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2Colloquial Russian
FrenchItalianRussianSpanish 2The Colloquial 2 SeriesSeries Adviser Gary King
The following languages are available in the Colloquial 2 series
Accompanying cassettes and CDs are available for the above titles They can beordered through your bookseller or send payment with order to Taylor amp FrancisRoutledge Ltd ITPS Cheriton House North Way Andover Hants SP10 5BE UK or to Routledge Inc 29 West 35th Street New York NY 10001 USA
2Colloquial Russian
The next step in language learning
Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E Kay
First published 2003by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge29 West 35th Street New York NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group
copy 2003 Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E Kay
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Padstow Cornwall
All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproducedor utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanical or other meansnow known or hereafter invented including photocopying and recordingor in any information storage or retrieval system without permission inwriting from the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataLe Fleming Svetlana
Colloquial Russian 2 the next step in language learningSvetlana le Fleming and Susan E Kay
p cm ndash (The colloquial 2 series)Includes indexes
ISBN 0-415-26116-31 Russian language ndash Conversation and phrase books ndash English2 Russian language ndash Textbooks for foreign speakers ndash English3 Russian language ndash Spoken Russian I Title Colloquial Russian two II Kay Susan E 1947ndash III Title IV SeriesPG2121L364 2003491783prime421ndashdc21 2002152412
ISBN 0ndash415ndash26116ndash3 (book)ISBN 0ndash415ndash26117ndash1 (cassettes)ISBN 0ndash415ndash30250ndash1 (audio CD)ISBN 0ndash415ndash26118ndashX (pack)
This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2006
ldquoTo purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcoukrdquo
ISBN 0-203-38052-5 (Master e-book ISBN)
ISBN 0-203-38670-1 (Adobe eReader Format)
Contents
Acknowledgements viiHow to use this book viii
Unit 1 Rossiq i russkij qzyk 1Russia and the Russian language
Unit 2 Transport 39Transport
Unit 3 Turizm 57Tourism
Unit 4 Migraciq 75Migration
Unit 5 Sport 92Sport
Unit 6 Kulturnaq izn v Rossii 111Cultural life in Russia
Unit 7 Sredstva massovoj informacii (CMI) 128The mass media
Unit 8 Rynok truda 146The labour market
Unit 9 Demografiq 163Demography
Unit 10 Obrazovanie 180Education
Unit 11 Rossijskoe Ob]estvo 198Russian society
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123411156789401421111
Unit 12 Zdravooxranenie 216The health service
Unit 13 Vybory v Dumu 234Elections to the Duma
Unit 14 Internet 250The Internet
Grammar reference 270Key to exercises 288EnglishndashRussian vocabulary 308RussianndashEnglish vocabulary 318Grammar index 342Russian index 344
vi | Contents
Acknowledgements
The Authors and Publishers would like to thank the following forpermission to reproduce material in this book
Argumenty i fakty Delovye lyudi Itogi Komsomolskaya PravdaLiteraturnaya gazeta Moskovskie novosti Nezavisimaya gazetaNovoe vremya Priglashaem na rabotu Salon krasoty Stolichnoeobrazovanie Vash dosug Versiya Vremya novostei
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership ofcopyright The publishers will be glad to hear from any copyrightholders whom it has not been possible to contact
111121113456789101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
How to use this book
Colloquial Russian 2 is intended for students who working on theirown or with a teacher have already completed a first-level course inRussian and want to continue their study The book starts with arevision unit which covers all the basic structures including cases andaspects so it is not a problem if you are a bit rusty
The book is thematically based and draws on sources from news-papers and magazines The aim is to provide interesting informationabout Russia at the same time as introducing new vocabulary andlanguage points It addresses some of the particular problems oflearning Russian such as memorising vocabulary stressing wordscorrectly and choosing the right preposition Each unit contains abrief section in English on its theme a dialogue a text usually basedon a newspaper article as well as various other written materialsencountered in everyday life advertisements tables and graphsquestionnaires and forms to complete The text is also illustrated by photographs There are a variety of exercises designed to testcomprehension and practise the new language points In the sectionson word building guidance is given on how to increase your Russianvocabulary Key new vocabulary is given in each unit and there is a cumulative RussianndashEnglish vocabulary including all key wordsat the end of the book The EnglishndashRussian vocabulary contains all the words needed for the EnglishndashRussian translation exercisesAt the end of the book there is also a key to exercises quick refer-ence grammatical tables and an index of the language points coveredin the course
On the accompanying tapes and CDs you will find not only thedialogues but also comprehension exercises and exercises to practisethe new language points in each unit The exercises on stress are aparticular feature And donrsquot forget therersquos a website to support the Colloquials course At lthttpwwwroutledgecomcolloquialsrussiangt you will find extra exercises as well as links to sites thatbuild on the material in the units
1 ROSSIQ I RUSSKIJ QZYK
In this unit you will
learn some facts about the history of Russia revise the basic structures of Russian grammar including cases
and aspects
When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 he recognisedthe need for fundamental economic reform His policy of pere-strojka (economic restructuring) had very little impact but his otherfamous introduction glasnost an element of freedom of speechand political freedom ultimately led to the collapse of the USSRReformist politicians were successful in the elections of 1989 revo-lutions took place in the Soviet Unionrsquos East European satellitesduring 1989ndash90 and the republics of the Soviet Union also startedto demand independence The final blow was the unsuccessful coupby conservative elements in August 1991 which eroded Gorbachevrsquosposition and brought Boris Yeltsin President of Russia to the foreThe Soviet Union was finally dissolved in December 1991 Thecollapse of the Soviet Union was also the birth of a new Russia Sincethen Russiarsquos history has not been smooth characterised by suchnotable events as Yeltsinrsquos violent clash with parliament in October1993 ending in the siege of the Russian lsquoWhite Housersquo and the finan-cial collapse of September 1998 Despite its problems Russia is acountry with a rich culture huge resources both human and physicaland its capital Moscow is now a vibrant and exciting city
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Language revision diams
Rules of spelling
These rules apply throughout Russian and impact on all the otherlanguage points described below
1 After g k x h w ] replace y by i2 After h w ] c replace unstressed o by e3 After g k x h w ] c replace q by a4 After g k x h w ] c replace [ by u
Cases
Understanding of the case system is fundamental to a grasp ofRussian Cases hardly feature in English there is only some differ-entiation in the use of pronouns Contrast lsquoI like herrsquo with lsquoShe likesmersquo The forms lsquoIrsquo and lsquoshersquo are used when they are the subject ofthe verb or nominative case and lsquoherrsquo and lsquomersquo when they are theobject or accusative case In Russian not just pronouns but nounsand adjectives proclaim their role in the sentence by changing theirending and the number of cases extends beyond nominative andaccusative to six in total
Comprehensive tables of the endings of nouns adjectives andpronouns are at the back of the book
The nominative case
Uses of the nominative case
1 The nominative is the case of the subject of the verb
Moskva procvetaetMoscow flourishes
2 It is also used as the complement of (ie following) the non-existent present tense of the verb lsquoto bersquo and after to lsquoit isrsquo andvot lsquohere isrsquo
Moskva ndash stolicaMoscow is the capital
Vot Moskva |to stolicaHere is Moscow It is the capital
2 | Russia and the Russian language
The nominative may also be found after the past tense of byt wherethe permanence of a state is being emphasized
Puwkin byl velikij potPushkin was a great poet
Endings in the nominative case
Singular nouns
Note
There are three genders of nouns in Russian and in most instancesthe gender is indicated by the letter a noun ends with in the nomi-native singular When a noun ending in -a or -q clearly refers tosomeone of male gender the word is masculine muhina lsquomanrsquodqdq lsquounclersquo In practice this means that it changes its endings likea feminine noun but adjectives and verbs agreeing with it have mascu-line endings
Plural nouns
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 3
Masculine Feminine Neuter
cns prezident -a gazeta -o vinopresident newspaper wine
-j tramvaj -q revol[ciq -e zdanietram revolution building
- kreml - vozmonost -mq vremqkremlin opportunity time
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
prezident prezidenty gazeta gazety vino vina
tramvaj tramvai revol[ciq revol[cii zdanie zdaniq
kreml kremli vozmonost vozmonosti vremq vremena
Notes
1 The spelling rule may require a change from -y to -i kniga ndashknigi lsquobooksrsquo
2 Some masculine nouns have a nominative plural in -a bereg ndashberega lsquobanksrsquo veher ndash vehera lsquoeveningsrsquo dom ndash doma lsquohousesrsquogorod ndash goroda lsquotownsrsquo
3 Nouns in -anin end in -ane anglihanin ndash anglihanelsquoEnglishmenrsquo but gospodin ndash gospoda lsquogentlemenrsquo
4 Other exceptions uhitel ndash uhitelq lsquoteachersrsquo brat ndash bratqlsquobrothersrsquo stul ndash stulq lsquochairsrsquo drug ndash druzq lsquofriendsrsquo synndash synovq lsquosonsrsquo derevo ndash derevq lsquotreesrsquo rebenok ndash deti lsquochil-drenrsquo helovek ndash l[di lsquopeoplersquo mat ndash materi lsquomothersrsquo dohndash doheri lsquodaughtersrsquo (Note that all forms of mat and dohapart from the nominative and accusative singular have -er- before the ending)
5 Some nouns generally of foreign origin are indeclinable Theynever change their endings and do not even have a pluralAdjectives describing them will decline in the usual way howeverTheir gender can generally be determined by their ending as withdeclinable nouns but note taksi ndash neuter
Adjectives
There are two basic sets of adjective endings hard and soft
Notes
1 Adjectives with stressed endings have the masculine ending -ojkrutoj krutaq krutoe krutye lsquosteeprsquo
2 Endings may be altered by the spelling rules russkij russkaqrusskoe russkie lsquoRussianrsquo xorowij xorowaq xoroweexorowie lsquogoodrsquo bolwoj bolwaq bolwoe bolwie lsquobigrsquo
4 | Russia and the Russian language
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Hard interesnyj interesnaq interesnoe interesnyeinteresting
Soft drevnij drevnqq drevnee drevnieancient
Pronouns
Note
The third person forms are indeclinable and remain the same what-ever the case gender or number of the noun they describe
ego his its (m and n)ee her its (f )ix their
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 5
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
moj my moq moe moi
tvoj your (singular tvoq tvoe tvoiand familiar)
naw our nawa nawe nawi
vaw your (plural vawa vawe vawiand polite)
ves all vsq vse vse
hej whose hq he hi
tot thisthese ta to ti
tot thatthose ta to te
Singular Plural
q I my we
ty you vy you(singular and familiar) (plural and polite)
on he it (masculine) oni they (all genders)
ona she it (feminine)
ono it (neuter)
kto who
hto what
Exercise 1
Pick out the nouns adjectives and pronouns in the nominative casefrom the following passage
Moskva ndash Moscow
Pervoe letopisnoe upominanie o Moskve otnositsq k 1147 goduOsnovatel Moskvy byl suzdalskij knqz rij VladimirovihDolgorukij |to on vybral mesto dlq stroitelstva goroda Gorodros bystro i ue v 14-om veke stal centrom russkix zemel Moskvaostavalas stolicej vplot do 1713 goda kogda Petr Pervyj perenesstolicu v novyj gorod ndash Peterburg Tolko v 1918 godu ue posleRevol[cii Moskva snova stala stolicej snahala Sovetskogo So[zaa potom Rossii
For information on dates and other uses of ordinal numerals see Unit 4
Vocabulary diams
vybrat to chooseknqz (m) princeletopisnoe upominanie chronicle referenceosnovatel (m) founderostavatsq to remainotnositsq k to date fromperenesti to transferrasti to growstroitelstvo construction
Exercise 2
Answer the questions in Russian One word answers will suffice
1 Kakoj gorod stolica Rossii2 Kto osnoval Moskvu3 Kakoj gorod stal stolicej v 1713g4 Kto perenes stolicu tuda5 Kakoj gorod stal stolicej v 1918g
6 | Russia and the Russian language
Exercise 3
Put these phrases in the plural
interesnyj moskovskij muzej drevnij russkij kreml
strawnoe istoriheskoe sobytie slonaq konomiheskaq
problema naw znamenityj istorik
The accusative case
Uses of the accusative case
1 The accusative is the case of the direct object of the verb
rij Dolgorukij osnoval MoskvuYuriy Dolgorukiy founded Moscow
2 It is also used after certain prepositions v vo lsquoto intorsquo (motion)lsquoduringrsquo (time) za lsquobeyond behind lsquo(motion) for na lsquoto on torsquo(motion) lsquoforrsquo (time) o ob obo lsquoagainstrsquo po lsquoup to eachrsquo podlsquounderrsquo (motion) pro lsquoaboutrsquo spustq lsquoafter laterrsquo herez lsquoacrossthrough in (after a period of time)rsquo
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 7
The Moscow Kremlin
More detailed information is given about most of these prepositionsin later units Unit 2 ndash na Units 4 and 6 ndash v Unit 8 ndash za Unit 6 ndasho ob obo pro Unit 10 ndash po
Stolicu perenesli v MoskvuThey moved the capital to Moscow
The accusative is also used without a preposition to denote durationin time or space
My tam ili vs[ zimuWe lived there all winter
Vs[ dorogu domoj ona molhalaShe was silent the whole way home
Endings in the accusative case
Singular nouns
Plural nouns
8 | Russia and the Russian language
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Acc Nom Acc Acc
inanimate as nom gazeta gazetu all nouns as nom
animate as gen revol[ciq revol[ci[(see below)
vozmonost vozmonost
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Acc Acc Acc
inanimate as nom inanimate as nom all nouns as nom
animate as gen animate as gen(see below)
Adjectives and pronouns
Note
Ego ee and ix are preceded by n- after a preposition as they are inall cases other than the nominative poxo na nego lsquolike himrsquo
Exercise 4
Put the words in brackets into the accusative case
1 Q zna[ (ta molodaq russkaq en]ina) 2 My edem v (malenkaqprimorskaq derevnq) 3 Vy xotite idti na (sovremennaq anglijskaqpesa) ili (klassiheskaq russkaq opera) 4 (Vsq nedelq) my ego nevideli 5 My ezdili vo (Franciq) na (mesqc) 6 My vstretili
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 9
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
inanimate inanimate interesnu[ inanimate as nom as nomas nom as nom as nom
animate animate drevn[[ animateas gen as gen as gen
mo[ tvo[
nawu vawu
vs[ h[
tu tu
Singular Plural
q menq my nas
ty tebq vy vas
on ono ego oni ix
ona ee
kto kogo
hto hto
(vawa sestra) u vxoda v (teatr) 7 Lenin perenes (russkaq stolica)v (Moskva) 8 (Kto) vy videli 9 My ohen xorowo (on) znaem
The genitive case
Uses of the genitive case
1 The genitive is the only case ending which English retains onnouns It is the -rsquos ending used to denote possession Similarly inRussian the genitive indicates possession or translates lsquoof rsquo
Putin ndash prezident RossiiPutin is the President of Russia
Rol prezidenta ohen slonaqThe Presidentrsquos role (role of the President) is very complex
2 The genitive is also used after a very large number of preposi-tions bez lsquowithoutrsquo vdol lsquoalongrsquo vne lsquooutsidersquo vnutri lsquoinsidersquovperedi lsquoin front of beforersquo vmesto lsquoinstead ofrsquo vo vremqlsquoduringrsquo (named events in history) vozle lsquoby nearrsquo vokruglsquoaroundrsquo v tehenie lsquoduringrsquo (with words such as nedelq lsquoweekrsquo
10 | Russia and the Russian language
The Russian White House home of the parliament or DumaPhoto N Kay
or god lsquoyearrsquo indicating periods of time) dlq lsquofor (the sake of)rsquolsquodo lsquoup to untilrsquo (time or place) iz lsquofrom out ofrsquo iz-za lsquobecauseof from behindrsquo iz-pod lsquofrom underrsquo krome lsquoexceptrsquo mimo lsquopastnaprotiv lsquooppositersquo okolo lsquoaround nearrsquo ot lsquofromrsquo poslelsquoafterrsquo protiv lsquoagainstrsquo radi lsquofor the sake ofrsquo s so lsquofromrsquo sredilsquoamong u lsquoby near chezrsquo
vo vremq perevorotaduring the coup
protiv prezidentaagainst opposed to the President
radi Bogafor Godrsquos sake
do raspada Sovetskogo So[zauntil the collapse of the Soviet Union
byli tanki vokrug Belogo domathere were tanks round the White House
More detailed information is given about iz-za in Unit 7 aboutthe differences between iz ot and s in Unit 5 and between sand so in Unit 12
The preposition u + genitive lsquoin the possession ofrsquo is used to trans-late lsquoto haversquo into Russian
U prezidenta byla bolwaq vlastThe President had great power
Note that bolwaq vlast is the subject of this sentence liter-ally lsquoGreat power was in the possession of Presidentrsquo
3 The genitive singular is used after oba obe lsquobothrsquo and the numeralsdva dve lsquotworsquo tri lsquothreersquo hetyre lsquofourrsquo and compounds endingin those numerals The genitive plural is used after all othernumerals except for odin odnaodnoodni lsquoonersquo which is anadjective agreeing with the noun it describes
dvadcat tri hlena Dumytwenty three members of the Duma
pqtnadcat hlenov Dumyfifteen members of the Duma
There is much more detailed treatment of cardinal numerals in Unit 9
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 11
4 The genitive is used after expressions of quantity such as mnogolsquoa lotrsquo malo nemnogo lsquoa little fewrsquo neskolko lsquoseveralrsquo skolkolsquohow manyrsquo bolwinstvo lsquothe majorityrsquo and on its own as apartitive genitive to indicate part of a substance or lsquosomersquo
Politika vyzyvaet malo interesa v RossiiPolitics arouses little interest in Russia
My vypili vinaWe drank some wine
contrast
My vypili vinoWe drank the wine
5 The genitive is found in several negative constructions
after net ne bylo ne budet lsquothere is not was not will not bersquo
U Gorbaheva ne bylo kompetentnyx sovetnikovGorbachev did not have competent advisers
V takoj situacii net drugogo vyxodaIn such a situation there is no other way out
after ne vidno ne slywno ne zametno lsquocannot be seen heard discernedrsquo
Belogo doma ne vidno ots[daThe White House cannot be seen from here
as the direct object of negative verbs
Gorbahev ne imel podderki sredi narodaGorbachev did not have support among the people
However when the object is more concrete the accusative ispreferred
Q ne viu ego avtomobilI donrsquot see his car
There is much more detail about the negative in Unit 13
12 | Russia and the Russian language
6 The genitive is also used as the direct object of certain verbselat (po-) lsquoto wishrsquo dostigat dostignut lsquoto achieversquoExpressions such as shastlivogo puti lsquobon voyagersquo are in thegenitive because the verb elat is understood Some other verbstake either the genitive or the accusative boqtsq lsquoto fearrsquo datlsquoto wait forrsquo iskat po- lsquoto seek look forrsquo oidat lsquoto expectrsquoprosit (po-) lsquoto ask forrsquo trebovat (po-) lsquoto demandrsquo xotet(za-) lsquoto wantrsquo Generally the genitive is used if the object isabstract and the accusative if it is a concrete object or a personiskat pomo]i lsquoto seek for helprsquo iskat dom lsquoto look for ahousersquo
There are more examples in Unit 11
Endings in the genitive case
Singular nouns
Notes
1 Never forget the effect the spelling rules have on endings knigandash knigi
2 Remember that the accusative of masculine animate nouns is thesame as the genitive
My za syna i protiv otcaWe are for the son and against the father
3 Some masculine nouns also have alternative genitive endings in -u or -[ They are most commonly found in the sense of lsquosomersquoKupi ha[ lsquoBuy some tearsquo Note also the expression mnogonarodu lsquoa lot of peoplersquo
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 13
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom Gen Nom Gen Nom Gen
prezident prezidenta gazeta gazety vino vina
tramvaj tramvaq revol[ciq revol[cii zdanie zdaniq
kreml kremlq vozmonost vozmonosti vremq vremeni
Plural
Notes
1 Masculine nouns
mesqc ndash mesqcev lsquomonthsrsquo (because of the spelling rule)moskvih ndash moskvihej lsquoMuscovitesrsquo (also nouns ending in --w and -]) sloj ndash sloev lsquolayersrsquo (because of the stressed ending) anglihanin ndash anglihan brat ndash bratev stul ndashstulev drug ndash druzej syn ndash synovej rebenok ndash detejhelovek ndash l[dej
2 Feminine nouns
ideq ndash idej lsquoideasrsquo semq ndash semej lsquofamiliesrsquo
Sometimes a vowel (-o- -e- or -e-) is inserted between the lasttwo consonants of nouns ending in -a studentka ndash studentoklsquofemale studentsrsquo devuwka ndash devuwek lsquogirlsrsquo nouns ending in -nq generally do not have a - pesnq ndash pesen lsquosongsrsquo but thereare exceptions derevnq ndash dereven lsquovillagesrsquo kuxnq ndash kuxonlsquokitchensrsquo
3 Neuter nouns
derevo ndash derevev lsquotreesrsquo
Sometimes a vowel is inserted between the last two consonantsof nouns ending in -o okno ndash okon lsquowindowsrsquo pismo ndash pisemlsquolettersrsquo kreslo ndash kresel lsquoarmchairsrsquo
14 | Russia and the Russian language
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom Gen Nom Gen Nom Gen plural plural plural
prezident prezidentov gazeta gazet vino vin
tramvaj tramvaev nedelq nedel more morejweek sea
kreml kremlej revol[ciq revol[cij zdanie zdanij
vozmonost vozmonostej vremq vremen
Adjectives and pronouns
Notes
1 Remember that the accusative plural of masculine and feminineanimate nouns is the same as the genitive and that adjectives orpronouns agreeing with them will also take endings like thegenitive
Q zna[ tix russkix en]in i ix muejI know these Russian women and their husbands
2 The genitive of personal pronouns and kto is the same as theaccusative The genitive of hto is hego
Exercise 5
Put the words in brackets into the genitive
Perevorot 19 avgusta 1991 goda ndash neskolko (zamehaniq)
Pervaq popytka (perevorot) v Rossii proizowla v avguste 1991 godakogda neskolko (hlen) (byvwee Politb[ro) organizovali zagovor ivystupili protiv (novaq demokratiq i Gorbahev) (Gorbahev) ne bylov Moskve vo vremq (zagovor) i zagovor]iki byli uvereny v uspexe(svoi dejstviq) Oni znali hto u (Gorbahev) net (bolwaq
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 15
Masculine and Neuter Feminine Neuter
interesnogo interesnoj interesnyx
drevnego drevnej drevnix
moego moej moix
tvoego tvoej tvoix
nawego nawej nawix
vawego vawej vawix
togo toj tix
togo toj tex
vsego vsej vsex
hego hej hix
politiheskaq vlast) i (podderka) (narod) Odno iz (sobytiq)kotoroe stimulirovalo popytku (gosudarstvennyj perevorot) bylanacionalizaciq Rossiej (gazovaq i neftqnaq promywlennost) ipovywenie (vnutrennie ceny) na neft Odnako popytka (perevorot)provalilas Novoe pravitelstvo (Elcin i ego soratniki)rewitelno potrebovali (arest) (organizatory) (puth) Teper ueni u (kto) net (somneniq) hto popytka (perevorot) v avguste 1991goda ndash odna iz (prihiny) (raspad) (Sovetskij So[z)
Vocabulary diams
byvwij formervnutrennij domesticvystupit protiv to act come out againstgazovaq i nefqnaq gas and oil industry
promywlennostgosudarstvennyj statedejstvie actionzagovor zagovor]ik plot plotter
16 | Russia and the Russian language
povywenie increasepodderka supportpopytka attemptpravitelstvo governmentprihina reasonprovalitsq to failproizojti to happen take placeraspad collapserewitelno resolutelysobytie eventsomnenie doubtsoratnik comrade-in-armsuvereny v uspexe confident of the successhlen Politb[ro member of the Politburo
(political bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party)
Exercise 6
Answer the questions in English
1 Who were the instigators of the coup2 Why did they feel that Gorbachev was vulnerable3 Which economic policy helped provoke the coup4 What was the Yeltsin governmentrsquos response to the failed coup5 In what significant historical event was the failure of the coup an
important factor
Dative case
Uses of the dative case
1 The dative is the case of the indirect object of the verb
Gorbahev peredal vlast Elcinu v dekabre 1991gGorbachev handed over power to Yeltsin in December 1991
2 The dative is also used after certain verbs that take a direct objectin English verit (po-) lsquoto believersquo pomogat pomoh lsquoto helprsquosledovat (po) lsquoto followrsquo (orders etc) sovetovat (po-) lsquotoadvisersquo ugroat grozit lsquoto threatenrsquo
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 17
Rossii grozit perevorotA coup threatens Russia
There is further information on verbs with the dative in Unit 5
Note the constructions with uhit lsquoto teach learnrsquo and uhitsqlsquoto learnrsquo
Q uhu ego russkomu qzykuI teach him Russian
Q uhus russkomu qzykuI am learning studying Russian
But note
Q uhu russkij qzykI am learning Russian
There is more information on verbs of teaching and learning inUnit 10
3 The dative is used with the prepositions k lsquotowards (place) by(time)rsquo and po lsquoaccording to along through byrsquo k veherulsquoby eveningrsquo k domu lsquotowards the housersquo po pohte lsquoby postrsquo poulice lsquoalong the streetrsquo There is more information on the use ofpo in Unit 10
4 The dative is used with a large number of impersonal expressionsnam interesno lsquoit is interesting for usrsquo Prezidentu nadorewit lsquothe President has to decidersquo These expressions are dealtwith in detail in Unit 12 Note also On nam izvesten lsquoHe isknown to usrsquo
5 Note this use of the dative with the infinitive
Hto mne delatWhat am I to do
6 The dative may also be combined with certain reflexive verbs
Lideru prixoditsq rewatThe leader has to decide
18 | Russia and the Russian language
Emu xotelos uvidet prezidentaHe wanted to see the President
These expressions are also covered in Unit 12
Note the construction with the reflexive verb nravitsq (po-)lsquoto likersquo
Im ne nravilas politika GorbahevaThey did not like Gorbachevrsquos policy ndash literally Gorbachevrsquospolicy was not pleasing to them
7 The dative is also used with the short adjective nuen nunanuno nuny to translate lsquoto needrsquo
Emu nuna byla pomo]He needed help
There are further examples of this construction in Unit 12
Endings in the dative case
Nouns
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 19
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
prezidentu prezidentam gazete gazetam
tramva[ tramvaqm nedele nedelqm
kreml[ kremlqm revol[cii revol[ciqm
vozmonosti vozmonostqm
Neuter
Singular Plural
vinu vinam
zdani[ zdaniqm
vremeni vremenam
Adjectives and pronouns
Exercise 7
Put the words in brackets into the dative
Iz zapisok urnalista
Teploe avgustovskoe utro 1991 goda My edem po (Sadovoe kolco)k (Belyj dom) My ue slywali iz peredah po (radio) i po(televidenie) o popytke perevorota Esli sudit po (posledniesoob]eniq) po (radio) (soldaty) nikto ne prikazyval strelqt po (tolpa) Vopros v tom pomoet li armiq (puthisty) ili
20 | Russia and the Russian language
Singular Plural
q mne my nam
ty tebe vy vam
on ono emu oni im
ona ej
kto komu
hto hemu
Masculine and Neuter Feminine Plural
interesnomu interesnoj interesnym
drevnemu drevnej drevnim
moemu moej moim
tvoemu tvoej tvoim
nawemu nawej nawim
vawemu vawej vawim
tomu toj tim
tomu toj tem
vsemu vsej vsem
hemu hej him
prisoedinitsq k (demokraty i Elcin) posledu[t li soldaty(prikazy) iz Kremlq V golove pronosqtsq raznye mysli Pohemuto proizowlo Kto vinovat Neueli Gorbahev (Puthisty) nenravilas politika Gorbaheva (Gorbahev) nado bylo dejstvovatrewitelnee Sejhas (on) nuna podderka vsex l[dej Teper (vsedemokraty i Elcin) ugroaet arest Vokrug Belogo doma ndash tolpynaroda (My) pohti nevozmono projti blie k (zdanie) Belogodoma no (my) tak xohetsq uslywat Elcina On stoit na tanke iobra]aetsq k (narod) Vse polny ntuziazma pomoh (on i egosoratniki) K (obed) powel dod no nikto ne xotel uxodit (Vse)xotelos byt hast[ istorii
Vocabulary diams
v golove pronosqtsq mysli thoughts run through (my) mindvinovat guilty to blamedejstvovat to actneueli really is it possibleobra]atsq k to addressperedaha po televideni[ television broadcastposlednee soob]enie latest reportprikaz prikazyvat order to orderprisoedinitsq k to joinstrelqt to shootsudit po to judge byhast part
Exercise 8
Answer the questions in English
1 What was the weather like on the nineteenth of August2 How had the writer heard about the attempted coup3 What reasons for the coup are suggested4 Was it clear which side the army was on5 Where did the crowds congregate6 Who addressed them and from where
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Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 21
Instrumental case
Uses of the instrumental case
1 The instrumental case is used to translate lsquobyrsquo or lsquowithrsquo referringto the instrument with which an action is performed pisatkarandawom lsquoto write with a pencilrsquo okruat tankami lsquotoencircle with tanksrsquo Note its use after certain verbs indicatingmovement of parts of the body maxat rukoj lsquoto wave (with)onersquos handrsquo kivat kivnut golovoj lsquoto shake onersquos headrsquopoimat plehami lsquoto shrug onersquos shouldersrsquo There is furtherinformation on how the instrumental is used to translate lsquobyrsquo inUnit 10
2 It is also used after certain prepositions
za behind beyond for (to fetch)medu betweennad overpered in front of beforepod under (place)s with (accompanied by)
There is more information on the uses of za in Unit 8 and on sin Units 5 and 6
3 The instrumental is frequently used as the complement of bytlsquoto bersquo when this verb is in the past or future tense or the infinitiveOn xotel byt prezidentom lsquoHe wanted to be presidentrsquo
4 The instrumental case is used after several verbs
zanimatsq zanqtsq to be engaged in occupied withinteresovatsq (za-) to be interested inokazyvatsq okazatsq to turn out to beostavatsq ostatsq to remain aspolzovatsq (vos-) to use enjoystanovitsq stat to becomeuvlekatsq uvlehsq to be keen onupravlqt control manage governqvlqtsq to seem be
There is information on these and other verbs with the instru-mental in Unit 6
22 | Russia and the Russian language
5 The instrumental occurs in certain adverbial expressions of time
utrom in the morning dnem in the daytimeveherom in the evening noh[ at nightvesnoj in spring letom in summerosen[ in autumn zimoj in wintercelymi dnqmi for days on end
and in some expressions of manner
wepotom in a whisper begom at a run
Note also the phrases takim obrazom lsquoin that way thusrsquo anddrugimi slovami lsquoin other wordsrsquo
6 The instrumental is also used in defining dimensions
vysotoj in height dlinoj in lengthrostom tall wirinoj in width
reka wirinoj v desqt metrova river ten metres wide
Endings in the instrumental case
Nouns
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 23
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
prezidentom prezidentami gazetoj gazetami
tramvaem tramvaqmi nedelej nedelqmi
roqlem roqlqmi revol[ciej revol[ciqmi
kremlem kremlqmi vozmonost[ vozmonostqmi
Neuter
Singular Plural
vinom vinami
zdaniem zdaniqmi
vremenem vremenami
Notes
1 Do not forget the possible impact of the spelling rule vrah ndashvrahom lsquodoctorrsquo tovari] ndash tovari]em lsquocomradersquo gostinicandash gostinicej lsquohotelrsquo
2 If the ending is stressed -em and -ej are replaced by -em or-ej zemlq ndash zemlej lsquoearthrsquo
3 The instrumental of masculine surnames ending in -ov -ev -in-yn is ym Elcin ndash Elcinym Otherwise they decline likenouns For the complete declension including feminine and pluralsurnames see the tables at the back of the book
Adjectives and pronouns
24 | Russia and the Russian language
Masculine and Neuter Feminine Plural
interesnym interesnoj interesnymi
drevnim drevnej drevnimi
moim moej moimi
tvoim tvoej tvoimi
nawim nawej nawimi
vawim vawej vawimi
tim toj timi
tem toj temi
vsem vsej vsemi
him hej himi
Singular Plural
q mnoj my nami
ty toboj vy vami
on ono im oni imi
ona ej
kto kem
hto hem
Exercise 9
Put the words in brackets into the instrumental
(Utro) 20 avgusta situaciq stala bolee (qsnaq) V tot den Elcin stal (simvol) demokratii pod (ego rukovodstvo) oderanapobeda nad (kommunistiheskaq nomenklatura) Gorbahev bolwe ne polzuetsq (populqrnost) sredi rossijskix demokratovNerewitelnost Gorbaheva qvilas (glavnaq prihina) krizisa egopolitiki (Takoj obraz) Elcin s (ego xarizmatiheskij avtoriteti tverdaq uverennost) stal (glavnaq politiheskaq sila) v Rossii
Vocabulary diams
nerewitelnost indecisionoderana pobeda victory was achievedrukovodstvo leadershiptverdaq uverennost unshakeable confidence
Prepositional case
Uses of the prepositional case
The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions v lsquoinrsquo (place)na lsquoon atrsquo (place) o ob obo lsquoabout concerningrsquo pri lsquoat the time of in the presence of adjoiningrsquo More information about v may befound in Units 4 and 12 about na in Unit 2 and about o ob obo inUnit 6
Endings in the prepositional case
Nouns
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 25
