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24 September 2010Dan M. Davis
For J. Curiel and L. Davis
(310) [email protected]
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
HITL and Metacognition: Self Analysis and HITL and Metacognition: Self Analysis and Leadership Enhancement During Leadership Enhancement During
SimulationsSimulations
Overview
• Introduction
• Metacognition
• Role in military operations
• Battlefield simulation and large-scale
environments
• Potential uses of metacognition in defense
• Summary
Basic Concept
Metacognition: Key factor in effective leadershipThis understanding of one’s cognitive filters is critical Facilitates situation awareness: effectively achieving,
rapidly internalizing and practically employing itHistorical anecdotes support this assertion. Human-In-The- Loop (HITL) events and experiments at
the Joint Forces Command's Joint Concept Development and Experimentation Directorate show potential
Immersion of participants yield insightsAnalyses of the metacognitive schema are possibleDesign of instruments to investigate these issues and
analyses of event data are possible
Metacognition and John H. Flavell
Metacognition: the knowledge of one's own cognitive and affective processes and states as well as the ability to consciously and deliberately monitor and regulate those processes and states
Metacognition in Military Settings
Clausewitz – his treatises on military genius seem to presage a metacognitive approach
Mahan – Albert T. Mahan expanded the intellectual reach of military thought to new vistas
Rommel – Feldmarschall Rommel spends some significant time discussing a leader’s state of mind and leading by spirited example, even when wounded
Scales - MGen Bob Scales, in his PhD dissertation describes how the British allowed their own metacognition to be constrained by action in small “colonial wars” so were ill-prepared for WWI.
… but not Sun Tzu - who is too enshrouded in mythology and hyperbole to warrant analysis
Metacognition Flow Diagram
Simulations through History
CompetitionsChessTournamentsWar Games“Sand Box” ExercisesLink TrainersComputer Generated ForcesCommon CharacteristicsVarying realism
Typical Scene From America’s Army
Use of Large-Scale Simulations with HITl
Work for U.S. Joint Forces CommandOn-going for last ten yearsMostly used for Analysis and EvaluationSome opportunities for TrainingSome fo the training has been
ex temporecoincidental with analysisilluminating
Allows participants to examine their own reactionsLt General quoted as saying:
“May be only time in my career to command Division-sized operation.”
JFCOM Net for Trans-Continental Simulation
Up to 1500 participants have been part of one simulation.Could be literally international and support deployed troop
Evolution of the Use of SAFs
Groups of Tank TrainersUse Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) StandardFocused on T-72s coming through the Fulda GapGenerals wanted O(50K) entities: tanks, trucks and troopsNetwork of Workstations could do a tenth of thatCaltech/USC Work showed could do 100K on HPC ClusterNot implemented because problem changedNow in urban areas (Baghdad)
few thousand troops and vehiclesfew hundred opposing forcesmillions of Civilians
Required even more powerNetwork of clusters and GPGPUs achieved goalNow using HLA-RTI variants
PerspectiveEntity Growth vs. Time
Nu
mb
er
an
d
Com
ple
xit
y o
f JS
AF
En
titi
es
JSAF/SPP Joshua (2008)
10,000,010,000,00000
UE 98-1
(1997)
JSAF/SPP Capability (2006)
JSAF/SPP Urban
Resolve (2004)
JSAF/SPP
Tests (2004)
J9901 (1999)
SAF Expres
s (1997)
3,600 3,600 12,000 12,000 107,00107,00
0 0
AO-00 (2000)
50,000 50,000
1,400,001,400,00
1,000,001,000,0000
250,000250,000
SPP Proof of Principle DARPA / Caltech
Experiments continue to require orders of magnitude larger &
more complex battlespaces
SCALEand FIDELITY
DC Clusters at MHPCC & ASCMSRC
DHPI GPU-
Enhanced Cluster
Learning via HITL for MetaCognitive (MC) Insights
HITL Battlespace Simulations and MetaCognitive learning are “made for each other”
HITL design allows ability to adjust : pace contentcontextrisk level
Decrease in perceived risk level increases:learner engagementperformanceevaluation of method effectiveness
Joshua DHPI
20 of 28 racks
Design and Sensitivities of HITL/MC System
Guidelines for design are extant and need to be implemented for:creating effective learning environments providing explicit experienceenabling analysis of personal processes
mental awarenessself-management
Should be sensitive to : individual learneractual field applicationcultural relevance
Military Benefits: HITL/MC Training EnvironmentsMilitary context requires features
ability to engage trainees in realistic scenariosallow trainees to view their thought processes
to:learn
recognize
analyze
This can be done without the loss of lifecollateral damagecivilian casualties, damage to material expenditure of energy resources
Unique CapabilitiesComputer HITL simulations provide unique
data:to the trainee to the mentorto the analyst
Available in: real time after action reporting
Can Show:trainee reactionsbehaviorslikely impacts on known combat situations.
Conclusions
Computer aided training featuring HITL interactivity holds the promise of improving a number of training processes. JFCOM’s simulations have demonstrated some of these capabilities. Metacognition is a critical new field of study is of putative interest to the military command structure. HITL training shows some really unique capabilities that should be implemented.
This material is based on research sponsored by the U.S. Joint Forces Command via a contract with the Lockheed Martin Corporation and SimIS, Inc., and on research sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory under agreement numbers F30602-02-C-0213 and FA8750-05-2-0204. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Research Funded by JFCOM and AFRL