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Applied mineralogy, 2014 (February, 17th and 24th, Rainer Kündig)

Dimension stones I & II

Part II

Dimension stones I & II •  Intro & Help

•  Collections •  Date base(es)

•  History

•  Industry

•  Market •  Ethics •  Transparency •  News & trends •  Technical inventions & Oops •  Environment

•  Conservation & Restoration •  Weathering (Dr. Konrad Zehnder, SGTK)

January, 7th

January, 21th

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Building stones – «clean», but tricky...

?

Harmless... in principle... –> it‘s a matter of consulting ;-)

Balmoral and Basaltina ...  

A dose of 1 mSv/year is accepted as a limit by the legal ordinance (radiation protection) -> contribution of rock material to the annual dose: only a few % ... few exeptions... Importance to avoid «cummulative» situations Consulting!

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Building stones vs. other construction materials

www.bfs.de

U, Th, ... where do these elements occur ?

–> randomly dispatched (accessory minerals) abundant:

•  Zircon •  Monazite •  Titanite •  Orthite rarely:

Uraninit, Thorit and other uranium bearing ores

Zirkon

Titanite (sphene)

Monazite

Allanite/Orthite

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... and quite another «clean» thing -> clean stone; air cleaning stone !?

Cobblestones against smog ?

Keywords: n  hydrophilic coating n  hydrophobic coating n  photo catalytic coating

Defects on tiles, paving tiles or plates:

strias, originating from the improper application of the acethylene flame technique

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Team CSI-Rämistrasse – internals from SGTK/NVS

... of real and imaginary smells and odors....

... of salt efflorescences... ... or, the story of a XRD «standard graph» ... .. and please understand, if I do not tell you the name of the customer/organisation ;-)

... complimentary information: www.nvs.ch

... and a last case-study: Porto schist & shale

Porto schist/shale Porto schist/shale ... a few years later sometimes < 5 y sometimes > 20 y any explanation ?

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case-study: Porto schist & shale

1 2

Porto schist/shale

Microscopic thin sections: 1 = good, 2 = bad or 1 = bad, 2 = good ???

Porto schist/shale XRD graph: 1 = good, 2 = bad or 1 = bad, 2 = good ???

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case-study: Porto schist & shale – solution

Porto schist/shale

1 2 •  Oxidation of ironsulfides (e.g. pyrite) •  Mikrobiological (e.g. bacterias) and chemical processes

e.g. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans -> Increase of the rate of oxidation by a factor of 105; Gallionella ferruginea (pH 6-7 !)

•  Damage-situation ? Environment ? Indications/observations (e.g. smell of rotten eggs?)

Dimension stones I & II •  Intro & Help

•  Collections •  Date base(es)

•  History

•  Industry •  Market •  Ethics •  Transparency •  News & trends •  Technical inventions & Oops •  Environment

•  Conservation & Restoration •  Weathering (Dr. Konrad Zehnder, SGTK)

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... and what about sustainability ? –> will be discussed in May in more detail (When will they start listening...)

Other (eco)balances – embodied energy (Graue Energie), maintenance

SIA Effizienzpfad Energie Statusbericht Graue Energie Grundlagen zur Dokumentation SIA D 0216 Ein Projekt von Swiss Energycodes der KHE des SIA Bearbeitung büro für umweltchemie, Ueli Kasser, Dipl. Chemiker 22. Februar 2004

In the case of an anticipated average lifetime of 100 years, dimension stones on facades is better than mortar, aluminium or glass.

In the case of a lifetime of 60 years, dimension stone floor coverings are ceaper than concrete or asphalt.

Quelle: SIA und www.stonereport.com; StoneReport, 30.11.2005

up to 20 years (e.g. Zürich)

Bad

up to 50 years

Good

up to 100 years

Very good

Embodied energyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Embodied energy is defined as the commercial energy (fossil fuels, nuclear, etc) that was used in the work tomake any product, bring it to market, and dispose of it. Embodied energy is an accounting methodologywhich aims to find the sum total of the energy necessary for an entire product lifecycle. This lifecycleincludes raw material extraction, transport,[1] manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstructionand/or decomposition.

Different methodologies produce different understandings of the scale and scope of application and the typeof energy embodied. Some methodologies account for the energy embodied in terms of the oil that supportseconomic processes.

Contents1 History2 Embodied energy methodologies

2.1 Standards2.2 Related methodologies

3 Embodied energy in common materials4 Embodied energy in automobiles5 See also6 References7 Bibliography8 External links

HistoryThe history of constructing a system of accounts which records the energy flows through an environment canbe traced back to the origins of accounting itself. As a distinct method, it is often associated with thephysiocrat's "substance" theory of value [2], and later the agricultural energetics of Sergei Podolinsky, aUkrainian physician [3], and the ecological energetics of V.V. Stanchinsky [4]

The main methods of embodied energy accounting as they are used today grew out of Wassily Leontief'sinput-output model and are called Input-Output Embodied Energy analysis. Leontief's input-output model wasin turn an adaptation of the neo-classical theory of general equilibrium with application to "the empiricalstudy of the quantitative interdependence between interrelated economic activities" [5]. According toTennenbaum[6] Leontief's Input-Output method was adapted to embodied energy analysis by Hannon[7] todescribe ecosystem energy flows. Hannon’s adaptation tabulated the total direct and indirect energyrequirements (the energy intensity) for each output made by the system. The total amount of energies, directand indirect, for the entire amount of production was called the embodied energy.

Embodied energy methodologiesEmbodied energy analysis is interested in what energy goes to supporting a consumer, and so all energydepreciation is assigned to the final demand of consumer. Different methodologies use different scales of datato calculate energy embodied in products and services of nature and human civilization. Internationalconsensus on the appropriateness of data scales and methodologies is pending. This difficulty can give a widerange in embodied energy values for any given material. In the absence of a comprehensive global embodied

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Quelle: Stefano Zerbi: Construction en pierre massive en Suisse Diss. EPFL Lausanne

urban quarries...!

Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission ETH Zürich, NO F35 8092 Zürich

Oops ! How can environmental protection be bad for the environment ? ... will be discussed in May in more detail (When will they start listening...)

Die Südostschweiz, 13. Mai 2012

Ballast (railroad) – public perception ...

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Dimension stones I & II •  Intro & Help

•  Collections •  Date base(es)

•  History

•  Industry •  Market •  Ethics •  Transparency •  News & trends •  Technical inventions & Oops •  Environment

•  Conservation & Restoration •  Weathering (Dr. Konrad Zehnder, SGTK)

... just another subtle difference between...

Zurich University ...

... and ETH Zürich

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Zurich: University

M. Kempf 2001: Natursteine in und an Gebäuden der ETH Zürich (Semesterarbeit D-Forstwirtschaft)

Zurich: ETH

Recipe for the sandstone imitation* on a concrete core:

1 Teil Portlandcement (from Holderbank AG)

1 Teil Quartz sand (from Benken, ZH) grain size 1–2 mm

2 Teile Quartz sand (from Benken, ZH) grain size 0–1 mm

Plus the addition of: 13‰ of the cement weight –> Chromium oxide 39‰ of the cement weight –> Ocher

* at least 5 cm thickness after work (sculpturing)

aus: Broschüre ProNaturstein: Verlegetechnik

Color change due to alteration of minerals

(Calcsilicate rock, Castione TI)

Iron: in contact with water and air -> iron hydroxyde

Iron bearing minerals (e.g. pyrite, biotite, hornblende, olivin, glaukonite...), either disperse distributed in matrix material or present as randomly distributed minerals

wallplate after 25 years

new plate, fresh from the quarry

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Alteration due to salt minerals