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
prezidente prezidentax gazete gazetax
tramvae tramvaqx nedele nedelqx
kremle kremlqx revol[cii revol[ciqx
vozmonosti vozmonostqx
Note
Certain masculine nouns take the ending -u after the prepositions vand na though not after other prepositions taking the prepositionalcase These nouns include les ndash v lesu lsquoin the forestrsquo bereg ndash naberegu lsquoon the bankrsquo pol ndash na polu lsquoon the floorrsquo sad ndash v sadulsquoin the gardenrsquo ugol ndash v uglu lsquoin the cornerrsquo god ndash v prowlomgodu lsquolast yearrsquo wkaf ndash v wkafu lsquoin the cupboardrsquo Krym ndash vKrymu lsquoin the Crimearsquo
Adjectives and pronouns
26 | Russia and the Russian language
Neuter
Singular Plural
vine vinax
more morqx
zdanii zdaniqx
vremeni vremenax
Masculine and Neuter Feminine Plural
interesnom interesnoj interesnyx
drevnem drevnej drevnix
moem moej moix
tvoem tvoej tvoix
nawem nawej nawix
vawem vawej vawix
tom toj tix
tom toj tex
vsem vsej vsex
hem hej hix
Exercise 10
Put the words in brackets into the prepositional case
1 Belyj dom naxoditsq v (centr) Moskvy na (Krasnopresnenskaqnabernaq) 2 Vo vremq perevorota Gorbahev byl v (Krym) na (bereg) morq 3 V (zdanie) Belogo doma zasedaet parlament Rossii4 Interesno slywat ob (ti sobytiq) v (vawa strana) 5 Miliciqbyla na (plo]ad) okolo Belogo doma 6 O (kto) idet reh O(lidery) perevorota Q nihego ne zna[ o (oni) 7 Elcin byl v(Belyj dom) a organizatory perevorota byli v (Kreml)
Vocabulary diams
zasedat to sit (of parliament)
Exercise 11
Answer the questions in Russian
1 Gde naxoditsq Belyj dom2 Gde byl Gorbahev vo vremq perevorota3 Gde naxoditsq Krym4 Gde zasedaet parlament5 Gde byla miliciq6 Gde byl Elcin7 Gde byli organizatory perevorota
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Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 27
Singular Plural
q mne my nas
ty tebe vy vas
on ono nem oni nix
ona nej
kto kom
hto hem
Reflexive pronouns
In addition to the personal pronouns and possessive pronounsreferred to above there is the reflexive pronoun sebq and the reflexivepossessive pronoun svoj Sebq means myself yourself himself etcreferring back to the subject of the verb In consequence it has nonominative The other forms common to all genders singular andplural are acc gen sebq dat sebe instr soboj prep sebe
Ona dumaet tolko o sebeShe thinks only of herself
The endings of svoj are the same as those of moj and tvoj It trans-lates any possessive ndash lsquomyrsquo lsquoyourrsquo lsquohisrsquo etc provided it refers backto ownership by the subject of the verb
On l[bit svo[ rabotuHe loves his work
To use ego in this sentence would mean it was someone elsersquos workIn sentences with a first or second person subject svoj may be usedas an alternative to the first or second person possessive
My l[bim nawu svo[ rabotuWe love our work
Sam
Sam is the emphatic pronoun lsquoselfrsquo
Ona sama sdelalaShe did it herself
The full declension is in the grammar summary
Short form adjectives
The adjectives referred to earlier are all long or attributive adjectivesThere are also short or predicative adjectives They are used only inthe predicate of the sentence separated from the noun or pronounthey describe by the verb lsquoto bersquo
Kniga byla interesnaThe book was interesting
To form a short adjective remove the -yj or -ij from the long adjec-tive This gives you the masculine For the feminine add -a for the
28 | Russia and the Russian language
neuter -o and the plural -y zdorovyj lsquohealthyrsquo ndash zdorov zdorovazdorovo zdorovy If the masculine form ends in two consonants a vowel is sometimes inserted between them interesnyj ndashinteresen
Some adjectives including those ending in -skij have no shortform
Adverbs
Adverbs are formed in the same way as neuter short form adjectivesBystryj lsquoquickrsquo ndash bystro lsquoquicklyrsquo on idet bystro lsquohe is walkingquicklyrsquo
Verbs
Compared with English Russian has very few tenses one presenttwo future and two past Verbs fall mostly into two conjugations orpatterns of endings first and second First conjugation verbs mayoften be recognised by their infinitive ending in -at or -qt delatlsquoto do makersquo terqt lsquoto losersquo Second conjugation verbs more oftenend in -it or -et govorit lsquoto speakrsquo smotret lsquoto look atrsquoHowever there are a small number of second conjugation verbsending in -at and -qt and irregular first conjugation verbs endingin -it -et -ti Note that tables of the endings on verbs are givenat the back of the book
Formation of the present tense ndash first conjugation
Regular first conjugation verbs ending in -at or -qt ndash remove the-t from the infinitive and add -[ -ew -et -em -ete -[t
Remember that as there is only one present tense in Russian q dela[may translate as either lsquoI dorsquo or lsquoI am doingrsquo dependent on thecontext
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 29
delat
q dela[ my delaem
ty delaew vy delaete
on ona ono delaet oni dela[t
In addition to regular first conjugation verbs there are also verbs which take regular first conjugation endings but their presenttense stem is different from the infinitive stem so it has to be learntWhere the present tense stem ends in a vowel the endings are the same as on delat and where it ends in a consonant the endings are -u -ew -et -em -ete -ut If the ending is stressed e is replacedby e
myt lsquoto washrsquoq mo[ my moemty moew vy moeteon onaono moet oni mo[t
pisat lsquoto writersquoq piwu my piwemty piwew vy piweteon onaono piwet oni piwut
idti lsquoto gorsquoq idu my idemty idew vy ideteon onaono idet oni idut
Much more about the stress of present tense of verbs may be foundin Unit 10
Verbs with infinitives ending in -avat drop the syllable -av- in thepresent tense verbs ending in -ovat replace the -ov- by -u- and thoseending in -evat replace the -ev- by -[-
davat lsquoto giversquoq da[ my daemty daew vy daeteon onaono daet oni da[t
sovetovat lsquoto advisersquoq sovetu[ my sovetuemty sovetuew vy sovetueteon onaono sovetuet oni sovetu[t
voevat lsquoto wage warrsquoq vo[[ my vo[emty vo[ew vy vo[eteon onaono vo[et oni vo[[t
30 | Russia and the Russian language
Watch out for the effect of the spelling rules on such verbs
tancevat lsquoto dancersquotancu[ tancuew tancuet tancuem tancuete tancu[t
Second conjugation
Remove the last three letters from the infinitive and add the endings-[ -iw -it -im -ite -qt Some second conjugation verbs arealso affected by the spelling rules
govorit lsquoto speakrsquoq govor[ my govorimty govoriw vy govoriteon onaono govorit oni govorqt
derat lsquoto holdrsquoq deru my derimty deriw vy deriteon onaono derit oni derat
If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants -d-t -s -z -st that consonant will change in the first person singu-lar (q form) only Other forms are regular If the stem ends in -b -v-p -f and -m an -l- is inserted between the stem and the ending inthe first person singular only
vodit to lead q vou ty vodiwplatit to pay q plahu ty platiwprosit to ask q prowu ty prosiwvozit to convey q vou ty voziwsvistet to whistle q svi]u ty svistiwl[bit to love q l[bl[ ty l[biw
Irregular verbs
There are a small number of irregular verbs in Russian
moh lsquoto be ablersquo mogu moemmoew moetemoet mogut
beat lsquoto runrsquo begu beimbeiw beitebeit begut
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Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 31
xotet lsquoto wantrsquo xohu xotimxohew xotitexohet xotqt
est lsquoto eatrsquo em edimew editeest edqt
Reflexive verbs
Add -sq after a consonant or - and -s after a vowel
vstrehatsq lsquoto meetrsquo vstreha[s vstrehaemsqvstrehaewsq vstrehaetesvstrehaetsq vstreha[tsq
There is much more information about reflexive verbs in Unit 4
The verb lsquoto bersquo
Byt has no present tense For alternative ways of translating lsquotobersquo see Unit 6
Use of the present tense
In addition to a straight translation for one of the English presenttenses Russian uses the present tense in some additional circum-stances Actions which started in the past and are continuing in thepresent are conveyed in Russian by the use of the present tense
Q ue hetyre goda zanima[s russkim qzykomI have been studying Russian for four years already
In indirect speech or questions Russian uses the tense in which theoriginal statement or question was made This frequently means thatRussian uses the present tense where English uses the past
Q sprosila ego zanimaetsq li on russkim qzykomI asked him whether he was studying Russian
On skazal hto on zanimaetsq russkim qzykomHe said that he was studying Russian
Verbs of motion have two different present tenses which have somesimilarities to the two present tenses in English This is explainedfully in Unit 2
32 | Russia and the Russian language
Exercise 12
Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into thepresent tense
Sovetskij So[z bolwe ne (su]estvovat) Byvwie respublikiteper (qvlqtsq) nezavisimymi gosudarstvami Okolo dvadcatirespublik (vxodit) v sostav Rossijskoj Federacii Parlament RF(nazyvatsq) Duma On (sostoqt) iz dvux palat urnalisty hasto(pisat) hto rossiqne ne (interesovatsq) politikoj Oni bolwene (doverqt) politikam Q (shitat) hto oni pravy A Vy KakVy (dumat) Net my ne (moh) soglasitsq My (podderivat)prezidenta i vo vsem (soglawatsq) s nim
Aspects
There are in the overwhelming number of cases two Russian verbinfinitives for every English one For example lsquoto dorsquo may be delator sdelat The first of these is the imperfective infinitive or infini-tive of the imperfective aspect and the second is the perfectiveinfinitive or infinitive of the imperfective aspect The present tense isformed from the imperfective infinitive There are both imperfectiveand perfective past and future tenses formed from the respectiveinfinitives
Formation of the imperfective future
The imperfective future is formed from the future tense of bytlsquoto bersquo + the imperfective infinitive
q budu delat my budem delatty budew delat vy budete delaton onaono budet delat oni budut delat
The formation is exactly the same for the second conjugation andfor irregular verbs q budu govorit etc q budu est etc
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 33
Formation of the perfective future
The perfective future is formed in the same way as the present tensebut using the perfective infinitive Note the irregular perfective dat
sdelat lsquoto dorsquo sdela[ sdelaemsdelaew sdelaetesdelaet sdela[t
dat lsquoto giversquo dam dadimdaw daditedast dadut
Formation of the imperfective and perfective past
Both the imperfective and perfective past are formed in the same waybut from their respective infinitives Where the infinitive of a Russianverb ends in -t the past tense is generally formed by removing the-t and replacing it by -l (masculine singular) -la (femininesingular) -lo (neuter singular) -li (plural all genders)
delat ndash delal delala delalo delalisdelat ndash sdelal sdelala sdelalo sdelali
Note however the following exceptions
ndash Verbs ending in -eret
umeret lsquoto diersquo umer umerla umerlo umerli
ndash Some verbs ending in -nut drop the -nut in the masculine
privyknut lsquoto get used torsquoprivyk privykla privyklo privykli
vozniknut lsquoto arisersquovoznik voznikla vozniklo voznikli
but note
kriknut lsquoto shoutrsquokriknul kriknula kriknulo kriknuli
prygnut lsquoto jumprsquoprygnul prygnula prygnulo prygnuli
34 | Russia and the Russian language
ndash Verbs ending in -st remove the -st before adding the past tenseendings
past lsquoto fallrsquo pal pala palo paliest el ela elo eli
ndash Verbs ending in -ti
idti wel wla wlo wlinesti to carry nes nesla neslo neslivesti to lead vel vela velo velirasti to grow ros rosla roslo rosli
ndash Verbs ending in -h
teh to flow tek tekla teklo teklileh to lie down leg legla leglo leglimoh mog mogla moglo moglidostih to achieve dostig dostigla dostiglo
dostigli
Imperfective and perfective pairs
The perfective is often differentiated from the imperfective by theaddition of a prefix Common prefixes include
vy- za- na- o- ot- pere- po- pod- pri- pro- s- u-
pit vypit to drinkhitat prohitat to readpisat napisatdelat sdelat
Other pairs are differentiated by a suffix
rewat rewit to decidepose]at posetit to visitvstavat vstatdavat datsobirat sobrat to collectnadevat nadet to put on
or by the presence of the infix -yv- or -iv- in the imperfectivepodpisyvat podpisat lsquoto signrsquo For more about verbs of thistype see Unit 14
Govorit has two perfectives skazat lsquoto say tellrsquo and pogov-orit lsquoto talk speakrsquo Some other unusual perfective pairs includebrat vzqt lsquoto takersquo pokupat kupit lsquoto buyrsquo stanovitsq stat lsquoto becomersquo
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 35
Difference in usage between the imperfective andperfective aspects
Imperfective aspect
1 Unfinished or continuous actions
On celyj den smotrel televizorHe was watching watched television all day
Zavtra q budu rabotat v saduTomorrow I will work in the garden
2 Habitual or repeated actions
My hasto igrali v tennis tim letomWe often played used to play tennis that summer
Oni budut plavat v more kadyj denThey will be swimming will swim in the sea every day
3 Emphasis on the process of the verb
Q l[bl[ katatsq na lyaxI love skiing
4 After the verbs nahinat nahat and stat lsquoto beginrsquo konhatkonhit lsquoto finishrsquo prodolat lsquoto continuersquo and some otherverbs with similar meanings the imperfective infinitive is alwaysused
Q tolko hto konhila rabotat nad toj knigojI have only just finished working on this book
For other verbs meaning lsquoto stoprsquo see Unit 14
Perfective aspect
1 Emphasis on completion or result This may be a single action
On konhil rabotuHe finished the work
Vy dolny prohitat tu knigu segodnqYou must read (finish reading) that book today
or a series of actions each one completed before the next onestarts
Q vstanu primu duw i odenusI will get up take a shower and get dressed
36 | Russia and the Russian language
2 Some perfectives with the prefix po- imply that the action isperformed for a short time only
My posideli v sadu i powli domojWe sat in the garden for a while and went home
For aspects in relation to verbs of motion see Unit 2
Subjunctive
In addition to the five tenses described above Russian also has asubjunctive formed by using the particle by with the past tense Qsdelala by lsquoI would have done itrsquo Fuller information on the subjunc-tive is given in Unit 11
Imperative
The third person imperative may be formed from either the imper-fective or perfective verb delaj(te) sdelaj(te) lsquodorsquo For fullerinformation on this imperative see Unit 2 Davaj davajte impera-tive of davat is used with the first person plural (my form) of thefuture perfective to form a first person imperative Davajte sdelaemlsquoLetrsquos do itrsquo
Exercise 13
Choose the appropriate verb form from the alternatives in brackets
Raspad SSSR
Pervyj konflikt v Sovetskom So[ze (sluhitsq sluhilsq) e]e v1986g v Alma Ate Zatem v 1989g (nahinalsq nahalsq) konfliktmedu Armeniej i Azerbajdanom po povodu Nagornogo KarabaxaA s 1989 konflikty stali (voznikat vozniknut) praktiheskipovs[du na Ukraine i Kavkaze v Moldavii i PribaltikeSovetskoe rukovodstvo snahala ne (ponimalo ponqlo) istokov tix konfliktov Odnako primenenie sily v Rige i Viln[se v qnvare 1991g uspexa ne (prinosilo prineslo) (Nahinalis nahalis) peregovory o novom so[znom dogovore Konfederativnyjxarakter predloenij (vyzyval vyzval) nedovolstvo so storonykonservatorov i (voznikala voznikla) ideq perevorota protiv reform voob]e Pobeda nad puthistami (privodila privela) knekontroliruemomu raspadu SSSR V dekabre 1991g prezidenty
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 37
Rossii Ukrainy i Belorussii (podpisyvali podpisali)soglawenie o likvidacii SSSR i sozdanii SodruestvaNezavisimyx Gosudarstv
Vocabulary diams
voznikat vozniknut to arisedogovor treatyistok sourcenedovolstvo dissatisfactionperegovory negotiationspo povodu on the subject ofpovs[du everywherepodpisyvat podpisat
soglawenie to sign an agreementpredloenie proposalprimenenie sily use of forceprinosit prinesti uspex to bring successsluhitsq to happensozdanie creationSodruestvo Nezavisimyx Commonwealth of
Gosudarstv Independent States
Exercise 14
Answer the questions in English
1 Where did the first conflict break out in the Soviet Union2 What did Armenia and Azerbaidjan fall out about3 Where did conflicts break out in 19894 How did the leadership try to subdue the Baltic States in 19915 What was it about the proposals for a new Union treaty which
upset the conservative faction in government6 Who signed the agreement to abolish the Soviet Union7 What was its substance
38 | Russia and the Russian language
2 TRANSPORT
In this unit you will learn
about the transport system in Russia to use the imperative how to form the comparative more about the preposition na
Because of Russiarsquos immense size rail and air are the most importantmodes of transport Travel by rail is still reliable and cheap as it wasin Soviet times Although more investment is needed for constructionand track maintenance especially in the remote regions whereclimatic conditions are very difficult there have been considerablerecent improvements Compared with Soviet times domestic air travelis expensive and the number of internal flights has been reducedAlthough dozens of private airlines were set up after the break-up ofthe Soviet state airline Aeroflot they do not offer the same compre-hensive service to provincial towns Road transport is slow as thereis no motorway system and roads are not well-maintained outsidemajor cities
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Dialogue 1
A conversation between a passenger and a booking clerk at MoscowrsquosInternational Airport Sheremetevo 2
PASSAIR Skaite poalujsta zdes proda[tsq bilety nasamolet Q tolko hto priletel iz Londona Mne nunoletet v Irkutsk
KASSIR Da konehno A kakoj kompaniej Vy xotite letet Unas sejhas mnogo aviakompanij
PASSAIR A kakaq kompaniq dewevleKASSIR Dewevle letet Transaro Aroflotom nemnogo doroe
No vam udobnee letet Aroflotom SamoletyAroflota otpravlq[tsq s terminala Weremetevo odin|to nedaleko ots[da
PASSAIR Xorowo polehu Aroflotom Kogda vyletaet samoletKASSIR Est dva rejsa Odin ndash herez 2 hasa a drugoj ndash nohnoj
rejsPASSAIR Poaluj polehu pervym rejsom A skolko stoit biletKASSIR Stoimost bileta tuda i obratno vmeste s nalogom ndash 250
dollarov |to esli Vy letite konomiheskim klassomKak Vy budete platit Nalihnymi ili kreditnojkartoj
PASSAIR Kreditnoj kartoj A kak dobratsq do Weremetevoodin
KASSIR Mono dobratsq rejsovym avtobusom ili marwrutnymtaksi Luhwe poezajte marwrutnym taksi Tak bystree
PASSAIR A gde ostanavlivaetsq taksiKASSIR Stoqnka tut rqdom Idite prqmo po koridoru povernite
napravo i prqmo u vyxoda iz aroporta Vy uviditemarwrutnye taksi
PASSAIR A q ne opozda[ na registraci[KASSIR Konehno ne opozdaete Herez 10 minut Vy budete v
Weremetevo odin Tolko prigotovte zaranee biletpasport vse Vawi dokumenty Ne zabudte baga I vsebudet v porqdke
Vocabulary diams
dobratsq do to get tozaranee in advance
40 | Transport
marwrutnoe taksi minibusmedunarodnyj internationalnalog taxnohnoj rejs night flightopozdat na (+ acc) to be late forotpravlqtsq to set off departpovernut to turnpoaluj perhapsrejsovyj avtobus regular busstoimost (f ) coststoqnka (taxi) rank stoptolko hto just
NB bilet tuda i obratno ndash return ticket platit nalihnymi ndash to paycash vse budet v porqdke ndash everything will be OK
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in English
1 What airlines operate within Russia2 What are the methods of payment for an air ticket3 What does a ticket to Irkutsk cost4 How do you get to Sheremetevo Terminal 1 from Terminal 25 What do you need to check-in
Language points diams
Imperatives
In the above dialogue there are several examples of the second personimperative
Skaite poalujsta tell (me ) pleaseIdite prqmo go straight on
Imperatives can be formed from either imperfective or perfectiveverbs Remove the last two letters from the third person plural (oniform) of the present or future perfective to find the stem of the verbAdd -i if the stem ends in a consonant or -j if it ends in a vowelidti ndash idut ndash id ndash idi lsquogorsquo hitat ndash hita[t ndash hita ndashhitaj lsquoreadrsquo
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Transport | 41
Verbs with their stem ending in a single consonant that are stressedon the stem throughout their conjugation take the imperative ending- zabyt ndash zabudut ndash zabud ndash zabud lsquoforgetrsquo
For the plural or polite form add -te idite hitajte zabudteThe reflexive ending is -sq after -j or - and -s after -i or -te
odevajsq odevajtes odensq odentes lsquodressrsquoVerbs ending in -avat form their imperative irregularly davat
ndash da[t ndash davaj(te) lsquogiversquo vstavat ndash vsta[t ndash vstavaj(te) lsquostandrsquoNote also est ndash ew(te) lsquoeatrsquo and pit ndash pej(te) lsquodrinkrsquo
Stress is on the same syllable in the imperative as in the first personsingular (q form) pisat ndash piwu ndash piwi(te) lsquowritersquo The imper-ative of poexat is poezaj(te)
Generally the imperfective imperative is used to express generalinjunctions to perform or refrain from actions It is often found innegative sentences
Ne terqjte bilet Do not lose your ticket
A perfective imperative relates to one particular occasion
Povernite napravo Turn right
Exercise 2
Put the verb in brackets into the imperative to complete the sentence
Example (Brosit) musor v korzinu ndash Broste musor vkorzinu
1 (Ostanovit) mawinu 2 (Zakazat) gostinicu3 (Porekomendovat) xorowij bank 4 (Kupit) aviabilet5 (Zakryt) dver 6 (Postroit) novu[ dorogu 7 (Poexat) doPeterburga 8 (Oplatit) poezdku 9 (Provodit) passaira kpoezdu 10 (Prigotovitsq) k poletu
Exercise 3
Examine the special offer from Transaero Airline (shown on p 43)
Answer the questions in English
1 What flights does Transaero have2 What planes does the company use
42 | Transport
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Transport | 43
TRANSA|RO
aviakompaniq
SPECIALNOE PREDLOENIE
XITROU ndash MOSKVA ot pound199 (+nalog pound2610)
Rossijskaq aviakompaniq TRANSA|RO su]estvuet na rynkebolee 8 let i vypolnqet regulqrnye rejsy iz Moskvy(Domodedovo) v Sankt-Peterburg Vladivostok OmskNorilsk Krasnoqrsk Ekaterinburg Novosibirsk IrkutskOrel Ninevartovsk Almaty Astanu Karagandu TawkentKiev Odessu London Frankfurt Tel-Aviv |jlat(Izrail) Pafos (Kipr)
Rejsy medu Londonom i Moskvoj vypolnq[tsq na novyxsovremennyx samoletax Boing 737ndash700
Dlq passairov pribyva[]ix v Moskvu rejsomltTransarogt iz Londona predostavlqetsq besplatnyjtransport ot aroporta do centra Moskvy
Na bortu samoleta passairam predlagaetsq novoeuluhwennoe men[
K uslugam passairov biznesklassa ndash komfortabelnyebiznes-zaly v aroportax Xitrou i Domodedovo
XITROU (Terminal-2) ndash MOSKVA (Domodedovo) eednevno
MOSKVA (Domodedovo) ndash XITROU (Terminal-2) eednevno
Zabronirovat i priobresti bilety mono v ofise ltTransaro Tursgt
v Londone
Nomer rejsa Vylet Prilet Tip samoleta
UN 344 2205 0510 Boing 737ndash700
Nomer rejsa Vylet Prilet Tip samoleta
UN 344 1320 1425 Boing 737ndash700
NB su]estvovat ndash to exist predlagatsq ndash to be offered predostavlqtsqndash to be offered vypolnqt rejs ndash to fly uluhwennoe men[ ndash improvedmenu eednevno ndash daily zabronirovat ndash to book priobresti ndash to acquire
3 From which airports does the company fly4 What additional services does the company offer5 What is the cost of a flight from London to Moscow6 What time does the flight arrive in London
Text 1
44 | Transport
eleznye dorogi Rossii
eleznye dorogi ndash nadenyj i dewevyj vid rossijskogotransporta V evropejskoj hasti Rossii ix struktura napominaetgigantskoe koleso Ego centr ndash Moskva Ot nee v raznye storonyidut radiusy ndash magistrali No hem vostohnee tem magistralejmenwe Potomu stroitelstvo novyx eleznyx dorog ostaetsqvanoj zadahej No stroit dorogi v Rossii s kadym godomstanovitsq vse doroe i trudnee Ved stroitelstvo idet v boleetqelyx klimatiheskix usloviqx Stoimost materialovoborudovaniq truda rabohix teper vywe
Novoe napravlenie v stroitelstve eleznyx dorog ndash sozdanievysokoskorostnyx magistralej kotorye ue ime[tsq vo mnogixstranax mira Pervu[ taku[ dorogu v Rossii planiru[tpostroit medu Moskvoj i Sankt-Peterburgom Poezda smogutdvigatsq po nej gorazdo bystree Odnako kologi vse ha]e
Po materialam Nezavisimoj gazety 2000
Vocabulary diams
buduhi beingved (emphatic particle) you see after allvizitnaq kartohka visiting cardvrednoe ve]estvo harmful substancevybrasyvat to emitvyrubatsq to be cut downvysokoskorostnaq magistral high-speed railwaydvigatsq to movedvienie poezdov rail trafficdvuxmestnye kresla double seatseleznaq doroga railwayzemlq land
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
protiv stroitelstva takix magistralej Ix argumenty vrezultate stroitelstva unihtoaetsq mnogo zemel vyruba[tsqlesa No s drugoj storony eleznodoronyj transportkologiheski vse e]e hi]e drugix On vybrasyvaet v vozdux v20 raz menwe vrednyx ve]estv hem avtomobilnyj
Sredi eleznodoronyx magistralej Moskovskaq eleznaqdoroga zanimaet osoboe mesto Buduhi stolihnoj magistral[ona menqetsq bystree drugix Devqt moskovskix vokzalov ndashvizitnaq kartohka stolicy Za poslednie gody urovenobsluivaniq na vokzalax stal namnogo vywe uslug dlqpassairov stalo bolwe Organizuetsq dvienie skorostnyxlektropoezdov lt|kspressgt s bolee vysokim komfortom Onisegodnq kursiru[t do Tuly Rqzani Vladimira Orla KalugiQroslavlq
V takix poezdax v pervom i vtorom klasse dvuxmestnye mqgkiekresla rabotaet bufet video Kadyj vagon obsluivaetsqprovodnikom I konehno samoe glavnoe ndash skorost lektrihkiVremq v puti stalo namnogo korohe Naprimer do Tuly obyhnaqlektrihka idet 3 hasa 44 minuty a lt|kspressgt na has menwendash 2 hasa 33 minuty
Transport | 45
koleso wheelkorohe shorterkursirovat to runmqgkij softnadenyj reliablenapominat to resemblenapravlenie trendoborudovanie equipmentobsluivatsq to be servedostavatsq zadahej to remain the taskprovodnik train attendantskorost (f ) speedskorostnoj lektropoezd express trainsozdanie creationstoimost (f ) proezda cost of the journeystolihnyj capitalstroitelstvo constructiontrud rabohix labourunihtoatsq to be destroyeduroven (m) obsluivaniq standard of serviceusluga servicehi]e cleanerlektrihka local (electric) train
NB s drugoj storony ndash on the other hand vse e]e ndash still vremq v puti ndashtravel time samoe glavnoe ndash the most important thing
Exercise 4
Answer the following questions in English
1 What does the layout of the railways in European Russiaresemble
2 Why is it ever more difficult to build railways in Russia3 What is the new trend in railway construction4 Where will the first high-speed rail link run5 Why are ecologists opposed to the construction of high-speed
railways6 What type of transport is ecologically cleanest7 What changes are taking place in the Moscow rail network
46 | Transport
Exercise 5
True or false
1 Letet Aroflotom (doroe dewevle udobnee)2 Samolet v Irkutsk vyletaet iz aroporta (Weremetevo odin
Weremetevo dva Domodedovo)3 Putewestvovat na samolete (doroe dewevle nadenee) hem
na poezde4 Vysokoskorostnye magistrali ue ime[tsq (v Rossii v
zapadnyx stranax v Ukraine)5 eleznodoronyj transport (grqznee hi]e opasnee)
avtomobilnogo transporta6 Uroven obsluivaniq na vokzalax stal (luhwe xue
bystree)7 Kadyj vagon obsluivaetsq (provodnikom oficiantom
nosil]ikom)
Language points diams
Comparatives
Long (attributive) comparatives
Almost all Russian adjectives can be turned into comparatives byputting the words bolee lsquomorersquo or menee lsquolessrsquo before the long formBolee and menee never alter whatever the case or number of theadjective
bolee bystrye poezda faster trainsna menee bystryx poezdax on less fast trains
lsquoThanrsquo is translated by hem preceded by a comma
Luhwe ezdit na bolee bystryx novyx poezdax hem nastaryxIt is better to travel on faster new trains than on old
Four adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative used insteadof adjective + bolee
bolwoj bolwij bigger greatermalenkij menwij smaller lesser
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Transport | 47
ploxoj xudwij worsexorowij luhwij better
luhwie poezda lsquobetter trainsrsquo bolwij vybor lsquogreater choicersquo
Four more adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative in addi-tion to the bolee form The form used depends on the context
molodoj bolee molodoj younger (things)mladwij younger junior (people)
staryj bolee staryj older (things)starwij elder senior (people)
vysokij bolee vysokij higher taller (literal)vyswij higher superior (figurative)
nizkij bolee nizkij lower (literal)nizwij lower inferior (figurative)
bolee starye poezda lsquoolder trainsrsquo starwie bratq lsquoelderbrothersrsquo bolee vysokie gory lsquohigher mountainsrsquo vyswee obra-zovanie lsquohigher educationrsquo
Exercise 6
Put the adjective in brackets into the appropriate form of the longcomparative
1 Turistiheskoe agenstvo predlagaet (interesnyj) poezdki vRossi[ 2 eleznye dorogi stali (nadenyj) vidom transporta3 Ezdit na (bystryj) skorostnyx poezdax ndash odno udovolstvie4 Priqtno it v (staryj) gorode 5 Dlq poezdki v Rossi[nuna (bolwoj) summa deneg 6 Bilety v teatr proda[tsq po(nizkij) cenam 7 (Vysokij) obrazovanie ispytyvaet krizis8 Legko rabotat s (malenkij) hislom studentov 9 (Bogatye)predpohita[t ezdit (udobnyj) pervym klassom 10 U menq odin(molodoj) brat i dve (starye) sestry
Short (predicative) comparatives
The short comparative is formed by adding -ee (alternative ending -ej) to the stem of the adjective The ending is the same for all gendersand for the plural It is better to use the short form to translate sen-tences where the verb lsquoto bersquo comes between nounpronoun and the
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Transport | 49
comparative Otherwise use the long bolee form The short com-parative also renders sentences beginning lsquoIt is was will be errsquo
Novye poezda bystreeNew trains are faster
Skorostnye poezda budut udobneeExpress trains will be more convenient
Luhwe letet AroflotomIt is better to fly by Aeroflot
Contrast
My edem na bolee novom poezdelsquoWe are going on a newer trainrsquo
Short comparatives of some adjectives end in -e
blizkij blie closer bogatyj bogahe richervysokij vywe higher glubokij glube deepergromkij gromhe louder dalekij dalwe furtherdewevyj dewevle cheaper dorogoj doroe dearerarkij arhe hotter korotkij korohe shorterkrepkij krephe stronger molodoj moloe youngermqgkij mqghe softer nizkij nie lowerploxoj xue worse prostoj pro]e simplerrannij ranwe earlier redkij ree rarersladkij sla]e sweeter staryj starwe olderstrogij stroe stricter tixij tiwe quieteruzkij ue narrower xorowij luhwe betterhastyj ha]e more often histyj hi]e cleanerwirokij wire wider bolwoj bolwe biggermalenkij menwe smaller
NB bolwe also means lsquomorersquo and menwe lsquolessrsquo Pozdnij has twoalternative forms ndash pozdnee poze lsquolaterrsquo Some adjectives do not have a shortcomparative eg adjectives ending in -skij When a comparative is requireduse the bolee form
Exercise 7
Complete the following sentences using a word meaning the oppo-site of the first comparative
50 | Transport
1 Q starwe brata brat menq na 5 let 2 Rasstoqnie do Londonakorohe do Moskvy 3 Letet samoletom bystree exat poezdom 4 V Moskve obsluivanie luhwe v provincii 5 Russkijqzyk trudnee francuzskij 6 Aviacionnyj transportgrqznee eleznodoronyj 7 Stoimost proezda v pervomklasse vywe vo vtorom 8 Ha]e l[di smotrqt video xodqtv kino 9 Ranwe vse ezdili na poezde stali letat nasamolete 10 Sejhas bolwe smotrqt televizor sluwa[tradio 11 Exat na avtobuse dewevle na poezde
After a short comparative lsquothanrsquo is usually rendered by putting theobject of comparison into the genitive
Avtobus udobnee poezdaThe bus is more convenient than the train
The genitive cannot be used to translate lsquothanrsquo if the object of compar-ison is not in the nominative
Bystree exat na poezde hem na avtobuseIt is faster to go by train than bus
or not a noun or pronoun
Luhwe v Rossii hem zdesIt is better in Russia than here
or lsquohisrsquo lsquohersrsquo lsquoitsrsquo or lsquotheirsrsquo
Naw tur interesnee hem ixOur tour is more interesting than theirs
Exercise 8
Change the adjectives to short comparatives and put the words inbrackets into the genitive
1 Hemodan tqelyj (sumka) 2 Moskva staraq (Peterburg)3 Otec staryj (mat) 4 Sestra molodaq (brat) 5 Volga wirokaq(Temza) 6 Mesqc fevral korotkij (mart) 7 Poezd dewevyj(samolet) 8 Ozero Bajkal glubokoe (ozero Ness) 9 Moskovskoemetro histoe (londonskoe metro)
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Transport | 51
Constructions with the comparative
Kak monoas as possible
Kak mono dewevleas cheap as possible
Hem temthe er the er
Hem dewevle tem luhwethe cheaper the better
Note Tem luhwe lsquoSo much the betterrsquo
Gorazdo namnogo kudamuch er
Poezd gorazdo namnogo dewevle samoletathe train is much cheaper than the plane
Vseever er
Stroit dorogi stanovitsq vse doroe (i doroe)Building roads is becoming ever more expensive more and moreexpensive
Note also the use of v and na in measuring difference
na has menwe an hour lessv dva raza bolwe twice as big
Exercise 9
Use the construction hem tem to form sentences
Example Prostaq zadaha ndash ona legkaq ndash Hem pro]ezadaha tem ona leghe
1 Avtobus medlennyj ndash on dewevyj 2 Sobor staryj ndash oninteresnyj 3 Ozero glubokoe ndash ono opasnoe 4 Helovek staryj ndashon umnyj 5 Doroga daleko ndash ee trudno stroit 6 Vozdux histyjndash to xorowo dlq zdorovq 7 Marwrut prostoj ndash on legkij8 Poezd bystryj ndash putewestvie korotkoe 9 Kreslo mqgkoe ndash onoudobnoe 10 Helovek bogatyj on ndash ploxoj
52 | Transport
Comparative of adverbs
The comparative of the adverb takes the same form as the shortcomparative of the adjective
