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INTRODUCTION

 Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, isa sport played between two teams of eleven playerswith a spherical ball Itis played by !"# million players in over !## co$ntries, makin% it the world&smost pop$lar sportThe %ame is played on a rectan%$lar field with a %oal ateach end The ob'ect of the %ame is to score by $sin% any part of the bodybesides the arms and hands to %et the ball into the opposin% %oal

The %oalkeepers are the only players allowed to to$ch the ball with theirhands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty area O$tfield

players mostly $se their feet to strike or pass the ball, b$t may $se theirhead or torso to strike the ball instead The team that scores the most %oalsby the end of the match wins If the score is tied at the end of the %ame,either adraw is declared or the %ame %oes into e(tra time and)or a penaltyshooto$t dependin% on the format of the competition The*aws of the+ame were ori%inally codified in n%land by The -ootball Association in./01 Association football is %overned internationally by the International-ederation of Association -ootball

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HISTORY

Two of the earliest recorded football type %ames from $rope

incl$de piskyros from Ancient+reece andthe Romanversion 2arpast$m,the Romanversion 2arpast$m, which similar to pre3codified 45ob -ootball4 involved more handlin% the ballthan kickin%678 Other competitive %ames revolvin% aro$nd the kickin% of aball have been played in a few co$ntries thro$%ho$t history, s$ch as c$'$ inChina6.#8 Non3competitive %ames incl$ded kemari in 9apanand wo%%abaliri in A$stralia The modern r$les of association football arebased on the mid3.7th cent$ry efforts to standardise the widely varyin%forms of football played in the p$blic schools of n%land The history offootball in n%land dates back to at least the ei%hth cent$ry6..8

The Cambrid%e R$les, first drawn $p at Cambrid%e University in ./:/,were partic$larly infl$ential in the development of s$bse;$ent codes,incl$din% association football The Cambrid%e R$les were written at TrinityColle%e, Cambrid%e, at a meetin% attended by representativesfromton, 2arrow, R$%by, <inchester  and =hrewsb$ry schools They werenot $niversally adopted D$rin% the ./"#s, many cl$bs $nconnected toschools or $niversities were formed thro$%ho$t the n%lish3speakin% world,to play vario$s forms of football =ome came $p with their own distinctcodes of r$les, most notably the =heffield -ootball Cl$b, formed by former

p$blic school p$pils in ./">,6.!8 which led to formation of a =heffield -Ain./0> In ./0!, 9ohn Charles Thrin% of Uppin%ham =chool also devised aninfl$ential set of r$les6.18

These on%oin% efforts contrib$ted to the formation of The -ootball Association ?The -A@ in ./01, which first met on the mornin% of !0 October./01 at the -reemasons& Tavern in +reat $een =treet, *ondon6.:8 The

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only school to be represented on this occasion wasCharterho$se The-reemason&s Tavern was the settin% for five more meetin%s betweenOctober and December, which event$ally prod$ced the first comprehensiveset of r$les At the final meetin%, the first -A treas$rer, the representativefrom Blackheath, withdrew his cl$b from the -A over the removal of twodraft r$les at the previo$s meetin% the first allowed for r$nnin% with the ballin hand the second for obstr$ctin% s$ch a r$n by hackin% ?kickin% anopponent in the shins@, trippin% and holdin% Other n%lish r$%by cl$bsfollowed this leadand did not 'oin the -A and instead in ./>. formedthe R$%by -ootball Union The eleven remainin% cl$bs, $nder the char%eof beneEer Cobb 5orley, went on to ratify the ori%inal thirteen laws of the%ame6.:8 These r$les incl$ded handlin% of the ball by 4marks4 and the lackof a crossbar, r$les which made it remarkably similar to Fictorian r$lesfootball bein% developed at that time in A$stralia The =heffield -A played

by its own r$les $ntil the ./>#s with the -A absorbin% some of its r$les $ntilthere was little difference between the %ames

The laws of the %ame are determined by the International -ootball Association Board ?I-AB@6.08 The Board was formed in .//0 after a meetin%in 5anchester  of The -ootball Association, the =cottish -ootball

 Association, the -ootball Association of <ales, and the Irish -ootball Association The world&s oldest football competition is the -A C$p, whichwas fo$nded by C < Alcock and has been contested by n%lish teamssince ./>! The first official international football match took place in ./>!

between =cotland and n%land in +las%ow, a%ain at the insti%ation of C< Alcock n%land is home to the world&s first football lea%$e, which wasfo$nded inBirmin%ham in ./// by Aston Filla director <illiam 5c+re%or 6./8 The ori%inal format contained .! cl$bs from the 5idlands and Northernn%land -I-A, the international football body, was formed in Garis in .7#:and declared that they wo$ld adhere to *aws of the +ame of the -ootball

 Association6.78 The %rowin% pop$larity of the international %ame led to theadmittance of -I-A representatives to the International -ootball AssociationBoard in .7.1 The board consists of fo$r representatives from -I-A andone representative from each of the fo$r British associations 6!#8

Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world 5illions of people re%$larly %o to football stadi$ms to follow their favo$rite teams,6!.8 while billions more watch the %ame on television or on the internet 6!!8 Avery lar%e n$mber of people also play football at an amate$r level

 Accordin% to a s$rvey cond$cted by -I-A p$blished in !##., over !:#

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million people from more than !## co$ntries re%$larly play football -ootballhas the hi%hest %lobal television a$dience in sport

In many parts of the world football evokes %reat passions and plays an

important role in the life of individ$al fans, local comm$nities, and even

nations R Hap$scinski says that people who are polite, modest or evenh$mble in $rope fall easily into ra%e with playin% or watchin% soccer

%ames The Cte d&Ivoire national football team helped sec$re a tr$ce to

the nation&s civil war  in !##0 and it helped f$rther red$ce tensions between

%overnment and rebel forces in !##> by playin% a match in the rebel capital

of Bo$akJ, an occasion that bro$%ht both armies to%ether peacef$lly for the

first time By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final

pro(imate ca$se for the -ootball <ar  in 9$ne .707 between l

=alvador  and 2ond$ras8

 The sport also e(acerbated tensions at thebe%innin% of the K$%oslav <ars of the .77#s, when a match

between Dinamo La%reb and Red =tar Bel%rade de%enerated into riotin% in

5ay .77#

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Gameplay 

 A %oalkeeper savin% a close3ran%e shot from inside the penalty area

 Association football is played in accordance with a set of r$les known asthe *aws of the +ame The %ame is played $sin% a spherical ball ?of >. cm?!/ in@ circ$mference in -I-A play@, known as the football  ?or soccer ball @Two teams of eleven players each compete to %et the ball into the otherteam&s %oal ?between the posts and $nder the bar@, thereby scorin% a %oalThe team that has scored more %oals at the end of the %ame is the winnerif both teams have scored an e;$al n$mber of %oals then the %ame is adraw ach team is led by a captainwho has only one official responsibilityas mandated by the *aws of the +ame to be involved in the coin toss priorto kick3off or penalty kicks61.8

The primary law is that players other than %oalkeepers may not deliberately

handle the ball with their hands or arms d$rin% play, tho$%h they do $setheir hands d$rin% a throw3in restart Altho$%h players $s$ally $se their feetto move the ball aro$nd, they may $se any part of their body ?notably,4headin%4 with the forehead@61!8 other than their hands or arms6118 <ithinnormal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and movethro$%ho$t the pitch, tho$%h the ball cannot be received inan offside position61:8

In %ame play, players attempt to create %oal3scorin% opport$nities thro$%hindivid$al control of the ball, s$ch as by dribblin%, passin% the ball to a

team3mate, and by takin% shots at the %oal, which is %$arded by theopposin% %oalkeeper Opposin% players may try to re%ain control of the ballby interceptin% a pass or thro$%h tacklin% the opponent in possession ofthe ball however, physical contact between opponents is restricted-ootball is %enerally a free3flowin% %ame, with play stoppin% only when theball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an

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infrin%ement of the r$les After a stoppa%e, play recommences with aspecified restart

 At a professional level, most matches prod$ce only a few %oals -ore(ample, the !##"M#0 season of the n%lish Gremier *ea%$e prod$ced an

avera%e of !:/ %oals per match6108

 The *aws of the +ame do not specifyany player positions other than %oalkeeper,61>8 b$t a n$mber of specialisedroles have evolved Broadly, these incl$de three main cate%ories strikers,or forwards, whose main task is to score %oals defenders, who specialisein preventin% their opponents from scorin% and midfielders, whodispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball in order to passit to the forwards on their team Glayers in these positions are referred to aso$tfield players, in order to distin%$ish them from the %oalkeeper Thesepositions are f$rther s$bdivided accordin% to the area of the field in whichthe player spends most time -or e(ample, there are central defenders, andleft and ri%ht midfielders The ten o$tfield players may be arran%ed in anycombination The n$mber of players in each position determines the styleof the team&s play more forwards and fewer defenders creates a morea%%ressive and offensive3minded %ame, while the reverse creates a slower,more defensive style of play <hile players typically spend most of the%ame in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement,and players can switch positions at any time 61/8 The layo$t of a team&splayers is known as a formation Definin% the team&s formation and tacticsis $s$ally the prero%ative of the team&s mana%er 6178

Laws

There are .> laws in the official *aws of the +ame, each containin% acollection of stip$lation and %$idelines The same laws are desi%ned toapply to all levels of football, altho$%h certain modifications for %ro$ps s$ch

as '$niors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities arepermitted The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow fle(ibilityin their application dependin% on the nat$re of the %ame The *aws of the+ame are p$blished by -I-A, b$t are maintained by the International-ootball Association Board?I-AB@6:#8 In addition to the seventeen laws,n$mero$s I-AB decisions and other directives contrib$te to the re%$lationof football

