY\DP\WRORJLHREMHYXMtVHQi PW\] SU$P\VOXLGDOãtFKRERU$ PDQXiOQtSUiFHSURVWHGtKRVSRGDQHYVWLQF$]$VWiYiLQVSLUDFHGL YDGOHP $5&+,7(.785$ 9 DUFKLWHNWXHQDGiOHYOiGQHKLVWRULVPXVV YêMLPNRXMLå]PtQQêFKVWDYHEMDNRMH."iORYêSD OiF6WiOHþDVWMLVHREMHYXMtåHOH]QpNRQVWUXNFH 62&+$679Ë)5$1&,( 'tN\YD]E QDDUFKLWHNWXUXDYHHMQp]DNi]N\E\OYêYRMSODVWLN\ GDOHNRREWtåQMãtQHåXPDOE\%RMSURWLDNDGHPLVPX]DþDOVRFKD -HDQ%DSWLVWH&DUSHDX[ 5XG$YåiN+OHGDONRQWDNW VHVNXWHþQRVWtMHKRVRFK\MVRXUHDOLVWLFNpFLWOLYpDSOQpåLYRWDD SRK\EX&DUSHDX[E\O]iURYH LRVRELWêP PDOtHP 3RGREL]QDDUFK&K*DUQLHUD SRU 6RXVRãtWDQFHQDSU$þHOt9HONpRSHU\ 3D

25 REALISMUS - plant.ffa.vutbr.czplant.ffa.vutbr.cz/~jiricek/prenos/marky/dejiny/kap_25.pdf · 586.2 9 urfh ˙ˆ e\ory 5xvnx ]doråhqr 6guxåhqt sxwryqtfk uxvn\ shuhgylåq\fk yŒvwdy–

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

�5($/,6086���VWROHWt�QHE\OR�RYOiGiQR�MHGLQêP�VORKHP��MDN�WRPX�E\OR�Y S�HGHãOêFK�REGREtFK��=DWtPFR�MHKRSUYQt�SRORYLQD�E\OD�Y\SOQ�QD�]iSDVHP�NODVLFLVPX�D�URPDQWLVPX��YH�GUXKp�SRORYLQ� QDVWiYi�REUDWN S�tWRPQRVWL��N SRNURNX��N UHDOLVPX��1i]HY�UHDOLVPXV�Y\FKi]t�] ODWLQVNpKR�UHDOLV��VNXWHþQê�5HYROXþQt�KQXWt�Y URFH������RW�iVOR�FHORX�(YURSRX��WHFKQLFNp�Y\QiOH]\�P�QLO\�WYi� VY�WD�D�Y�GHF�Nê�SRNURN�GiYDO�QDG�ML�QD�OHSãt�EXGRXFQRVW�&tOHP�VQDåHQt�VH�VWiYDOD�REMHNWLYLWD��QRYê�S�tVWXS�VH�VQDåLO�RSURVWLW�RG�ÄRVREQtKR�þLQLWHOH³��QD�SUY�QtP�PtVW� E\OD�VFKRSQRVW�UHDOLWX�S�HVQ� SR]RURYDW��DQLå�E\�E\OD�GHIRUPRYiQD�IDQWD]LMQtPL�S�HGVWDYD�PL�9 XP�Qt�MGH�R�VP�U��NWHUê�SRGiYi Y�UQê��XP�OHFN\�SUDYGLYê��REMHNWLYQt�REUD]�VNXWHþQRVWL��-DNRUHDOLVPXV�E\OR�R]QDþHQR�KQXWt��NWHUp�Y]QLNOR�YH�)UDQFLL�S�HG SRORYLQRX����VWROHWt�D�E\OR�]DVWRXSHQRPDOt�L�MDNR�*�&RXUEHW��+�'DXPLHU��6P��RYDOL�N Q�PX�L�NUDMLQi�L�EDUEL]RQVNp�ãNRO\�5HDOLVWLFNp�WHQGHQFH�RYãHP�YLGtPH�Y XP�Qt�PQRKD�REGREt��RG��tPVNpKR�SRUWUpWX�SR�UHDOLVPXV�KRODQGVNpKRPDOt�VWYt����VWROHWt��,GHRORJLFN\�]NUHVOHQRX�SRGRERX�UHDOLVPX�MH�IDãLVWLFNê�D�VRFLDOLVWLFNê�UHDOLVPXV�7pPDWD�XP�OHFNêFK�G�O�VH�YHOLFH�]P�QLOD��0L]t�QiERåHQVNp�PRWLY\�D�P\WRORJLH��REMHYXMt�VH�Qi�P�W\�] SU$P\VOX�L�GDOãtFK�RERU$ PDQXiOQt�SUiFH��SURVW�HGt�KRVSRG�D�QHY�VWLQF$��]$VWiYi�LQVSLUDFH�GL�YDGOHP�$5&+,7(.785$9 DUFKLWHNWX�H�QDGiOH�YOiGQH�KLVWRULVPXV��V YêMLPNRX�MLå�]PtQ�QêFK�VWDYHE�MDNR�MH�.�Lã"iORYê�SD�OiF��6WiOH�þDVW�ML�VH�REMHYXMt�åHOH]Qp�NRQVWUXNFH�62&+$�679Ë���)5$1&,('tN\�YD]E� QD�DUFKLWHNWXUX�D�YH�HMQp�]DNi]N\�E\O�YêYRM�SODVWLN\GDOHNR�REWtåQ�Mãt��QHå�X�PDOE\��%RM�SURWL�DNDGHPLVPX�]DþDO�VRFKD�-HDQ�%DSWLVWH�&DUSHDX[ �������������5XG$Y�åiN��+OHGDO�NRQWDNWVH�VNXWHþQRVWt��MHKR�VRFK\�MVRX�UHDOLVWLFNp��FLWOLYp�D�SOQp�åLYRWD�DSRK\EX��&DUSHDX[�E\O�]iURYH� L�RVRELWêPPDOt�HP�

3RGREL]QD�DUFK��&K�*DUQLHUD�SR�U�����6RXVRãt�WDQFH�QD�SU$þHOt�9HONp�RSHU\�3D�tå������

�ý(&+<

-RVHI�9iFODY�0\VOEHN�������������-HKR�SUiFH�VH�Y\YtMHOD�VP�UHP�N UHDOLVPX��W�HEDåH�P�OD�SRP�UQ� VLOQRX�URPDQWLFNRX�OLQLL��� VRX�VRãt�] 3DODFNpKR�PRVWX�Y 3UD]H�±�=iERM�D�6ODYRM��/XPtU�D�StVH���&WLUDG�D�âiUND��3�HP\VO�D�/L�EXãH��GQHV�QD�9\ãHKUDG���5HDOLVWLFNp�MVRX�SRUWUpW\��$XWRSRUWUpW��SRGREL]QD�9�/DQQ\��NOHþtFt�NDUGLQiO�6FKZDU]HQEHUJ YH6YDWRYtWVNp�NDWHGUiOH��1HM]QiP�MãtPL�GtO\�MVRX�VRFKD�+XGE\ �YH�IR\HUX�1iURGQtKR�GLYDGOD��D�KODYQ� MH]GHFNê�SRPQtNVY�9iFODYD QD�9iFODYVNpP�QiP�VWt�Y 3UD]H��. W�PWR�VRFKiP�H[LVWXMH�QHVSRþHW�VNLF�D�U$]QêFK�YDULDQW�1D�SRPQtNX�VY�9iFODYD�SUDFRYDO�0\VOEHN�V S�tSUDYDPL����OHW��9iFODY�MH�RENORSHQ�þHVNêPL�VY�WFL�±VY�/XGPLORX��$QHåNRX��3URNRSHP�D�9RMW�FKHP�

6Y��9iFODY��VWXGLH3RPQtN�NQtåHWH�9iFODYD��������2GGDQRVW������

3RGREL]QD�9�/DQQ\������

�0$/Ë�679Ë

)5$1&,(3D�tå�MH�Y WRPWR�REGREt�FHQWUHP�XP�OHFNpKR�YêYRMH��0DOt�VWYt�]GH�QDSOQR�RYOiGi�UHDOLVPXV�7HKGHMãt��XP�OHFNRX�YH�HMQRVW�SRERX�LO�*XVWDYH�&RXUEHW �������������'RPQtYDOL�VH��åH�MHKR�SRMHWtUHDOLVPX�S�HNUDþXMH�PH]H�VOXãQRVWL��2Q�VH�QDRSDN�SRYDåRYDO�]D�REKiMFH�UHDOLVPX�&RXUEHWD�]DMtPDOD�S�HGHYãtP�KPRWQi�VNXWHþQRVW�D�MHKR�SRKOHG�QD�QL�E\O�]FHOD�QHVHQWLPHQWiOQt�7pPDWLFN\�E\O�MHKR�]iE�U�ãLURNê��NUDMLQ\��]iWLãt�DNW\��VNXSLQRYp�SRUWUpW\��3RK�HE�Y 2UQDQV�������$WHOLHU���������5XNRSLV�MH�YêUD]Qê�D�ERKDWê��SR�SRþi�WHþQtFK�WHPQ�MãtFK�SOiWQHFK�SRNUDþRYDO�NH�VY�WOHMãtPXY\MiG�HQt�

%RQMRXU�0RQVLHXU�&RXUEHW������

.G\å�Y URFH������SRURWD�QHS�LSXVWLOD�&RXUEHWRY\�REUD]\�QD�6Y�WRYRX�YêVWDYX�Y 3D�tåL��PDOt� VLY\WYR�LO�VRXNURPê�SDYLORQ�SRG�Qi]YHP�5HDOLVPXV��=GH�Y\VWDYLO�L�$WHOLHU��NWHUê�VOXþXMH�UHDOLVWLFNê]S$VRE�PDOE\�VH�V\PEROLFNêP�QiP�WHP�

$XWRU�VH�QDPDORYDO�S�L�SUiFL�QD�NUDMLQ���Y SUDYp�þiVWL�REUD]X�MH�Q�NROLN�SRUWUpW$ MHKR�S�iWHO��1DKi�PR�GHOND�]GH�VStãH�V\PEROL]XMH�0~]X����REUD]�Pi�IRUPiW�����[�����

�6OHþQ\�QD�E�HKX�6HLQ\������

&RXUEHW�Y SU$E�KX����OHW�XYRO�RYDO�VY$M�WDK�ãW�W�FHP�Då�N QDKD]RYiQt�KXVWp�EDUY\�ãSDFKWOt�9]KOHGHP�N XP�OHFNêP�L�SROLWLFNêP�SUREOpP$PRSXVWLO�&RXUEHW�)UDQFLL�D�]E\WHN�åLYRWD�VWUiYLO�YHâYêFDUVNX�

6NY�OêP�PDOt�HP��JUDILNHP�L�VRFKD�HP�E\O�WDNp�MHKR�YUVWHYQtN�+RQRUp�'DXPLHU ������������.UHVOLO�NDULNDWXU\�SUR�þDVRSLV\��PDORYDO�VRFLiOQ� PRWLYRYDQp�REUD]\��þDVWR�Y WpPDWLFNêFK�F\NOHFK�±]H�VRXGQtFK�VtQt��] GLYDGHO��PLORYQtN\�JUDILN�D�NQLK�Y REFKRGHFK��FKRGFH�QD�XOLFL«-HKR�PDOt�VNê�UXNRSLV�E\O�XYROQ�Qê��H[SUHVLYQt�

%�HPHQR������������ 9DJRQ�W�HWt�W�tG\���������

9 KOtQ� PRGHORYDO�VDWLULFNp�EXVW\�QDS���SRVODQF$ ] SDUODPHQWX�D�SRXåtYDO�MHMDNR�PRGHO\�SUR�NDULNDWXU\�

-DFTXHV�/HIpEUH��Ä-HPQê�D�SURQLNDYê�GXFK³���������

�586.2

9 URFH������E\OR�Y 5XVNX�]DORåHQR�6GUXåHQt�SXWRYQtFK��UXVN\�SHUHGYLåQ\FK��YêVWDY�±�WDN]YDQt��SH�UHGYLåQLFL��8VLORYDOL�R�SRSXODUL]DFL�UHDOLVWLFNpKR��QiURGQtKR�D�OLGRYpKR�XP�Qt��=DP��LOL�VH�KODYQ� QDåiQURYRX�PDOEX��SRUWUpW�D�NUDMLQX��-HMLFK�SRSLVQê�UHDOLVPXV�VL�]tVNDO�]QDþQRX�REOLEX�X�YH�HMQRVWL�1HM]QiP�Mãt�] QLFK�E\O�,OMD�-HILPRYLþ�5HSLQ �����������0DORYDO�YHONi�SOiWQD�VH�VRFLiOQtPL QiP�W\��%XUODFL�QD�9RO]H������������KLVWRULFNp�XGiORVWL��,YDQ+UR]Qê���WDNp��DGX�SRUWUpW$�

%XUODFL�QD�9RO]H����������� 3�0�0XVRUJVNLM������

ý(6.e�=(0�9 þHVNpP�UHDOLVWLFNpP�PDOt�VWYt�Y\þQtYDMt�QDG�SU$P�U�KODYQ� GY� MPpQD�±�.DUHO�3XUN\Q� Y PDOE�ILJXU\�D�]iWLãt�D�$QWRQtQ�&KLWWXVVL�Y NUDMLQRPDOE��.DUHO�3XUN\Q� �����������-HKR�RWFHP�E\O�SURVOXOê�-DQ�(YDQJHOLVWD�3XUN\Q���Y�GHF�D�DXWRU�REMHY$ Y�RERUX�KLVWRORJLH�D�I\]LRORJLH�9�QRYDO�VH�]SRþiWNX�KODYQ� SRUWUpWX��Y Q�På�Y\FKi]HO�]H�VWXGLD EDURNQtFK�PLVWU$��S�HGHYãtP%UDQGOD��6Y�Gþt�R�WRP�WHPQRVYLW�MHKR�UDQêFK�SRGREL]HQ�9 3D�tåL�SR]QDO�GtOD�IUDQFRX]VNêFK�URPDQWLN$� NWHUi�]�HMP� SRPRKOD�UR]YLQRXW�MHKR�YHONê�NROR�ULVWLFNê�WDOHQW��7R��åH�VH�GRSUDFRYDO�QHMHQ�VNXWHþQpKR�UHDOLVPX��DOH�åH�MHKR�SR]G�Mãt�WYRUED�Xå�RGSRYt�Gi�LPSUHVLRQLVWLFNpPX�SRMHWt��QHO]H�SRYDåRYDW�]D�IUDQFRX]VNê�YOLY��VStãH�QH]iYLVOH�GRVS�ON SRGREQêP�YêVOHGN$P�3RUWUpW\�PDMt�VLFH�MHGQRWQê�W\SLFNê�VW\O��DOH�NDåGê�] QLFK�MH�SRMDW�RGOLãQ���Y EDUHYQRVWL��YH�YROE�SR]DGt�L�Y NRPSR]LFL�

��3URW�MãNRYp�SRUWUpW\�/HRSROGD�D�(P\�.�LNDYRYêFK ] U������3RGREL]QD�URGLQ\��H]Ei�H�9RUOtþND��3RGREL]QD�XP�OFRY\FKRWL�������

5RGLQD�VRFKD�H�9RUOtþND�NROHP�����.RYi� -HFK��3ROLWL]XMtFt�NRYi�������

.RPELQDFH�SRUWUpWX�VH�]iWLãtP�VH�REMHYXMH�QD�REUD]H�.RYi�-HFK��1HREY\NOê�MH�]S$VRE�Y\MiG�HQt��NG\�MH�SUDFXMtFt�þORY�NQDPDORYiQ�VLFH�YH�VYp�GtOQ���DOH�S�L�þWHQt�QRYLQ�

9 OHWHFK������D������PDOXMH�3XUN\Q� FHORX��DGX�]iWLãt��=iWLãtV EDåDQW\��=iWLãt�V FLEXOt�D�NRURSWYHPL��=iWLãt�V SiYHP��D�KODYQ�6RYX�VQ�åQRX��REUD]�R]QDþHQê�REGLYRYDWHOL�MDNR�ÄNRQFHUW�OiWNR�YêFK�VWUXNWXU³�6RYD�VQ�åQi������

9 URFH������SURE�KO\�YHONp�RVODY\�N�����OHW$P�6KDNHVSHDURYD�QDUR]HQt��0DOt� QDPDORYDO�GORXKêYO\V���SU$YRG�VKDNHVSHDURYVNêFK��SRVWDY��NWHUê�S�L�RVODY� GHILORYDO�QD�MHYLãWL�1RYRP�VWVNpKR�GLYD�GOD��= S$YRGQtFK���þiVWt�VH�]DFKRYDOR����3UiY� Y WRPWR�GtOH�Xå�O]H�POXYLW�R�LPSUHVLRQLVWLFNp�PDOE��3U$YRG�SRVWDY]H�6KDNHVSHDURYêFK�KHU�,��������ROHM�QD�SOiWQ��OHYi�SRORYLQD