Poezda xodqt bystreeTrains travel more quickly
Preposition corner diams
Prepositions are among the most difficult words to translate A prepo-sition rarely if ever has a direct equivalent in another language whichcovers all its uses This regular section will help your knowledge ofhow Russian prepositions are used
Na + accusative
Note the variety of uses of na + accusative and the different ways inwhich it may be translated into English
Expressions of place ndash lsquoto ontorsquo denoting motion towards
Points of the compass
na sever [g vostok zapadto the north south east west
places which in origin were not single buildings
na vokzal stadion stanci[ pohtuto the (mainline)station stadium station post office
Open spaces
na ulicu plowad dvoronto the street square yard
rivers islands and some mountain ranges
na Volgu Kipr Ural Kavkazto the Volga to Cyprus to the Urals to the Caucasus
activities or places which denote activity
na koncert lekci[ urok rabotu fakultetto the concert lecture lesson to work to the faculty
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Transport | 53
Expressions of time
na Rodestvo at for Christmasna drugoj den on the next daytur na 5 dnej 5-day tour
noh na 20-oe maqnight of the 19th to 20th May
On poexal tuda na dva godaHe has gone there for two years
Other useful expressions using na + accusative
bilet na poezd train ticketvid na reku view over the riverna vid in appearancena dvoix for twospros na demand forpoxoij na like
After verbs
vliqt na to influencealovatsq po- na to complainnadeqtsq na to hope for rely onnaznahat naznahit na to appoint toopazdyvat opozdat na to be late forotvehat otvetit na to reply topolagatsq poloitsq na to rely onpoxodit na to resemblesoglawatsq soglasitsq na to agree totratit po- na to spend on
Na + prepositional
Expressions of place ndash lsquoon atrsquo indicating location
Used with all the same nouns as na + accusative meaning lsquotorsquo
na severe [ge vostoke zapadein the north south east west
na vokzale stadione stancii pohteat the (mainline)station stadium station post office
54 | Transport
na ulice plowadi dvoreon the street (outside) square in the yard (outside)
na Volge Kipre Urale Kavkazeon the Volga in Cyprus in the Urals in the Caucasus
na koncerte lekcii uroke rabote fakulteteat the concert lecture lesson at work in the faculty
Means of transport
na metro na avtobuse na taksi poezde teploxodevelosipedeby metro bus taxi train boat bicycle
na nogax on onersquos feetna svoej sovesti on onersquos conscience
Expressions of time
na toj prowloj budu]ej nedelethis last next week
na dnqx the other dayna protqenii over the course ofna moem veku in my lifetime
Note also
na russkom qzykein Russian
but
perevodit perevesti na russkij qzykto translate into Russian
After verbs
igrat na (musical instruments) gitareto play the guitar
enitsq nato marry (for a man)
nastaivat nastoqt nato insist on
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Transport | 55
skazyvatsq skazatsq nato tell on have an effect on
sosredotohivatsq sosredotohitsq nato concentrate on
Exercise 10
Put the words in brackets into the appropriate case accusative orprepositional
1 My vywli na (ulica) 2 Ne vse studenty regulqrno xodqt na(lekcii) 3 Menq ne budet na (budu]aq nedelq) 4 My edem tudana (poezd) 5 Na (drugoj den) powel dod 6 Xolodnee na(sever) 7 Knigi na (russkij qzyk) ohen dorogie 8 On xorowoigraet na (roql) 9 On perevel vse pesy Wekspira na(francuzskij qzyk) 10 Moj drug enilsq na (russkaq) 11 Onotvetil na (vse voprosy) pravilno 12 Ona poxodit na (mat) aon na (otec) 13 Ne opozdaj na (poezd)
Exercise 11
Translate into Russian
1 You can pay for your ticket either by cash or credit card Iprefer to pay by cash
2 Help me please to find the taxi rank I have a lot of luggage3 A rail ticket is three times cheaper than an air ticket4 The most important thing is speed Express trains are much
faster now and travel time is shorter5 Ecologically rail transport is still cleaner than other kinds of
transport6 The faster the trains the better it will be for all travellers7 Travelling by a faster and more comfortable train is a pleasure
56 | Transport
3 TURIZM
In this unit you will learn
about tourism in Russia how to use verbs of motion about prefixes on verbs of motion how to differentiate between take toe words with the root -xod-
In Soviet times the State Tourist company lsquoIntouristrsquo had amonopoly Its chief activity was organising travel for foreign touristswithin the USSR Although many tourists travelling to Russia stillprefer to go on organised tours there is now a much greater varietyof holidays on offer and much more scope for arranging travel your-self Travel agencies proliferate on the streets of major Russian townsoffering everything from cruises on the Volga to fishing trips to theKola peninsula Before the collapse of the Soviet Union foreign travelopportunities for Soviet citizens were very limited generally restrictedto countries within the Soviet sphere of influence Most Russians holi-dayed in their own country Trade Unions issued putevki lsquoholidayvouchersrsquo which entitled their members to holidays in Soviet resortssuch as those on the Black Sea But now Russians themselves havebecome enthusiastic travellers at home and abroad fuelling the boomin tourism
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Dialogue 1
A conversation between a traveller and a travel agent
PUTEWESTVENNIK Menq interesuet poezdka po ltZolotomu kolcugtHto Vy moete predloit
TURAGENT A skolko u Vas vremeniPUTEWESTVENNIK Vremeni u menq tolko 2 nedeliTURAGENT V nastoq]ij moment u nas bolwoj vybor Est
avtobusnye a take teploxodnye turyPUTEWESTVENNIK Moet byt luhwe poexat na poezde Q slywal
hto v Rossii est skorostnye poezda bolee bystryehem starye
TURAGENT Obyhno po ltZolotomu kolcugt turisty ezdqt naavtobuse ili na teploxode |to pro]e udobnee idewevle Na poezde slonee
PUTEWESTVENNIK A skolko vremeni zajmet takaq poezdkaTURAGENT Vse zavisit ot togo skolko gorodov Vy xotite
posetit Vot naprimer est xorowij avtobusnyjtur na vse goroda ltZolotogo kolcagt |tosemidnevnyj tur Est teploxodnyj tur toe na7 dnej K soaleni[ ne na vse goroda Vy uviditeUglih Kostromu Qroslavl
PUTEWESTVENNIK A na kakie tury u Vas est svobodnye mestaTURAGENT Poka est mesta na vse tury Kadyj hetverg v 10
hasov utra idet avtobus a kadu[ pqtnicu v 5hasov vehera s rehnogo vokzala otpravlqetsqteploxod
PUTEWESTVENNIK Poaluj poedu na teploxode Govorqt pejzai naVolge potrqsa[]ie sveij vozdux Mono xorowootdoxnut
TURAGENT Da v to vremq goda putewestvovat na teploxodendash odno udovolstvie Shastlivogo puti
PUTEWESTVENNIK Bolwoe spasibo
58 | Tourism
Vocabulary diams
predloit to offerpoka for a whilepotrqsa[]ij stunning fantasticsemidnevnyj tur seven-day tourteploxod boat
NB ltZolotoe kolcogt ndash Golden Ring (the route on which many ancientRussian towns are situated) poezdka zajmet ndash the trip will take v nastoq]ijmoment ndash at the present moment odno udovolstvie ndash pure pleasureshastlivogo puti ndash have a good trip
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in English
1 What trip does the traveller want to go on2 What does the agent recommend3 What is the lsquoGolden Ringrsquo4 Why is it better to travel round the lsquoGolden Ringrsquo by bus5 What tours can the agency offer6 How long does a bus tour round the lsquoGolden Ringrsquo take7 Why does the traveller decide to go by boat
Exercise 2
Select holidays which answer the following criteria
1 Must have high quality accommodation2 Of award-winning quality3 Include a boat trip4 Seaside and city combination5 Opportunity to see as many of the Golden Ring towns as
possible6 Includes a visit to an outdoor museum
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Turizm | 59
NB emhuina ndash pearl vodopad ndash waterfall hudo sveta ndash wonder of the world
60 | Tourism
Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga Serdce Rusi severnoj(3 i 5 dnej klassiheskie (6 dnej Velikij Ust[g-letnie tury vkl[ha[]ie Vologda-Kirillov-|rmita nohnu[ kskursi[ Ferapontovo s pose]eniem ltMosty zagovoriligt velikix severnyxltFontany Petergofagt monastyrej Kirillo-Carskoe selo Pavlovsk i Belozerskogo Ferapontovamnogoe drugoe) Spas-Priluckogo a take
ltmuzeq pod otkrytym nebomgt znamenitogo Velikogo Ust[ga)
Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga Soloveckie ostrova(3 i 5 dnej) + otdyx na (7 dnej legendarnye Finskom zalive (7 dnej Solovki na Belom more po pansionaty v kurortnom poselke pravu nazyva[t ltvosmym Repino v 40 km ot S-Peterburga hudom svetagt)na beregu Baltijskogo morq)
Sem gorodov Zolotogo kolca Kii + Valaam + Solovki(5 dnej Sergiev Posadndash (9 dnej legendarnaq AleksandrovndashSuzdalndash programma s 1999 g vpervye VladimirndashGus-Xrustalnyjndash v odnom kombinirovannom rev-PolskijndashPereslavl- ture pose]enie trex Zalesskij) emhuin Rossii Diplom
1 stepeni v konkurse ltMarwrutndash2000ndashRossiqgt 11 kskursij)
Zolotoe kolco + otdyx na Kareliq (9 dnej otdyx v Volge (11 dnej Rostov Velikijndash prestinom otele QroslavlndashKostromandashPles ltKalevalagt + kskursii po + otdyx v pansionate Oneskomu ozeru na ostrov ltVolskij pribojgt) Kii i na znamenityj
vodopad Kivah)
Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Turizm | 61
Na bortu teploxoda ltGrigorij Pirogovgt
Za svo[ izn q mnogo putewestvovala i po vozduxu i po suweno nikogda ne plavala na teploxode I vot v tom godu qrewilas Q nawla podxodq]ij tur na teploxode i rewila exatPravda ne odna a so svoej drunoj kompaniej My vybraliltGrigorij Pirogovgt ndash nebolwoj teploxod kotoryj soverwaetrejsy v vyxodnye dni do Tveri i Ugliha My rewili plytdo Tveri
V pqtnicu my priwli na Rehnoj vokzal v 17 hasov za has dootplytiq teploxoda bystro prowli registraci[ i poluhilikl[hi ot svoix ka[t Na teploxode dve passairskie paluby i tretq ndash otkrytaq gde mono pozagorat Samyekomfortabelnye ka[ty razme]a[tsq na vtoroj palube Hemblie k nosu teploxoda ka[ta tem doroe ona stoit Na toje palube naxoditsq i kapitanskaq ka[ta
Kak tolko teploxod nahal otplyvat vse vywli na palubySveij vozdux potrqsa[]ie pejzai klassnaq kompaniqmuzyka i pivo ndash vse obe]alo hudesnyj otdyx Q mnogo razezdila na mawine po doroge Moskva ndash Tver Mne kazalos htoq zna[ ee vs[ ltotgt i ltdogt No vidy iz okna avtomobilq
Po materialam urnala ltVaw dosuggt 2001
Vocabulary diams
vyxodnye dni weekendzakusit to have a bite to eatkl[h ot ka[ty cabin keynaberenaq embankmentnos teploxoda bow of the shipotplytie departure (by boat)othalit to set sailpaluba deckpamqtnik monumentpewexodnaq kskursiq walking tourpozagorat to sunbatheprihalit to moorpodxodq]ij suitablepoxodit na (+ acc) to look like
soverwenno ne poxodili na to hto my uvideli s teploxodaivopisnaq priroda plqi doma otdyxa privetlivye rybakina beregu reki Q byla v vostorge
V 12 hasov v subbotu my priplyli v Tver Zdes u nas bylapewexodnaq kskursiq Ona vxodit v stoimost tura|kskursovod provela nas po naberenoj do pamqtnika Afanasi[Nikitinu zatem my prowli herez most v centr goroda vkartinnu[ galere[ Iz galerei my vywli hasa v hetyre i douina rewili poxodit po gorodu zajti v kafe zakusit ivypit hawku kofe My tolko prowli metrov 20 kak uvidelimalenkij restoranhik Ceny nas priqtno udivili vse bylovkusno milo i namnogo dewevle hem v Moskve
Iz Tveri my otplyli v 6 hasov vehera A v voskresene v 11hasov utra teploxod prihalil na zelenu[ stoqnku ltXvojnyjborgt Zdes v lesu na beregu reki my kupalis i zagorali eliwawlyki pili pivo V 5 hasov vehera my othalili otgostepriimnogo Bora i herez 3 hasa pribyli na Severnyj rehnojvokzal stolicy Kruiz na teploxode ndash prekrasnyj otdyx vvyxodnye dni
62 | Tourism
razme]atsq to be accommodatedrewitsq to make up onersquos mindsoverwat rejs to sailstoqnka stopudivit to surprisexvojnyj bor coniferous forestwawlyk kebab
NB na bortu teploxoda ndash on board ship po vozduxu i po suwe ndash by airand land ltOTgt I ltDOgt ndash inside out nahal otplyvat ndash set sail byt vvostorge ndash to be delighted Afanasij Nikitin ndash fifteenth-century Russianmerchant adventurer e (emphatic particle) ndash exactly
Exercise 3
Answer the following questions in English
1 What kind of cruises does the Grigoriy Pirogov offer2 How many decks are there on the ship3 Where is the captainrsquos cabin4 What can you see from the ship5 What did the walking tour of Tverrsquo include6 Why did the friends like the little restaurant in Tverrsquo7 How did the cruise end
Exercise 4
True or false
1 Luhwij sposob putewestvovat po ltZolotomu kolcugt (napoezde pewkom na teploxode)
2 Teploxody otpravlq[tsq (s eleznodoronogo vokzala srehnogo vokzala iz centra goroda)
3 Grigorij Pirogov soverwaet rejsy (v vyxodnye dni vokrugsveta kadyj den)
4 Hem blie k nosu teploxoda ka[ta tem ona (dewevle doroexue)
5 Pejzai za bortom byli (skuhnye potrqsa[]ie neobyhnye)6 V Tveri passairy posetili (istoriheskij muzej kreml
kartinnu[ galere[)7 Na stoqnke ltXvojnyj borgt passairy (sobirali griby
kupalis peli pesni)
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Turizm | 63
Language points diams
Verbs of motion
Verbs of motion are essential to any discussion of tourism The oneswe are going to look at first are ezdit exat poexat lsquoto go (byvehicle) travel ridersquo xodit idtipojti lsquoto go (on foot) walkrsquoEzdit exat and xodit idti are all imperfective verbs Ezditand xodit are lsquomultidirectionalrsquo verbs used for repeated journeysparticularly round trips such as to work and back
Udobnee ezdit na rabotu na poezdeIt is more convenient to travel to work (and back) by train
Moj syn xodit v wkoluMy son goes to school (ie there and back every day)
They are also used for generalisations where the occasion and direc-tion of the journey is imprecise
Obyhno turisty ezdqt na avtobuseUsually tourists go by bus
Or simply the direction is non-specific
On celu[ noh xodil po ulicamHe walked the streets all night
Exat and idti are lsquounidirectionalrsquo verbs used for single journeysin a particular direction
Segodnq q idu na rabotu pewkom a domoj edu naavtobuseToday I am walking to work but coming home by bus
Even where a journey is repeated if a single direction is stressedexat idti are used
Kadyj hetverg v 10 hasov idet avtobusThe bus goes every Thursday at 10
Q vsegda edu domoj na taksiI always come home by taxi
Note that xodit idti are used when trains buses boats trainsand other forms of public transport are the subject Ezdit exat
64 | Tourism
are used for cars and other smaller vehicles as well as for the actionof passengers on any form of transport
Poexat pojti are perfective verbs They convey the idea ofsetting off on a journey
Q poedu v 5 hasov utraI will go set off at 5 am
Luhwe poexat ranoIt is better to go set off early
They are also used if a completed journey was in one direction only
Poexala tuda na teploxodeI went there by boat
Where a round trip has been made ezdit xodit are used
Q ezdila v Rossi[ letomI went to (and returned from) Russia in the summer
Note the use of the perfective past tense in the phrases
q powel Irsquom offpoexali letrsquos go
Figurative use of verbs of motion
Where verbs of motion are used figuratively only one of the imper-fectives is ever used dod idet lsquoit is rainingrsquo dela idut xorowolsquothings are going wellrsquo idet lekciq lsquoa lecture is taking placersquo idetfilm lsquoa film is onrsquo
Exercise 5
Use the appropriate form of ezdit exat poexat or xodit idtipojti to complete the sentence
1 Poezda smogut gorazdo bystree po vysokoskorostnymmagistralqm 2 Ot Moskvy eleznye dorogi v raznye koncystrany 3 Amerikanskaq turgruppa v Sankt Peterburg Onabudet tam tri dnq 4 Anglijskaq gruppa ue v SanktPeterburg Ona vernulas v Moskvu vhera 5 V kotorom hasu ty zavtra utrom Q zakau taksi 6 V subbotu sneg ves den
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Turizm | 65
Words including the root xod
The word xod means lsquomovementrsquo na xodu lsquoon the moversquo v xodelsquoin the course ofrsquo By spotting it as the root of other words you maybe able to work out their meaning or at least remember them moreeasily
Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the root In several ofthese examples it indicates the direction of the movement
vxod lsquoentrancersquo vyxod lsquoexitrsquo doxod lsquoincomersquo rasxodylsquoexpensesrsquo perexod lsquocrossingrsquo poxod lsquohikersquo
Suffixes indicate the part of speech
xodit lsquoto go walkrsquo vxodnoj lsquoentrancersquo (adj) poxodka lsquogaitrsquo xodba lsquowalkingrsquo ndash 10 minut xodbylsquoa ten minute walkrsquo vyxodnoj den lsquoday off lsquo vyxodnye dnilsquoweekendrsquo
Xod combined with another root
paroxod lsquosteamshiprsquo (par lsquosteamrsquo) teploxod lsquomotor shiprsquo(teplo lsquowarmrsquo) pewexod(nyj) lsquopedestrianrsquo (pewij lsquofootrsquo)sudoxodnyj lsquonavigablersquo (sudno lsquovesselrsquo)
66 | Tourism
Yaroslavl
Exercise 6
Complete the following phrases using an appropriate form of a wordwith the root xod
v metro herez ulicu v peregovorov doronye sliwkom vysokie zona bilet tur na v dni
Language points diams
Prefixed verbs of motion
Key verbs in any discussion of travel are priezat priexat lsquotoarriversquo and uezat uexat lsquoto leaversquo The perfective of each pairis a prefixed form of the verb exat lsquoto travel go by vehiclersquo whichwas discussed earlier in the unit A whole series of verbs exists todescribe travel in different directions formed by adding prefixes to -ezat -exat Unlike the unprefixed ezdit exat poexat theseprefixed verbs of motion only have one imperfective They arenormally followed by a preposition which reinforces the meaningNote the hard sign -- between prefixes ending in a consonant and-ezat -exat
Some common examples
Imperfective Perfective Preposition
vezat vexat v + accto drive in
vyezat vyexat iz + gento drive out
doezat doexat do + gento drive as far as
zaezat zaexatto call (on a person) k + datto call (at a place) v or na + accto call for za + instr
obezat obexat vokrug + gen orto drive round without a preposition
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Turizm | 67
otezat otexat ot + gento drive away from
pereezat pereexat herez + acc or without to cross a prepositionto move from iz or s + gento move to v or na + acc
podezat podexat k + datto drive up
priezat priexat v or na + accto arrive come
proezat proexatto drive past mimo + gen
to travel a given distance without a preposition
razezatsq razexatsq po + datto disperse
uezat uexatto leave (a place) iz or s + gento leave (a person) ot + gen
Examples
Oni doedut do Bajkala segodnqThey will travel as far as Lake Baikal today
My priexali v Moskvu pozdno veheromWe arrived in Moscow late in the evening
All the same prefixes can be added to the stems -xodit -jti tocreate verbs which describe motion on foot in a variety of directionsNote the -o- between prefixes ending in a consonant and -jti
vxodit vojti v + accto walk in enter
Exercise 7
Replace verbs of motion describing travel in a vehicle by thosedescribing travel on foot
Example Veherom my poexali v kino ndash Veherom mypowli v kino
68 | Tourism
1 Kadyj god tysqhi studentov prieza[t v MGU 2 Vydolny vyexat iz doma za 2 hasa do otxoda poezda 3 Poedemna koncert segodnq veherom 4 Mne obqzatelno nado zaexat vbiblioteku 5 Q dolen uexat ot vas herez has 6 Ne nadozaezat za mnoj q poedu odna 7 Q zaexal k drugu no ego nebylo doma on ue uexal 8 On podexal k kasse i zaplatil zabenzin 9 My doexali do lesa i ostanovilis 10 Oni proexalimimo i ne zametili nas 11 Kogda Vy budete pereezat herezreku budte ostoronee 12 On neskolko raz obexal vokrugdoma 13 Moj drug privez mne slovar
Other verbs of motion
In addition to ezdit exat poexat and xodit idtipojtidescribed above there are other verbs of motion with two imper-fectives These include
Imperfectives Perfective Meaning
nosit nesti ponesti to carry (on foot)vozit vezti povezti to convey carry (by vehicle)vodit vesti povesti to lead (on foot)begat beat pobeat to runletat letet poletet to flyplavat plyt poplyt to swim saillazit lezt polezt to climbpolzat polzti popolzti to crawlbrodit bresti pobresti to wandertaskat ta]it pota]it to draggonqt gnat pognat to chase drivekatat katit pokatit to roll
In deciding which verb to chose follow the guidelines set out forezdit exat poexat
My nesli naw baga na ostanovku avtobusaWe were carrying our luggage to the bus stop
Povezem komp[ter domoj na mawineWe will take the computer home in the car
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Turizm | 69
Prefixes may be added to the imperfective verbs above to form new imperfective perfective pairs which indicate the direction ofmovement There are some changes to the stems -plyvat insteadof plavat -lezat instead of lazit -taskivat insteadof taskat -bredat instead of brodit -katyvat instead ofkatat and a change of stress in -begat and -polzat Other-wise the prefix is added straight to the stem without any additionor alteration
Imperfective Perfective Preposition
vvozit vvezti v + accto bring in import
vnosit vnesti v + accto carry in
vvodit vvesti v + accto lead in
vbegat vbeat v + accto run in
vletat vletet v + accto fly in
vlezat vlezt v + accto climb in
vpolzat vpolzti v + accto crawl in
Rejs priletaet v London v 1800The flight arrives in London at 1800
Rossiq vyvozit les na ZapadRussia exports timber to the West
Malhiki ubeali ot milicioneraThe boys ran away from the policeman
Exercise 8
Insert prefixed forms of -begat -beat -letat -letet
(-begat -beat)On bystro iz komnaty Kogda on na ostanovku avtobusue uwel Ranwe on kadyj den 5 kilometrov On do
70 | Tourism
universiteta za 10 minut Po doroge na rabotu on vbiblioteku Q xotel s nim pogovorit no on ue On komne i stal bystro govorit hto-to Ne nado dorogu v tommeste On v zal soverwenno rasterqnnyj
(-letat -letet)Po pqtnicam samolet iz Londona v 10 hasov vehera i vMoskvu v 5 utra Benzin konhilsq i samolet s trudom doaroporta On pervyj vokrug sveta My priwli v aroportpozdno samolet ue Ego mehta ndash herez Atlantiheskijokean
Exercise 9
Choose the correct verb from the brackets and use it with the appro-priate preposition
(priplyt v otplyt s doplyt do pereplyt herezuplyt podplyt k proplyt)
My opozdali na 5 minut i teploxod ue rehnogo vokzalaMy Tver rano utrom On s trudom berega On pervyj Golfstrim On neskolko kilometrov i vdrugpohuvstvoval sebq ploxo Lodka medlenno beregu On daleko v more
Figurative use of verbs of motion
Not all verbs of motion are used literally Note the following exam-ples of figurative usage
provodit provesti vremq to pass timevremq proletaet time fliesvyxodit vyjti iz krizisa to get out of a crisissxodit sojti s uma to go madprixodit prijti v golovu to come to mindproxodit projti to register
registraci[vvodit vvesti zakon to introduce a lawzavodit zavesti hasy to wind up a watch
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Turizm | 71
nanosit nanesti u]erb cause damageperevodit perevesti translaterasxoditsq razojtis to split uprazvoditsq razvestis get a divorce
Some verbs have meanings which are not directly related to move-ment at all
proisxodit proizojti to happenprixoditsq prijtis to have tonaxoditsq to be situated
Exercise 10
Insert a suitable prefixed verb of motion used figuratively to completethe sentences
1 Trudno budet iz togo krizisa 2 On tak na svoego otca 3 V prowlom godu parlament novyj zakon 4 |migraciqspecialistov Rossii ogromnyj u]erb 5 My tak veseloproveli den hto vremq bystro 6 Moi hasy ostanovilisNado ix 7 Kogda mu umer ona s uma ot gorq 8 |tottur nam ohen 9 Naw dom na beregu reki 10 On vsegoDikkensa na russkij qzyk
Language points diams
ToeTake
Both toe and take mean lsquoalsorsquo
Toe is more often used when it repeats an existing circumstance
On ustal i q toeHe is tired and so am I
Moj brat vrah Ego ena toeMy brother is a doctor His wife too
Take should be used in the sense of lsquoin additionrsquo particularly aftera no
72 | Tourism
Moj brat biznesmen no on take muzykantMy brother is a buisnessman but he is also a musician
Est avtobusnye a take teploxodnye turyThere are bus and also boat trips
Q izuha[ russkij qzyk a take polskijI am studying Russian and in addition Polish
V letnie kanikuly my mnogo plavali a take katalisna lodkeDuring the summer holiday we swam a lot and also went on a boat
Toe can usually be replaced by take but not the other way round
V tom godu my edem v Rossi[ Moq sestra toe(take) edet tudaThis year we are going to Russia My sister is also going there
Exercise 11
Decide whether to use toe or take
1 Moq mat xorowo govorit po-francuzski q govor[ neploxo2 Ne tolko muzej a park byli zakryty 3 My soglasiliss nim 4 Pohemu on ne prixodil 5 My rewili hto filmbyl ne tolko glupyj no ohen strannyj
Exercise 12
According to a survey by sociologists only 2 of Russians can afforda super-expensive holiday anywhere on the planet So where do thosewith hardly any money spend their holidays This is how 1600Russians answered the question
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Turizm | 73
Exercise 13
Translate into Russian
1 Last year I went on a cruise round the world and visited manyinteresting countries
2 Our cabin was on the upper deck of the boat and the view wasstunning
3 You have to arrive at the river station one hour before the boatdeparts
4 I think the best way to travel around the Golden Ring is by busor by boat You will not see much if you go by train
5 Everything in Russia interests me but especially ancient historictowns like Novgorod and Pskov
6 As the ship was setting sail we all went out on deck
74 | Tourism
Pи
с Д
м П
ол
ухи
на
по д
aнны
м В
серо
ссий
ског
о це
нтра
изу
чени
я об
щес
твен
ного
мне
ния
ГДE BЫ COБИPAETECЬ ПPOBECTИ
OTПУCKHа даче 25
Hа Черном море ndash 4За границей ndash 1B другом городе
селе России ndash 4B CHГ ndash 2Oстанемся дома ndash 45Oгдыхать не поедем
нет денег ndash 23 Пока не
решили ndash 6
Gazeta ltKomsomolskaq pravdagt maj 2001
4 MIGRACIQ
In this unit you will learn
about migration to and from Russia how to ask questions using li about reflexive verbs how to use ordinal numbers and form dates more about the preposition v
Legal emigration from the Soviet Union was mostly confined to Jewsheading for Israel or Germans from the Volga region going to WestGermany It was considered unthinkable and unpatriotic for Russiansto leave their Motherland and it was made very difficult for them todo so After the collapse of the USSR the situation changed massemigration became a threat to the economic well-being of the countryas the best qualified and educated left in their thousands The situa-tion has now stabilised though many are still leaving in search of abetter life and greater opportunities A far more serious problemnowadays is immigration Russia is being flooded by refugees Amongthem are ethnic minorities trying to escape discrimination or Russianswho suddenly find themselves unwelcome and without a job in thenew independent republics
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Dialogue 1
A conversation between a journalist and a sociologist
URNALIST 20 maq 1991 goda Rossiq prinqla zakon o svobodnomvezde i vyezde Mnogie boqlis hto nahnetsqmassovaq migraciq iz SSSR Opravdalis li tiprognozy
SOCIOLOG Teper kogda prowlo 10 let mono skazat hto netBolee sereznoj problemoj stala ne migraciq aimmigraciq Ved priexat v Rossi[ ohen prosto
URNALIST Zapad bespokoitsq hto rossijskie granicy ohenlegko perejti Oni oxranq[tsq ploxo
SOCIOLOG Rossiq poka tranzitnaq zona dlq immigrantov No qne duma[ hto tak budet dolgo prodolatsq Granicybudut ukreplqtsq i v Rossii budet ostavatsq vsebolwe immigrantov
URNALIST A ne luhwe li zakryt granicySOCIOLOG Net togo delat nelzq Rost hisla immigrantov ndash
to blago dlq Rossii Hislo rossiqn umenwaetsq iesli my zakroem granicy to k seredine vekanaselenie Rossii rezko sokratitsq Kto budet rabotatu nas Odna nadeda na immigraci[
URNALIST Po-moemu bolwe vsego immigrantov v Rossi[ budetpriezat iz Kitaq Ue sejhas kitajcev v Rossiipohti million |ksperty shita[t hto k seredineveka kitajcy budut vtorym narodom posle russkixNe kaetsq li Vam to opasnym
SOCIOLOG Immigraciq iz Kitaq ndash nawe budu]ee Potomu nadodumat o tom kak sotrudnihat s immigrantami kakinkorporirovat ix v nawe ob]estvo
Po materialam urnala ltItogigt 2001
Vocabulary diams
bespokoitsq to be worriedblago goodboqtsq (+ gen) to be afraid
76 | Migration
granica borderkitaec Kitaj Chinese Chinanadeda hopenaselenie populationob]estvo societyopasnyj dangerousopravdatsq to be justifiedostavatsq to remain stayoxranqtsq to be guardedprinqt zakon to pass a lawseredina veka the middle of the centurysokratitsq to decrease reduce be reducedsotrudnihat s (+ inst) to cooperate withukreplqtsq to become strongerumenwatsq to decreasehislo number
NB zakon o svobodnom vezde i vyezde ndash law on free passage
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in English
1 What law was passed on 20th May 19912 What did people fear might be the consequences of that law3 Why does Russia need immigration4 Which immigrant group will predominate in the future
Language points diams
Use of li
Note the use of the particle li to frame questions in the dialogue
Opravdalis li ti prognozyHave these forecasts proved to be correct
The key word usually the verb is moved to the beginning of thesentence followed by li Contrast the affirmative statement |tiprognozy opravdalis Frequently such questions are asked in thenegative
Ne kaetsq li vam to opasnymDoesnrsquot that seem dangerous to you
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Migraciq | 77
Contrast
|to kaetsq opasnymThat seems dangerous
The key word in a sentence is not always a verb
Ne luhwe li zakryt granicyWould it not be better to close the borders
Exercise 2
Convert the following statements into questions using the particle li
1 Problema migrantov ne kasaetsq Rossii 2 Q ne duma[ htoon prav 3 L[di ne ueza[t po konomiheskim motivam 4 Onane edet so mnoj 5 Su]estvuet problema trudoustrojstvabeencev 6 On rasskazal mne o poezdke v Rossi[ 7 Vse studentyedut v Rossi[
Text 1
78 | Migration
|migraciq ili immigraciq
E]e nedavno problema migrantov byla problemoj zapadnyxstran Ona pohti ne kasalas Rossii No ue so vtoroj poloviny1980-x godov migraciq medu Rossiej i stranami dalnegozarubeq usilivaetsq Rezko uvelihivaetsq vyezd naseleniq napostoqnnoe mesto itelstva v drugie strany Napravleniqmigracii snahala zaviseli ot nacionalnosti Uezali te ukogo byli rodstvenniki v SWA Izraile Germanii Pozdnee v90-e gody poqvilas novaq tendenciq bolwe stali uezatrusskie Kak pravilo l[di ueza[t po konomiheskim motivamMnogie ue poluhili ili nade[tsq najti rabotu na novommeste
Bolwu[ hast migrantov sostavlq[t specialisty A sredispecialistov l[di s vyswim texniheskim obrazovaniem |taltutehka mozgovgt volnuet stranu Ved takaq migraciq nositbezvozvratnyj xarakter i nanosit strane ogromnyj u]erb Iz-za
Po materialam urnala ltItogigt 2001
Vocabulary diams
bezvozvratnyj xarakter of a permanent characterbeenec beenstvo refugee refugee problemvolnovat to disturbvremennyj temporaryvyzvat to causevyxodec iz (+ gen) of origindolq shareile accommodation
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Migraciq | 79
otezda specialistov Rossii vse trudnee stanovitsq vyjti izkonomiheskogo krizisa
Raspad SSSR vyzval drugoj vid migracii immigraci[naseleniq Vozniklo novoe qvlenie ndash beenstvo Mnogo beencevpriexalo v Rossi[ iz byvwix respublik SSSR Mnogie begutot vojny i nacionalnyx konfliktov Poqvilas problema ixilq i trudoustrojstva Osnovnu[ hast beencev (dve tretiob]ego hisla immigrantov) sostavlq[t russkie
S kadym godom vse rastet immigraciq inostrannyx gradaniz blinego zarubeq Osobenno to zametno na vostohnyxgranicax Rossii Naprimer v oblastqx na granicax sKazaxstanom bystro rastet hislo kazaxov A hislo kitajcevvdol granicy s Kitaem na Dalnem Vostoke blizko k hislen-nosti rossijskix gradan
V evropejskoj hasti strany dolq migrantov poka ne tak zametnano ona bystro uvelihivaetsq Na dnqx mr Moskvy zaqvil htov stolice ivut 400 tys nelegalnyx immigrantov iz dalnegozarubeq V osnovnom to vyxodcy iz Kitaq VetnamaMongolii Afganistana Iraka Bolwinstvo tix l[dej xotqtuexat na Zapad v evropejskie strany i rassmatriva[t Moskvutolko kak vremennyj lttranzitnyj punktgt No on hastoprevra]aetsq dlq nix v postoqnnyj tak kak zapadnye stranyotkazyva[tsq prinimat ix i posyla[t obratno v Rossi[
zaviset ot (+ gen) to depend onzametnyj noticeablezaqvit to declareinostrannyj gradanin foreign citizenkazax Kazakhkasatsq (+ gen) to concernnadeqtsq na (+ acc) to hope foroblast (f ) province oblastob]ee hislo total numberotkazyvatsq prinimat to refuse to accept takepostoqnnoe mesto itelstva permanent residenceprevra]atsq v (+ acc) to turn intorassmatrivat to regard asrezko sharplysostavlqt to constitutetrudoustrojstvo placement in workuvelihivatsq to increaseusilivatsq to intensifyutehka mozgov brain drainhislennost (f ) numbers
NB kak pravilo ndash as a rule v osnovnom ndash mainly rossiqnin citizen of Russiareferring to any person living in Russia not necessarily someone of Russian ethnicorigin blinee zarubee ndash lsquothe near abroadrsquo former republics of the USSRnow the independent states of Ukraina Belorussiq Moldaviq KazaxstanUzbekistan Tadikistan Kirgizistan Turkmenistan GruziqArmeniq Azerbajdan Latviq |stoniq Litva dalnee zarubee ndashlsquothe far abroadrsquo all other foreign countries SNG (Sodruestvo NezavisimyxGosudarstv) ndash CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) consisting of all formerrepublics except the Baltic Republics of Latvia Lithuania Estonia
Exercise 3
Answer the following questions in English
1 When did the problem of migration arise in Russia2 Why do the majority of emigrants go to the USA Israel or
Germany3 Why is emigration damaging the Russian economy4 Who are the Russian refugees referred to in the passage5 What is the particular problem of illegal immigration in Russia
80 | Migration
Exercise 4
True or false
1 Rossijskie granicy (nevozmono legko trudno) perejti2 Rossiq dlq immigrantov (tranzitnyj punkt konehnyj punkt