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Players, equipment, and officials

ach team consists of a ma(im$m of eleven players?e(cl$din% s$bstit$tes@, one of whom m$st be the %oalkeeper  Competitionr$les may state a minim$m n$mber of players re;$ired to constit$te ateam, which is $s$ally seven +oalkeepers are the only players allowed toplay the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so withinthe penalty area in front of their own %oal Tho$%h there are a varietyof positions in which the o$tfield ?non3%oalkeeper@ players are strate%icallyplaced by a coach, these positions are not defined or re;$ired by the *aws61>8

The basic e;$ipment or kit  players are re;$ired to wear incl$des a shirt,shorts, socks, footwear and ade;$ate shin %$ards An athletics$pporter  and protective c$p is hi%hly recommended for male players bymedical e(perts and professionals6:.86:!8 2ead%ear  is not a re;$ired piece of basic e;$ipment, b$t players today may choose to wear it to protectthemselves from head in'$ry Glayers are forbidden to wear or $se anythin%that is dan%ero$s to themselves or another player, s$ch as 'ewellery orwatches The %oalkeeper m$st wear clothin% that is easily distin%$ishablefrom that worn by the other players and the match officials

 A n$mber of players may be replaced by s$bstit$tes d$rin% the co$rse of

the %ame The ma(im$m n$mber of s$bstit$tions permitted in mostcompetitive international and domestic lea%$e %ames is three, tho$%h thepermitted n$mber may vary in other competitions or in friendly matchesCommon reasons for a s$bstit$tion incl$de in'$ry, tiredness,ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewastin% at the end of a finelypoised %ame In standard ad$lt matches, a player who has beens$bstit$ted may not take f$rther part in a match 6::8 I-AB recommends that4that a match sho$ld not contin$e if there are fewer than seven players ineither team4 Any decision re%ardin% points awarded for abandoned %ames

is left to the individ$al football associations6:"8

 A %ame is officiated by a referee, who has 4f$ll a$thority to enforce the*aws of the +ame in connection with the match to which he has beenappointed4 ?*aw "@, and whose decisions are final The referee is assistedby two assistant referees In many hi%h3level %ames there is also a fo$rthofficial who assists the referee and may replace another official sho$ld theneed arise

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Pitch

=tandard pitch meas$rements

 As the *aws were form$lated in n%land, and were initially administeredsolely by the fo$r British football associations within I-AB, the standarddimensions of a football pitch were ori%inally e(pressed in imperial $nitsThe *aws now e(press dimensions with appro(imate metric e;$ivalents

?followed by traditional $nits in brackets@, tho$%h pop$lar $se tends tocontin$e to $se traditional $nits in n%lish3speakin% co$ntries with arelatively recent history of metrication ?or only partial metrication@, s$ch asBritain6:>8

The len%th of the pitch for international ad$lt matches is in the ran%e of.##M..# m ?..#M.!# yd@ and the width is in the ran%e of 0:M>" m ?>#M/# yd@ -ields for non3international matches may be 7#M.!# m ?.##M.1# yd@ len%th and :"M7# m ?"#M.## yd@ in width, provided that the pitchdoes not become s;$are In !##/, the I-AB initially approved a fi(ed siEe of 

.#" m ?1:: ft@ lon% and 0/ m ?!!1 ft@ wide as a standard pitch dimensionfor international matches6:/8 however, this decision was later p$t on holdand was never act$ally implemented 6:78

The lon%er bo$ndary lines are touchlines, while the shorter bo$ndaries ?onwhich the %oals are placed@ aregoal lines A rectan%$lar %oal is positionedat the middle of each %oal line 6"#8 The inner ed%es of the vertical %oal postsm$st be >1! m ?/ yd@ apart, and the lower ed%e of the horiEontal crossbar

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s$pported by the %oal posts m$st be !:: m ?/ ft@ above the %ro$nd Netsare $s$ally placed behind the %oal, b$t are not re;$ired by the *aws 6".8

In front of the %oal is the penalty area This area is marked by the %oal line,two lines startin% on the %oal line .0" m ?./ yd@ from the %oalposts and

e(tendin% .0" m ?./ yd@ into the pitch perpendic$lar to the %oal line, and aline 'oinin% them This area has a n$mber of f$nctions, the most prominentbein% to mark where the %oalkeeper may handle the ball and where apenalty fo$l by a member of the defendin% team becomes p$nishable by apenalty kick Other markin%s define the position of the ball or playersat kick3offs, %oal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks

Duration and tie-breaking methods

 A standard ad$lt football match consists of two periods of :" min$tes each,known as halves ach half r$ns contin$o$sly, meanin% that the clock is notstopped when the ball is o$t of play There is $s$ally a ."3min$te half3timebreak between halves The end of the match is known as f$ll3time 6"18 Thereferee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make anallowance for time lost thro$%h s$bstit$tions, in'$red players re;$irin%attention, or other stoppa%es This added time is most commonly referredto as stoppage timeor injury time, while loss time can also be $sed as asynonym The d$ration of stoppa%e time is at the sole discretion of thereferee The referee alone si%nals the end of the match In matches where

a fo$rth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee si%nalshow many min$tes of stoppa%e time he intends to add The fo$rth officialthen informs the players and spectators by holdin% $p a board showin% thisn$mber The si%nalled stoppa%e time may be f$rther e(tended by thereferee6"18 Added time was introd$ced beca$se of an incident whichhappened in ./7. d$rin% a match between =toke and Aston Filla Trailin%.M# and with '$st two min$tes remainin%, =toke were awarded a penaltyFilla&s %oalkeeper kicked the ball o$t of the %ro$nd, and by the time the ballhad been recovered, the 7# min$tes had elapsed and the %ame was over6":8 The same law also stands that the d$ration of either half is e(tended$ntil the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, th$s no %ameshall end with a penalty to be taken 6""8

In lea%$e competitions, %ames may end in a draw In knocko$tcompetitions where a winner is re;$ired vario$s methods may be employedto break s$ch a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays6"08 A%ame tied at the end of re%$lation time may %o into e(tra time, which

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consists of two f$rther ."3min$te periods If the score is still tied after e(tratime, some competitions allow the $se of penalty shooto$ts ?knownofficially in the *aws of the +ame as 4kicks from the penalty mark4@ todetermine which team will pro%ress to the ne(t sta%e of the to$rnament+oals scored d$rin% e(tra time periods co$nt toward the final score of the%ame, b$t kicks from the penalty mark are only $sed to decide the teamthat pro%resses to the ne(t part of the to$rnament ?with %oals scored in apenalty shooto$t not makin% $p part of the final score@ 61.8

In competitions $sin% two3le%%ed matches, each team competes at homeonce, with an a%%re%ate score from the two matches decidin% which teampro%resses <here a%%re%ates are e;$al, the away %oals r$le may be $sedto determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scoredthe most %oals in the le% they played away from home If the res$lt is stille;$al, e(tra time and potentially a penalty shooto$t are re;$ired 61.8

In the late .77#s and early !###s, the I-AB e(perimented with ways ofcreatin% a winner witho$t re;$irin% a penalty shooto$t, which was oftenseen as an $ndesirable way to end a match These involved r$les endin% a%ame in e(tra time early, either when the first %oal in e(tra time was scored?golden goal @, or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period ofe(tra time ?silver goal @ +olden %oal was $sed at the <orld C$pin .77/ and !##! The first <orld C$p %ame decided by a %olden %oalwas -rance&s victory over Gara%$ay in .77/ +ermany was the first nationto score a %olden %oal in a ma'or competition, beatin% CEech Rep$blic in

the final of $ro .770 =ilver %oal was $sed in $ro !##: Both thesee(periments have been discontin$ed by I-AB6">8

Ball in and out of playMain article: Ball in and out of play 

Under the *aws, the two basic states of play d$rin% a %ame are ball in play  and ball out of play  -rom the be%innin% of each playin% period with akick3off $ntil the end of the playin% period, the ball is in play at all times,e(cept when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by thereferee <hen the ball becomes o$t of play, play is restarted by one ofei%ht restart methods dependin% on how it went o$t of play

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 A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a 4wall4 to try to block

the ball

• Kick-off  followin% a %oal by the opposin% team, or to be%in each

period of play61"8

• Throw-in when the ball has crossed the to$chline awarded to

opposin% team to that which last to$ched the ball 6"/8

• Goal kick when the ball has wholly crossed the %oal line witho$t a

%oal havin% been scored and havin% last been to$ched by a player ofthe attackin% team awarded to defendin% team 6"78

• orner kick when the ball has wholly crossed the %oal line witho$t a

%oal havin% been scored and havin% last been to$ched by a player of

the defendin% team awarded to attackin% team60#8

• !ndirect free kick awarded to the opposin% team followin% 4non3

penal4 fo$ls, certain technical infrin%ements, or when play is stopped toca$tion or dismiss an opponent witho$t a specific fo$l havin% occ$rred

 A %oal may not be scored directly ?witho$t the ball first to$chin% anotherplayer@ from an indirect free kick 60.8

• Direct free kick awarded to fo$led team followin% certain listed

4penal4 fo$ls60.8 A %oal may be scored directly from a direct free kick

• Penalty kick awarded to the fo$led team followin% a fo$l $s$ally

p$nishable by a direct free kick b$t that has occ$rred within theiropponent&s penalty area60!8

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• Dropped-ball occ$rs when the referee has stopped play for any

other reason, s$ch as a serio$s in'$ry to a player, interference by ane(ternal party, or a ball becomin% defective 61"8

"isconduct

#n-field

Glayers are ca$tioned with a yellow card, and dismissed from the %ame

with a red card These colo$rs were first introd$ced at the.7># -I-A <orldC$pand $sed consistently since

 A player scores a penalty kick %iven after an offence is committed inside

the penalty area

 A fo$l occ$rs when a player commits an offence listed in the *aws of the+ame while the ball is in play The offences that constit$te a fo$l are listedin *aw .! 2andlin% the ball deliberately, trippin% an opponent, or p$shin%an opponent, are e(amples of 4penal fo$ls4, p$nishable by a direct freekick or penalty kick dependin% on where the offence occ$rred Other fo$lsare p$nishable by an indirect free kick6118