�*(1(5$&(�1È52'1Ë+2�',9$'/$8GiORVWt��RYOLY�XMtFt�FHOê�þHVNê�NXOWXUQt�åLYRW��E\OR�SRVWDYHQt�1iURGQtKR�GLYDGOD��=iNODGQt�NiPHQE\O�SRORåHQ�Y URFH�������KRWRYp�GLYDGOR�E\OR�RWHY�HQR�Y þHUYQX�������-Lå�]D�GYD�P�VtFH�GLYDGOR�Y\�KR�HOR�D�SR�UHNRQVWUXNFL�E\OR�]QRYX�RWHY�HQR�Y OLVWRSDGX������3$YRGQt�SURMHNW�QD�VWDYEX�MH�RG�-RVHID�=tWND��SR�SRåiUX�QD�~SUDYiFK�SUDFRYDO�-RVHI�6FKXO]��NWHUêUR]ãt�LO�S$YRGQt�GLVSR]LFL�R�3UR]DWtPQt�GLYDGOR��SURYR]Qt�]i]HPt��1D�Yê]GREX�E\OD�Y\KOiãHQD�VRFKD�VNi�L�PDOt�VNi�VRXW�å�D�SRGtOHOD VH�QD�Qt�FHOi��DGD�XP�OF$�9iFODY�0\VOEHN �EH]�VRXW�åH��Y\WYR�LO�SUR�SRVWUDQQt�YFKRG�DOHJRULH�2SHU\D�'UDPDWX���������,QVSLURYDO�VH�0LFKHODQJHORYêPL�QiKUREN\�0HGLFHMVNêFK�0LPR�WR�YH�IR\HUX�VWRMt�MHKR�VRFKD�+XGE\�$QWRQtQ�:DJQHU �����������Y\WYR�LO�GR�YêNOHQN$ Y SU$þHOt�SRVWDY\�/XPtUD D�=iERMH��QDG�]iSDGQtP�SU$þH�OtP�QDG�EDOXVWUiGRX�MVRX�VRXVRãt�=S�YRKUD D�ýLQRKUD�

=iERM%RKXVODY�6FKQLUFK �����������9\ãHO�YH�VYpP�SRMHWt�] PH]LQiURGQt�QRYRUHQHVDQFH�1D�DWLFH�1'�VWRMt�MHKR�$SROOR D�0~]\��NURP� W\PSDQRQX�QDG�MHYLãW�P QDYUKRYDO�L�SODVWLFNpGHWDLO\�LQWHULpUX�D�KODYQ� WULJ\��GRNRQþHQ\�D�RVD]HQ\�E\O\�Då�SR�MHKR�VPUWL��

7ULJ\

3UR�5XGROILQXP�Y\WHVDO�VWUiåFH�YFKR�G$��OY\�D�VILQJ\��SUR�1iURGQt�PX]HXPDOHJRULFNp�VNXSLQ\�SRG�NXSROt«.H�6FKQLUFKRYêP�GtO$P�SDW�t�WDNpQ�NROLN�SRPQtN$��QDS���.DUOD�,9� D]HMPpQD�MH]GHFNê�SRPQtN�-L�tKR] 3RG�EUDG QD�QiP�VWtY 3RG�EUDGHFK�

�0LNROiã�$OHã �����������$OHã�VH�VWDO�]RVREQ�QtP�QiURGQtFK�VQDK����VWROHWt��-HKR�REUD]QRVW�VH�REUDFHOD�N S�tE�K$P�] þHVNpKLVWRULH��NWHUp�þDVWR�]SUDFRYiYDO�Y HSLFNêFK�F\NOHFK�1iYUK�QD�þWUQiFW�OXQHW�F\NOX�9ODVW SUR�1'�SRGDO�$OHã�VSROX�V äHQtãNHP��DOH�]iNODGQt�]SUDFRYiQtNDUWRQ$ MH�GtOHP�$OãH��5REXVQt�MHGQRGXFKi�NUHVED�D�PRQXPHQWiOQt�S$VREHQt�MHGQRWOLYêFK�PDOHE�MHYLGLWHOQ� Y $OãRY� VW\OX��1DRSDN�~SUDYD�GR�WYDUX�OXQHW�D�XUþLWp�XKOD]HQt�D�]MHPQ�Qt��S�L]S$VREHQtVW\OX�RVWDWQtFK�PDOHE�Y 1'��SURYHGO�]�HMP� äHQtãHN�

6HWNiQt�-L�tKR�] 3RG�EUDG�V 0DW\iãHP�.RUYtQHP��VWXGLH���������������� .UNRQRãH��OXQHWD�]�1''DOãt�VSROHþQRX�SUDFt�MVRX���YHONp�QiVW�QQp�REUD]\�YH�IR\HUX��äLYRW«���NGH�QDRSDN�äHQtãN$Y�SR�GtO�S�HYDåXMH�3R�URFH������]DQHFKDO�PDOE\�D�Y�QRYDO�VH�LOXVWUDFtP��ýHODNRYVNê���2KODV\�StVQt�UXVNêFK��NQLK\-LUiVND��$UEHVH��5DLVH��âSDOtþHN��D�QiYUK$P�QiVW�QQêFK�PDOHE�D�VJUDILW��:LHKO$Y�G$P�)UDQWLãHN�äHQtãHN �����������0DORYDO�Y QRYRUHQHVDQþQtP�GXFKX��MHKR DNDGHPLFN\�XKOD]HQiIRUPD�QDFKi]HOD�X�VRXþDVQtN$ YHONê�RKODV��0�O�PQRåVWYt�]DNi]HN��OX�QHW\�Y 1iURGQtP�PX]HX��NDUWRQ\�N QiVW�QQêP�PDOEiP Y 2EHFQtPGRP���RNQD�NDUOtQVNpKR�FKUiPX���1DPDORYDO�WDNp��DGX�SRUWUpW$ DSRSXOiUQtFK�KLVWRULFNêFK�REUD]$ �2OG�LFK�D�%RåHQD��6SROX�V $OãHP�QDYUKO���QiVW�QQp�REUD]\�YH�IR\HUX��äLYRW��0êWXV�=S�Y�ERKDWêUVNê��+LVWRULH���6DPRVWDWQ� PDORYDO�VWURS�IR\HUX D��SRVWDY�0~] QD�VWURS� KOHGLãW��äHQtãNRYRX�SUDFt�E\OD�L�SUYQt�RSRQD�1'��3R�SRåiUX�ML�Xå�]QRYXPDORYDO�+\QDLV� 0~]D�0DOt�VWYt-RVHI�7XOND �����������MH�DXWRUHP�OXQHW�YH�YQ�Mãt�ORGåLL��0DOED�S$VREt�YHOPL�PiQHVRYVN\�3R�SUiFL�QD�OXQHWiFK�7XOND�QDWROLN�SRFK\ERYDO�R�VYp�SUiFL��åH�Y�WãLQXSUDFt�VSiOLO��6Y$M�åLYRW�GRåLO�Y FL]LQ� Y NOiãWH�H�

3tVH� XWODþHQp�VYRERG\��IUHVND��Yê�H]

�9iFODY�%URåtN �����������%URåtN�VH�]DEêYDO�KODYQ� PDOERX�KLVWRULFNêFK�WpPDW�0LVWU�-DQ�+XV�S�HG�NRVWQLFNêP�NRQFLOHP��=YROHQtNUiOH�-L�tKR�] 3RG�EUDG��VW\OHP�DNDGHPLFNpKR�UHDOLVPX�3UR�1'�Y\WYR�LO�PDOEX�Y NUiORYVNp�OyåL�D�S�LOHKOêFKSURVWRUiFK��-H�]GH�DOHJRULH�3UDK\ D�DOHJRULH�SDQRYQLF�NêFK URG$�

0LVWU�-DQ�+XV�S�HG�NRVWQLFNêP�NRQFLOHP���������������� 'HWDLO�5XGROID�,,��] REUD]X�+DEVEXUNRYp�]�1'-XOLXV�0D�iN �����������3UYQt�~VS�FK\�]tVNDO�NUHVEDPL�OHVQtFK�NUDMLQ�%\O�MHGLQêP�NUDMLQi�HP��NWHUê�VH ~þDVWQLO�Yê�]GRE\�1'��1DPDORYDO���REUD]$ PtVW��RGNXGE\O\�S�LYH]HQ\�]iNODGQt�NDPHQ\���9\ãHKUDG��tS��9HOHKUDG«���-HKR�GtOD�MVRX�Y\WYR�HQD�YHVW\OX�GR]QtYDMtFtKR�URPDQWLVPX� +UDGþDQ\

9RMW�FK�+\QDLV �����������+\QDLV�Pi�]H�YãHFK�PDOt�$��]DVWRXSHQêFK�Y JHQHUDFL�1'�QHM�PRGHUQ�Mãt�SRMHWt��NWHUp�UR]KRGQ� QHQt�DNDGHPLFNp�3UR�GLYDGOR�QDPDORYDO�DOHJRULH�URþQtFK�GRE��=LPD�MH�Xå�GRMLVWp�PtU\�VHFHVQt�2SRQD GLYDGOD�MH�QHM]QiP�MãtP�+\QDLVRYêP�GtOHP�'HWDLO�REUD]X�=LPD