turistiheskaq strana)3 Rost hisla immigrantov dlq Rossii (bedstvie blago spasenie)4 Naselenie Rossii (umenwaetsq uvelihivaetsq ne izmenqetsq)5 Bolwinstvo immigrantov v Rossii iz (blinego zarubeq
dalnego zarubeq zapadnyx stran)6 Bolwinstvo rossiqn migriru[t po (nacionalnym
konomiheskim politiheskim) motivam
Language points diams
Reflexive verbs
Reflexive verbs are easily recognised by -sq which is added after theverb ending This ending changes to -s after a vowel although notafter or j In the strictest sense a verb is only reflexive if the subjectof the verb is performing the action of the verb on itself
Mat odevaet rebenkaThe mother dresses the child
Rebenok odevaetsqThe child gets dressed (dresses self)
Many intransitive verbs (not taking a direct object) end in -sq incontrast to transitive (taking a direct object) verbs of the samemeaning without -sq
Dver zakrylasThe door closed
On zakryl dverHe closed the door
Although in English the transitive and intransitive verbs are often the same in Russian they are always differentiated commonly by the
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Migraciq | 81
reflexive ending There are a large number of examples of reflexiveverbs used intransitively in the dialogue and text about migration
Massovaq migraciq nahnetsqMass emigration will begin
Situaciq budet prodolatsqThe situation will continue
Hislo umenwaetsqThe number is falling
Contrast the transitive use of these verbs when they are without thereflexive ending
On nahnet rabotuHe will begin work
Neelatelno prodolat tu situaci[It is undesirable to continue this situation
umenwit hislo immigrantovto reduce the number of immigrants
Only the transitive verb may be followed by the infinitive
prodolat rabotat to continue workingnahinat hitat to start reading
Other common transitive intransitive pairs are
konhat konhatsq to finishprevra]at prevra]atsq to turnrasprostranqt rasprostranqtsq to spreadsobirat sobiratsq to gatheruvelihivat uvelihivatsq to increasesokra]at sokra]atsq to reduce
Sometimes the transitive and intransitive verbs are differentiated inEnglish as well povywat lsquoto raisersquo povywatsq lsquoto risersquo
Intransitive verbs may be used with a passive meaning
Granicy ploxo oxranq[tsqBorders are badly protected
82 | Migration
Granicy budut ukreplqtsqThe borders will be strengthened
Contrast
Rossiq ploxo oxranqet granicyRussia protects her borders badly
Rossiq budet ukreplqt granicyRussia will strengthen her borders
The reflexive is an alternative to the third person plural as a way ofexpressing the passive
Ploxo oxranq[t granicyBorders are badly protected
Budut ukreplqt granicyBorders will be strengthened
Some reflexive verbs indicate reciprocal actions
Oni pocelovalisThey kissed (one another)
Not all verbs ending in -sq have an obvious reflexive or passivemeaning stanovitsq lsquoto becomersquo staratsq lsquoto tryrsquo
Exercise 5
Select the appropriate verb
1 Beency (nahali nahalis) pribyvat v Rossi[ v 90-e gody2 Dver (otkryla otkrylas) 3 Moj prognoz (opravdal opravdalsq) 4 Lekciq (konhaet konhaetsq) v 4 hasa 5 Zaposlednie dni prezident Buw (uluhwil uluhwilsq) svojrejting 6 Hislo immigrantov vse vremq (uvelihivaet uvelihivaetsq) 7 Vlast prezidenta (ukrepila ukrepilas)8 Pravitelstvo (sokratilo sokratilos) rasxody na obrazovanie9 Uroven izni (povysil povysilsq) 10 Diskussiq(prodolaet prodolaetsq) 11 Kadyj veher studenty(sobira[t sobira[tsq) v klube 12 On (konhil konhilsq)govorit
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Migraciq | 83
Exercise 6
Read the following report from the lsquoMoscow Newsrsquo July 2001
NB vozvratnaq ssuda ndash loan slaboza]i]ennyj ndash vulnerable kak-to ndashsomehow somewhat obnadeit ndash to reassure prisvoit status ndash toconfer status
From the information in the report above answer the following ques-tions in English
1 How many migrants arrived in Russia after the collapse of theSoviet Union
2 What is their situation in Russia3 How many families were housed4 How many families were given loans5 What was the waiting list for housing in January 2001
Language points diams
Ordinal numerals
Ordinal numerals are adjectives which agree with the noun theydescribe Only the last element of a compound ordinal numeral is anadjective and it is the only element which changes its ending Earlierelements are cardinal numbers na dvadcat hetvertom meste lsquo intwenty-fourth placersquo All ordinal numerals decline as regular hardadjectives with the exception of tretij whose declension is in thegrammar summary
84 | Migration
Posle raspada Sovetskogo so[za v Rossi[ iz stran SNG i Baltiipribylo 8 millionov migrantov Liw desqtu[ hast iz nix ndash800 tysqh ndash gosudarstvo kak-to obnadeilo prisvoiv status Zavse gody tolko 22 tysqhi ltstatusnyxgt semej poluhili ile i98 tysqh migrantov poluhili mizernye vozvratnye ssudy V qnvare2001 goda v oheredi na ile ostavalis 69 tysqh semej (iz nix17 tysqh ndash slaboza]i]ennye) i 32 tysqhi helovek dali ssudy
Dates
The following examples show how ordinal numbers are used toexpress dates in Russian
pervoe maq the 1st of Maypervogo maq on the 1st of Maydvuxtysqhnyj god the year 2000v dve tysqhi pervom godu in 2001k dve tysqhi hetvertomu godu by 2004pervogo maq dvuxtysqhnogo goda on the 1st of May 2000zakon ot dvadcatogo maq law of the 20th Mayv dvadcatom veke stoletii in the twentieth centuryv devqnostye gody in the 1990s
It is also possible to use v + prepositional with years in the plural
v devqnostyx godaxin the 1990s
v seredine devqnostyx godovin the mid-1990s
Note this use of godov as the genitive plural of god In other contextslet is always used
Other useful phrases relating to dates
v kakom godu in what yearkakogo hisla on what date
Exercise 7
Answer the following questions
1 Kakoe segodnq hislo
Segodnq (1st May 7th November 25th December 23rd February30th October 4th August)
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Migraciq | 85
2 V kakom godu
Revol[ciq v Rossii proizowla in 1917 Perestrojka v SSSRnahalas in 1985 SSSR raspalsq in 1991 In 2000 prazdnovalinahalo novogo tysqheletiq Kto znaet hto sluhitsq in 2010Stalin umer in 1953
3 Kakogo hisla i kakogo goda
Velikaq otehestvennaq vojna nahalas on 22nd June 1941 On19th of August 1991 v Rossii proizowel puth Puwkin rodilsqon 1st June 1799 Pervyj sputnik byl zapu]en on 12th April1961
Exercise 8
The following advertisements all offer help with immigration Listthe different countries and services offered
86 | Migration
Language points diams
Preposition corner
The preposition v
Expressions of place
We have seen how frequently v + accusative is used after verbs ofmotion indicating arrival or entry It translates lsquoto intorsquo whenfollowed by most countries towns geographical regions buildingsreceptacles
v Ameriku Moskvu pustyn[ wkoluto America Moscow the desert school
v butylku q]ikinto the bottle the drawer
The exceptions are those nouns normally preceded by na which werelisted in Unit 2
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Migraciq | 87
NB VN ndash vid na itelstvo ndash registration permit PM ndash postoqnnoemesto itelstva ndash permanent residence brak ndash marriage nedviimost ndashproperty gradanstvo ndash citizenship propiska ndash registration
V + prepositional is used with the same nouns as take v + accusativebut to indicate lsquoin insidersquo
v Amerike Moskve pustyne wkolein America Moscow the desert at school
v butylke q]ikeinside a bottle drawer
Expressions of time
V + accusative is also used in many expressions of time
v kakoj denon what day
v ponedelnik vo vtornik etcon Monday Tuesday etc
v pervyj denon the first day (but remember na drugoj den lsquothe next dayrsquo)
v pervyj razfor the first time
dva raza v dentwice a day
On prohital gazetu v dvadcat minutHe read the newspaper in 20 minutes
(Za + accusative may alternatively be used in this way to expressthe time taken to complete an action It must be used with the nounhas to avoid confusion with telling the time v dva hasa lsquoat 2 orsquoclockrsquoza dva hasa lsquoin two hoursrsquo)
v Novyj God at New Yearv xorowu[ pogodu in good weatherv sovetskie vremena in Soviet timesv starinu in olden times
v pervu[ posledn[[ nedel[in the first last week (but remember na toj prowlojbudu]ej nedele)
v pervu[ oheredin the first place (but na oheredi lsquoin turnrsquo)
88 | Migration
Note also
dlinoj v hetyre metra four metres longwirinoj v pqt metrov five metres widev dva raza bolwe twice as big
Verbs followed by v + accusative
brosat brosit vto throw at
verit po- vto believe in
vstupat vstupit v parti[to join (the party)
igrat sygrat v tennis futbolto play tennis football
postupat postupit v universitetto enter (university)
prevra]atsq prevratitsq vto turn into
smotret po- v oknozerkaloto look out of the window in the mirror
strelqt vystrelit v to shoot atstuhat po- v dver to knock at the door
V + prepositional is also used in certain expressions of time
v kakom mesqcein what month
v qnvare fevrale etcin January February etc
v tom prowlom budu]em goduduring this the past the next year
Note that when god is preceded by other adjectives v + accusative isused v pervyj poslednij god lsquoin the first last yearrsquo
v tom dvadcatom vekein this the 20th century (but note v srednie veka lsquoin themiddle agesrsquo)
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Migraciq | 89
v prowlom nastoq]em budu]emin the past present future
v detstve molodosti starostiin childhood youth old age
v vozraste desqti letat the age of ten
v nahale v seredine v konceat the beginning in the middle at the end
Note also
v xorowem nastroenii in a good moodv pqti dejstviqx in five actsv tom hisle including
Verbs followed by v + prepositional
nudatsq v to needobvinqt obvinit v to accuse ofowibatsq owibitsq v to be mistaken inpriznavatsq priznatsq v to admit confess tosomnevatsq v to doubtubedatsq ubeditsq v to be convinced ofuhastvovat v to participate in
Exercise 9
Put the words in brackets into the accusative or prepositional asappropriate
1 On priedet v (sreda) 2 V (noqbr) powel sneg 3 V (ploxaqpogoda) ne stoit vyxodit 4 V (nahalo) vojny my ili vMoskve 5 Byli li immigranty v Rossii v (devqtnadcatyj vek)6 V (poslednij god) vojny my ili v Saratove 7 V (prowlyjgod) my pereexali v Sankt Peterburg 8 V (pervaq nedelq) martaoni uexali v London 9 Tri raza v (den) 10 V (srednie veka)ne bylo immigrantov 11 V (dvadcatye gody) semq migrirovalav Ameriku
90 | Migration
Exercise 10
Complete the following sentences by using v or na as appropriate
1 Oni poexali (v na) vostok 2 Nam nuna komnata (v na) dvoix3 (V Na) pervyj den poezdki ona zabolela 4 (V Na) drugoj denon pohuvstvoval sebq ploxo 5 Oni vywli (v na) ulicu 6 Myzakazali tur (v na) 10 dnej 7 My dolgo dali (v na) vokzale 8On poloil hek (v na) q]ik 9 Oni ivut (v na) ostrove Malta
Exercise 11
Decide which case to use accusative or prepositional
1 Mnogie studenty igra[t v (volejbol) 2 Sportsmeny uhastvu[tv (sorevnovanie) 3 Q postuhal v (dver) no nikto ne otvetil4 Q somneva[s v (ee iskrennost) 5 Moj syn postupil v(universitet) 6 Q bolwe ne ver[ v (kommunizm) 7 My taknudaemsq v (dengi) 8 Ego obvinili v (korrupciq) 9 Ves denona smotrit v (zerkalo) 10 On vstupil v (partiq) e]e molodym
Exercise 12
Translate into Russian
1 The Soviet Union ceased to exist on 25 December 19912 Thousands of refugees from the former republics of the USSR
continue to cross the border into Russia Many are fleeingethnic conflicts
3 In the 1990s illegal immigration to Russia especially fromChina increased almost twofold
4 Emigration does a lot of harm to the Russian economy since itis mostly highly trained specialists who leave the country
5 How many migrants came to Russia after the collapse of theUSSR
6 Would it not be better to close all Russian borders
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Migraciq | 91
5 SPORT
In this unit you will learn
how sport has changed in Russia about the sports facilities available how to use kotoryj to introduce clauses about superlatives more about the prepositions s ot and iz about verbs with the dative about stress on masculine nouns
Sport in the USSR was always very important as its sporting achieve-ments boosted national prestige Sports facilities were free and thosewith talent could take up any kind of sport regardless of its cost ifit was approved by the state Things have changed since then Russianow follows international trends and has adopted a commercialapproach On the one hand as in most Western countries peopletake up sport to improve their health and appearance and the numberof sports clubs and fitness centres is growing fast They are quiteexpensive and not everybody can afford to join them On the otherhand new extreme and dangerous sports are becoming popular espe-cially among the young who seem to like living on the edge andexperiencing the surge of adrenaline
Dialogue 1
From an interview with the fitness director of the Greenway ClubLeli Savosina
URNALIST Segodnq vse xotqt stat hlenami sportivnogo klubaGovorqt hto to neobxodimo dlq zdorovq
SAVOSINA Q soverwenno soglasna V nawem stressovom ob]estvesport ndash to sposob snqt stress
URNALIST Kak e mono snqt stress v Vawem centreSAVOSINA Sposoby raznye Naprimer mono zanimatsq
fitnesom U nas v klube est trenaernye zaly snovejwej sportivnoj texnikoj Zanqtiq na trena-erax ohen populqrny Est zaly dlq arobiki zalydlq igry v tennis skvow
URNALIST Q slywal hto u Vas zamehatelnyj bassejn dlqplavaniq
SAVOSINA Da bassejn u nas otlihnyj My ispolzuem ego netolko dlq zanqtij plavaniem Zdes provodqtsqzanqtiq po akvaarobike
URNALIST A hto takoe akvaarobikaSAVOSINA Akvaarobika ndash to novyj vid sportivnyx trenirovok
Ona podxodit dlq l[dej l[bogo vozrasta Plavatvsegda priqtno a dvigatsq v vode pod muzyku voob]eohen veselo i legko
URNALIST Znahit v Vawem klube moet zanimatsq sportoml[boj helovek Ne obqzatelno byt professio-nalnym sportsmenom
SAVOSINA Konehno e net U nas rabota[t opytnyeinstruktory kotorye razrabota[t dlq vas programmuzanqtij
URNALIST A kak mono stat hlenom klubaSAVOSINA Dlq togo luhwe vsego i dewevle vsego priobresti
klubnu[ kartu Ona daet pravo svobodnogo pose]eniqklassov arobiki bassejna trenaernogo zala
Po materialam urnala ltSalon krasotygt 2001
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Sport | 93
Vocabulary diams
zanqtie plavaniem swimming lessonispolzovat to useklubnaq karta membership cardobqzatelno necessary obligatoryopytnyj experiencedpriobresti to acquireprovodit zanqtiq to conduct lessonsrazrabotat programmu to work out a programmesposob snqt stress means to relieve stresstrenaer training equipment
NB pravo svobodnogo pose]eniq ndash right of free attendance soverwennosoglasna ndash fully agree e ndash (particle) adds emphasis to what is being said ndash then
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in English
1 What role does sport play in modern society2 What activities does the fitness club offer3 What is the clubrsquos pool used for4 Why is aqua-aerobics suitable for all age groups5 What is the role of the club instructors6 How do you become a member of the club
Exercise 2
Look at this advertisement for the Greenway Club and answer thequestions in English
1 What does the advertisement say about the club pool2 What types of training are on offer3 What are the different kinds of aerobics offered4 What is the Mama + programme5 What is the Healthy parents programme6 What discounts does the club offer
94 | Sport
NB silovye uroki ndash weight training lessons gibkost ndash flexibility mywca ndashmuscle tanec ltivotagt ndash belly dancing boevye iskusstva ndash martial artsprogramma dlq beremennyx ndash programme for pregnant womennovorodennyj ndash new born skidka ndash discount podvodnoe plavanie ndashunderwater swimming
Text 1
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Sport | 95
ГРИНBEЙ KЛУБВОДНО-CПОРТИBHЫЙ KOMПЛEKC
МИРОBОГО KЛACCA
C 1 ИЮHЯ CKИДKA 30 HA BCE BИДЫ KAPTMOCKBA 124321 ЛEHИHГРAДCKИЙ ПPOCП 39 TEЛ 967ndash68ndash15 967ndash68ndash13 967ndash68ndash12
Бассейн олимпийского стандарта (50 м)bull обучение плаванио детей и взрослыхbull подводное плавание
Tренажерный Залbull индивидуальные и групповые тренировкиbull тренировочные программы лобой сложностиbull наличие тренажеров на все группы мышц
изобилие свободного веса
Aэробикаbull силовые уроки групповые и индивидуальныеbull велоаэробика (сайклинг спининг)bull стрейчинг (гибкость и сила развитие гибкости)bull NEW Йога (йогафит Kундалини хатха)bull танцевальные уроки (танец laquoживотаraquo
школа laquoBreak danceraquo)bull NEW Боевые искусства Tай-бо Кибо bull NEW Пилатес
Aква-аэробикаbull силовые уроки в H2Obull кик-боксинг в H2Obull танцевальные уроки
laquoДалматинraquo ndash детский фитнес центрbull TT-(Teen Team) ndash программа для подростковbull laquoMама +raquo ndash программа для беременных
для мам и их новорожденных детейbull laquoЗдоровые родителиraquo ndash программа для
оздоровления пожилых людейbull кабинет специалиста по физической
реабилитации
а также CAУHЫ с оригинальным дизайном
COЛЯРИЙМАCCAЖБAР
|kstremalnyj sport v Moskve
Moskva ltzabolelagt kstrimom Xotq na pervyj vzglqd gorod nepodxodit dlq kstremalnyx razvlehenij Poblizosti net okeanas gigantskimi volnami na kotoryx mono zanimatsq serfingomnet gor s kotoryx mono prygat na lyax snoubordax iligornyx velosipedax No stolihnyx kstremal]ikov to ne pugaet
96 | Sport
Potomu hto kstrim dlq nix ndash stil izni Modnye v gorodekstremalnye tusovki kotorye hasto proisxodqt na kra[opasnosti stanovqtsq vse populqrnee Pritok adrenalina kotoryjispytyvaew pri tom prinosit kolossalnejwee udovolstviesrodni narkotiku to xohetsq pereit snova I hem bolweadrenalina tem bolwe kajf i tem leghe zabyvaew obo vsem nasvete
Bajkery (gornye velosipedisty) ndash samaq mnogohislennaq tusovkakotoraq obedinqet do tridcati tysqh helovek V osnovnom tomodnye rebqta dvadcati-tridcati let sredi kotoryx eststudenty komp[ter]iki bankovskie slua]ie V gorode davnoue est neskolko bajk-regionov centry kotoryx ha]e vsegoraspoloeny v parkax takix kak Izmajlovskij FilevskijNeskuhnyj sad i konehno Vorobevy gory s ix iskusstvennymgornolynym sklonom (bajkery i lyniki nazyva[t to mestoltMoskovskimi Alpamigt) V ltvysokij sezongt kotoryjprodolaetsq s aprelq po oktqbr massovye ltsezdygt proisxodqtkadye vyxodnye Sobiraetsq kak pravilo do pqtidesqti helovekI tusovka pomimo gonok predstavlqet e]e i interesnejwee wouvo vremq kotorogo bajkery p[t pivo i demonstriru[t drug drugunovejwie velosipednye tr[ki Mnogie stolihnye bajkery nesleza[t s velosipedov kruglyj god Nekotorye utverda[t htosamyj bolwoj kajf dlq velosipedista ndash letet po krutomulynomu sklonu
|kstremal]iki verqt hto budu]ee sporta prinadleit im ineredko alu[tsq na gorodskix vlastej kotorye po ix mneni[ne vosprinima[t ix vserez Bajkeram naprimer ne razrewa[tustraivat sorevnovaniq v parkax shitaetsq hto velosipedy portqtgrunt ltA ved to samyj zdorovyj sposob snqt stress ndash govoritbajker Georgij Ilin luhwe hem xodit po baram i pit vodkuili potreblqt narkotiki Moskva ndash idealnyj gorod dlqkstremalnyx vidov sporta Zdes est praktiheski vsq infra-strukturagt
Po materialam gazety ltArgumenty i faktygt 2000
Vocabulary diams
bankovskij slua]ij bank employeevolna wavevosprinimat vserez to take seriouslygonki (pl) racegornolynyj sklon ski slopegornyj velosiped mountain bikegrunt soil groundalovatsq na (+ acc) to complain aboutiskusstvennyj artificialispytyvat pritok adrenalina to experience an adrenaline surgekajf kicks highkruglyj god all-year-roundkrutoj sklon steep slopelya lynik ski skiermnogohislennyj numerousobedinqt to unitepereit to experiencepoblizosti nearbypomimo (+ gen) apart fromportit to damagepotreblqt narkotiki to use drugspredstavlqt to representprygat to jumppugat to frightenrazvlehenie entertainmentrazrewat (+ dat) to allowraspoloen situatedslezat s (+ gen) to get (climb) down fromsrodni (+ dat) akin tosezd congress conventiontr[k stunttusovka get-togetherustraivat sorevnovaniq to hold competitionsutverdat to claim
NB na pervyj vzglqd ndash at first glance na svete ndash in the world na kra[opasnosti ndash on the brink of danger on the edge v ltvysokijgt sezon ndash duringthe high season shitaetsq ndash it is considered
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Sport | 97
Exercise 3
Answer the following questions in English
1 Why have extreme sports become popular2 Is Moscow a suitable venue for extreme sports3 What kind of people go mountain biking4 When is the lsquohigh seasonrsquo and what takes place5 Why do the local authorities not like bikers6 What do bikers say in their own defence
Exercise 4
True or false
1 Sredi bajkerov mnogo (poilyx l[dej modnyx rebqtpodrostkov)
2 Na Vorobevyx gorax est (gornolynyj sklon bolwoe ozerosportivnyj klub)
3 ltVysokij sezongt prodolaetsq (s noqbrq po mart s aprelqpo oktqbr kruglyj god)
4 |kstremal]iki alu[tsq hto gorodskie vlasti (neprinima[t ix vserez udelq[t im mnogo vnimaniq nepuska[t ix v parki)
5 Akvaarobika podxodit dlq (professionalnyx sportsmenovl[dej l[bogo vozrasta molodei)
Language points diams
Genitive of cardinal numbers
There are some examples in the text of numerals in the genitive eitherafter prepositions or to translate lsquoofrsquo do tridcati tysqh heloveklsquoup to 30 thousand peoplersquo rebqta dvadcati-tridcati let lsquoguysof 20 to 30rsquo do pqtidesqti helovek lsquoup to fifty peoplersquo
Note the change of ending on the numeral and the fact that thenoun following is in the genitive plural Cardinal numerals will bedealt with in greater detail in Unit 9
98 | Sport
Kotoryj
There are a large number of examples in the text |kstremalnyjsport of the way in which kotoryj is used Meaning lsquowhich thatwhowhomrsquo kotoryj is a relative pronoun used to introduce adjec-tival clauses It declines like a hard adjective The number and genderof kotoryj are determined by the noun to which it refers and thecase by its role in the adjectival clause
V vysokij sezon kotoryj prodolaetsq s aprelq In the high season which lasts from April
In this example kotoryj is masculine singular to agree with sezonand nominative because it is the subject of prodolaetsq
Net gor s kotoryx mono prygatThere are no mountains from which to jump
Here kotoryx is feminine plural to agree with gory and genitiveafter s
Note that adjectival clauses are introduced by kto lsquowho whomrsquoor hto lsquowhich thatrsquo not kotoryj if they refer back to a pronoun
te o kom idet reh those of whom we speakvse hto zna[ everything that I know
Exercise 5
Insert the relative pronoun kotoryj in the correct form
1 V Moskve mnogo l[dej zanima[tsq plavaniem 2 On ivetv malenkom gorode net dae na karte 3 Posle matha mypowli k druzqm ne bylo segodnq na stadione 4 Mnogietusovki q posetila proisxodili na Arbate 5 Vorobevygory na est lynyj sklon populqrny sredi bajkerov 6 VMoskve est mnogo sportivnyx klubov v mono zanimatsqsportom 7 Segodnq na festivale vystupa[t sportsmeny s my xotim poznakomitsq 8 Sport ndash luhwee sredstvo protivstressa o mnogo govorqt v ob]estve 9 Grinvej-klub tolko 3 goda ohen populqren sredi molodei
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Sport | 99
Language points diams
Superlatives
Extreme sport lends itself to description as the fastest mostdangerous newest etc The most straightforward way of expressingsuch superlatives in Russian is by putting samyj before the adjec-tive Samyj which is a hard adjective is in exactly the same numbergender and case as the adjective it describes zanimatsq samymiopasnymi vidami sporta lsquoto engage in the most dangerous sportsrsquo
The eight adjectives with one-word comparatives referred to inunit 2 form their superlatives variously
Comparative Superlative
bolwoj bolwij samyj bolwojmalenkij menwij samyj malenkijploxoj xudwij samyj xudwij or
xudwijxorowij luhwij samyj luhwij or
luhwijvysokij bolee vysokij samyj vysokij
vyswij vyswij (figurative use)nizkij bolee nizkij samyj nizkij
nizwij nizwij (figurative use)molodoj bolee molodoj samyj molodoj (things)
mladwij samyj mladwij ormladwij (people only)
staryj bolee staryj samyj staryj (things)starwij samyj starwij or
starwij (people only)
Exercise 6
Put the adjectives in brackets into the superlative in the appropriatecase
1 V klube est zal s (novaq) sportivnoj texnikoj 2 Tam monoplavat v (zamehatelnyj) bassejne 3 Klub ne tolko prinimaet(sportivnyj) l[dej 4 Zanimatsq sportom (xorowij) sposobsnqt stress 5 (Bolwoj) kajf dlq kstremal]ikov it nakra[ opasnosti
100 | Sport
The dialogue and the text contain examples of an alternative type ofsuperlative
trenaernye zaly s novejwej sportivnoj texnikojgyms with the latest sports technology
predstavlqet interesnejwee wouputs on a most interesting show
These superlatives are formed by replacing the adjective ending with-ejwij and decline like xorowij staryj ndash starejwij Theirmeaning is less literally superlative than the variant with samyj morea way of giving added emphasis Adjectives with stems ending in gk x change those consonants to h w and take the ending -ajwij
velikij ndash velihajwijvysokij ndash vysohajwijglubokij ndash glubohajwijkorotkij kratkij ndash krathajwijlegkij ndash leghajwijstrogij ndash stroajwijtixij ndash tiwajwijwirokij ndash wirohajwij
Note also blizkij ndash bliajwij
Exercise 7
Rewrite the following phrases using the construction odin odnaodno iz followed by the ejwij ajwij superlative
Example dobryj helovek ndash odin iz dobrejwix l[dej
Staroe zdanie novaq texnologiq glubokoe ozero prostoj voproswirokaq reka krasivoe imq vanaq zadaha histyj vidtransporta sereznyj sluhaj slonaq problema opasnaqbolezn velikij pisatel
Superlative of adverbs and short superlative
The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding vsego lsquoof anythingeverythingrsquo or vsex lsquoof anyone everyone allrsquo after the comparative
On prygaet vywe vsexHe jumps highest (higher than anyone)
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Sport | 101
Mne nravitsq ta rabota bolwe vsegoI like this work best (better than anything)
This same construction may also be used as the superlative of theshort form adjective
|ta kniga interesnee vsexThis book is the most interesting
Exercise 8
Examine the advertisement (shown on page 103) for the stuntsmenrsquosfestival and answer the questions in English
1 Where does the stuntmenrsquos festival take place2 Which teams are taking part in the show3 Why are Russian stuntmen the strongest in the world4 Who will appear as well as the stuntmen5 How will the show end
Language points diams
Preposition corner
S ot and iz lsquofromrsquo
S + genitive
In expressions of place s is the opposite of na and means lsquofromrsquo Useit to translate lsquofromrsquo with those categories of nouns which use na tomean lsquotorsquo or lsquoat onrsquo
s severa from the norths vokzala from the stations ulicy from the streets Urala from the Uralss koncerta from the concerts raboty from works poezda from the trains velosipeda off a bike
102 | Sport
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Sport | 103
После своего выступления каскадерыспоют вместе со звездами рока
NB kaskader ndash stunt man smertelno opasnyj ndash deadly dangerousstepen riska ndash level of risk zaverwat ndash to finish meropriqtie ndash eventzvezda roka ndash rock star ubeditsq ndash to be convinced
S is commonly used to translate lsquofrom sincersquo in expressions of time
s aprelq since Aprils trex hasov since 3 orsquoclocks utra since mornings leta since summer
S may also translate lsquofromrsquo in the sense of cause
s gorq from griefso skuki from boredom
However ot is a safer choice in this type of context as it is less collo-quial ot radosti lsquofrom joyrsquo
Note that nahinat nahat s + genitive means lsquoto begin withrsquo aswell as lsquobegin fromrsquo
nahat s bukvy A begin with the letter Anahat s nahala begin from the beginning
C + genitive combines with storona lsquosidersquo in several expressions
s odnoj storony s drugoj storonyon one hand on the other hand
s moej storonyon my part
s levoj storony ot + genitiveto the left of
C is used with sdaha lsquochangersquo
sdaha s rublqchange from a rouble
C + instrumental means lsquowith together with accompanied byrsquo
My s muem poexali tudaMy husband and I went there
Ona ponimaet s trudomShe understands with difficulty
haj s molokomtea with milk
govorit s russkim akcentomto speak with a Russian accent
104 | Sport
This use of s should not be confused with the use of the instrumentalwithout a preposition to mean lsquowithrsquo in the sense of lsquoby means ofrsquo
rezat noomto cut with a knife
Note also
S Rodestvom Merry ChristmasS dnem rodeniq Happy Birthday
Ot + genitive
In expressions of place ot is used to mean lsquofrom a personrsquo
Q poluhila pismo ot negoI received a letter from him
On uwel ot enyHe left his wife
It also means lsquoaway fromrsquo often after verbs prefixed with ot-
Teploxod otplyl ot pristaniThe boat moved away from the quay
Note some other expressions of place using ot
daleko ot gorodafar from the town
v desqti kilometrax ot gorodaten miles from the town
In expressions of time s + genitive do + genitive is used to meanlsquofrom to rsquo
s pervogo fevralq do pervogo martafrom 1st February to 1st March
s dvux do pqtifrom two orsquoclock till five orsquoclock
S po + accusative has the slightly different meaning of upto (and including)
s pervogo fevralq po pervoe martafrom 1st February to 1st March inclusive
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Sport | 105
Ot do lsquofrom torsquo is used to express distance
rasstoqnie ot Moskvy do Peterburgathe distance from Moscow to St Petersburg
Note some other expressions of time using ot
vremq ot vremeni from time to timeden oto dnq from day to day
In expressions of cause ot means lsquofromrsquo and can refer to both phys-ical and emotional reasons
My umiraem ot golodaWe are dying from hunger
Oni zasmeqlis ot radostiThey burst out laughing from joy
Note also the following expressions
bez uma ot toj devuwkicrazy about this girl
v vostorge ot podarkadelighted at the present
Note the expression ot imeni lsquoon behalf of rsquo ot imeni otca lsquoonbehalf of my fatherrsquo
Some verbs followed by ot
zaviset ot to depend onza]i]at za]itit ot to defend fromosvobodatsq osvoboditsq ot to free oneself fromotkazyvatsq otkazatsq ot to refuseotlihatsq ot to be different fromotstavat otstat ot to lag behind
Iz + genitive
In expressions of place iz is the opposite of v and means lsquofromrsquo Useit to translate lsquofromrsquo with those categories of nouns which use v tomean lsquotorsquo lsquointorsquo lsquoinrsquo iz Ameriki lsquofrom Americarsquo iz pustynilsquofrom the desertrsquo iz wkoly lsquofrom schoolrsquo iz butylki lsquofrom thebottlersquo iz q]ika lsquofrom a drawerrsquo
106 | Sport
Iz may also be used to indicate source or material uznat izgazety lsquoto find out from the newspaperrsquo sdelat iz stali lsquoto makefrom steelrsquo
It can also be used to indicate cause iz nenavisti lsquoout of hatredrsquoiz blagodarnosti lsquofrom gratitudersquo
Note also izo vsex sil lsquowith all onersquos mightrsquo odin iz nixlsquoone of themrsquo
Exercise 9
Complete the following sentences by selecting s ot or iz as appro-priate
1 My priexali (s ot iz) [ga 2 Oni ne sleza[t (s ot iz)velosipedov kruglyj god 3 Stol sdelan (s ot iz) dereva 4 Detipriwli (s ot iz ulicy) 5 My poluhili tu informaci[ (s ot iz) direktora 6 Tolko odna (s ot iz) vas sdala kzamen7 (S Ot Iz) desqtogo po dvadcatoe i[nq 8 Ona (s ot iz)Francii 9 (S Ot Iz) kakoj storony 10 Poezd otxodit (s ot iz) vokzala v 1800
Verbs with the dative
There are some verbs in this unit which are followed by the dativecase
ne razrewa[t bajkeramthey do not permit the bikers
Other verbs taking the dative include
verit (po-) to believegrozit ugroat to threatendoverqt to trustzavidovat to envymewat (po) to stop hinderpodxodit podojti to suitpozvolqt pozvolit to permitpomogat pomoh to helpprikazyvat prikazat to order
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Sport | 107
radovatsq (ob-) to be pleasedsledovat (po-) to followsovetovat (po-) to advisesohuvstvovat (po-) to sympathise withudivlqtsq udivitsq to be surprised
Idti can be used with the dative in the expression
Vam idet it suits you
Note how the verb prinadleat lsquoto belongrsquo is used budu]eeprinadleit im lsquothe future belongs to themrsquo
But when membership of a group or club is referred to the verb isfollowed by k + dative Oni prinadleat k klubu bajkerovlsquoThey belong to a bikers clubrsquo
Exercise 10
Use the words in brackets in the correct form
1 Bajkery ne (verit) (gorodskie vlasti) hto gornye velosipedyportqt grunt 2 K soaleni[ tot rejs ne (podxodit) (my)3 |ta wlqpa ohen (idti) (moj otec) 4 Vrah (sovetovat)(bolnoj) zanqtsq sportom 5 Ona ne (razrewat) (svoi deti)igrat na doroge 6 Kak mono (doverqt) (takoj helovek)7 On (radovatsq) (vozmonost) uhastvovat v sorevnovaniqx8 Q (udivlqtsq) (tvoj vybor) 9 On vsegda (pomogat) (mat)10 Q tak (sohuvstvovat) (beency) 11 Mne kaetsq (Rossiq)ne (grozit) utehka mozgov 12 Q (zavidovat) (sovremennaqmolode) budu]ee (prinadleat) (oni) 13 My vsegda(sledovat) (sovety) instruktora
Language points diams
Stress
One of the greatest problems that Russian gives to the foreign speakeris identifying the stressed syllable of each word There is a consider-able difference in the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowelsFor example in xorowo each lsquoorsquo is pronounced quite differently The
108 | Sport
first is lsquoersquo as in father the second is lsquoarsquo and only the final stressedlsquoorsquo is pronounced as an lsquoorsquo To misplace the stress renders words unin-telligible to a Russian listener The situation is further complicatedby the fact that stress on words alters when their case or endingchanges This is the first of a series of guides to common stresspatterns on different parts of speech in Russian
Masculine nouns
Fixed stress ndash stress remains on the same syllable throughout thedeclension singular and plural avtobus lsquobusrsquo velosiped lsquobicyclersquouniversitet lsquouniversityrsquo This groups contains a large number ofnouns with three or more syllables but also some one and twosyllable nouns vid avtor