The referee may p$nish a player&s or s$bstit$te&s miscond$ct by a ca$tion?yellow card@ or dismissal ?red card@ A second yellow card at the same%ame leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal A player %iven ayellow card is said to have been 4booked4, the referee writin% the player&sname in his official notebook If a player has been dismissed, no s$bstit$tecan be bro$%ht on in their place 5iscond$ct may occ$r at any time, and

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while the offences that constit$te miscond$ct are listed, the definitions arebroad In partic$lar, the offence of 4$nsportin% behavio$r4 may be $sed todeal with most events that violate the spirit of the %ame, even if they are notlisted as specific offences A referee can show a yellow or red card to aplayer, s$bstit$te or s$bstit$ted player Non3players s$ch as mana%ers ands$pport staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, b$t may be e(pelledfrom the technical area if they fail to cond$ct themselves in a responsiblemanner

Rather than stoppin% play, the referee may allow play to contin$e if doin%so will benefit the team a%ainst which an offence has been committed Thisis known as 4playin% an advanta%e4 6018 The referee may 4call back4 playand penalise the ori%inal offence if the anticipated advanta%e does notens$e within 4a few seconds4 ven if an offence is not penalised d$e toadvanta%e bein% played, the offender may still be sanctioned formiscond$ct at the ne(t stoppa%e of play60:8

The referee&s decision in all on3pitch matters is considered final 60"8 Thescore of a match cannot be altered after the %ame, even if later evidenceshows that decisions ?incl$din% awards)non3awards of %oals@ wereincorrect

#ff-field

 Alon% with the %eneral administration of the sport, football associations andcompetition or%anisers also enforce %ood cond$ct in wider aspects of the

%ame, dealin% with iss$es s$ch as comments to the press, cl$bs& financialmana%ement, dopin%, a%e fra$d and match fi(in% 5ost competitionsenforce mandatory s$spensions for players which are sent off in a %ame6008 =ome on3field incidents, if considered very serio$s ?s$ch as alle%ationsof racial ab$se@, may res$lt in competitions decidin% to impose heaviersanctions than those normally associated with a red card 60>8 =omeassociations allow for appeals a%ainst player s$spensions inc$rred on3fieldif cl$bs feel a referee was incorrect or $nd$ly harsh 6008

=anctions for s$ch infractions may be levied on individ$als or on to cl$bs

as a whole Genalties may incl$de fines, points ded$ctions ?in lea%$ecompetitions@ or even e(p$lsion from competitions -or e(ample, then%lish and =cottish lea%$es will often ded$ct .# points from a team thatenters financial administration Amon% other administrative sanctions arepenalties a%ainst %ame forfeit$re Teams that had forfeited a %ame or hadbeen forfeited a%ainst wo$ld be awarded atechnical loss or win

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INDIAN NATIONAL FOOTBALLTEAM

The !ndia national football team is %overned by the All India -ootball-ederation ?AI--@ =ince .7:/, the AI-- has been affiliated with -I-A, theinternational %overnin% body for football In .7":, the AI-- became one ofthe fo$ndin% members of the Asian -ootball Confederation ?A-C@ At thepeak of its s$ccess d$rin% the .7"#s and .70#s, the team wasa$tomatically advanced to play in the.7"# -I-A <orld C$p ?all the other

 Asian teams withdrew@, b$t they did not %o to the to$rnament in BraEil d$e

to the cost of travel, lack of practice time, team selection iss$es and val$in%the Olympics over the -I-A <orld C$p6!8 They won %old medals at two

 Asian +ames and one silver at the Asian C$p

HISTORY

Indianadal of all of their sched$led opponents B$t the %overnin% body, the

 AI--, decided a%ainst %oin% to the <orld C$p, bein% $nable to $nderstandthe importance of the event at that time Reason shown by AI-- was thatthere was the cost of travel ?altho$%h -I-A a%reed to bear a ma'or part ofthe travel e(penses@, lack of practice time, team selection iss$es andval$in% the Olympics over the -I-A <orld C$p

The period from .7". to .70! is considered the %olden era in Indianfootball Under the t$tela%e of le%endary =yed Abd$l Rahim618India became

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the best team in Asia The Indian team started the .7"#s with their tri$mphin the .7". Asian +ames which they hosted6:8 *ater ne(t year they went onto participate in the .7"! Olympics, b$t lost .#M. to K$%oslavia *ike beforefo$r years earlier, many of the team played witho$t boots6"8 After the res$ltthe AI-- immediately made it mandatory to wear boots608 India then wenton to finish second in the .7": Asian +ames held in 5anila6>8 At the .7"0Olympic +ames they finished fo$rth, which is re%arded as one of finestachievements in Indian football India first met hosts A$stralia, winnin% :M!with Neville D&=o$Ea becomin% the first Asian to score a hat trick in theOlympics and also makin% India the first Asian team to reach the Olympicsemi3finals They lost :M. toK$%oslavia, and lost the third place play3offmatch 1M# to B$l%aria