Fixed final stress ndash the stress moves from the final syllable in thenominative singular to the ending in all other cases stol lsquotablersquo(gen sing stola nom pl stoly gen pl stolov) no lsquoknifersquo umlsquomind intelligencersquo This group includes several nouns with suffixesik ic ok a ar gruzovik lsquolorryrsquo dvorec lsquopalacersquo (dvorcadvorcy dvorcov) konec lsquoendrsquo (konca koncy koncov) kusoklsquopiecersquo (kuska kuski kuskov) baga lsquoluggagersquo slovar lsquodictio-naryrsquo
Mobile stress ndash there are three different patterns of mobile stress onmasculine nouns
Type 1 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and on the ending in theplural krug lsquocirclersquo (sing kruga etc pl krugi krugov etc) druglsquofriendrsquo (druga druzq druzej) most lsquobridgersquo (mosta mostymostov) Many masuline nouns with their nominative plural in -afollow this pattern gorod lsquotownrsquo (goroda goroda gorodov) adreslsquoaddressrsquo poezd lsquotrainrsquo dom lsquohousersquo
Type 2 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural(and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative)on the ending in all other plurals volk lsquowolfrsquo (volka volkivolkov) uxo lsquoearrsquo (uxa uwi uwej) zub lsquotoothrsquo (zuba zubyzubov)
Type 3 ndash a very small number of masculine nouns have the stress onthe ending except in the nominative plural kon lsquosteedrsquo (konq konikonej) gvozd lsquonailrsquo (gvozdq gvozdi gvozdej)
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Sport | 109
Exercise 11
Translate into Russian
1 I was advised by my doctor to take up sport and join a sportsclub He says that sport will help me to relieve stress
2 Can you recommend sports classes that will suit me3 When you are young you are ready to risk everything You do
not think about danger4 He became a stuntman when he was twenty and even at the
age of forty he still performs the most dangerous stunts5 There are no high mountains around Moscow from which one
can parachute6 The city authorities have a lot of problems with Moscow bikers
who damage the soil in city parks
110 | Sport
6 KULTURNAQ IZN VROSSII
In this unit you will learn
about film and theatre in Russia alternative ways of translating lsquoto bersquo about verbs with the instrumental how to form and use active participles more about the prepositions o and pro about stress on feminine nouns
Theatre together with opera ballet and cinema has always playeda very important role in Russian cultural life Despite censorship inSoviet times the standard was high art subsidies were generous andtickets cheap With the arrival of the market economy things havechanged theatre and cinema have lost state subsidies and the routeto survival has been to produce plays and films that appeal to massaudiences and guarantee a full house But not every Russian artistwas prepared to sacrifice his integrity some have preferred to leavethe commercial theatre and have formed small companies where theyare free to experiment A few however like the director of the MalyTheatre in St Petersburg Lev Dodin have managed to achieve successin changed circumstances
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Dialogue 1
The General Director of the Moscow International Non-CompetitiveFilm Festival MOFEST BV Volodin answers questions from a journalist
URNALIST Boris Vladimirovih ne mnogo li kinofestivalej vnawej strane U nas ue est ltMedunarodnyjmoskovskijgt ltKinotavrgt ltOkno v Evropugt i drugie
VOLODIN Vy owibaetes Filmov v mire vypuskaetsq ogromnoekolihestvo Festivalej toe provoditsq mnogo ndashpohti 650 v god I to zamehatelno Znahit mirovojkinomatograf iv i v prekrasnoj rabohej forme
URNALIST No hem e otlihaetsq Vaw festival ot drugixfestivalej
VOLODIN V osnovnom vse ti festivali qvlq[tsqkonkursnymi Ix cel vyqvit luhwie raboty spomo][ [ri [ri ocenivaet filmy A nanekonkursnyx festivalqx glavnyj ocen]ik ndash zritel
URNALIST Kakie e filmy Vy sobiraetes pokazyvat nafestivale
VOLODIN Zadaha nawego festivalq ndash pokazat samye interesnyeposlednie filmy
URNALIST Hto za kartiny budut pokazanyVOLODIN Samye izvestnye ue poluhivwie priznanie u
mirovogo zritelq |to italqnskij film ltXleb it[lpanygt |to ltVkus solnehnogo svetagt reisseraIwtvana Sabo film o hetyrex pokoleniqx evrejskojsemi i mnogie drugie Vsego e budet pokazano okolo100 filmov iz 20 stran mira
URNALIST A budut li pokazany otehestvennye filmyVOLODIN Da konehno Vpervye zriteli uvidqt luhwie kartiny
byvwix sovetskix respublik za poslednie 50 letURNALIST No ceny-to na bilety navernoe budut gromadnymiVOLODIN V tom-to i delo hto stoimost biletov budet samaq
dostupnaq A dlq pensionerov vsego 20 rublej to
112 | Cultural life in Russia
pohti blagotvoritelnye pokazy I v tom toeotlihie ltMOskovskogo FESTagt ot drugixfestivalej
Po materialam ltLiteraturnoj gazetygt 2000
Vocabulary diams
blagotvoritelnyj pokaz charity showvpervye for the first timevypuskat to releasevyqvit to discoverdostupnyj accessibleevrejskij Jewishkonkurs competitionmirovoj zritel world audienceotlihie differenceocenivat ocen]ik to judge (in a competition) judgeowibatsq to be mistakenpokolenie generationpoluhit priznanie to receive recognitionreisser producer
NB v tom-to i delo ndash thatrsquos (just) the point vsego ndash in all -to (particle) ndashadds emphasis to what is being said Difficult to translate into EnglishDepending on the context it may mean lsquoat leastrsquo lsquopreciselyrsquo or lsquojustrsquo
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Kakie kinofestivali est v Rossii2 Kakova ix cel3 V hem otlihie Moskovskogo ltFestagt4 Kakie filmy budut pokazyvat na festivale5 Kakie otehestvennye filmy mono uvidet na festivale6 Kakova cena biletov na festivale
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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 113
Exercise 2
Examine the list of the winners of Moskovskij medunarodnyjkinofestival and answer the questions in English
1 What is the top prize in the festival called2 Which film won that prize3 What did Russia win a prize for4 Which other countries were among the prizewinners5 What were the other prizewinning categories
114 | Cultural life in Russia
NB The original English title of the film Fanatic was The Believer
Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 115
Dodin i rossijskij teatr
V rossijskom teatre figuraglavnogo reissera vsegda bylavedu]ej Vspomnim imena velikixreisserov ndash StanislavskogoMejerxolda Sredi sovremennyxrossijskix reisserov osobennovydelqetsq Lev Dodin glavnyjreisser Malogo dramatiheskogo
teatra Peterburga |to odin iz samyx uspewnyx teatrovizvestnyx ne tolko v Rossii no i na Zapade teatr zavoevavwijsamye prestinye premii v Evrope Dodin proslavilsqpostanovkoj trilogii Abramova ltBratq i sestrygt stavwejpotrqseniem dlq Leningrada i poluhivwej vyswu[Gosudarstvennu[ premi[ Imenno s ltBratev i sestergt stavwixtorgovoj markoj MDT nahalis ego triumfalnye zarubenyegastroli Teatr pobyval v Qponii SWA pohti vo vsexevropejskix stranax Vmeste s kartinoj izni sovetskoj voennoji poslevoennoj derevni Dodin pokazyval miru ansamblblestq]ix akterov i svoe reisserskoe masterstvo
Aktery qvlq[tsq glavnoj gordost[ MDT Truppa Dodinasostoqvwaq bolwej hast[ iz ego uhenikov (v truppe tolko 50 akterov) shitaetsq odnoj iz samyx silnyx v Rossii Kadyjspektakl Dodin repetiruet ohen dolgo Byvaet hto ot pervyxt[dov do premery proxodit neskolko let Konehno Dodinpredstavlqet soboj unikalnoe qvlenie Emu udalos dae vkrizisnoj situacii kotoru[ pereivaet Rossiq soxranitxudoestvennost i individualnost svoego teatra izbeatego prevra]eniq v kommerheskij Ved izvestno hto v Rossii idet proces prevra]eniq teatrov v kommerheskie i mnogie rossijskie teatry predpohita[t kommerheskij uspex xudoestvennomu V takoj situacii figura glavnogoreissera vse ha]e otxodit na zadnij plan i zamenqetsq figurojdirektora-menedera upravlq[]ego teatrom kak kommerheskim
П Р О Ф И Л Ь
Po materialam urnala ltItogigt 2000
Vocabulary diams
vedu]ij leadingvoennyj wartimevspomnit to remembervydelqtsq to stand outgordost (f ) prideertvovat (+ inst) to sacrificezavoevat premi[ to win a prizezamenqt to replacezadnij plan backgroundzarubenye gastroli foreign tourzasluennyj deservedizbeat (+ gen) to avoidimenno namely actuallyishezat isheznut to disappearmasterskaq workshop studiomasterstvo skillpodobnyj similar topostanovka productionpotrqsenie sensationprevratitsq v (+ acc) to turn intoprevra]enie transformation
116 | Cultural life in Russia
uhredeniem Teatry vse bolwe ertvu[t svoej xudoestven-nost[ i stavqt pesy garantiru[]ie kommerheskij uspex ipolnye zaly
Ne sluhajno mnogie rossijskie reissery uxodqt iz teatra vmalye zaly sozda[t svoi malenkie teatry |to pro]e i poorganizacii i po repertuaru Tak leghe vyit Takix teatrov-masterskix stanovitsq vse bolwe osobenno v Moskve Konehnomnogie iz nix isheza[t tak e bystro kak poqvlq[tsq Nonekotorye kak ltTeatr na go-zapadegt ltMasterskaq Fomenkogtpolzu[]iesq zasluennym uspexom ue ime[t svoego zritelqcenq]ego i poluha[]ego udovolstvie ot spektaklq i igryakterov Kto znaet moet byt so vremenem ti malenkiemasterskie prevratqtsq v teatry podobnye teatru Dodina
proslavitsq (+ inst) to become famousrepetirovat to rehearserukovodit (+ inst) to leadsovremennyj modernsostoqt iz (+ gen) to consistsoxranit to preservetorgovaq marka trade marktruppa companyupravlqt (+ inst) to manageuhredenie institutionxudoestvennyj artistic merit
xudoestvennost qualitycenit to appreciatet[d sketchqvlenie phenomenon
NB emu udalos ndash he succeeded ne sluhajno ndash not by chance
Exercise 3
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Kto takoj Lev Dodin2 Hem proslavilsq Dodin3 O hem teatralnaq trilogiq ltBratq i sestrygt4 Pohemu Dodin ndash unikalnoe qvlenie v teatralnoj izni
Rossii5 Kakoj process idet sejhas v rossijskom teatre6 Pohemu figura direktora-menedera stanovitsq glavnoj v
teatre7 Pohemu reissery sozda[t svoi malenkie teatry8 Est li budu]ee u takix teatrov
Exercise 4
True or false
1 Konkursnye festivali orientiru[tsq na (wiroku[ publikuprofessionalnu[ auditori[ avtoritetnoe [ri)
2 Na nekonkursnyx festivalqx filmy oceniva[t (zritelikinokritiki [ri)
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 117
3 Malyj teatr Peterburga izvesten blagodarq (reisseru Dodinurepertuaru akteram)
4 Trilogiq ltBratq i sestrygt stala (populqrnoj pesoj torgovojmarkoj skandalnoj pesoj) teatra
5 Dodina bolwe interesuet (kommerheskij xudoestvennyjdewevyj) uspex
6 V Rossijskom teatre vse ha]e glavnoj stanovitsq figura(glavnogo reissera direktora-menedera aktera)
7 Mnogie reissery sozda[t svoi teatry-masterskie potomu htoxotqt (rukovodit teatrom byt nezavisimymi vyit)
Language points diams
The verb lsquoto bersquo
You are of course already aware that byt lsquoto bersquo has no presenttense However several other verbs may be used as a susbstituteThese include
qvlqtsq qvitsq + instrumental to seem to appear to be
On qvlqetsq direktoromHe is the director
|to qvlqetsq prihinoj ego smertiThat was the reason for his death
Uspex qvlqetsq rezultatom usilij vsex akterovThe success is the result of all the actorsrsquo efforts
Note also qvlqtsq cel[ lsquoto be the aim ofrsquo qvlqtsqsledstviem lsquoto be a consequence ofrsquo qvlqtsq hast[ lsquoto be apart ofrsquo predstavlqt (soboj) lsquoto represent to bersquo
Dodin predstavlqet (soboj) unikalnoe qvlenieDodin is represents a unique phenomenon
Note also predstavlqt (soboj) primer lsquoto be an examplersquo pred-stavlqt (soboj) zadahu lsquoto be represent a task problemrsquo byvatlsquoto be to frequentrsquo
On vsegda byvaet v teatre pered nahalom spektaklqHe is always in the theatre before the start of the performance
kak to hasto byvaetas often happens is often the case
118 | Cultural life in Russia
Exercise 5
Rephrase the sentences by using first the verb qvlqtsq + inst andthen the verb predstavlqt (soboj) + acc
1 Moskovskij festival ndash rezultat mnogoletnej raboty2 Dodin ndash unikalnoe qvlenie v rossijskom teatre 3 Pokazsamyx interesnyx filmov ndash zadaha festivalq 4 Vysokaqxudoestvennost ndash otlihitelnaq osobennost teatra Dodina5 Znakomstvo s mirovym kinematografom ndash cel festivalq6 Rost hisla immigrantov ndash blago dlq Rossii 7 |kstrim ndash stilizni molodei
Verbs with the instrumental
There are a number of verbs in the text which are followed by theinstrumental case Verbs taking the instrumental include
Verbs indicating control ndash polzovatsq (vos-) lsquoto use enjoyrsquorukovodit lsquoto leadrsquo upravlqt lsquoto govern managersquo torgovat lsquototradersquo vladet lsquoto ownrsquo lsquoto have a command of (a language)rsquozanimatsq zanqtsq lsquoto be engaged inrsquo zloupotreblqt lsquotoabusersquo riskovat lsquoto riskrsquo
Verbs indicating an attitude ndash gorditsq lsquoto be proud ofrsquointeresovatsq (za-) lsquoto be interested inrsquo l[bovatsq (po-) lsquotoadmirersquo uvlekatsq uvlehsq lsquoto be keen onrsquo
Verbs indicating state or appearance ndash kazatsq lsquoto seemrsquookazyvatsq okazatsq lsquoto turn out to bersquo stanovitsq stat lsquotobecomersquo shitatsq lsquoto be consideredrsquo ostavatsq ostatsq lsquotoremainrsquo
Other examples ndash ertvovat (po-) lsquoto sacrificersquo slavitsq (pro-) lsquoto be famed forrsquo bolet (za-) lsquoto be ill withrsquo
Exercise 6
Use the words in brackets in the correct form
Poslednee vremq mnogie novye teatry (polzovatsq) (uspex) Vsenade[tsq hto Dodin budet prodolat (rukovodit) (Malyjteatr) V prowlom godu Dodin (proslavitsq) (postanovka)trilogii Abramova |ta postanovka poluhila vyswu[ premi[ i
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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 119
(stat) (potrqsenie) dlq Leningrada Truppa Dodina (shitatsq)(odna) iz samyx silnyx v Rossii Dodin ne gotov (ertvovat)(svoq xudoestvennost) On gotov (riskovat) (vse) htobydobitsq uspexa Malyj teatr (ostavatsq) (odin iz samyxuspewnyx teatrov)
Language points diams
Participles
Participles are verbal adjectives They are formed from verbs buthave adjectival endings There are four types of participle in Russianpresent active past active present passive past passive They mayall be used to replace adjectival clauses ie clauses introduced bykotoryj
pesy kotorye garantiru[t kommerheskij uspexplays which guarantee commercial success
pesy garantiru[]ie kommerheskij uspexplays guaranteeing commercial success
Garantiru[]ie is an example of a present active participle Thereare numerous examples of both present and past active participles inthe text Dodin i rossijskij teatr
Active participles
Present active participles are formed by removing -t from the thirdperson plural (oni) form of the present tense and replacing it by -]ij poluhat lsquoto receive getrsquo ndash poluha[t ndash poluha[]ijlsquoreceiving gettingrsquo
The participle agrees in number gender and case with the noun itdescribes and declines like xorowij
Est nemalo zritelej poluha[]ix udovolstvie ot egospektaklejThere is a sizeable audience getting pleasure from his shows(poluha[]ix is genitive plural to agree with zritelej)
Participles formed from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq regard-less of the preceding letter of the ending
120 | Cultural life in Russia
Takie teatry-masterskie hasto razme]a[]iesq vbyvwix kinoteatrax ohen populqrny v MoskveSuch theatre workshops often located in former cinemas arevery popular in Moscow
Exercise 7
Form present active participles from the following verbs
ocenivat ponimat igrat proisxodit naxoditsq vestiblestet uhastvovat sozdavat polzovatsq prevra]atsqishezat voznikat stanovitsq upravlqt
Although present active participles usually replace kotoryj + presenttense of an active verb they may substitute for kotoryj + activepast tense if the action of the verb in the subordinate clause is takingplace at the same time as the action of the verb in the main clause
Rasskazali o filme kotoryj wel v to vremq vMoskveThey were talking about a film which was showing at the timein Moscow
Rasskazali o filme idu]em v to vremq v MoskveThey were talking about a film showing at the time in Moscow
Exercise 8
Replace the clauses with kotoryj by a present active participle
1 Kinofestival kotoryj proxodit v Moskve vyzval mnogointeresa za rubeom 2 Na festivale bylo mnogo filmovkotorye polzu[tsq uspexom u zritelej 3 Sredi akterov kotoryesnima[tsq v filme mnogo russkix 4 V truppe Dodina kotoraqsostoit iz ego uhenikov tolko 50 helovek 5 Ne mnogo ostalosteatrov kotorye predpohita[t xudoestvennyj uspexkommerheskomu 6 Hasto teatry kotorye razme]a[tsq vmalenkix zalax ohen interesnye 7 Ostalos malo l[dejkotorye e]e pomnqt staru[ Moskvu
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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 121
The past active participle is formed from either the imperfective orperfective past by replacing the -l from the masculine past tense by-vwij poluhat ndash poluhal ndash poluhavwij poluhit ndashpoluhil ndash poluhivwij Where there is no -l in the masculinepast tense add -wij to the masculine past tense isheznut lsquoto disap-pearrsquo ndash ishez ndash ishezwij
Note idti ndash wedwij vesti ndash vedwijParticiples from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq never -s
Exercise 9
Form past active participles from the following verbs
ponqt ocenit sozdat vyit sygrat provesti najtiproizojti stat blestet postavit prevratitsq vospolzo-vatsq isheznut vozniknut ostanovitsq
The past active participle declines like xorowij and agrees innumber gender and case with the noun it describes It may be usedinstead of adjectival (kotoryj) clauses which contain the imperfec-tive or perfective past of an active verb The translation into Englishof both the clause and the participle are frequently the same
Dodin proslavilsq postanovkoj trilogii AbramovaltBratq i sestrygt kotoraq poluhila Gosudarstvennu[premi[Dodin proslavilsq postanovkoj trilogii AbramovaltBratq i sestrygt poluhivwej Gosudarstvennu[premi[Dodin is famous for the production of Abramovrsquos trilogyBrothers and Sisters which won a State Prize
Exercise 10
Replace the kotoryj clauses by past active participles
1 Q ne soglasna s kritikami kotorye ocenili film kak slabyj2 My govorili o filme kotoryj poluhil pervyj priz 3 Uaktrisy kotoraq igrala rol Anny Kareninoj prekrasnaqvnewnost 4 Film kotoryj wel po televizoru vhera dovolnoslabyj 5 Teatralnaq olimpiada kotoraq prowla v Moskve v
122 | Cultural life in Russia
i[ne imela ogromnyj uspex 6 Festival kotoryj nahalsq vi[le zakonhilsq v avguste 7 Arxitekturnyj stil kotoryjpohti ishez teper byl ohen populqren v nahale veka 8 Mnogogovorilos o premere pesy Hexova kotoraq sostoqlas naprowloj nedele
Active participles used as adjectives and nouns
Many active participles are used as adjectives blestq]ij lsquobrilliantrsquovedu]ij lsquoleadingrsquo dejstvu[]ij lsquoactingrsquo sledu[]ij lsquonextrsquoteku]ij lsquocurrentrsquo nastoq]ij lsquopresent realrsquo (never used as aparticiple) budu]ij lsquofuturersquo (also used as present active participleof byt) byvwij lsquoformerrsquo rewa[]ij lsquodecisiversquo potrqsa[]ijlsquostunningrsquo
Kurq]ij is used to mean lsquosmokerrsquo vagon dlq kurq]ixlsquocarriage for smokersrsquo
Other examples of participles used as nouns include slua]ijlsquoemployeersquo upravlq[]ij lsquomanagerrsquo vedu]ij lsquopresenterrsquobudu]ee lsquofuturersquo nastoq]ee lsquopresentrsquo uha]ijsq lsquostudentrsquotrudq]ijsq lsquoworkerrsquo
Exercise 11
The newspaper Vaw dosug published the following ratings of filmsrecommended for both children and parents Read it and then answerthe questions in English
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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 123
NE TOLKO DETSKOE KINO
ocenka ltVDgt otlihno xorowo tak sebe otvratitelno
ltMUMIQ VOZVRAAETSQgtpro hto prodolenie filma ltMUMIQgt Syn glavnyx geroevstanovitsq obektom oxoty mumii so vsemi sledu[]imi iztogo scenami ltkwngt
urnal ltVaw dosuggt 2001
NB zvezda ndash star tak sebe ndash so-so otvratitelno ndash repulsive v polzu ndash infavour vpehatlitelnyj ndash impressionable silnyj duxom ndash strong in spiritdejstvu[]ee lico ndash character zlodejka ndash female villain vyxodka ndash trickpqtnistaq sobaka ndash spotty dog ivotnoe ndash animal zabavnyj ndash amusingnaoborot ndash the other way round
kommentarii nekotorye iz scen strawnovaty Vesti na totfilm mono tolko ne ohen vpehatlitelnyx detej V polzudetskoj auditorii govorit i tot fakt hto odin iz glavnyxpersonaej ndash malhiwka Tak hto vawemu rebenku budet za kogopereivatrekomenduetsq silnym duxom podrostkam
lt102 DALMATINCAgtpro hto film ndash prodolenie dobroj komedii 1996 goda lt101 dalmatinecgt Obstoqtelstva i dejstvu[]ie lica pohtine izmenilis Zlodejka po-prenemu Krulla de Vil imilye pqtnistye sobaki spasa[tsq ot ee vyxodokkommentarii pervyj film konehno e luhwe Odnako temkto l[bit smotret pro ivotnyx osobenno pro dalmatincevkartina ponravitsqrekomenduetsq l[bitelqm ivotnyx vsex vozrastov
ltWOKOLADgtpro hto v dvux slovax ndash krasivaq romantihnaq istoriqkommentarii ne sovsem detskij (skoree naoborot) no esli vamne s kem svoego rebenka ostavit ndash moete pojti na tot filmvse vmeste Kartina prekrasnaq k tomu e rqd pizodov vpolneponqtny i zabavny dlq vawego rebenkarekomenduetsq dlq semejnogo prosmotra s detmi l[bogovozrasta (krome malywej do 4 let) Podrostkam film monosmotret i bez roditelej
124 | Cultural life in Russia
1 Which film received the highest (5-star) rating2 Which films are recommended for families3 Which film is recommended for animal lovers and why4 What is the subject of the film The Mummy Returns5 Would The Mummy Returns be a good film for impressionable
youngsters6 For whom is the film Chocolat recommended
Preposition corner
O + prepositional
lsquoabout concerningrsquo
dumat o sebe o rabote lekciq o ivopisithink about yourself about work a lecture about art
Note that o sometimes becomes ob generally before vowels and obobefore some combinations of consonants ob tom lsquoabout thatrsquo obiskusstve lsquoabout artrsquo ob otce lsquoabout fatherrsquo obo mne lsquoabout mersquoobo vsem lsquoabout everything
O + accusative
lsquoagainst on uponrsquo
opiratsq o stenu udaritsq nogoj o stol bok o bokto lean on the wall bang onersquos leg on the table side by side
Note ruka ob ruku lsquohand in handrsquo a rare example of ob before aconsonant
Pro + accusative
lsquoabout concerningrsquo (more colloquial than lsquoorsquo)
govorit pro delo talk about businessPro hto tot film What is this film aboutfilm pro ivotnyx a film about animals
Exercise 12
Put the words in brackets in the appropriate case
1 Q govorila o (syn) 2 Q zna[ vse pro (ty) 3 On spotknulsqob (igruwka) 4 Uheniki opira[tsq o (stol) 5 Mne nravqtsqfilmy pro (l[bov)
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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 125
Stress
Feminine nouns
Fixed stress ndash stress remains on the same syllable throughout thedeclension singular and plural gostinica doroga sposobnostThis group contains a large number of nouns with three or moresyllables but also some one syllable nouns bol and two syllablenouns ending in unstressed -a or -q vera kniga burq
Mobile stress ndash there are five types of mobile stress on feminine nouns
Type 1 ndash stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the pluralvojna (gen sing vojny nom pl vojny gen pl vojn dat plvojnam etc) strana glava sestra (pl sestry) Most of thesenouns have two syllables but there are some with three In this casethe stress moves back one syllable in the plural krasota (krasotykrasoty krasot krasotam etc)
Type 2 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural(and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative)on the ending in all other plurals hast (hasti hasti hastej)ohered lowad and many other nouns ending in -
Type 3 ndash stress on the ending except in the nominative accusativeplural guba (guby guby gub gubam etc) sveha sleza (pl slezy)
Type 4 ndash stress on the ending except in the accusative singular andthe nominative accusative plural which are stressed on the firstsyllable gora (acc sing goru gen sing gory nom acc pl gorygen pl gor dat pl goram etc) doska noga reka ruka sredastena golova storona boroda
Type 5 ndash stress on the ending in the singular except for the accusativesingular and on the stem in the plural voda (acc sing vodu gensing vody nom pl vody gen pl vod dat pl vodam etc) zimaduwa spina cena zemlq
126 | Cultural life in Russia
Exercise 13
Translate into Russian
1 A winner of the Moscow International Film Festival was theAmerican film The Fanatic
2 The Maly Theatre of St Petersburg is one of the most interestingtheatres in Russia it became famous thanks to the artistic skillof the director Lev Dodin
3 The majority of the members of the jury judging the films wereprofessional actors
4 All newspapers wrote about the film which received the topprize at the Film Festival
5 The actors playing the main parts clearly belonged to theStanislavsky school
6 There are a lot of people in Russia who appreciate the art ofthe theatre
7 Theatres are becoming more and more commercial in Russiathey only put on plays guaranteeing a full house
8 A lot of the films taking part in the competition turned out tobe foreign Only one Russian film was among them
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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 127
7 SREDSTVA MASSOVOJINFORMACII (SMI)
In this unit you will learn
about newspapers and television in Russia how to use hto and kto as relative pronouns about conjunctions in time and causal clauses how to choose between -to and -nibud how to use drug druga about stress on neuter nouns
During the period of glasnost Russia enjoyed unprecedentedfreedom of the press A large number of new newspapers appearedcensorship ceased and journalists were free to publish what theywanted New independent publications played an important role inthe collapse of the Soviet Union Since the war in Chechnya andespecially after the election of President Putin the situation haschanged somewhat The government is less ready to tolerate criticismof its policies Conscious of the power of the media to influence publicopinion the government is re-exerting its control over press and tele-vision The independent channel NTV the radio station |xoMoskvy and the newspaper Novaq Gazeta were the first victimsThere is now less freedom of expression in Russia than there was atthe time of the fall of the Soviet Union
Dialogue 1
From an interview with a journalist from Argumenty i fakty
AVTOR Q hasto slywu o tom hto svoboda pressy v Rossii vopasnosti Gosudarstvo pytaetsq kontrolirovat vsesredstva massovoj informacii
URNALIST No pressa ne moet byt polnost[ nezavisimojL[baq gazeta ot hego-to i ot kogo-to zavisit otvladelca gazety ot ob]estvennogo mneniq otsituacii na rynke Sam izdatel vyraaet interesykakoj-to gruppy
AVTOR No v Rossii bolwinstvo SMI vse bolwe zavisqt ottex kto daet im dengi
URNALIST Da to verno Delo v tom hto v Rossii sejhas mnogiegazety izda[tsq ne po rynohnym pravilam a za shetoligarxov politikov Mestnye organy vlasti toesoderat bolwoe kolihestvo gazet
AVTOR Su]estvuet mnenie hto naibolee nezavisimye SMIprinadleat hastnym licam tem dlq kogo media-biznes osnovnoj Naprimer hastnyj telekanal NTVurnal ltItogigt gazeta ltSegodnqgt radiostanciqlt|xo Moskvygt Vse oni podverglis kritike
URNALIST Po-moemu ix nezavisimost byla ill[ziej Ved vsestati urnalistov po glavnym voprosam izni vsevystupleniq televedu]ix na NTV vsegda otraalipozici[ vladelca stoqvwego za SMI
AVTOR A kto stoit za Vawej gazetoj Ona toe vyraaethi-to interesy
URNALIST Nawa gazeta vozmono i est samaq nezavisimaq Zanej stoqt sami urnalisty U nas redakciq rewaetto o hem pisat i kak pisat Edinstvennaqzavisimost kotoru[ my priznaem ndash zavisimost otnawix hitatelej
Po materialam gazety ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 129
Vocabulary diams
vladelec ownervystuplenie speechvyraat to expresszavisim ost (f ) -yj dependence dependentizdavat izdatel to publish publishermestnye organy vlasti local governmentopasnost (f ) dangerotraat to reflectpolnost[ nezavisimyj fully independentpodvergnutsq kritike to be subject to criticismpriznavat to acknowledgeredakciq editorial officerynohnoe pravilo rule of the marketsvoboda pressy freedom of the presssoderat to keepstatq articletelevedu]ij television presenterhastnyj kanal private channel
NB su]estvuet mnenie ndash there is an opinion delo v tom hto ndash the thing isthat za shet ndash at the expense of
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Pohemu svoboda pressy v Rossii v opasnosti2 Moet li pressa byt polnost[ nezavisimoj3 Ot kogo obyhno zavisit pressa4 Pravda li hto v Rossii sejhas sliwkom mnogo gazet
Language points diams
-to -nibud
-to and -nibud can be used after hto kto and kakoj
hto-to hto-nibud somethingkto-to kto-nibud someonekakoj-to kakoj-nibud some (or other)
130 | The mass media
The forms ending in -to are more specific They relate to things peoplethe identity of which is uncertain but whose existence is not in doubt
On hto-to prinesHe has brought something
Kto-to stuhitSomeone is knocking
Kakaq-to devuwka vas i]etSome girl (or other) is looking for you
There is an example in the dialogue
L[baq gazeta ot hego-to i kogo-to zavisitAny newspaper depends on someone and something
Forms in -nibud are vaguer and imply that the existence of thething person is in doubt Hto-nibud and kto-nibud may alsotranslate lsquoanythingrsquo or lsquoanyonersquo
Prines li on hto-nibudDid he bring anything
Kto-nibud xohet toDoes anyone want it
Moet byt nam okaut kaku[-nibud pomo]Perhaps they will give us some help
Contrast
kto-to zvonitsomeone is ringing (existence known)
esli kto-nibud pozvonitif someone rings (existence hypothetical)
-to -nibud may also be added to some adverbs to similar effectgde-to gde-nibud lsquosomewherersquo (place) kuda-to kuda-nibudlsquosomewherersquo (motion) kak-to kak-nibud lsquosomehowrsquo kogda-to kogda-nibud lsquosome time (or other)rsquo
On kogda-to il v RossiiHe lived in Russia at some time or other
Moet byt my kogda-nibud vstretimsqPerhaps we will meet some time
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 131
Exercise 2
Select the appropriate word from the brackets and put it into thecorrect case to complete the sentence
1 Q (hto-to hto-nibud) hitala ob tom 2 Ty pisal (kto-to kto-nibud) 3 K tebe prixodila (kakoj-to kakoj-nibud) devuwka4 Daj mne pohitat (hto-to hto-nibud) 5 On izuhaet (kakoj-tokakoj-nibud) qzyk v universitete 6 Neueli vy ne moetenauhit ego (hto-to hto-nibud) 7 U vas est (kakoj-to kakoj-nibud) gazety 8 Ne volnujtes (kak-to kak-nibud) my rewimtu problemu 9 |to sluhilos (gde-to gde-nibud) na Severe10 On sejhas razgovarivaet s (kto-to kto-nibud) po telefonu11 Pojdem (kuda-to kuda-nibud) veherom 12 Vas (kto-to kto-nibud) sprawivaet
Exercise 3
Look at the result of the poll conducted by Public OpinionFoundation shown below
132 | The mass media
Opros fonda ltOb]estvennoe mneniegt
Kak hasto vy smotrite televizor hitaetegazety sluwaete radio htoby uznat novostio politiheskoj konomiheskoj izni strany
Ohen hasto 65Neskolko raz v nedel[ 26Voob]e nikogda 5Zatrudnilis s otvetom 4
Poluhaete li Vy pravdivu[ obektivnu[ informaci[ o politiheskoj izni strany
Ne poluha[t 56Poluha[t 30Zatrudnilis s otvetom 14
NB poloitelno ndash positively otricatelno ndash negatively zatrudnitsq sotvetom ndash to find it difficult to answer do not know somnevatsq ndash to doubt
True or false
Bolwinstvo rossiqn a) ne interesu[tsq novostqmi b) duma[t htoinformaciq v SMI neobektivna c) shita[t vliqnie SMIpoloitelnym d) oceniva[t vliqnie pressy otricatelno e)somneva[tsq v obektivnosti pressy
Text 1
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Somnevaetes li Vy v obektivnosti konomiheskix novostej
Ohen somneva[tsq 61Ne somneva[tsq 26Zatrudnilis s otvetom 13
Somnevaetes li Vy v pravdivom otobraenii ltnastroenij l[dej ob]estvennogo mneniqgt
Ohen somneva[tsq 46Ne somneva[tsq 40Zatrudnilis s otvetom 14
Kak televidenie radio i pressa vliq[t na vas i vawe nastroenie
Otricatelno 49Poloitelno 32Zatrudnilis s otvetom 19
Rossijskoe televidenieSredi vsex sredstv massovoj informacii televideni[prinadleit vedu]aq rol Hislo telekanalov rastet s kadymgodom Vse oni stara[tsq byt ne poxoimi drug na drugaOdni otda[t predpohtenie sportivnym novostqm drugie ndashmuzykalno-razvlekatelnym treti predpohita[t nauhno-
Gazeta ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001
Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 133
134 | The mass media
poznavatelnu[ informaci[ Teper esli vy xotite smotretnovosti u vas est vybor informacionnye programmyltSegodnqgt po NTV ltVremqgt po ORT ltVestigt po RTR vsepyta[tsq predstavit novosti pod svoim uglom i otliha[tsqdrug ot druga K tomu e u nekotoryx vedu]ix est svoqvoskresnaq avtorskaq analitiheskaq programma iz kotorojtelezritel moet poluhit dopolnitelnu[ informaci[ osobytiqx nedeli Takovy programmy ltVremenagt na ORTltItogigt na NTV ltZerkalogt na RTR Pervyj kanal ORT i vtorojkanal RTR ndash ob]enacionalnye kanaly i informaciq na nixpredstavlqet oficialnu[ tohku zreniq
Menee oficialnye kanaly ndash tretij kanal TVC kotoryjorientiruetsq na tex kogo interesuet Moskva kanalltKulturagt s programmami ob iskusstve |to kanal dlq texkto serezno interesuetsq muzykoj literaturoj poziej Vsebolee izvestnym stanovitsq kanal REN TV pervym perewedwijna cifrovu[ texnologi[ i populqrnyj sredi tex komunravqtsq zapadnye serialy i mylnye opery
Osoboe mesto do nedavnego vremeni zanimal hetvertyj kanalNTV edinstvennyj hastnyj kanal nezavisimyj ot vlastiBlagodarq vysokomu professionalizmu vedu]ix NTV byl odnimiz samyx populqrnyx osobenno sredi tex kto xotel uslywatinu[ neoficialnu[ tohku zreniq na mnogie aktualnyevoprosy Satiriheskaq programma na tom kanale ltKuklygtprogramma o rossijskom parlamente v kotorom zaseda[t kuklyrossijskie politiki do six por populqrna v Rossii
K soaleni[ v nastoq]ee vremq kanal NTV kak i drugieob]enacionalnye kanaly vse bolwe kontroliruetsqgosudarstvom i terqet svo[ nezavisimost Nedavnqq reorga-nizaciq kanala i smena ego televizionnoj komandy govorqt otom hto pravitelstvo rewilo raspravitsq s temi kto nesoglasen s ego politikoj Iz-za vmewatelstva vlastej v delatelevideniq nekotorye vedu]ie pokinuli kanal NTV i perewlina drugie menee oficialnye kanaly Voob]e novaq tele-vizionnaq komanda NTV kuda bolee loqlna po otnoweni[ kKreml[ i prezidentu
Po materialam gazety ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001
Vocabulary diams
avtorskaq programma personal programmevesti (pl) newsvmewatelstvo interferencevoskresnaq programma Sunday programmedopolnitelnyj additionalzerkalo mirroriskusstvo artitogi (pl) summing up total resultskomanda teamkukla doll puppetmuzykalno-razvlekatelnyj musical entertainmentmylnaq opera soap operanauhno-poznavatelnyj popular scienceob]enacionalnyj kanal national channelotdavat predpohtenie to give preferencepokinut to leavepoxoij na (+ acc) similar toraspravitsq s (+ inst) deal withsmena teamtohka zreniq point of viewcifrovoj digital
NB predstavlqt predstavit novosti pod svoim uglom ndash to present thenews from your own viewpoint k tomu e ndash in addition kuda bolee loqlnandash much more loyal po otnoweni[ k ndash towards
Exercise 4
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Kakie informacionnye programmy mono smotret potelevizoru
2 Kakie ob]enacionalnye kanaly est v Rossii3 Na kogo orientiru[tsq kanaly TVC Kultura4 Hem znamenit kanal REN TV5 Hto predstavlql soboj kanal NTV6 Hto za programma ltKuklygt
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 135
Exercise 5
True or false
1 L[baq gazeta zavisit ot (pravitelstva hitatelej vladelcagazety)
2 Televidenie igraet (malenku[ vedu]u[ politihesku[)rol
3 Mneniq televedu]ix otraa[t (pozici[ vladelca svo[pozici[ politiku pravitelstva)
4 Kanal ltKulturagt orientiruetsq na tex kto interesuetsq(sportom iskusstvom politikoj)
5 Kanal NTV byl (gosudarstvennym hastnym mestnym)kanalom
6 Programma ltKuklygt ndash programma o (rossijskoj naukerossijskom parlamente detqx)
7 NTV vse bolwe stanovitsq (populqrnym nezavisimymzavisimym ot pravitelstva)
Language points diams
Drug druga
Note the examples of drug druga lsquoone anotherrsquo in the above passage
Vse oni stara[tsq byt ne poxoimi drug na drugaThey all try not to be like one another
Oni otliha[tsq drug ot drugaThey differ from one another
Only the second half declines ndash like the noun drug lsquofriendrsquo
Oni pomoga[t drug druguThey help one another
Oni nenavidqt drug drugaThey hate one another
If the construction involves a preposition it is inserted between thetwo nouns as in the examples from the text
136 | The mass media
Exercise 6
Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of drugdruga adding a preposition if necessary
1 Oni piwut pisma 2 My dumaem 3 Vy razgovarivaete 4 Oni ivut daleko 5 My poluhaem pomo] 6 Onine interesu[tsq 7 Oni l[bqt
Hto and kto used as relative pronouns
To hto
Clauses which in English are linked by the word lsquowhatrsquo (or lsquothatwhichrsquo) are linked in Russian by to hto
Q hita[ tolko to hto menq interesuetI read only what interests me
The case of to is governed by its role in the main clause (in the aboveexample it is accusative object of the verb hita[) and the case ofhto by its role in the subordinate clause (nominative subject of verbinteresuet) Note the forms of to and hto in the followingexamples
Q slywu o tom hto svoboda pressy v opasnostiI hear that the freedom of the press is in danger
Q ne intersu[s tem hto ty piwewI am not interested in what you write
Vse ne to hem kaetsqAll is not what it seems
Sometimes to hto translates lsquothe fact thatrsquo or lsquothatrsquo
On gorditsq tem hto ego naznahili direktoromHe is proud (of the fact) that he has been appointed director
It can also translate the English construction preposition + -ing
On konhil tem hto pokinul kanal NTVHe finished by abandoning NTV
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 137
To hto figures in the expressions delo v tom hto lsquothe thing factis thatrsquo beda v tom hto lsquothe trouble is thatrsquo and problemazakl[haetsq v tom hto lsquothe problem consists in the fact thatrsquo
Beda v tom hto u nas malo denegThe trouble is that we have little money
Delo v tom hto v Rossii sliwkom mnogo gazetThe thing is that there are too many newspapers in Russia
Problema zakl[haetsq v tom hto Rossiq pereivaetkrizisThe problem consists in the fact that Russia is undergoing acrisis
Words other than hto may follow the construction v tom
Delo v tom kak dostat dengiThe thing is how to get the money
Problema v tom kuda exatThe problem is where to go
Exercise 7
Put to hto in the correct case
1 On govoril o svoboda pressy v Rossii v opasnosti 2 Onvidit ne vidqt drugie 3 Q ver[ v demokratiq pobedit4 On zakonhil svoj rasskaz zadal nam neskolko voprosov5 Ona vsegda gordilas ona russkaq 6 On ne vinovat v urnal byl zakryt 7 Beda v v Rossii sliwkom mnogo gazet 8 L[di somneva[tsq v oni poluha[t obektivnu[informaci[
Tot ktote kto
Tot kto and te kto are used to mean lsquothe one(s) whorsquo
Tot kto bolwe vsex rabotaet poluhit luhwu[ ocenkuHe who the one who works hardest will receive the best mark
The case of tot te is decided by their role in the main clause andkto from its role in the subordinate clause
138 | The mass media
Q pomogu tem komu trudno najti pravilnyj otvetI will help those who have difficulty in finding the right answer
(tem ndash dative after pomogu and komu ndash dative before trudno)
There are some examples in both the text and the dialogue
|to kanal dlq tex kto interesuetsq muzykojIt is a channel for those who are interested in music
SMI zavisqt ot tex kto daet im dengiThe media depend on the ones who give them money
After te kto either the plural or the singular verb may occur
te kto rabotaet zdes te kto rabota[t zdesthose who work here
Kto may be detached from tot and used to introduce a separateclause
Kto ne rabotaet tot ne estHe who doesnrsquot work doesnrsquot eat
Exercise 8
Put tot kto and te kto in the correct case
A 1 On obratilsq (to the one who) stoqla rqdom 2 Mne byloal (the one to whom) ona napisala pismo 3 Ona poznakomilamenq (with the one who) uhilsq s nej 4 (The one who) govoritto qvno glupyj helovek 5 Luhwe otdat knigu (to the one who)ona nravitsq
B 1 My (with those who) otstaivaet nezavisimost pressy2 |tot kanal (for those who) nravqtsq mylnye opery 3 Pressavsegda zavisit (from those who) finansiruet ee 4 Bolwinstvo(of those who) vystupal po televideni[ byli politikami 5 Myposlali priglawenie (to those who) xohet uhastvovat vprogramme 6 (Among those who) smotrit kanal NTV mnogostudentov 7 (Those who) interesuet iskusstvo smotrqt kanalltKulturagt
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 139
Exercise 9
Study the different points of view regarding the number of channelson TV
Po materialam gazety ltVersiqgt 2001
NB to ue perebor ndash that is too much setevoj kanal ndash cable channel
1 Who are Vladimir Pozner Mikhail Leontrsquoev Oleg Dobrodeev2 Who is in favour of increasing the number of channels and who
is against3 How many national channels does Russia have What are they
140 | The mass media
VLADIMIR POZNER akademik Rossijskojakademii i televideniq vedu]ij programmy ltVremenagtna ORT
ltMirovoj opyt pokazyvaet hto kogda v strane dejstvuet bolwehetyrex ob]enacionalnyx kanalov to ue perebor Takogonigde v mire net A vot setevyx kanalov nuno stolko skolkoix moet ltsestgt rynokgt
MIXAIL LEONTEV vedu]ij avtorskojprogrammy ltOdnakogt na ORT
ltStolko kanalov skolko my imeem sejhas nam ne to htobynuno prosto v nastoq]ij moment strana ne sposobna ixsoderatgt
OLEG DOBRODEEV predsedatelTeleradiokomiteta
ltKanalov nuno bolwe Duma[ telezriteli tolko vyigra[tot togo esli v Rossii nakonec normalno zarabotaet sistema cifrovoj texnologii togda u nas budet ne westob]enacionalnyx kanalov kak sejhas a dvadcat ndash dvadcatpqtgt
Language points diams
Conjunctions
Care must be taken in Russian not to confuse conjunctions withprepositions Unhelpfully in English prepositions and conjunctionsare often identical
Posle zavtraka my powli gulqtAfter breakfast we went for a walk
Posle togo kak my pozavtrakali my powli gulqtAfter we had breakfast we went for a walk
In the first example the preposition posle governs the noun zavtrakaand in the second the conjunction posle togo kak introduces anadverbial clause of time
There are other similar pairs of prepositions and conjunctions
Preposition Conjunction Meaning
s + genitive s tex por kak sincedo + genitive do togo kak beforepered + instrumental pered tem kak before
prede hem before
Exercise 10
Insert posle or posle togo kak as appropriate
1 koncerta my powli v restoran 2 ona okonhila kursona pereexala za granicu 3 my poluhili novosti mypozvonili emu 4 obeda powel dod
Causal conjunctions
The conjunction blagodarq tomu hto is used to mean lsquothanks toowing torsquo (positive reasons)
Blagodarq tomu hto uluhwilos konomiheskoepoloenie bezrabotica upalaThanks to the fact that the economic situation has improvedunemployment has fallen
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 141
Contrast the preposition blagodarq + dative lsquothanks torsquo
Blagodarq uluhweni[ konomiheskogo poloeniqbezrabotica upalaThanks to the improvement in the economic situationunemployment has fallen
Iz-za togo hto means lsquoowing to because of on account of the factthatrsquo in respect of negative circumstances
Iz-za togo hto konomiheskoe poloenie v straneuxudwilos mnogo predpriqtij zakrylosBecause the economic situtation in the country has worsenedmany businesses have closed
Contrast the preposition iz-za + genitive lsquobecause of on account ofrsquondash often also relating to unfavourable circumstances
Iz-za uxudweniq konomiheskogo poloeniq mnogopredpriqtij zakrylosBecause of the worsening of the economic situation manybusinesses have closed
Note an example in the text of the use of iz-za
Iz-za vmewatelstva vlastej v dela televideniqnekotorye vedu]ie pokinuli kanal NTVBecause of the interference of the authorities in television severalpresenters abandoned NTV
This could have been expressed as
Iz-za togo hto vlasti vmewivalis v delaBecause the authorities interfered
Exercise 11
A Complete the sentences using either blagodarq (+ dat) or iz-za(+ gen) and put the words in brackets into the appropriate case
1 V nastoq]ee vremq Rossiq ne moet soderat tak mnogokanalov (tqeloe konomiheskoe poloenie)v strane2 (Professionalnoe masterstvo) vedu]ix NTV stal ohenpopulqrnym 3 Mnogie gazety skoro zakro[tsq (nedostatokdeneg) v strane 4 (Xorowee nastroenie) on bystro zakonhil
142 | The mass media
rabotu 5 (Cenzura) na televidenii televedu]im teper trudnorabotat 6 Vhera samolety ne letali (ploxaq pogoda)
B And now replace these phrases by clauses with blagodarq tomuhto or iz-za togo hto
Example iz-za tqelogo konomiheskogo poloeniq ndash iz-za togo hto v strane tqeloe konomiheskoepoloenie
Exercise 12
Examine the programmes advertised on three Russian television chan-nels (see page 144) and answer the questions in English
1 Which feature films are on ORT2 What sports programmes are on3 Which channel shows the most cartoons4 On which channel is there a travel programme5 At what time is it possible to see the news on all channels6 What programmes about animals are on
Language points diams
Stress
Neuter nouns
Fixed stress ndash stress remains on the same syllable throughout thedeclension singular and plural elanie gosudarstvo izvestieThis group contains mostly words with three or more syllables butalso a small number of two syllable nouns gorlo bl[do huvstvokreslo solnce
Mobile stress ndash there are three main types of mobile stress on neuternouns
Type 1 ndash stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the plurallico (gen sing lica nom pl lica gen pl lic dat plu licametc) vino pismo hislo okno qjco selo Most of these nounshave two syllables but there are some with three In this case the
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 143
144 | The mass media
Voskresene15 APRELQ
KANAL ORT KANAL ltROSSIQgt KANAL NTV
745 Slovo pastyrqMitropolit Kirill800 1800 Novosti810 Armejskijmagazin840 Disnej-klubltHip i Dejlgt905 Utrennqq zvezda1000 1500 Novosti(s surdo perevodom)1010 Neputevyezametki1030 Poka vse doma1110 ltXozqintajgigt Xud film1245 Utrennqq pohta1320 Klubputewestvennikov1400 |x Semenovna1435 ltTalanty ipoklonnicagtSpecreporta1510 Umnicy iumniki1540 Disnej klubltGufi i egokomandagt1610 KoncertKristiny Orbakajtev GCKZ ltRossiqgt1830 ltL[bov igolubigt Xudfilm2035ltVelikolepnyjgtXud film2230 Vremena2345 Na futbole025 ltMalhikigtXud Film
730 ltDodumalsqpozdravlq[gt Xudfilm900 Russkoe loto940 TV bingo-wou1035 Dobroe utrostrana1105 Anwlag1200 Gorodok1230 Bolwaqstrana1310 Parlamentskijhas1400 Vesti1420 Dialogi oivotnyx1520 Vokrug sveta1625 Dva roqlq1720 Sam sebereisser1800 Zerkalo1900 ltL[bit po-russkigt Xudfilm2050 ltL[bit po-russki-2gt Xudfilm2235 ltL[bit po-russki-3Gubernatorgt Xudfilm035 Hempionatmira po avtogonkamv klasse formula-1Gran-pri San-Marino Peredaha izImoly
800 1000 12001600 Segodnq815 ltDeti kapitanaGrantagt Xudfilm1015 ltPqtoeEvangeliegt FilmSergeq Kostina izcikla ltNovejwaqistoriqgt1140 Professiq ndashreporter VitalijBuzuev ltL[bov ikrestgt1225 Depressiq1250 ltVizit kminotavrugt Xudfilm1415 ltLicokavkazskojnacionalnostigtFilm AleksandraTixomirova1500 Tretij tajm1635 Putewestviqnaturalista1710 Bolwieroditeli1750 ltPolicejskaqakademiqgt1900 Itogi2045 Kukly2100 ltUlicarazbityx fonarej-3gt2220 Sportivnyetancy HempionatEvropy srediprofessionalov Balhempionov015 Futbolnyjklub055 ltZa gran[vozmonogogt
NB xud film = xudoestvennyj film ndash feature film
stress moves back one syllable in the plural koleso (kolesa kolesakoles kolesam)
Type 2 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and ending in the pluraldelo (dela dela del delam etc) leto mesto more pravoslovo telo Most of these nouns are two syllable but there are asmall number with three syllables zerkalo (zerkala zerkalazerkal zerkalam etc) oblako Most neuter nouns in -mq also havestress on the stem in the singular ending in the plural imq (imeniimena imen imenam etc) vremq bremq plamq plemq semqbut not znamq (znameni znamena znamen znamenam etc)
Type 3 ndash stress moving forward one syllable in the plural ozero(ozera ozera ozer ozeram) derevo This relates only to a smallnumber of three-syllable nouns
Exercise 13
Translate into Russian
1 I do not think that the press can be completely independent anewspaperrsquos policy depends on who the owner of the newspaperis
2 Most people are interested in the news and watch television tofind out about the political and economic life of the country
3 Many people doubt if they are getting accurate informationfrom the newspapers
4 My mother always says that television has a bad influence onher mood
5 There are many programmes on Russian television but myfavourite is The Puppets a satire on Russian politicians
6 Some Russians say that they watch soap operas to forget thereality of Russian life
7 Thanks to the professional skill of its presenters the Culturechannel has become very popular among those who areinterested in art
8 British and Russian television differ from one another in howthey present the news
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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 145
8 RYNOK TRUDA
In this unit you will learn
about the employment scene in Russia how to conduct a job interview and apply for employment about past passive participles more about the preposition za about words with the root trud
Until recently the search for a job in Russia was limited to the jobadvertisements displayed in public places factory gates lamp postskiosk windows being the obvious locations Job centres were veryfew and concentrated mostly in large cities Now the situation ischanging job centres are springing up all over the country Mostnewspapers and magazines have a section for job vacancies Jobadvertisements are quite often blatantly ageist and sexist and alsoexpress requirements in respect of physical attributes Finding a jobthrough the internet is becoming more common However somethings in Russia are slow to change Looking for a job using personalconnections (blat) is still an important feature of the Russian jobmarket
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Rynok truda | 147
V poiskax raboty
(Po zapadnym merkam bezrabotica v Rossii e]e ne dostiglakritiheskogo urovnq na segodnqwnij den zaregistrirovano 9millionov bezrabotnyx No konomisty shita[t hto s perexodomk rynku bezrabotica budet rasti V takoj situacii ohen vanoznat kak nahinat iskat rabotu Gazeta ltArgumenty ifaktygt daet sovet)
Iskat rabotu ndash delo nelegkoe Vakansij na rynke truda vsegdamnogo i kadomu heloveku moet byt najdeno mesto Samymvernym sposobom ustroitsq na rabotu v Rossii po-prenemuostaetsq ustrojstvo ltpo blatugt kogda vas rekomendu[t rodstven-niki ili znakomye Do six por tot sposob predpohitaet nemenee 50 rossijskix rabotodatelej |to vyzvano tem htoltsvoemu helovekugt rabotniku s rekomendaciej doverq[t bolweTak hto esli vy i]ete rabotu soob]ite ob tom samomuwirokomu krugu lic
Po statistike 80 vsex firm i predpriqtij podbira[t sebekadry v agenstvax po trudoustrojstvu osobenno krupnyxBolwie agentstva mogut predloit 500ndash800 vakansij togdakak melkie okolo 10 No agenstva kak pravilo zanima[tsqpoiskom diplomirovannyx specialistov ne nie dolnostisekretarq I esli poisk raboty s pomo][ agentstv vam nepodxodit nahinajte poisk samostoqtelno Kupite kak monobolwe gazet s obqvleniqmi o rabote V srednem 30 kompanijda[t o sebe informaci[ v presse
Vse populqrnee stanovitsq poisk raboty s pomo][ InternetaNedavno Komitetom truda i zanqtosti v Moskve byl otkrytspecialnyj sajt wwwlaborru i teper mnogie polzu[tsquslugami togo servera Preimu]estva Interneta vse pred-loeniq o rabote zdes aktualnye Na publikaci[ v Interneteuxodqt sekundy a htoby opublikovat obqvlenie v gazetetrebu[tsq dni i nedeli
Vocabulary diams
agentstvo po trudoustrojstvu employment agencyaktualnyj currentbezrabotica bezrabotnyj unemployment unemployedbukvalno literallyvernyj sposob sure waydiplomirovannyj specialist a qualified specialistdoverqt (dat) to trustdolnost (f ) postiskl[henie exceptionkahestvo qualitykrug lic circle of peopleKomitet truda i zanqtosti Labour and Employment committeemeneder po prodaam sales managernastojhivost (f ) persistenceob]itelnost (f ) sociabilityobqvlenie o rabote job advertisementotrasl (f ) branchperexod k rynku transition to the marketpodbirat kadry to select personnelpreimu]estvo advantageprilihnaq rabota decent jobrabotodatel employersamostoqtelno independentlysoob]it to inform(v) srednem on average
148 | The labour market
Su]estvuet mnenie hto na xorowie dolnosti l[dej ltsulicygt ne berut No v dlinnom spiske professij est nemaloiskl[henij i wansy byt prinqtymi na vpolne prilihnu[rabotu lts ulicygt ohen znahitelny Segodnq samye populqrnyeprofessii ndash menedery po prodaam Spros na nix vse e]e neudovletvoren v Rossii oni nuny bukvalno kadoj kompaniizanqtoj prodaami hego-libo a ix berut hasto lts ulicygtKahestva kotorye trebu[tsq ot rabotnika ob]itelnost inastojhivost xorowo podvewennyj qzyk znanie otrasli vkotoroj truditsq
spisok listtogda kak whiletruditsq to workudovletvorit spros na (+ acc) to satisfy demand onustroitsq na rabotu to fix oneself up with a jobustrojstvo na rabotu finding work
NB po zapadnym merkam ndash by Western standards svoj helovek ndash one ofour own people to vyzvano tem ndash it is because brat na rabotu lts ulicygt ndash to employ somebody responding to an advertisement displayedin a public place ltpo blatugt ndash using personal connections xorowopodvewennyj qzyk ndash a smooth tongue
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Kakoj sposob poiska raboty naibolee rasprostranen v Rossii2 Hto takoe ltblatgt3 Pohemu luhwe obra]atsq v poiskax raboty v krupnye agenstva4 Kak vy ponimaete poisk raboty lts ulicygt5 Kakie professii osobenno trebu[tsq sejhas v Rossii6 Kakovy preimu]estva polzovaniq Internetom
Exercise 2
True or false
1 Ot menedera po prodaam trebuetsq (ob]itelnostotvetstvennost umenie rabotat v komande)
2 Imet blat znahit imet (xorowie svqzi universitetsku[stepen rekomendaci[)
3 Rossijskie rabotodateli predpohita[t rabotnikov (srekomendaciej s diplomom lts ulicygt)
4 Samye populqrnye professii v Rossii (vrah uhitel menederpo prodaam)
5 Preimu]estva interneta v tom hto v Internete (predloeniqo rabote aktualnye informaciq interesnaq mnogoinformacii)
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Rynok truda | 149
Exercise 3
Examine the ratings of the most prestigious professions on theRussian labour market
1 What do the five most highly rated professions have incommon
2 Are there any inclusions which would not make the list in theWest
3 Which lsquoprofessionsrsquo that one might expect to find in a similarlist in the West are not included
Language points diams
Words with the root trud
The root trud means lsquolabour or (hard) workrsquo
truditsq trudovoj truenik truenica trudq]ijsqsotrudnik sotrudnihestvo
The suffix or ending generally tells you which part of speech a wordis
truditsq verbal suffix to labour work hardtrudovoj adjectival suffix working
150 | The labour market
Pейтинг престижных профессий(востребованность на рынке труда и величина заработной платы)
1 Менеджер по продажам торговый представитель менеджер по сбыту
2 Cтраховой аreнт
3 Mаркетолог
4 Бухгалтер
5 Mенеджер по рекламе PR-менеджер
6 Логистик
7 Инженер-технолог программист системный администратор
8 рист
9 Kурьер в крупной фирме официант бармен
10 Журналист психолог социолог
A suffix on a noun may also tell you what kind of noun it is Suffixesnik (m) and nica (f ) generally indicate an occupation or professionof a person or a role fulfilled by an inanimate object
truenik truenica hard worker
Note that d has changed to in these words
trudq]ijsq (active worker (Soviet officialese ndash participle of truditsq more usual are rabohijused as noun) lsquomanual workerrsquo rabotnik
lsquoworker employeersquo)
Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the word S- so- s- meanslsquowith co-rsquo
sotrudnik employee co-worker collaborator
-stvo is a suffix indicating an action
sotrudnihestvo co-operation collaboration
But note the set phrase s trudom lsquowith difficultyrsquo
Trud may also be combined with other roots
ustroit lsquoto arrangersquo ndash trudoustroitsq lsquoto fix yourself upwith workrsquo trudoustrojstvo lsquofinding workrsquo
sposobnyj lsquocapablersquo ndash trudosposobnyj trudosposobnostlsquofit fitness for workrsquo
Exercise 4
Complete the sentence by selecting an appropriate word with the roottrud
1 Nizkaq bezrabotica po-prenemu tipihna dlq rossijskogorynka 2 Novyj kod byl vveden v prowlom godu 3 Nadomnogo htoby sdat kzamen xorowo 4 Vse trebu[tuveliheniq zarplaty 5 U nego reputaciq nastoq]ego 6 Sredi nawej firmy tolko tri en]iny 7 Firma podpisaladogovor o 8 S bolwim ona nawla rabotu sekretarwi9 V Moskve sejhas mnogo agenstv po 10 Oni pomoga[t mnogim bezrabotnym
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Rynok truda | 151
Exercise 5
An advertisement in the Russian magazine PRIGLAWAEM NARABOTU for an interpreter-translator
NB vnewnie dannye ndash appearance komandirovka ndash business trip propiskandash residence registration obqzannost ndash duty vladenie komp[terom ndash computerliteracy voditelskie prava ndash driving licence rez[me ndash CV s otlihiem ndash withdistinction polzovatel PK ndash computer user umenie rabotat v komande ndashability to work in a team sobesedovanie ndash interview akkuratnyj ndash neat
152 | The labour market
Obqvlenie o rabotendashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash
MOSKOVSKAQ FIRMApriglawaet na konkursnoj osnoveREFERENTA-PEREVODHIKA
ANGLIJSKOGO QZYKAOsnovnye obqzannostiPerevod pismennyj i ustnyjRabota na prezentaciqx vystavkaxkonferenciqxKomandirovki v Evropu
Osnovnye trebovaniq k kandidatuen]ina v vozraste do 25 letvyswee obrazovanieopyt raboty ne menee 2-x letxorowee znanie delovogo anglijskogo qzykavladenie komp[terom na urovne xorowegopolzovatelqumenie rabotat v komandexorowie vnewnie dannyepropiska v Moskve ili v Moskovskoj oblasti
Zarplata po rezultatam sobesedovaniqRez[me prisylat po faksu 263ndash29ndash84
Study the advertisement for the job and decide which of the twoapplicants would be more suitable for the job
Kandidaty
1 PEREVODHIK-REFERENT Makarov AleksandrDmitrievih 24 goda vyswee obrazovanie (MGU) diplom sotlihiem opyt raboty 2 goda v inofirmax ltFilipsgtltSamsunggt PK ndash opytnyj polzovatel anglijskij i fran-cuzskij qzyki ndash svobodno nemeckij i italqnskij qzyki ndashhita[ i perevou so slovarem vremennaq propiska v MoskveVoditelskie prava t f 219ndash66ndash42 (s 2000 do 2200)
2 PEREVODHIK-REFERENT Serova Mariq Sergeevna 27 letmoskvihka vyswee obrazovanie (Moskovskij gosudarstvennyjlingvistiheskij universitet) anglijskij francuzskij qzykiopyt raboty po specialnosti 3 goda v inofirme ltKristmasgttexniheskie perevody PK ndash polzovatel Otvetstvenna akku-ratna xorowie vnewnie dannye t f 338ndash04ndash14 (posle 1900)
Exercise 6
Complete the application form shown on page 154
Dialogue 1
Interview
DIREKTOR Zdravstvujte Sadites poalujsta Q kommerheskijdirektor firmy Antonov Petr Ivanovih A to nawmeneder po kadram Sokolov Ilq Dmitrievih
KANDIDAT Ohen priqtno Serova Mariq SergeevnaDIREKTOR My izuhili Vawe rez[me i zaqvlenie na rabotu i
xoteli by zadat Vam neskolko voprosov Vy rabotaetev firme ltKristmasgt na dolnosti perevodhikaPohemu Vy xotite peremenit rabotu Vas neustraiva[t usloviq
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Rynok truda | 153
154 | The labour market
ANKETA-REZMEFIO ______________________________________________________
ELAEMAQ DOLNOST _____________________________
Predpolagaemaq zarabotnaq plata (v $) _____________________
Kontaktnyj telefon i vremq svqzi ________________________
Data i mesto rodeniq ___________________ Pol muskoj enskij
Bliajwaq stanciq metro _________________________________
Semejnoe poloenie _______________________________________
Obrazovanie (gody uheby polnoe nazvanie uhebnogo zavedeniqspecialnost kvalifikaciq po diplomu) _________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Znanie inostrannogo qzyka
anglijskij nemeckij francuzskij drugoj ______
Stepen vladeniq inostrannym qzykom
svobodnyj razgovornyj pismennyj texniheskij
Znanie komp[tera na urovne
polzovatelq programmista administratora
Znanie programm ___________________________________________
Nalihie voditelskix prav kategorii _________ ime[ ne ime[
Trudovaq deqtelnost (dva poslednix mesta raboty)
Dopolnitelnye svedeniq ______________________________data zapolneniq ______________ podpis ___________________
Data Nazvanie Profil Dolnost Prihinapostupleniq i organizacii organizacii uvolneniquvolneniq
KANDIDAT V firme ltKristmasgt q rabota[ ue 3 goda Za tigody q mnogomu nauhilas No mne xohetsqporabotat v krupnoj firme V krupnoj firme kakVawa po-moemu bolwe vozmonostej realizovatsebq
DIREKTOR Nu hto e prihina uvaitelnaq Rezultaty testovsdelannyx Vami otlihnye Vse delovye pismaperevedeny bez owibok napisany na xorowemanglijskom qzyke Tak hto pretenzij k Vawemuanglijskomu u nas net A kak u Vas dela skomp[terom
KANDIDAT Kopmp[ter ndash ne problema Za 3 goda q osvoilamnogie programmy Mne prixodilos provodit zakomp[terom mnogo vremeni
DIREKTOR Nu vot i prekrasno A teper pridetsq mnogo ezditUhastie v organizacii vystavok konferencijprezentacij ndash hast Vawix obqzannostej K tomu eVy dolny budete soprovodat menq vkomandirovki Rabota interesnaq no otvetstvennaq Imoet byt dovolno stressovoj Kak Vy dumaete Vyspravites s trudnostqmi
KANDIDAT Nade[s hto spravl[s Q l[bl[ imet delo strudnostqmi tak interesnej
DIREKTOR Nu hto e po-moemu Vy nam podxodite My vozmemVas na ispytatelnyj srok ndash odin god Esli delapojdut xorowo Vam budet predloena postoqnnaqrabota Vas to ustraivaet Vy moete pristupit krabote herez mesqc
KANDIDAT Duma[ hto moguDIREKTOR Togda podpisyvajte kontrakt
Vocabulary diams
zadat vopros to ask a questionzaqvlenie na rabotu application for workispytatelnyj srok probationmeneder po kadram
(po personalu) personnel manager
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Rynok truda | 155
otvetstvennyj responsibleosvoit programmu to master a programmeperemenit rabotu to change jobpodpisyvat kontrakt to sign a contractpristupit k rabote to start workrealizovat sebq
(svoj potencial) to realise onersquos potentialsoprovodat to accompanyspravitsq s trudnostqmi to cope with difficultiesuvaitelnaq prihina good reasonuhastie participation
NB nu hto e (nu vot i) ndash well well then vas to ustraivaet (vam topodxodit) ndash Does that suit you menq ne ustraiva[t (mne ne podxodqt)usloviq ndash The conditions do not suit me u nas net pretenzij ndash We have nocomplaints pridetsq ndash (You) will have to mne prixodilos ndash I had to
Exercise 7
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Gde rabotaet kandidat v nastoq]ee vremq2 Pohemu ona xohet peremenit rabotu3 Kakovy budut obqzannosti kandidata na novoj rabote4 Pohemu rabota perevodhika shitaetsq stressovoj
Language points diams
Participles
Past passive participles are normally formed from the perfective verbThey are the equivalent of English participles ending in -ed (if theverb is regular) In Russian the ending is -annyj -ennyj -ennyjor -tyj Only transitive verbs (those which can take a direct object)form past passive participles
How to form past passive participles
Endings in -nnyj
1 Verbs ending in -at -qt replace the -t by -nnyj zarabotatndash zarabotannyj lsquoearnedrsquo
156 | The labour market
2 Second conjugation verbs ending in -it or -et and first conjugation verbs ending in -sti -zti take -ennyj or -ennyj if the ty form of the future perfective is stressed on theending rewit ndash rewiw ndash rewennyj lsquodecidedrsquo predloitndash predloiw ndash predloennyj lsquoofferedrsquo vvezti ndash vvezew ndashvvezennyj lsquoimportedrsquo
But note najti ndash najdew ndash najdennyj lsquofoundrsquo projti ndashprojdew ndash projdennyj
Where there is a consonant change in the q form of the future perfective this will also occur in the past passive participlepriglasit ndash priglawu ndash priglasiw ndash priglawennyjlsquoinvitedrsquo
Endings in -tyj
A small number of verbs of the first conjugation take the ending -tyj These include many monosyllabic verbs and their compoundsverbs ending in -ot -ut -yt and -eret vzqt ndash vzqtyj lsquotakenrsquoprinqt ndash prinqtyj lsquoacceptedrsquo zakryt ndash zakrytyj lsquoclosedrsquoubit ndash ubityj lsquokilledrsquo zaperet ndash zapertyj lsquolockedrsquo (note theloss of -e- in this kind of verb)
Exercise 8
Form the past passive participle from the following verbs
osnovat pokazat oplatit kupit ocenit postavitispolzovat predloit osu]estvit perevesti priglasitpodpisat prigotovit razvit prinqt priobresti najtivvesti zaregistrirovat razrewit otkryt udovletvorit
How to use past passive participles
Participles decline like adjectives and agree in number gender andcase with the noun they describe
Ona otkazalas ot mesta predloennogo ej vheraShe rejected the position offered to her yesterday
Oni nuny kadoj kompanii zanqtoj prodaamiThey are needed by every company engaged in sales
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Rynok truda | 157
Past passive participle and the passive voice
A short version of the participle can be used to form the passive Ithas only one -n- and endings like a short adjective
Mesto bylo predloeno ej vheraThe position was offered to her yesterday
Ona byla prinqta na rabotuShe was accepted for the job
Kontrakt budet podpisan zavtraThe contract will be signed tomorrow
Note how the stress moves to the end in participles ending in -ennyj
Marina ne budet priglawena na interv[Marina will not be invited to the interview
Note also that the instrumental case is used to express the agent bywhom or by what an action is performed
Pesa byla postavlena russkim reisseromThe play was produced by a Russian director
Zemletrqseniem bylo razruweno mnogo zdanijMany buildings were destroyed by the earthquake
Exercise 9
Form the past passive participle of the verb in brackets Do not forgetto use the perfective verb
1 Firma (zanimat zanqt) izgotovleniem komp[terov2 Predpohtenie bylo (otdavat otdat) specialistu s opytom3 Posle interv[ ona byla (priglawat priglasit) na rabotu4 Esli ispytatelnyj srok budet (proxodit projti) vam budet(predlagat predloit) postoqnnaq rabota 5 Kontrakt budet(podpisyvat podpisat) v sredu 6 Dlq nego specialno(naxodit najti) mesto v firme 7 Byli (pokupat kupit) vsegazety i urnaly na russkom qzyke 8 Bylo (rewat rewit)predloit emu rabotu 9 V xarakteristike bylo (otmehat otmetit) ee umenie rabotat v komande 10 Bilety byli(priobretat priobresti) v kasse aroporta 11 Na festivalebudut (pokazyvat pokazat) luhwie filmy goda
158 | The labour market
In some examples participles are used just like adjectives
obrazovannaq en]ina educated womanzasluennyj artist renowned actor
diplomirovannyj specialist a qualified specialistdiplomirovat to award a diploma
opredelennyj otvet definite answerxorowo podvewennyj qzyk a smooth tongue
Note in the text
wansy byt prinqtymithe chances of being accepted
(prinqt lsquoto acceptrsquo ndash prinqtyj ndash past passive participle)
Prinqtymi is in the instrumental case after the verb byt like anadjective rather than in the short form which might be expected fora past passive participle
Contrast
Mesto moet byt najdenoa job might be found
(najti lsquoto findrsquo ndash najdennyj ndash past passive participle)
Some past passive participles are used as nouns dannye lsquodatarsquozakl[hennyj lsquoa prisonerrsquo
Exercise 10
Change the active sentences into the passive using past passive parti-ciples with instrumental case