Then in .70! India went on to win the .70! Asian +ames where theybeat =o$th Horea !M. in the final

Then in .70: India played in its most memorable to$rnament yet The .70: A-C Asian C$p where they finished as r$nners3$p thanks to then3c$rrentmana%er 2arry <ri%ht India won their first match a%ainst =o$th Horea !M#,then lost !M# to the hosts Israel then won 1M. a%ainst 2on% Hon% which%ave India second in the to$rnament6.#8

 After the Asian C$p India went downhill -ail$re in a many ;$alificationto$rnaments meant that the ne(t time India reached a ;$arter3final sta%ewas as host in the .7/! Asian +ames Then all of a s$dden India mana%ed

to ;$alify for the .7/: A-C Asian C$p after twenty years o$t of the c$p B$tIndia d$rin% the competition failed to make any impact India wo$ld then failto make the Asian C$p for another !> years

 Altho$%h India failed to ;$alify for the !##: Asian C$p, the senior team didwell by showin% off a silver3medal winnin% performance in the ina$%$ral

 Afro Asian +ames, with victories over Rwanda and Limbabwe ?then /"places ahead of India in the world rankin%s@ alon% the way, losin% the finalby '$st .M# to UEbekistan6.:8

 As a res$lt, Indian football has steadily earned %reater reco%nition and

respect, both within the co$ntry and abroad The *+ C$p win in Fietnam$nder =tephen Constantine was one of the few bri%ht spots in the early partof the !###s It was India&s first victory in a football to$rnament o$tside thes$bcontinent after .7>: In November !##1, then India coach =tephenConstantine was named A-C 5ana%er of the 5onth6.:8

In !##0 Bob 2o$%hton was later appointed coach of team 2is appointmentsaw a %eneral pro%ress in Indias performances crowned by victory in !##>

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Nehr$ C$p in A$%$st !##> 2o$%hton then led India to the !##/ A-CChallen%e C$p title as they beat Ta'ikistan :M. in A$%$st !##/ <innin% the

 A-C Challen%e C$p ;$alified India for the !#.. A-C Asian C$p for the firsttime since .7/: 2e also oversaw the Indian team to its secondconsec$tive Nehr$ C$p trophy by winnin% !##7 Nehr$ C$p6."8

In !#.., India started off their campai%n by participatin% in !#.. A-C AsianC$p for which they ;$alified after !> years India lost all three matches b$tdid mana%e to perform well in patches6.08

In !#.!, India won the ."th edition of Nehr$ c$p by beatin% Cameroon "3:in penalties as the f$ll3time score was tied at !3!, makin% it the thirds$ccessive Nehr$ c$p win for India6.>8

Home stadium

Nehr$ =tadi$m in Delhi

The Indian -ootball Team does not have a permanent stadi$m as of !#..d$e to so many football stadi$ms not meetin% -I-A %$idelines The onlystadi$ms that are -I-A and A-C approved are the Ambedkar=tadi$m in New Delhi, 9awaharlal Nehr$ =tadi$m also in New Delhi,Nehr$=tadi$m in Chennai, Balewadi =ports Comple( in G$ne, and most recentlyapproved after a renovation the =alt *ake =tadi$m InHolkata and Ban%alore -ootball =tadi$m in Ban%alore

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 ACHIEVEMENTS OF TWO GREAT PLAYERS OF INDIA

Baichung Bhutia

Baichung Bhutia an Indian footballer  of =ikkimese3Bh$tia descent whoplays as a striker  Bh$tia is considered to be the torchbearer of Indianfootball in the international arena6182e is often nicknamed the SikkimeseSniper  beca$se of his shootin% skills in football 6:86"8 Three3time IndianGlayer of the Kear I 5 Fi'ayan described Bh$tia as 4+od&s %ift to Indianfootball4608

Bh$tia has had fo$r spells at I3*ea%$e football team ast Ben%al Cl$b, thecl$b where he started his career <hen he 'oinedn%lish cl$b B$ry in .777,he became the first Indian footballer to si%n a contract with a $ropean cl$band only the second to play professionally in $rope, after 5ohammed=alim Afterwards he had a short loan spell at the 5alaysian footballcl$b Gerak -A As well as this he has played for 9CT 5ills, which won thelea%$e once d$rin% his ten$re and 5oh$n Ba%an, which failed to win thelea%$e once d$rin% his two spells, in his native India 2is internationalfootballin% hono$rs incl$de winnin% the Nehr$ C$p, *+ C$p, =A--Championship three times and the A-C Challen%e C$p 2e is also India&smost capped player, and in the !##7 Nehr$ C$p he received his .##thinternational cap

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It was with the national team that Chhetri %ained fame and made a name

for himself 2e helped India win the !##> Nehr$ C$p, !##7 Nehr$ C$p,

the !#.! Nehr$ C$p as well as the !#.. =A-- Championship 2e was also

one of India&s best players d$rin% the !##/ A-C Challen%e C$p in which

India won the to$rnament and th$s ;$alified for their first A-C Asian C$p in!> years Chhetri has also been named AI !layer of the "ear  thrice in

!##>, !#.. and !#.1

% &#G'$ '(D T)*!+ B*(*!T$

$ukhasana

.hat is $ukhasana/

In =anskrit, =$kha means happy or easy or comfortable 2ence,

=$khasana refers to a comfortable and easy sittin% position*0planation

-or =$khasana, sit in cross3le%%ed position with yo$r spine strai%ht andhand restin% on yo$r knees Ko$ can adapt this to s$it yo$r needs bysittin% on a c$shion with yo$r le%s crossed or if yo$ have knee problems,sittin% with one or both le%s e(tended o$t in front of yo$

Benefit

=$khasana opens the hips and stretches the spine It promotes inner calm

and relieves physical and mental e(ha$stion and tiredness It intensifies thestate of serenity, tran;$ility, and eliminates an(iety

Precaution

This asana sho$ld be avoided in case of recent or chronic knee or hipin'$ry or inflammation

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'nuloma 1iloma

.hat is 'nuloma 1iloma/

 An$loma Filoma is a breathin% techni;$e In =anskrit An$loma means withthe nat$ral order and Filoma means %oin% a%ainst

Th$s it is called an Alternate Nostril breathin% techni;$e In this breathin%Techni;$e, yo$ inhale thro$%h one nostril, retain the breath, and e(halethro$%h the other nostril

 An$loma Filoma balances the rhythm of breathin% and restores, e;$aliEesthe flow of Grana in the body

*0planation

There are si( steps that form one ro$nd of An$loma Filoma -irst, raiseyo$r ri%ht hand, c$rlin% yo$r forefin%er and middle fin%er into yo$r palm,leavin% th$mb, fo$rth fin%er, and little fin%er e(tended

. Glace yo$r th$mb on the ri%ht side of yo$r nose and apply %entlepress$re '$st $nder the bone, where the fleshy part of the nose be%insInhale thro$%h the left nostril, to the co$nt of fo$r

! 2old the breath by closin% both the nostrils, to the co$nt of si(teen

1 Then e(hale thro$%h the ri%ht nostril, closin% the left with the rin% andlittle fin%ers, to the co$nt of ei%ht

: Inhale thro$%h the ri%ht nostril, keepin% the left nostril closed with therin% and little fin%ers, to the co$nt of fo$r

" 2old the breath, closin% both nostrils, to the co$nt of si(teen

0 (hale thro$%h the left nostril, keepin% the ri%ht closed with the th$mb, tothe co$nt of ei%ht

Initially practice three ro$nds and %rad$ally reach $pto twenty ro$nds

Benefit

 An$loma Filoma helps to balance and harmoniEe the f$nctionin% of theri%ht and left hemispheres of the brain and ens$res optim$m creativity andoptim$m lo%ical verbal activity It is the best techni;$e to soothe the

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nervo$s system and calms the mind It enco$ra%es the removal of state air and to(ins as the e(halations are lon%er than inhalation in this techni;$e

$etu Bandha $ar2angasana

.hat is $etu Bandha $ar2angasana/

In =anskrit, set$ means brid%e, bandha means ener%y3binder that directs

s$btle ener%y flow and sarvan%a means whole body ?balanced onsho$lders and neck@ Th$s literally, =et$ bandha =arvan%asana means abrid%e that flows the ener%y into body Also known as the *ittle Brid%e or brid%e pose, this asana calms the brain and re'$venates tired le%s

*0planation

=tart by lyin% on yo$r back, with yo$r knees bent and the soles of yo$r feeton the %ro$nd Heep yo$r feet apart and parallel Brin% yo$r heels in asclose to yo$r hips as yo$ can Rest yo$r arms at yo$r sides with the palmsof yo$r hands facin% downwards Inhalin%, press down on yo$r feet andstart by pressin% yo$r navel toward the %ro$nd as yo$ be%in to raise yo$r hips $pward Then %rad$ally allow the middle and $pper sections of yo$r spine to rise Raise yo$r spine off the %ro$nd $ntil the thi%hs are abo$tparallel to the floor 2old this position for fo$r to ei%ht breaths for the staticversion Ko$ can place yo$r hands $nder yo$r lower back for s$pport,keepin% yo$r elbows restin% on the %ro$nd Alternatively, move on with thedynamic version, e(halin% as yo$ ret$rn to the startin% position Repeat,movin% in and o$t of the *ittle Brid%e while inhalin% and e(halin%

Precaution

If yo$ have neck in'$ries or problems, do this asana with care Dont moveyo$r neck from side to side and prevent yo$r spine from 'erkin% Never e(tend beyond yo$r comfort level

Benefit

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This asana is %ood for mind and body as well It stretches the chest, neck,and spine and stim$lates abdominal or%ans, l$n%s, and thyroid It is ane(cellent re'$venator for tired le%s It improves di%estion, red$ces an(iety,fati%$e, backache, headache, and insomnia It is a %ood asana for womenas it helps to relieve the symptoms of menopa$se and menstr$aldiscomfort It is a therape$tic post$re for asthma, hi%h blood press$re,osteoporosis, and sin$sitis It also calms the brain and helps alleviatestress and mild depression