1 Universitet predloil ej xorowu[ rabotu 2 On rewilproblemu s bolwim trudom 3 Nakonec direktor podpisalkontrakt 4 My osvoili mnogie komp[ternye programmy 5 Onaperevela roman Tolstogo 6 Firma otkryla specialnyj sajt7 Sotrudniki rekomendovali ee kak otlihnogo specialista8 Predpriqtie opublikovalo obqvlenie v gazete 9 Ona prislalarez[me po faksu 10 Kritiki ocenili film kak slabyj11 Pravitelstvo vvelo novyj zakon ob immigracii12 Kitajskie sportsmeny zavoevali samye prestinye prizy
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Rynok truda | 159
Language points diams
Preposition corner
Za + accusative instrumental
A reminder of some familiar uses of za + instrumental meaninglsquobehindrsquo or lsquobeyondrsquo in relation to place
za domom behind the houseza gorami beyond the mountainsza rekoj over the riverza vorotami outside the gateza uglom round the cornerza granicej abroad (over the border)za gorodom out of townza dver[ outside behind the door
But remember idti exat vyjti za dom za gory za reku zavorota za ugol za granicu za gorod za dver Note not onlythe use of the accusative case after verbs of motion but also that thestress moves to za before certain nouns
In the dialogue you will notice the phrase za komp[terom lsquoatthe computerrsquo
Note some similar examples
za rulem at the wheelza obedom at lunchza stolom at the table
All the above examples relate to za used as a preposition of placeThere are also examples in the dialogue of za + accusative used as apreposition of time meaning lsquoduring the course ofrsquo
Za ti dva goda q mnogomu nauhilasDuring these two years I learnt a lot
Za tri goda q osvoila mnogo programmIn three years I mastered a lot of programmes
Za is used with do to mean lsquobeforersquo
za has do nahala interv[an hour before the start of the interview
160 | The labour market
Note however the following examples of za + instrumental
den za dnem day after dayza iskl[heniem with the exception
Za + accusative may also be used to mean lsquoforrsquo after verbs referringto payment reward thanks criticism
blagodarit (po-) za to thank forxvalit (po-) za to praise forplatit (za-) za to pay forkritikovat za to criticise forgolosovat (pro-) za to vote for
After nouns and adjectives related to these verbs za + accusative isalso used
blagodarnyj blagodarnost zagrateful gratitude for
plata za proezdfare
Note also za (+ accusative) i protiv lsquofor and againstrsquo
lsquoForrsquo in the sense of lsquoto fetchrsquo is translated by za + instrumental
posylat poslat za vrahomto send for the doctor
zaxodit zajti za drugomto call for a friend
idtipojti za pomo][to go for help
Note also
smotret za detmito look after children
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Rynok truda | 161
Exercise 11
Choose from the two alternatives in brackets (accusative or instru-mental)
1 On napisal knigu za (god godom) 2 Oni ivut za (gorod gorodom) 3 Ona ves den provodit za (knigoj knigu) 4 Mydolgo sideli za (rabotu rabotoj) 5 Letom my poedem za(granicu granicej) 6 Za (poslednee vremq poslednim vremenem)ona mnogo sdelala 7 God za (god godom) vse ha]e idet dod vavguste 8 Spasibo za (pomo] pomo][)
Exercise 12
Translate into Russian
1 Using personal connections is still the surest way of finding ajob in Russia
2 Unfortunately the conditions in your firm do not suit me3 She always liked working with people4 Can you start work in a weekrsquos time5 With great difficulty she found a job as interpreter in a small
firm6 You have to be very sociable and persistent if you want to be a
sales manager7 Her best quality is her ability to work in a team8 My main duty in my new job is translating from English into
Russian
162 | The labour market
9 DEMOGRAFIQ
In this unit you will learn
about Russiarsquos demographic problems how to form and use numerals how to use nuen meaning lsquoto needrsquo about words with the roots rod mu en- mert- brak
According to demographers the present situation in Russia is cata-strophic The serious economic crisis of the 1990s led to a hugereduction in the birth rate while mortality was on the increase andnot only amongst the elderly The slow increase in life expectancywhich began in the 1960s halted and for the first time in 1992 thenumber of deaths exceeded the number of births According togovernment forecasts the population of Russia will decrease by afurther eight per cent in the next decade Russia already lags behinddeveloped countries in life expectancy Population decline presentsRussia with a strategic problem Large areas of the country arealready under-populated and ultimately there may be too fewRussians to retain their existing territory It is the central regions ofRussia which are declining fastest Of the major cities only Moscowis expanding due to immigration In many other major cities thenumber of deaths exceeds the number of births by two or three toone The politically unstable Caucasus region is the only major areaof population growth
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Text 1
164 | Demography
Naw muhina ltsverxsmertengt
Rezultatom demografiheskoj revol[cii proiswedwej v 20stoletii bylo gromadnoe uvelihenie srednejprodolitelnosti izni Vo mnogix razvityx stranax onaprevysila 75 let a v nekotoryx ndash 80 let Do serediny 60-xgodov Rossiq wla ob]im putem V 1964ndash65 godax srednqqprodolitelnost izni byla 696 goda odnako v 80ndash90 godaxona stala rezko sniatsq i sostavila v 1995 godu 65 let aprodolitelnost izni muhin voob]e upala do 58 let Vkonce stoletiq situaciq okazalas xue hem v 60 gody
Pohti vo vsex stranax en]iny ivut dolwe muhin Nonigde net takogo gromadnogo razryva medu nimi kak v Rossiindash 12-14 let |to vdvoe bolwe hem v bolwinstve razvityx stranOsnovnye prihiny vysokoj smertnosti muhin ndash kurenie izloupotreblenie alkogolem Soglasno statistike te kto mnogokurit terq[t 8 let po sravneni[ s temi kto nikogda ne kurit Te kto pet e]e let 8 Ustanovleno toe hto povywenieobrazovaniq znahitelno sniaet smertnost zanqtyepreimu]estvenno umstvennym trudom ivut dolwe licfiziheskogo truda Silno prodolitelnost izni zavisit iot brahnogo statusa enatye muhiny v vozraste 50 let mogute]e proit v srednem 23 goda razvedennye mogut rasshityvattolko na 18 let Faktiheski tut dejstvuet celaq gruppaprihin menee obrazovannye bolwe kurqt i p[t ha]ezanima[tsq fiziheskim trudom hem bolee obrazovannye i tdK tomu e nawi muhiny vedut malopodvinyj obraz iznia potomu terq[t e]e neskolko let
Konehno demografy davno videli hto Sovetskij So[z dvietsqk demografiheskomu krizisu No togo ne videli ltvverxugt Iodnoj iz prihin takogo poloeniq byla oficialnaq dezin-formaciq iz Centra statistiheskogo upravleniq kotoryjrazrabatyval demografiheskie prognozy |ti prognozy bylisverxoptimistihnymi K soaleni[ oni byli ne nauhnymi a
Po materialam ltLiteraturnoj gazetygt 2001
Vocabulary diams
brahnyj status marital statusenatyj married (man)zloupotreblenie alkogolem alcohol abuseidti ob]im putem to follow the general trendkurenie kurit smoking to smokemalopodvinyj
obraz izni sedentary way of lifenauhnyj scientificosoznat to realiseperepis (f ) censusprevysit to exceedpreimu]estvenno chieflyprimerno approximatelyrazvedennyj divorcedrazryv gaprasshityvat na (+ acc) to count onrodaemost (f ) birthratesledovatelno consequentlysmertnost (f ) mortalitysniatsq snienie to fall fallsrednqq prodolitelnost
(f ) izni average life span
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Demografiq | 165
politiheskimi Tak posle perepisi 1970 goda byl sdelan prognozdo 2000 goda Soglasno tomu prognozu rodaemost v stranedolna byla povywatsq |to obqsnqlos tem hto v Rossiikotoraq pribliaetsq k kommunizmu uroven izni postoqnnorastet Sledovatelno rodaemost ne moet umenwatsqOdnako ltvverxu owiblisgt primerno na 50 millionov helovek
Do six por v Rossii net demografiheskoj politiki idemografiheskaq situaciq ploxo osoznana ob]estvom A vedstrane nuny srohnye mery nuna racionalnaqdemografiheskaq politika i glavnoe napravlenie v nej poslepovyweniq rodaemosti dolno byt snienie muskojsverxsmertnosti
srohnye mery urgent measuresumstvennyj trud intellectual workupast to fall
NB po sravneni[ s ndash in comparison with i td (i tak dalee) ndash and so onltvverxu owiblisgt ndash mistakes were made at a high level ustanovleno ndash it hasbeen established Centr statistiheskogo upravleniq ndash Centre for StatisticalManagement
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Kakovy byli rezultaty demografiheskoj revol[cii v 20 veke2 Kakova byla srednqq prodolitelnost izni v 60-x godax3 Kakova raznica medu prodolitelnost[ izni muhiny i
en]iny4 Kakie faktory vliq[t na prodolitelnost izni5 Pohemu muhiny vedut bolee malopodvinyj obraz izni6 Kto razrabatyval demografiheskie prognozy v SSSR7 Kakov byl prognoz rosta naseleniq v SSSR k 2000 godu8 Nuna li Rossii demografiheskaq politika Pohemu
Exercise 2
True or false
1 Osnovnye prihiny vysokoj smertnosti muhin(zloupotreblenie alkogolem upotreblenie narkotikov tqelyjtrud)
2 Rodaemost zavisit ot (konomiheskoj situacii statusaen]iny v ob]estve brahnogo statusa)
3 ivut dolgo te kto (mnogo kurit mnogo pet zanimaetsqsportom)
4 Tipihnaq demografiheskaq politika napravlena na (povyweniesnienie soxranenie) rodaemosti
5 Smertnost sniaetsq v rezultate (uluhweniq obraza iznivstupleniq v brak poluheniq obrazovaniq)
6 Demografiheskij krizis oznahaet (rost naseleniq padenierodaemosti sokra]enie prodolitelnosti izni)
166 | Demography
Language points diams
Numerals
When a written text such as the one above on demography containsa lot of numerals it can be an aid to understanding Howeverproducing correct Russian using numerals poses particular problemsFirst there is the question of which case to put the noun into afterthe numeral Second needed particularly when using numerals inspoken Russian there is the matter of which case the numeral itselfgoes into
Cases after cardinal numerals
By now you are probably familiar with the followingodin odnaodno lsquoonersquo is an adjective and agrees in gender with
the following noun odin stol odna kniga odno okno There iseven a plural for plural only nouns odni nonicy Dva (mascand neut) and dve (fem) lsquotworsquo tri lsquothreersquo hetyre lsquofourrsquo and oba(masc and neut) and obe (fem) lsquobothrsquo are followed by the genitivesingular of the noun and genitive plural (masc and neut) or nomi-native plural (fem) of the adjective dva bolwix stola triinteresnye knigi Pqt lsquofiversquo and above are followed by the geni-tive plural of both noun and adjective pqt bolwix stolov Thecase following compound numerals is determined by the last elementdvadcat dve interesnye knigi
However these rules only apply if the numeral itself is in the nomi-native case or the inanimate accusative Numerals decline if thestructure of the sentence requires it eg after prepositions After anumeral in a case other than the nom acc the noun and adjectivewill go into the plural of the same case semq s pqt[ malenkimidetmi lsquoa family with five small childrenrsquo Only dva dve trihetyre oba obe have an animate accusative and this is not used incompound numerals q zna[ dvux devuwek q zna[ dvadcatdve devuwki All elements of a compound number decline spqtidesqti pqti do westidesqti hetyrex lsquofrom fifty-five tosixty-fourrsquo v vozraste pqtidesqti vosmi let lsquoat the age of fifty-eightrsquo Numerals used to tell the time similarly decline v dva hasalsquoat tworsquo s dvux hasov lsquosince from two orsquoclockrsquo The completedeclension of cardinal numerals is in the grammar summary
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Demografiq | 167
Exercise 3
Write out the numerals putting the nouns and adjectives in the correctcase
1 en]iny sostavlq[t 53 (procent) a muhiny 47 (procent)naseleniq Rossii 2 V 1992 godu sokra]enie naseleniqotmehalos na 44 (territoriq) Rossii a v 93 godu ue v 68 iz79 (rossijskij region) 3 V period s 1897 goda po 1924 godprirost naseleniq sostavil bolee 22 (million) helovek 4 Semqs 3ndash5 (rebenok) bolwaq redkost v Rossii 5 Bez migraciihislennost naseleniq Rossii sokratilas by do 140 (million)helovek ue k 2000 godu 6 Soglasno demografam hislennostnaseleniq Rossii snizitsq k 2010 godu do 133 (million) helovek7 Nevskij kspress sposoben razvivat skorost do 200 km v has8 Stoimost aviabileta v Moskvu ot 199 (dollar) 9 Mne ohennravitsq kniga ltOt 2 do 5gt
Collective numerals
Collective numerals dvoe lsquotworsquo troe lsquothreersquo hetvero lsquofourrsquo arefollowed by the genitive plural They can conveniently be used withplural only nouns that have no genitive singular troe hasov lsquothreeclocksrsquo hetvero sutok lsquofour days and nightsrsquo Collective numeralscannot be used in compounds so para or wtuka is used dvadcattri pary hasov lsquotwenty-three clocksrsquo
Forms also exist for five to ten pqtero westero semerovosmero devqtero desqtero Collective numerals are often foundwith animate masculine nouns with l[di lico and deti dvoemuhin lsquotwo menrsquo troe l[dej lsquothree peoplersquo pqtero detej lsquofivechildrenrsquo westero druzej lsquosix friendsrsquo
Note also the expressions nas bylo troe lsquothere were three ofusrsquo my nas dvoe lsquowe tworsquo komnata na dvoix lsquoroom for tworsquo nasvoix dvoix lsquoon your own two feet on footrsquo
168 | Demography
Exercise 4
Replace cardinal numerals by collective ones
1 V seme (hetyre rebenka) 2 My rabotali (dva dnq i dve nohi)3 Sredi nas bylo (tri devuwki) 4 (Pqt soldat) byli poslany v Hehn[ 5 (Sem sportsmenov) poluhili medali 6 (Weststudentov) zapisalis na kursy russkogo qzyka
Quantitative nouns
These consist of edinica lsquoonersquo dvojka lsquotworsquo trojka lsquothreersquohetverka lsquofourrsquo pqterka lsquofiversquo westerka lsquosixrsquo semerka lsquosevenrsquovosmerka lsquoeight devqtka lsquoninersquo desqtka lsquotenrsquo They are used prin-cipally for playing cards desqtka tref buben hervej pik lsquotheten of clubs diamonds hearts spadesrsquo and in the five point Russianmarking scale where trojka is satisfactory and pqterka is excellentNote also how semerka is used to translate lsquothe Seven (advancedindustrial nations)rsquo
Other numerical expressions
You may find the following expressions useful
vdvoe vtroe bolwetwice three times as much
v dva tri hetyre raza bolwetwice three four times as big
Contrast the expressions vdvoem vtroem meaning lsquotwo threetogetherrsquo
oni ivut vdvoemthe two of them live together
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Demografiq | 169
Exercise 5
Insert the right word dvoe vdvoem vdvoe
1 Oni poexali v Rossi[ 2 V tom godu v Rossi[ priexalo bolwe beencev hem v prowlom godu 3 sportsmenovzanqli pervoe mesto
troe vtroem vtroe
4 druzej rewili poexat na Kavkaz 5 Oni vse dela[t 6 Ee zarplata bolwe hem ego
Indefinite numerals
Neskolko lsquoseveralrsquo skolko lsquohow manyrsquo and stolko lsquohow manyrsquodecline like plural adjectives and agree with the nouns they describeiz neskolkix dannyx lsquofrom several statisticsrsquo Mnogo lsquomanymuchrsquo and nemnogo lsquonot manyrsquo decline in both the singular and theplural vo mnogom lsquoin many respectsrsquo vo mnogix mestax lsquoin manyplacesrsquo Malo lsquofewrsquo does not decline
Exercise 6
Put mnogo nemnogo neskolko skolko in the right case
1 Po mneni[ (neskolko) demografov Rossii grozitdemografiheskaq katastrofa 2 Vo (mnogo) razvityx stranaxprodolitelnost izni ohen vysokaq 3 Problema bylarewena v tehenie (neskolko) dnej 4 (Neskolko) semqm mypomogli dengami i odedoj 5 U (mnogo) beencev net daeodedy 6 Na konferencii q poznakomilas s (neskolko)novymi russkimi 7 So (skolko) studentami vy razgovarivali8 Ego imq izvestno (mnogo) 9 U (nemnogo) studentov est takievozmonosti
Helovek after numerals
After neskolko skolko and stolko use helovek as the genitiveplural of helovek and after malo mnogo nemalo nemnogouse l[dej Helovek is also used after numerals where there is no
170 | Demography
adjective l[dej is more common where there is an adjective desqthelovek lsquoten peoplersquo desqt xorowix l[dej lsquoten good peoplersquo
Exercise 7
Decide when to use helovek or l[dej
1 Naselenie Rossii 140 mln 2 Mnogo pogiblo vo vremqvojny 3 Skolko uhitsq v vawem universitete 4 V nawejgruppe 12 5 U nekotoryx net dae samogo neobxodimogo6 U neskolkix bylo po tri knigi 7 V Moskve q vstretilneskolko iz Anglii
Fractions and decimals
The feminine form of the ordinal number is used to express a frac-tion the words hast or dolq being understood odna westaq lsquoonesixthrsquo west desqtyx lsquosix tenthsrsquo Tret lsquoa thirdrsquo and hetvert lsquoaquarterrsquo are commonly used instead of the corresponding fractionsdve treti instead of dve tretix lsquotwo thirdsrsquo tri hetvertiinstead of tri hetvertyx lsquothree quartersrsquo
Decimals are expressed by using the fractions for tenthshundredths and thousands odna celaq i pqt desqtyx lsquo15rsquonol celyx i sorok vosem sotyx lsquo048rsquo west celyx ihetyresta vosemdesqt sem tysqhnyx lsquo6487rsquo
Fractions and decimals are always followed by the genitivesingular 696 goda Note that Russian uses a comma instead of adecimal point
Exercise 8
Write down in full the fractions in the first column (from the tableon page 172) (Vse naselenie) and answer the questions in Russian
1 V kakoj strane samaq vysokaq prodolitelnost izni2 Kakoj razryv medu prodolitelnost[ izni muhin i
en]in v Qponii v Italii Velikobritanii v Rossii3 Gde samyj bolwoj razryv
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Demografiq | 171
Dialogue 1
A conversation between a sociologist and a demographer
SOCIOLOG Xorowo izvestno hto demografiheskaq situaciq vRossii ohen sereznaq Rodaemost padaetnaselenie sokra]aetsq No ved Rossiq neiskl[henie To e samoe proisxodit v drugixstranax Po-moemu to xorowo
DEMOGRAF Da konehno L[di stali bolee otvetstvennymi isami planiru[t svo[ sem[ Molodye l[di xotqt
172 | Demography
TABLICA 1
Prodolitelnost izni v Rossii v sravnenii skrupnejwimi konomiheski razvitymi stranami(strany ltsemerkigt)
Strany Vse naselenie Muhiny en]iny
Qponiq 788 759 818
Franciq 769 728 809
SWA 765 730 800
Italiq 764 732 797
Kanada 764 730 798
Velikobritaniq 752 724 780
Germaniq 751 718 783
Rossiq
1989ndash1990gg 690 640 740
1993g 651 589 719
1995 650 580 720
Po dannym Goskomstata
NB Goskomstat ndash Gosudarstvennyj komitet po statistike ndash StateCommittee of Statistics
poluhit obrazovanie i stat samostoqtelnymi Ksoaleni[ v Rossii situaciq drugaq V razvityxstranax smertnost umenwaetsq a v Rossiiuvelihivaetsq i ue prevywaet rodaemost Takogoranwe ne bylo
SOCIOLOG Obyhno to obqsnq[t tqelym konomiheskimpoloeniem No mono li vse obqsnit tolkokonomiheskim krizisom
DEMOGRAF Konehno net Takaq situaciq ne tolko sledstviekonomiheskix faktorov Zdes mnogo drugix prihinTut i revol[ciq i gradanskaq vojna a takestalinskie repressii 30-x godov Soglasnodemografam tolko v Velikoj otehestvennoj vojneRossiq poterqla pohti 27 mln helovek
SOCIOLOG No moet byt prihina v tom hto nawe ob]estvostalo urbanizirovannym Bolwinstvo naseleniqteper gorodskoe A v gorodskix semqx malo detejdvoe detej ne bolwe
DEMOGRAF Urbanizaciq ndash ohen vanaq prihina No drugaq nemenee vanaq prihina ndash povywenie ob]estvennogostatusa en]iny Ved u en]iny teper est vyborOna sama rewaet skolko kogda s kakim intervalomi ot kogo roat
SOCIOLOG Znahit po-vawemu demografiheskaq situaciqzavisit ot mnogix faktorov
DEMOGRAF Nesomnenno Nado uhityvat vse faktory esli vyxotite ponqt demografihesku[ situaci[ v Rossii
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Demografiq | 173
Vocabulary diams
Velikaq Otehestvennaq Vojna Great Patriotic War (World War 2)gradanskaq vojna civil warob]estvennyj status social statuspadat to fallroat to give birthsledstvie consequenceuhityvat to take into consideration
Exercise 9
Answer the following questions in English
1 What demographic process is taking place throughout the world2 What is the demographic situation in Russia3 What are the differences and similarities between the
demographic situation in Russia and Europe4 Why is the number of children per family falling5 What explains the overall reduction in the population in the
1930s 1940s and 1980s6 What does the fall in the birth-rate depend on
174 | Demography
TABLICA 2
Ob]ie kofficienty rodaemosti smertnosti i estestvennogo prirosta v Rossii
(na 1000 helovek naseleniq)
Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993
Hislo rodivwixsq
447 33 232 159 146 121 107 94
Hislo umerwix
213 206 74 106 106 104 122 144
Estestvennyj prirost
234 124 158 53 4 17 ndash15 ndash5
Po dannym Goskomstata
Exercise 10
Answer the questions in Russian
1 V kakom godu nabl[dalsq samyj bolwoj prirost naseleniq vRossii
2 Kogda prirost naseleniq stal otricatelnym3 Kak vy moete obqsnit takoe qvlenie
Language points diams
Nuen
Nuen (m) nuna (f) nuno (n) nuny (pl) is a short adjectiveUsed together with the dative it translates lsquoto needrsquo
Nam nuno luhwee zdravooxranenieWe need a better health service
Klinike nuny opytnye vrahiThe clinic needs experienced doctors
In the past and future tense the form of the verb byt will varyaccording to the subject
Klinike nuny budut opytnye vrahiThe clinic will need experienced doctors
Another way of expressing the same idea is to use the verb to neednudatsq v (+ prep)
Rossii nuna demografiheskaq politikaRossiq nudaetsq v demografiheskoj politikeRussia needs a demographic policy
Exercise 11
Decide who needs what by putting nuen in the right form
1 Mne vremq 2 Emu slovar 3 Nam viza 4 Im urnaly 5 Bolnice novoe oborudovanie 6 Mne uhebnikrusskogo qzyka 7 Teatru aktery 8 Emu ne gazeta9 Rossii demografiheskaq politika
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Demografiq | 175
Now put these sentences first in the past and then in the future tense
Exercise 12
From 9ndash16 October 2002 Russia held a national census Fill in thequestionnaire by giving information about yourself in Russian (Seepage 177)
Word building
Words with the root rod lsquobirth tribe naturersquo
Note that d changes to or d in some words
Nouns rod lsquofamily tribe typersquo rody lsquochildbirthrsquo narod lsquopeoplersquoporoda lsquobreedrsquo rodina lsquonative landrsquo rodnq lsquorelativesrsquo Note the useof suffixes on the following nouns indicating a person roditellsquoparentrsquo rodstvennik lsquorelativersquo
Abstract nouns rodstvo lsquorelationshiprsquo rodaemost lsquobirthratersquo
Action rodenie lsquobirthrsquo
Adjectives rodnoj lsquonativersquo rodovoj lsquoancestralrsquo
Verbs rodit lsquoto give birthrsquo roditsq lsquoto be bornrsquo roat lsquoto givebirthrsquo
Note the prefixes on the following words all of which give a clue totheir meaning vozrodenie lsquorebirth renewal renaissancersquovozrodit lsquoto regeneratersquo (voz- vos- lsquouprsquo) zaroditsq lsquoto beconceivedrsquo zarodyw lsquoembryorsquo (za- lsquostart of an actionrsquo)pereroditsq lsquoto be transformed regeneratersquo (pere- lsquotrans- re-rsquo)bezrodnyj lsquowithout kinrsquo (bez- bes- lsquowithoutrsquo) priroda lsquonaturersquo(pri- lsquobeside attachedrsquo) urod lsquomonsterrsquo (u- lsquoawayrsquo)
Rod combined with other roots
odnorodnyj lsquohomogeneousrsquo inorodnyj lsquoforeign (inoj lsquootherrsquo)dvo[rodnyj brat lsquofirst cousinrsquo (dva lsquotworsquo) detorodnyj vozrast(deti lsquochildrenrsquo) lsquochildbearing agersquo
176 | Demography
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Demografiq | 177
FIOfamiliq imq othestvo
Mesto rodeniqnazvanie derevni goroda oblasti
strany
Rodnoj qzyk a take drugie qzyki kotorymi
svobodno vladeete
Semejnoe poloeniesostoite ili sostoqli v brake
skolko let
imeete ne imeete detej
skolko
Obrazovanienahalnoe srednee vyswee
zakonhennoe nezakonhennoe
ili]nye usloviqqvlqetes li sobstvennikom (doma
kvartiry dahi)
(esli neskolkix ukazat vse)
Uroven konomiheskojaktivnostizanqtye bezrabotnye studenty
pensionery vedu]ie domawnee
xozqjstvo
Istohniki sredstv k iznirabota stipendiq pensiq posobie
sbereeniq doxod ot sdahi v naem
imu]estva i td
Gradanstvo esli dvojnoe
ukazat oba
Nacionalnostili tniheskaqgruppa
Polmuskoj
enskij
Data rodeniqgod mesqc hislo
hislo ispolnivwixsq
let vo vremq perepisi
BCEPOC
CИ
ЙC
KAЯ ПEPEПИCЬ
НА
CE
ЛEНИЯbull
2002
ANKETAVoprosy perepisi dlq vsex gradan Rossii
NB pol ndash sex posobie ndash benefit istohniki sredstv k izni ndash sources ofincome sbereeniq ndash savings sdaha v naem imu]estva ndash renting of property
Some other roots that appear in this unit
Words with the root mu lsquoman malersquo
Nouns mu lsquohusbandrsquo muhina lsquomanrsquo muik lsquopeasantrsquo muestvolsquocouragersquo
Adjectives muskoj lsquomenrsquos male masculinersquo muestvennyjlsquocourageousrsquo
Verbs muat lsquomaturersquo muatsq lsquotake heartrsquo
Combined with za- lsquoacquisitionrsquo zamuem lsquomarriedrsquo (of a woman)vyjti zamu za + acc lsquoto marryrsquo (of a woman) zamunqq lsquomarriedwomanrsquo
Words with the root en-
Nouns ena lsquowifersquo en]ina lsquowomanrsquo enix lsquobridegroomfianceacutersquo enitba lsquomarriagersquo
Adjectives enskij lsquowomenrsquos femalersquo enstvennyj lsquofemininersquoenatyj lsquomarriedrsquo (of a man)
Verbs enit lsquoto marry (off)rsquo enitsq na + prep lsquoto marryrsquo (ofa man) lsquoto get marriedrsquo (of a couple)
Combined with other roots enonenavistnik lsquomisogynistrsquo(nenavist ndash lsquohatredrsquo) enopodobnyj lsquoeffeminatersquo (podobnyjlsquolikersquo)
Words with the root -mert- lsquodeathrsquo
Nouns smert lsquodeathrsquo smertnyj lsquomortalrsquo smertnost lsquomortalityrsquo
Adjectives mertvyj lsquodeadrsquo smertelnyj lsquomortal fatalrsquo
Verbs umeret lsquoto diersquo
Words with the root brak lsquomarriagersquo
(note where k changes to h)
Nouns brak lsquomarriage married statersquo brakosohetanie lsquomarriageservicersquo
Adjective brahnyj lsquomarriage conjugalrsquo
178 | Demography
Exercise 13
Choose the right phrase or word to fill the gap in the followingsentences
(enitsq(po-) vyjti zamu enatyj zamunqq brak)
1 V prowlom godu on na znakomoj studentke 2 Ona zanovogo russkogo 3 Nakonec oni rewili 4 Govorqt hto muhiny ivut dolwe 5 U en]in po-prenemu malovremeni na otdyx 6 V Rossii sejhas ohen populqrny sinostrancami
Exercise 14
Translate into Russian
1 The demographic situation in Russia is very serious the birth rateis in decline and life expectancy is falling
2 In many European countries the number of women is higher thanthe number of men That can be explained by the fact that femalelife expectancy is several years greater than male
3 According to the census conducted in the year 2001 the popula-tion of Britain constituted 70 million people
4 In the opinion of demographers a high birthrate is characteristicof developing countries In developed countries the situation isthe opposite
5 In order to stop the decline in population Russia needs a demo-graphic policy
6 Smoking and drinking are the main reasons why Russian menhave such a low life expectancy
7 We all should lead a healthy way of life First of all we shouldgive up smoking and drinking
8 I do not believe that married men live longer than divorced men
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Demografiq | 179
10 OBRAZOVANIE
In this unit you will learn
about education in Russia how to form and use the present passive participle more about the preposition po words with the root uh uk about stress in the present and future of verbs
The Soviet Union rightly prided itself on the quality of its educationsystem Even now despite declining investment in education Russianstudents continue to demonstrate better mathematical and scientificskills than those in many western countries Russia still boastsuniversal basic education and a literate workforce However reformis essential if Russian education is to respond to the demands of themarket economy There is a need to move away from a pedagogicalapproach which emphasises the acquisition of knowledge rather than problem-solving skills Capital investment which has been inserious decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union needs to beincreased to repair decrepit buildings and replace outdated equip-ment Previously free for all students about two thirds of studentsin higher education now pay some contribution to the cost of theireducation but this has little impact on the universitiesrsquo need forgreater funding to improve infrastructure and increase teachersrsquolamentably low pay
Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Obrazovanie | 181
Reforma obrazovaniq
V Rossii prowla reforma obrazovaniq 2 punkta v nej vyzvalimnogo sporov Pervyj ndash tak nazyvaemyj edinyj gosudarstvennyjkzamen provodimyj vzamen vypusknyx i vstupitelnyxkzamenov Vse vypuskniki kadyj v svoej wkole v odin i tote den otveha[t na odin i tot e test Rezultaty testirovaniqqvlq[tsq osnovaniem ne tolko dlq poluheniq attestata obokonhanii wkoly no i dlq postupleniq v vuz Vypuskniki sda[tdva obqzatelnyx kzamena matematiku i russkij qzyk ostalnyetri kzamena sda[tsq v zavisimosti ot specializacii Vyswaqocenka ndash 100 ballov Po tim ballam vypuskniki prinima[tsqv institut
Odnako mnogie obespokoeny samim faktom vvedeniq takogokzamena ltRossiq sliwkom bolwaq strana dlq hego by to nibylo edinogogt utverda[t oni ltSliwkom bolwaq raznicamedu stolihnoj wkoloj i wkoloj gde-nibud za Uralomgtgovorqt drugie K tomu e edinyj test nesovmestim s estkimotborom A otsutstvie otbora neizbeno sniaet kahestvo obra-zovaniq
Vtoroj punkt ndash plata za obuhenie Kadyj vypusknik vzavisimosti ot togo skolko ballov on nabral na teste poluhaetot gosudarstva hek Treti abiturientov kotorye nabralinaivyswie bally gosudarstvom vyda[tsq dengi dostatohnyedlq oplaty vsej uheby v vuze Inymi slovami oni uhatsqbesplatno Za prohix gosudarstvo vnosit tolko hast (70ndash30)Ostalnoe vnositsq iz sobstvennogo karmana Korohe dlq dvuxtretej rossiqn vyswee obrazovanie stalo platnym
Ranwe besplatnoe obrazovanie shitalos dostieniem v straneKahestvu sovetskogo obrazovaniq zavidovali Teper osnovnoenapravlenie ndash brat dengi s naseleniq Po slovam ministra obra-zovaniq ltb[detnyx sredstv ne xvataet Potomu neobxodimorazvivat finansirovanie za shet privleheniq vneb[detnyxsredstv V pervu[ ohered za shet raswireniq obrazovatelnyxusluggt A hto takoe obrazovatelnye uslugi |to ndash platnye
Vocabulary diams
abiturient applicant (to university)attestat ob okonhanii wkoly school leaving certificateball markbrat na sebq to take onvzamen (+ gen) instead ofvneb[detnye sredstva extra non-budgetary fundingvstupitelnyj kzamen entrance examinationvuz (vyswee uhebnoe zavedenie) higher education institution (HEI)vydavat to give (out)vyzvat spor to provoke an argumentvypusknik graduatevypusknoj kzamen final examinationedinyj gosudarstvennyj kzamen common state examinationestkij otbor rigorous selectionzavidovat (+ dat) to envyza shet (+ gen) by means ofnabirat nabrat to collect gainneizbenyj inevitablenesovmestimyj incompatibleprohij otherobrazovatelnaq usluga educational serviceobqzatelnyj compulsoryoplahivat to payosu]estvlqt to implementotsutstvie absenceocenka grade markpodgotovitelnye kursy preparatory coursesprivlehenie sredstv attracting financeraswirenie broadeningrepetitor tutor
182 | Education
Po materialam gazety ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001
otdeleniq v universitetax na kotorye teper nabira[tsq daleko ne luhwie a te kto mogut platit |to podgotovitelnyekursy dlq postupa[]ix v universitet to est to e platnoerepetitorstvo ranwe osu]estvlqemoe prepodavatelqmi ioplahivaemoe roditelqmi Tolko teper gosudarstvo vse uslugiberet na sebq
NB tak nazyvaemyj ndash so-called dlq hego by to ni bylo edinogo ndash foranything standardised inymi (drugimi) slovami ndash in other words izsobstvennogo karmana ndash out of onersquos own pocket v zavisimosti ot(+ gen) ndash depending on v pervu[ ohered ndash in the first place
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Hto oznahaet edinyj gosudarstvennyj kzamen2 Pohemu ego vvedenie bespokoit mnogix3 Kakie kzameny obqzatelny4 Kakie studenty budut uhitsq besplatno5 Kto dolen platit za obrazovanie6 Pohemu vvoditsq platnoe obrazovanie7 Hto oznahaet raswirenie obrazovatelnyx uslug
Exercise 2
Study this example from the examination in Russian language Seehow well you can do Use a dictionary if necessary
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Obrazovanie | 183
EDINYJ |KZAMENTest po russkomu qzyku
Prohitajte predloeniq
A Ego qzyk udivitelen B Q pomn[ hto kogda q v pervyj raznahal hitat Hexova to snahala on pokazalsq mne kakim-tostrannym kak by neskladnym V Blagodarq svoej iskrennostiHexov sozdal novye soverwenno novye po-moemu dlq vsego miraformy pisaniq podobnyx kotorym q ne vstrehal nigde G No kaktolko q vhitalsq tot qzyk zaxvatil menq
1 V kakom porqdke dolny sledovat ti predloeniqhtoby poluhilsq tekst
1) ABGV 2) BGAV 3) VBAG 4) GVABUkaite predloenie s punktuacionnoj owibkoj
2 V kakom slove udarenie na 2-m sloge
1) Obleghit 2) Prinql 3) Peredannyj 4) Baluetsq
Present passive participle
As with the participles discussed in earlier units the present passiveparticiple is a verbal adjective
How to form present passive participles
Add -yj to the first person plural (my form) of the present tense ofthe verb poluhat ndash poluhaem ndash poluhaemyj lsquo(being) receivedrsquo
Nesti and vesti change the -e- in the first person plural endingto -o- in the participle nesti ndash nesem ndash nesomyj lsquocarriedrsquo Verbsending in -avat take the ending -avaemyj davat ndash daem ndashdavaemyj lsquo(being) givenrsquo
This participle is generally only formed from transitive verbs (ie those taking a direct object) However there are a small number of verbs which govern the instrumental case which havepresent passive participles rukovodit ndash rukovodimyj lsquoleddirectedrsquo upravlqt ndash upravlqemyj lsquomanagedrsquo komandovat ndashkomanduemyj lsquocommandedrsquo
A considerable number of verbs do not have a present passiveparticiple These include
ndash many monosyllabic verbs eg bit brat est znatklast lit myt pet pit
ndash irregular first conjugation verbs eg pisat prqtatndash many second conjugation verbs gotovit derat platit
smotret stavit stroit
The problem of there being no present passive participle can fre-quently be overcome by forming the participle from a compound ofthe verb platit ndash oplahivat ndash oplahivaemyj lsquobeing paid forrsquo