1a3rasana

.hat is 1a3rasana/

&Fa'ra& means diamond The body is ri%id as a diamond in this post$re Thisis a basic position for many other asanas and meditation

*0planation

=it in the Dandasana position Glace the palms on the floor near the thi%hs=$pportin% yo$r wei%ht on the ri%ht palm, bend the left le% at the knee and

p$ll the ankle $nder the left b$ttock Do the same with the ri%ht le% bys$pportin% the body wei%ht on the left palm The toes point backwards andtowards the %ro$nd while space is kept between the ankles Do meditationwith normal breathin% or do Granayaama with different breathin%techni;$es in this position for .# to ." min$tes

Benefit

Rela(es yo$r kneecaps, knees, ankles and feet, improves di%estion andred$ces %as Relieves sciatica pain &Fa'rasana&, if done for .# min$tesafter a f$ll meal relieves heaviness in stomach d$e to overeatin%

Precaution

Do not sit on yo$r ankles

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Dandasana

.hat is Dandasana/

Dandasana is the simplest form of sittin% post$re on which many other asanas are based

*0planation

=it with yo$r le%s strai%ht and feet to%ether and place yo$r hands on the%ro$nd on either side of yo$r body with fin%ers pointin% forward 5ake s$reyo$ breathe normally and have yo$r eyes closed for concentration It isadvisable to sit in this position for a little time before practicin% other 

asanas based on DandasanaBenefit

It rela(es a person&s body and mind when over strained and e(ha$sted Italso prepares a person to do the other asanas

Taala Asana ?Taada Asana@

.hat is Taala 'sana/

&Taala& and &Taada& mean a palm tree <ith $pward stretched arms, the

body resembles a palm tree This asana is also commonly called

Taadasana

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*0planation

=tand strai%ht, keep the feet three to si( inches apart, lift the arms $p from

side or front strai%ht above the head and stand on tip of the toes Breathe

in slowly while movin% yo$r arms $p and breathe o$t slowly while brin%in%them down This movement is one $nit Do !# to 1# s$ch repetitions in one

sittin%

Benefit

It helps stren%thenin% the spine and increases a person&s hei%ht It helps in

cleansin% of yo$r di%estive system and red$ces fat deposition aro$nd the

abdomen and b$ttocks

.hat is $a2asana/

=avasana also known as 5rta3asana or 4Corpse Gose4 is an $ltimate

rela(in% pose that is mainly practiced as a concl$din% asana at any yo%a

session The word 5rta and =hava refers to dead body in =anskrit In this

pose one loosens all his limbs and lie motionless as a dead person th$s the

name =avasana It is one of the most diffic$lt to master poses beca$se

tho$%h lyin% rela(ed and motionless one sho$ld be f$lly conscio$s and

awaken The 4conscio$s4 part of =avasana is the most diffic$lt beca$se

people tend to drift off to sleep while doin% =avasana This rela(in% post$rere'$venates one&s body, mind and spirit

*0planation

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=tart with sittin% in Dandasana with yo$r le%s stretched in front and hands

restin% on yo$r sides Then bend yo$r knees and move yo$r torso

backward while restin% yo$r elbows on the floor Rest yo$r torso with arms

at a :"3de%ree an%le to yo$r torso and palms facin% $p Now e(tend yo$r 

le%s sli%htly apart with yo$r feet nat$rally fallin% to either side Now rela(completely The back of the neck sho$ld be e(tended, chin sli%htly t$cked

in toward the chest, len%thenin% the $pper spine

Take care that the spine and le%s are ali%ned and that yo$ are evenly

rela(ed on the ri%ht and left sides If this pose is done at the end of a

session, remain in =avasana for abo$t five min$tes, breathin% easily To

come o$t of the position witho$t dist$rbin% yo$r peacef$l state, stretch o$t

yo$r body and take a deep breath Roll onto yo$r side into the fetal

position, then %rad$ally ease yo$r way $p to a sittin% or standin% position,

movin% slowly witho$t any s$dden or 'erky movements

Benefit

It is an $ltimate rela(in% pose that provides rela(ation to mind and body as

well It calms the brain and helps relieve stress and mild depression It

red$ces headache, fati%$e, nervo$sness and helps to c$re asthma,

constipation, diabetes, indi%estion, insomnia, and l$mba%o It improvesconcentration also

Precaution

If yo$ have back in'$ry or discomfort then practice this pose with yo$r 

knees bent and yo$r feet on the floor or s$pport the bent knees on a

bolster Gre%nant women can raise their head and chest on a bolster if they

wish to do this asana

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BOOKS AND MAGAZINES

• FourFourTwo• World Soer

• !"a#$%o&'

WEBSITES

• www('$orel(o#

• www()our)our*wo(o#

• www(w%+%$ed%a(o#