Exercise 3
Form present passive participles from the following verbs
poluhat privlekat sozdavat l[bit uvaat vnositosu]estvlqt oplahivat vvozit predlagat provoditizuhat finansirovat ispolzovat
184 | Education
How to use present passive participles
They decline like adjectives and agree in number gender and casewith the noun they describe
Zarplaty poluhaemoj rossijskim uhitelem hasto nexvataet dae na pi]uThe wages received by a Russian teacher are often not enougheven for food
Several present passive participles are now frequently used as adjec-tives
l[bimyj favouritetak nazyvaemyj so-calleduvaaemyj respected dear
Some adjectives (usually negative) are formed like present passiveparticiples but from the perfective verb
nesovmestimyj incompatiblenepovtorimyj uniquenerazlihimyj indistinguishablenedopustimyj not permissiblenesravnimyj incomparablenezavisimyj independent
(formed from the imperfective)
Edinyj test nesovmestim s estkim otboromA single test is incompatible with rigorous selection
Note the use of the short form Present passive participles themselvesare rarely found in the short form
Some present passive participles are used as nouns obvinqemyjlsquothe defendantrsquo slagaemoe lsquoitem componentrsquo
Exercise 4
Replace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate forms of thepresent passive participle
1 V 1985 godu nahalsq novyj period sovetskoj istorii (nazyvat)perestrojkoj 2 Kafedru russkogo qzyka (vozglavlqt) izvestnymlingvistom zna[t vo vsej strane 3 Puwkin (l[bit) l[dmivsex vozrastov samyj populqrnyj pot v Rossii 4 Metodika
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Obrazovanie | 185
prepodavaniq inostrannyx qzykov (ispolzovat) v tomuniversitete samaq sovremennaq 5 Mnogie tovary (vvozit) vRossi[ oblaga[tsq powlinoj 6 V pehati mnogo govorilos onovyx wkolnyx programmax (finansirovat) gosudarstvom7 Summy (vnosit) roditelqmi za obrazovanie detej vesmaznahitelny 8 Stipendii (poluhat) studentami ne xvataetdae na uhebniki 9 Obqzatelnyx kzamenov (sdavat)studentami vsego dva ndash russkij qzyk i matematika
Passive voice
Note that the present passive participle may not be used to form thepassive voice Use either the reflexive verb (see unit 4) or the shortform of the past passive participle (see unit 8) Note the use of theinstrumental when a reflexive verb is used to convey a passivemeaning It translates lsquobyrsquo
Prepodavateli piwut uhebnikThe lecturers are writing a textbook
Uhebnik piwetsq prepodavatelqmiThe textbook is being written by lecturers
Exercise 5
Replace the active construction by a passive
Example V krupnyx gorodax Rossii stroqt metro ndash V
krupnyx gorodax Rossii stroitsq metro
1 Vhera po televizoru peredavali interesnye novosti 2 Russkijqzyk prepoda[t vo mnogix anglijskix universitetax 3 Luhwimstudentam vyda[t stipendi[ 4 V Rossii gotovqt novu[ reformuobrazovaniq 5 Roditeli oplahiva[t vyswee obrazovanie vzavisimosti ot ix doxoda 6 Luhwix studentov prinima[t v institut bez kzamenov 7 Dlq stroitelstva novyx zdanijmoskovskij mr priglawaet inostrannyx specialistov
186 | Education
Transitive and intransitive pairs
Remember that reflexive verbs are intransitive and cannot be followedby a direct object
Q nahina[ rabotu v westI start work at six
Rabota nahinaetsq v westWork starts at six
Exercise 6
Decide which verb to use in the following sentences
1 Situaciq izmenila izmenilas v luhwu[ storonu 2 Onokonhil okonhilsq universitet s otlihiem 3 Srednqq zarplatav strane v poslednee vremq uvelihila uvelihilas 4|konomiheskoe poloenie v Rossii budet uluhwat uluhwatsq5 Reforma obrazovaniq prodolaet prodolaetsq vyzyvat mnogosporov 6 Lekcii nahina[t nahina[tsq v 9 hasov utra 7 Skadym godom gosudarstvo sokra]aet sokra]aetsq rasxody na obrazovanie 8 Zarplata uhitelej vse vremq umenwaet umenwaetsq 9 |kzameny konhili konhilis v i[ne 10 Edinyjkzamen skoro budet provodit provoditsq po vsej strane
Dialogue 1
An interview with the Rector ofMoscow State Technical University IB Fyodorov
URNALIST V 1995 godu Vawuniversitet poluhilstatus osobo cennogokulturnogo obektaRossijskoj FederaciiHto to znahit dlq Vas
REKTOR |to bolwaq hest i bolwaq otvetstvennost Izmoskovskix vuzov status osobo cennogo obekta za
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Obrazovanie | 187
zaslugi v oblasti obrazovaniq poluhili tolko dvavuza ndash MGU i MGTU im Baumana
URNALIST Dolgoe vremq inenernoe obrazovanie shitalosneprestinym No v Vawem universitete vsegda bylivysokie konkursy
REKTOR |to pravda K nawemu universitetu vsegda bylbolwoj interes Vse zna[t hto MGTU ndash odin izluhwix vuzov My gotovim inenerov a takespecialistov po inenernomu biznesu Kadyj gods[da prixodqt samye ltprodvinutyegt abiturientyzna[]ie o ego vysokix trebovaniqx o neobxodimostimnogo rabotat Dlq nix uheba zdes ndash vozmonostpoluhit otlihnoe obrazovanie interesnu[professi[ Voob]e v poslednie gody prestiinenernogo dela v Rossii stal rasti
URNALIST Su]estvuet mnenie hto uhitsq v Vawemuniversitete ohen trudno
REKTOR Da uhitsq nelegko no daleko ne tak strawno kakob tom govorqt Nawa programma rasshitana naheloveka s obyhnymi sposobnostqmi StudentuMGTU ne obqzatelno byt geniem xotq takie u nastoe est Ot nego trebuetsq liw odno ndash pose]atvse zanqtiq i vo-vremq sdavat domawnie zadaniq
URNALIST Skolko let uhatsq v MGTUREKTOR MGTU ndash edinstvennyj texniheskij vuz Rossii gde
srok obuheniq sostavlqet 6 letURNALIST Hem po-Vawemu obqsnqetsq Vaw uspexREKTOR Uspex zavisit ot trex slagaemyx Sovremennyj
uhebnyj plan kvalifikaciq prepodavatelej istremlenie studenta k znaniqm Esli odno iz nixotsutstvuet kahestvo obrazovaniq sniaetsq No vnawem universitete ime[tsq vse tri slagaemyxuspexa
Po materialam urnala ltStolihnoe obrazovaniegt 2001
Vocabulary diams
vo-vremq in timezasluga merit service
188 | Education
inenernoe delo engineeringotvetstvennost (f ) responsibilityotsutstvovat to be absentltprodvinutyjgt advancedrasshitan na (+ acc) aimed atslagaemoe uspexa component of successsrok obuheniq period of studystremlenie strivinguhebnyj plan curriculumcennyj obekt valued institutionhest (f ) honour
Exercise 7
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Za hto daetsq status osobo cennogo obekta2 Kakie vuzy poluhili takoj status3 Kogo gotovit MGTU4 Pohemu studenty xotqt uhitsq v MGTU5 Na kogo rasshitana programma MGTU6 Kakoj srok obuheniq v MGTU7 Hem obqsnqetsq uspex MGTU
Exercise 8
True or false
1 Bolwe vsego sporov v reforme obrazovaniq vyzyvaet (edinyjgosudarstvennyj kzamen uhebnaq programma vvedenie testov)
2 Obqzatelnye kzameny vkl[ha[t (matematiku anglijskijqzyk geografi[)
3 Ranwe vyswee obrazovanie shitalos (besplatnym platnymkahestvennym)
4 Obrazovatelnye uslugi vkl[ha[t (podgotovitelnye kursyuslugi repetitorov hastnye uroki)
5 MGTU poluhil status osobo cennogo obekta za zaslugi voblasti (kultury iskusstva obrazovaniq)
6 MGTU gotovit (biznesmenov uhitelej inenerov)7 Programma MGTU rasshitana na (geniev sposobnyx studentov
srednix studentov)
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Obrazovanie | 189
Exercise 9
Study this advertisement for Moscow State Technical University andanswer the questions in English
190 | Education
MOSKOVSKIJ GOSUDARSTVENNYJTEXNIHESKIJ UNIVERSITET
im N| BAUMANA
Segodnqwnij mir ndash mirprofessionalizma i esli Vyxotite htoby to byl mir
dlq Vas my priglawaem Vasna uhebu v MGTU im N|
BaumanarArr lider rossijskixtexniheskix universitetovrArr pervoklassnoe obrazovaniev pervoklassnom universitetekotoromu prisvoen status osobocennogo kulturnogo obekta RFrArr gotovit inenerov po vsemosnovnym napravleniqm a takeinenernomu biznesu imenedmenturArr imeetsq vozmonostpoluheniq vtoroj specialnostiinenera-menedera inenera-kologa referenta-perevodhikabakalavra po informatikerArr sistema obrazovaniq vMGTU ndash wirokaq rudiciq pl[svysokij professionalizmrArr dlitelnost osnovnogokursa obuheniq 6 letrArr nawi vypusknikipolzu[tsq postoqnnym sprosomotehestvennyx i zarubenyx firm
FAKULTETYInformatika i
sistemyupravleniq
Inenernyj biznesi menedment
Mawinostroitelyetexnologii
Robotexnika ikompleksnaq
avtomatizaciqRadiolektronika i
lazernaq texnikaBiomedicinskaq
texnika Specialnoe
mawinostroenie|nergetiheskoe
mawinostroenie Optiko-lektronnoe
mawinostroenieArokosmiheskij
RadiotexniheskijRaketno-kosmiheskoj
texniki
1 Name the different faculties of the Moscow State TechnicalUniversity
2 How does the University characterise the education it offers3 What branches of engineering is it possible to specialise in4 What is the educational philosophy of the University5 How long do the basic courses last6 What are the prospects for graduates
Language points diams
Word building
Note the following words with the root -uh- uk- all of which arerelated to learning
Nouns uheba lsquostudiesrsquo uhenik lsquopupilrsquo uhebnik lsquotextbookrsquo naukalsquosciencersquo uhenost lsquolearningrsquo uhitel lsquoteacherrsquo uhenie lsquostudiesrsquouha]ijsq (participle in origin) lsquostudentrsquo uhili]e lsquoschool collegersquo
Adjectives uhenyj lsquolearnedrsquo (also used as the noun lsquoscientistrsquo)uhebnyj lsquoeducationalrsquo uhitelskij lsquoteachersrsquo nauhnyj lsquoscien-tificrsquo
Verbs uhit (vy-) (+ acc) lsquoto learnrsquo uhit (na-) (+ acc + dat)lsquoto teachrsquo uhitsq (na-) (+ dat) lsquoto learnrsquo uhitsq v (+ prep) lsquotostudy atrsquo otuhitsq lsquoto finish studiesrsquo otuhitsq ot (+ gen)lsquotobreak the habitrsquo
Exercise 10
Select from the brackets the most appropriate word to complete eachsentence
(obuhenie uhitsq nauhila uhebnyx uhil otuhilsquhatsq uhebnogo uhit uhitelej)
1 Ne vse studenty v Rossii besplatno 2 On ot butylkiradi zdorovq 3 Plata za vyzyvaet trudnosti u tex u kogonet sredstv 4 Zarplaty ohen nizkie 5 Nelegko vprestinom vuze kak MGTU 6 izn menq tomu 7 MGTUodno ia samyx luhwix vyswix zavedenij v Moskve 8 Bezsovremennogo plana institut ne privlekaet studentov 9 Mne
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Obrazovanie | 191
nravitsq anglijskij qzyk 10 20 let on detej russkomuqzyku
Preposition corner
Po + dative
along through around
po doroge po strane po polu po ulicamalong the road through the country around the floor aroundthe streets
down
vniz po reke po lestnicedown the river the staircase
by (means of)
po pohte po telefonuby post by telephone
by through
po pravu po proisxodeni[by right by origin
po gluposti po owibke po ego vinethrough stupidity by mistake through his fault
po priglaweni[ po professiiby invitation by profession
according to in for
po moim hasam po moemu mneni[according to my watch in my opinion
po Tolstomu po kakoj prihineaccording to Tolstoy for what reason
at
po krajnej mere po kakoj cene at least at what price
192 | Education
in on the subject of
uhebnik po geografiitextbook on geography
hempion po tennisutennis champion
specialist po russkomu qzykuRussian language specialist
at in on for (with the plural of the noun)
po utram po vyxodnym dnqmin the mornings at weekends
po prazdnikam po ponedelnikamon holidays on Mondays
po celym hasamfor hours on end
Note also
po adresu concerning directed towardspo povodu on the subject ofsudit po to judge byskuhat po to misstoskovat po to long for
Po + accusative
up to (place)
po poqsup to the waist
up to and including (time)
po pervoe maqup to and including 1st May
each
with numerals especially 2 3 4
po dva stolatwo tables each
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Obrazovanie | 193
po + dative is used with nouns
My poluhili po pismuWe received a letter each
numerals above five take accusative or dative with the noun in thegenitive plural
po pqt po pqti hasovfive hours each
Po + prepositional
on at the time of after
po smerti po priezde po vozvra]eniion the death of on arrival on return
po okonhanii kursa po poluhenii vizyon finishing the course on receipt of visa
Exercise 11
Put the nouns in the appropriate case after po
1 Ue west hasov po (moi hasy) 2 My plyvem vniz po (reka)3 Oni sideli po (poqs) v vode 4 Kadyj poluhil po (podarok) 5 Po (poluhenie) pasporta on pereexal v Ameriku6 Konferenciq sostoitsq s pervogo po (trete) fevralq
Exercise 12
Study the chart (on page 195) showing the growth of higher educa-tional institutions in Russia What changes have occurred since 1993
194 | Education
Language points diams
Stress
Present and future perfective of verbs
Fixed stress where the infinitive is stressed on the stem the presentor future perfective is stressed throughout on the same syllable
stavit ndash stavl[ staviw stavit stavim stavitestavqt
exat ndash edu edew edet edem edete edut
Generally verbs with monosyllabic infinitives have fixed stress butthis may be on the ending or the stem
byt ndash budu budew budet budem budete budut
vzqt ndash vozmu vozmew vozmet vozmem vozmetevozmut
The exception is moh ndash see below
Where the infinitive is stressed on the ending the first person singularwill be stressed on the ending In some verbs the stress then remainsthroughout on the ending This includes all regular and some irreg-ular first conjugation verbs
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Obrazovanie | 195
580
9899
578
9798
573
9697
569
9596
553
9495
548
9394
494
198081
150
78157
193244
302 334
1917
721914
Kоличество высшихучебных заведенийв Pоссии
По данным Госкомстата Подготовил Сергей MAKCИМОBИЧгоды
государственные
негосударственные
ltArgumenty i faktygt No 16 2001
NB po dannym Goskomstata ndash according to the data of the State Committeeof statistics
hitat ndash hita[ hitaew hitaet hitaem hitaetehita[t
idti ndash idu idew idet idem idete idut
Mobile stress generally this conforms to one pattern Many secondconjugation and some irregular first conjugation verbs stressed onthe ending in the infinitive are stressed on the ending in the firstperson singular but on the stem for the rest of the conjugation
pisat ndash piwu piwew piwet piwem piwetepiwut
iskat ndash i]u i]ew i]et i]em i]ete i]ut
prosit ndash prowu prosiw prosit prosim prositeprosqt
smotret ndash smotr[ smotriw smotrit smotrimsmotrite smotrqt
Note also
moh ndash mogu moew moet moem moete mogut
The verb xotet is an exception to the above patterns
xohu xohew xohet xotim xotite xotqt
Where a perfective verb has the prefix vy- it is always stressed
vypisat ndash vypiwu vypiwew vypiwet vypiwemvypiwete vypiwut
Exercise 13
Translate into Russian
1 The introduction of a nation-wide Common State Examinationworries many Russians In their view the standard of educationwill inevitably fall
2 Only those students who gained the highest marks in this examwill receive a grant and thus free education
3 Russian parents now have a choice of which school to send theirchildren to of which textbooks to use of which curriculum tofollow
196 | Education
4 Not all private schools are better than state schools But they dohave one advantage the number of children in each class is muchsmaller
5 The biggest change in the Russian educational system in the 90swas the appearance and growth of fee-paying private educationalinstitutions
6 Engineering education is becoming popular again Competitionfor places at some technical universities is very high up to 20students per place
7 In my opinion education should be free and accessible to all Iam against private universities and private schools
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Obrazovanie | 197
11 ROSSIJSKOE OBESTVO
In this unit you will learn
about the structure of Russian society how to form and use the subjunctive how to create conditional clauses about stress on the past tense of verbs
One of the big debates about post-Soviet society is whether Russianow has a middle class Certainly it does not as yet have a middleclass which resembles that of Western society The collapse of theSoviet Union caused great poverty for many members of societypensioners unemployed those in low-paid state employment manyof them highly qualified and educated Many of these people nowlive below the poverty line But one glance at the streets of Moscowand St Petersburg with their designer shops and expensive restau-rants will tell you that Russia most certainly has a rich elite Thereis also a group between the two extremes which can only be thoughtof as Russiarsquos emergent middle class highly qualified specialists ininformation technology finance or the law who can command betterthan average salaries This group suffered badly at the time of theeconomic crisis of 1998 but is fighting its way back
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 199
Srednij klass
Termin srednij klass obyhno upotreblq[t imeq v vidunynewnij srednij klass v stranax Zapada Isxodq iz togohasto zaqvlq[t hto v Rossii net takogo klassa No tak ne byvaetEsli v Rossii est bogatye i bednye znahit est i sredniesloi Konehno rossijskij srednij klass ne takoj kak naZapade poskolku v Rossii ne takaq konomika ne takojuroven blagosostoqniq
Oficialno priznano hto priznaki srednego klassa ndash nalihiesobstvennosti doxody obrazovanie professionalizm No esliby my priznali sobstvennost glavnym priznakom to ksrednemu klassu nado bylo by otnesti pohti vsex goroanpotomu hto oni privatizirovali kvartiry nado bylo by
200 | Russian society
Po materialam gazety ltVremq novostejgt 2001
vkl[hit vsex selqn potomu hto oni vlade[t zemelnymiuhastkami Esli by my opredelqli prinadlenost k srednemuklassu po doxodam to v srednem klasse okazalos by 30ndash50domoxozqjstv A esli by my klassificirovali srednij klasspo priznaku obrazovaniq nam priwlos by otnesti k nemu35ndash55 naseleniq No nevozmono otnesti k srednemu klassuvsex u kogo est vyswee obrazovanie poskolku doxody tixl[dej hasto ne dostiga[t dae proitohnogo minimuma
Rossijskij srednij klass sformirovalsq v bankovskoj sfere vfinansovom i reklamnom sektorax kotorye silno postradalivo vremq krizisa 1998 goda Konehno esli by ne bylo krizisato ne sokratilos by rezko kolihestvo rabohix mest v tixsektorax i srednij klass byl by sejhas gorazdo mnogohislenneeV nastoq]ee vremq soglasno sociologam 20ndash25 rossiqn ime[tneobxodimye priznaki novogo srednego klassa |to l[dikotorye ne dut kogda kto-to ustroit im xorowu[ iznTaku[ izn oni ustraiva[t sebe sami Oni obrazovanny vysokoprofessionalny hto pozvolqet im imet poroj ne odnu rabotua dve i dae bolwe Oni konomiheski samostoqtelny potomuhto blagodarq svoim doxodam oni mogut ne prosto vyivatno regulqrno delat pokupki i sbereeniq a to i vkladyvatdengi v cennye bumagi Oni-to i sostavlq[t qdro rossijskogosrednego klassa
No est e]e 40ndash45 naseleniq potencialnyx predstavitelejsrednego klassa U tix l[dej est konomiheskie i socialnye priznaki srednego klassa no konomika ne daet imgarantij pereme]eniq v qdro Oni ime[t neploxoe obrazovanieno ne mogut najti dostojnu[ rabotu s xorowim zarabotkomEsli by rossijskaq konomika zarabotala u tix l[dejpoqvilas by vozmonost uvelihit svoi doxody i oni mogliby perejti v srednij klass No dver v srednij klass dlq nixpoka zakryta
Vocabulary diams
blagosostoqnie wellbeing prosperityvkladyvat v (+ acc) to investdomoxozqjstvo householddostojnyj worthy repectablezarabotok salary earningszemelnyj uhastok plot of landnalihie presencenynewnij presentotnesti k (+ dat) to relate topereme]enie movingposkolku asporoj at timespredstavitel representativepriznak indicationproitohnyj minimum living wagereklamnyj sektor advertising sectorsbereeniq (pl) savingsselqnin villagerustraivat to arrange fix upcennye bumagi (pl) securitiesqdro nucleus
NB imeq v vidu ndash meaning having in mind isxodq iz togo ndash on thisbasis
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 Pohemu rossijskij srednij klass ne takoj kak na Zapade2 Kakovy tipihnye priznaki srednego klassa3 Gde sformirovalsq rossijskij srednij klass4 Kakoj procent rossiqn ime[t priznaki novogo srednego klassa5 Kak mono oxarakterizovat takix l[dej6 Kto sostavlqet qdro rossijskogo srednego klassa7 Hto predstavlq[t soboj potencialnye predstaviteli srednego
klassa8 Pohemu dver v srednij klass dlq nix zakryta
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 201
Dialogue 1
Conversation between a journalist and a sociologist
URNALIST V gazetax mnogo piwut o rossijskix bednyx o hertebednosti no malo piwut o bogatyx Kto takierossijskie bogatye
SOCIOLOG Ponqtie bogatstva otnositelno Po-nastoq]emubogatyx l[dej trudno klassificirovat Porossijskim merkam helovek shitaetsq bogatym a pozapadnym on edva dotqgivaet do srednego klassa Ktomu e est predstavlenie bednyx o bogatyx ibogatyx o sebe
URNALIST Hto e nado imet htoby tebq otnesli k bogatymSOCIOLOG Soglasno sociologam rossijskie bogatye na pervoe
mesto stavqt zagorodnyj dom potom idet prestinaqkvartira Dalwe ndash lihnaq oxrana prestinyjavtomobil i na poslednem meste ndash wikarnyjvnewnij vid
URNALIST No tak obyhno bednye l[di predstavlq[t sebebogatyx samoe glavnoe ndash prestinaq kvartira idorogaq mawina
SOCIOLOG Da sami bogatye duma[t o sebe inahe Dlq nix samyeglavnye priznaki bogatstva ndash oxrana i svqziBolwinstvo shita[t hto bogatyj dolennepremenno imet silnyx pokrovitelej iz organovgosudarstvennoj vlasti
URNALIST Znahit vse nawi bogatye razbogateli blagodarq svoimsvqzqm
SOCIOLOG Bo[s hto tak Vo-pervyx rossijskie bogatye ndash tote kto imel vlast i v sovetskoe vremq |topartijnye komsomolskie rabotniki Vo-vtoryx toltbiznesmenygt sovetskix vremen te kto ranwe bylsvqzan s lttenevojgt konomikoj
URNALIST Neueli net l[dej kotorye stali bogatymiblagodarq svoim sposobnostqm
202 | Russian society
SOCIOLOG Konehno est no malo V Rossii po mneni[sociologov procentov 5 sredi predprinimatelejmono otnesti k toj kategorii
Po materialam gazety ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001
Vocabulary diams
dotqgivat do (+ gen) to extend as far aszagorodnyj dom house in the countrykomsomol young communist leaguelihnaq oxrana personal bodyguardnepremenno obviously definitelyorgan gosudarstvennoj vlasti organ of state power the authoritiesotnositelnyj relativepokrovitel patronponqtie idea conceptpredprinimatel entrepreneurrazbogatet to become richsvqzi (pl) connectionstenevaq konomika shadow economyherta bednosti poverty linewikarnyj vid smart appearance
NB po rossijskim zapadnym merkam ndash by Russian Western standards vo-pervyx ndash firstly vo-vtoryx ndash secondly
Exercise 2
Answer the following questions in Russian
1 O hem piwut rossijskie gazety2 Hto duma[t rossijskie bogatye o sebe3 Kakovo predstavlenie bednyx o bogatstve4 Kak razbogateli rossijskie bogatye
Exercise 3
True or false
1 Priznaki srednego klassa (obrazovanie sobstvennost bolwiedoxody)
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 203
2 Srednij klass Rossii sformirovalsq v (promywlennostiselskom xozqjstve finansovom sektore)
3 Esli rossijskaq konomika zarabotaet hislo l[dej srednegoklassa (uvelihitsq umenwitsq ne izmenitsq)
4 Po mneni[ bednyx atributy rossijskogo bogatstva (prestinaqkvartira dorogaq mawina dengi v banke wikarnyj vid)
5 Po mneni[ bogatyx attributy bogatstva (pokroviteli v organaxvlasti svoj dom nalihie sobstvennosti)
6 Rossijskie bogatye ndash to (byvwie partijnye rabotniki l[dis vyswim obrazovaniem byvwie spekulqnty)
Exercise 4
How the Russian rich spend their holidays
Gazeta ltKomsomolskaq pravdagt 2001
Answer the questions in English
1 Describe the wedding in Venice the rich aspire to2 What kind of fishing and hunting trips are described3 Which two trips to mountains are mentioned
NB svadba ndash wedding svq]ennye mesta ndash holy places ublaat toindulge
204 | Russian society
Language points diams
Subjunctive
The subjunctive in Russian is formed by putting the particle by withthe past tense
on napisal by pisal byhe would have written he would write
It is possible for the by to precede the verb
q by podumalI should think
The subjunctive can be used to express desirability
mne xotelos byI would like I would have liked
vy by mne skazaliyou should have told me
q powel byI would like to go I would have gone
to bylo by otlihnothat would be excellent
Conditional clauses
Clauses introduced by esli lsquoifrsquo fall into two types
1 If the condition is capable of being fulfilled the subjunctive is notused Where the verb in the main clause is in the future then the verbin the clause introduced by esli will also be in the future unlike inEnglish where it would be in the present
My ne pojdem esli pojdet dodWe wonrsquot go if it rains
It is of course possible to find tenses other than the future afteresli
Esli tebe ne nravitsq [bka kupi novu[If you donrsquot like the skirt buy a new one
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 205
2 Where a condition is hypothetical the subjunctive mood is usedin both the main clause and in the conditional clause In this casethe conditional clause is introduced by esli by followed by the pasttense Remember that by is used only with the past tense
Esli by ne bylo krizisa to ne sokratilos bykolihestvo rabohix mestIf there had been no crisis then the number of jobs would nothave declined
The use of to lsquothenrsquo to introduce the main clause in this kind ofsentence is quite common
It is possible for the main clause to precede the esli clause
Kolihestvo rabohix mest ne sokratilos by esli by nebylo krizisa
Exercise 5
Create single sentences out of two simple sentences using the futuretense
Example U menq dengi Q edu za granicu ndash Esli umenq budut dengi (to) q poedu za granicu
1 Leto arkoe My ivem na dahe2 Q sda[ matematiku Q postupa[ v texniheskij universitet3 Rossijskie dorogi uluhwa[tsq V Rossi[ ezdit mnogo turistov4 U nego xorowaq zarplata On pokupaet kvartiru v centre5 U menq est shet v banke Q vkladyva[ kapital v cennye bumagi6 Ona brosaet kurit Ee zdorove luhwe7 Rossijskie gazety nezavisimye Oni publiku[t vs[
informaci[8 Na festivale pokazany rossijskie filmy Zriteli zna[t kak
razvivaetsq kino v Rossii9 U menq est vremq Q edu v kruiz po Volge
206 | Russian society
Exercise 6
Replace the future tense in the following sentences with the subjunc-tive
Example Esli u menq budet vremq (to) q pojduv kino ndash Esli by u menq bylo vremq (to) q powel by (powla by) v kino
1 Esli konomika zarabotaet to srednij klass obqzatelnouvelihitsq 2 Esli on okonhit universitet u nego budet xorowaqrabota 3 Esli ne budet defolta v tom godu rossijskij rublstanet silnym 4 Esli ne budet provedena reforma obrazovaniquroven obrazovaniq upadet 5 Esli budet vvedena plata zaobrazovanie postrada[t mnogie l[di 6 Esli gosudarstvo xohetpovysit uroven obrazovaniq ono soxranit hastnye wkoly 7 Eslitot vuz budet prestinym v nem budet bolwoj konkurs 8 Esliu studenta est stremlenie uhitsq on zakonhit universitet sotlihiem
Exercise 7
Examine the survey shown on page 208 conducted by RussiarsquosInstitute of Social and Economic Problems and answer the questionsin English
NB otaplivat ndash to heat vyrezka ndash fillet nedoedat ndash not to have enoughfood sladosti ndash sweet things ne moet pozvolit ndash canrsquot afford poxoronyndash funeral
1 How do English and Russian concepts of poverty differ inrespect of food
2 Contrast English and Russian views on leisure and poverty3 How do expectations in regard to purchase of clothing differ
between the Russian and the English4 What household appliances do each consider necessary5 Name two areas of life which Russians refer to but are not
mentioned in the English list at all
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 207
208 | Russian society
Rossijskaq semq shitaetsebq bednoj esli
bull V seme nedoeda[t
bull Edqt mqso ili rybu reedvux raz v nedel[
bull Ne moet priobretat vneobxodimom kolihestvepredmety gigieny
bull Net deneg dlq obnovleniqi remonta odedy obuvi
bull Net i ne moet priobrestixolodilnik samu[prostu[ mebel daeherno-belyj televizor
bull Net deneg na iznennovanye lekarstva imedicinskie pribory
bull Ne moet obra]atsq kplatnym vraham
bull Ne moet organizovatpoxorony
bull Ne moet pokupatfrukty sladosti detqmdae izredka
bull Ne moet davat detqmdengi na pitanie v wkoleoplahivat detsad i qsli
bull Ne moet pokupat detqmnovu[ odedu i obuv pomere ix rosta
Anglijskaq semq shitaetsebq bednoj esli
bull Ne moet otaplivatile
bull Net v dome tualeta duwa
bull Net krovati dlq kadogo
bull Net dvux par obuvi dlqkadogo sezona
bull Net otdelnoj spalni dlqkadogo rebenka
bull Net kovrov dlq pola
bull Net vozmonostiprazdnihno organizovatRodestvo
bull Net stiralnoj mawiny
bull Ne moet pokupat novu[odedu dlq vsex hlenovsemi
bull Ne moet pokupatvyrezku est mqso ili rybutolko herez den
bull Ne moet pozvolitnedelnyj otdyx vne domakadyj god
bull Ne moet pozvolitrasxody svqzannye sotdyxom ili xobbi
bull Ne moet kupitneobxodimyjsportinventar dlq detej
bull Net sada pered domom
Gazeta ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001
Language points diams
Htoby
Htoby is followed either by the infinitive or the past tense Htobymay not be followed by any other tense
Htoby + infinitive
This construction is used to translate lsquoin order to so as torsquo
Q pozvonila htoby rasskazat tebe novostiI rang (in order) to tell you the news
lsquoIn orderrsquo is often omitted in English In Russian htoby is sometimesomitted after verbs of motion
Q priwla rasskazat tebe novostiI came to tell you the news
Htoby + past tense
It can be seen from the above example that htoby can only be usedwith the infinitive where both clauses have the same subject Wherethe subject of each verb is different htoby + past tense is used andtranslates lsquoso that in order thatrsquo
Q pozvonila htoby ty rasskazal mne novostiI rang so that you could tell me the news
Htoby + past tense after xotet
Note the difference between the two examples
Q xohu rabotatI want to work
Q xohu htoby ty rabotalI want you to work
In the first example the subject of the two verbs is the same andxotet is followed by the infinitive Where the subject of the verbsis different as in the second example xotet is followed by htoby+ past tense
Other verbs expressing desirability are similarly followed by htoby+ past tense when the subject of the two verbs is different Theseinclude trebovat potrebovat lsquodemandrsquo dat lsquoto wait forrsquopredlagat predloit lsquoto suggestrsquo
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 209
On potreboval htoby my uwliHe demanded that we leave
Note the construction after nastaivat nastoqt lsquoto insistrsquo
On nastoql na tom htoby my uwliHe insisted that we leave
After prikazyvat prikazat lsquoto orderrsquo and sovetovat posovetovat lsquoto advisersquo it is possible to use either htoby + pasttense or dative + infinitive
On prikazal htoby my uwliHe ordered that we leave
On prikazal nam ujtiHe ordered us to leave
Similarly after prosit poprosit lsquoto ask requestrsquo either theconstruction with htoby or accusative + infinitive may be used
On poprosil htoby my uwliHe asked that we leave
On poprosil nas ujtiHe asked us to leave
NB do not confuse prosit poprosit with sprawivat sprosit lsquoto ask a questionrsquo
On sprosil menq zna[ li q PetraHe asked me if I know Peter
Exercise 8
Change the sentences using xotet htoby Make the noun inbrackets the subject of the second verb
Example Q xohu poexat v Rossi[ (moj drug) ndash Q xohuhtoby moj drug poexal v Rossi[
1 Q xohu kupit mawinu (moj mu) 2 On xohet postupit vuniversitet (ego doh) 3 Ona xohet priobresti putevku v domotdyxa (ee roditeli) 4 On xohet prinadleat k srednemuklassu (vse uhitelq) 5 My xotim kupit dahu (naw sosed)6 Oni xotqt vkladyvat dengi v cennye bumagi (rabohie) 7 Onxohet poluhit xorowee obrazovanie (vse deti)
210 | Russian society
Htoby + past tense after verbs of doubting or fearing andnegative verbs of thinking and believing
When somnevatsq lsquoto doubtrsquo ne verit lsquonot to believersquo ne dumatlsquonot to thinkrsquo ne oidat lsquonot to expectrsquo refer to the past or presentthey are followed by htoby + past tense
Q ne veril htoby on priwelI didnrsquot believe that he would come
For the future use the indicative
Q ne ver[ hto on pridetI donrsquot believe he will come
Boqtsq lsquoto fearrsquo may be followed by either the indicative or htoby+ ne + past tense
Q bo[s hto on pridetIrsquom afraid he will come
Q bo[s htoby on ne prixodilIrsquom afraid he will not come
Q bo[s hto on ne pridetIrsquom afraid he will not come
Exercise 9
Put the following sentences into the subjunctive using htoby + pasttense
1 Q somneva[s hto to pravda 2 Q ne ver[ hto on pridet3 Q ne duma[ hto ona sdast kzamen 4 Q sovetu[ vam podumatob tom 5 On prosil menq pogovorit s nej 6 On prikazal mnepoexat v London
Htoby + past tense after impersonal expressions denotingdesirablity and undesirability
Expressions such as elatelno lsquoit is desirablersquo vano lsquoit isimportantrsquo luhwe lsquoit is betterrsquo nevozmono lsquoit is impossiblersquoneveroqtno lsquoit is inconceivablersquo ne moet byt lsquoit cannot bersquo nado
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 211
nuno lsquoit is necessaryrsquo glavnoe lsquothe main thing isrsquo are also followedby htoby + past tense
elatelno htoby on ne priwelIt is desirable that he should not come
Neveroqtno htoby on priwelIt is inconceivable that he should come
Glavnoe htoby emu nravilas rabotaThe main thing is that he should like the job
Exercise 10
Complete the sentences using the phrase in brackets with htoby +past tense
1 Ohen vano (uhitel obrazovannyj helovek) 2 Ohen vano(u detej ravnye vozmonosti na obrazovanie) 3 Ohen vano(studentam nravitsq uhitsq) 4 Nado (blagosostoqnie l[dejpovysitsq) 5 Nado (vse l[di ime[t rabotu) 6 Nado (u l[dejsbereeniq) 7 Nado (vse bogatye platqt nalogi) 8 Nevozmono(v Rossii net xorowix dorog) 9 Nevozmono (on opozdaet napoezd 10 Neveroqtno (ona napiwet roman) 11 Neveroqtno (onabrosit kurit) 12 Ne moet byt (u nego ena) 13 Ne moetbyt (u nee net mua)
Whoever whatever etc
Kto hto gde kuda kak kakoj combine with by + ni + pasttense to translate lsquowhoever whatever wherever (place) wherever(motion) however whicheverrsquo
Hto by ty ni skazal q ne soglawusWhatever you said I wouldnrsquot agree
Gde by my ni ili nam vse bolwe nravitsq nawrodnoj gorodWherever we have lived we still like our home town best
Such sentences may also be rendered using the appropriate form ofthe indicative
Hto ty ni skaew q ne soglawusWhatever you say I wonrsquot agree
212 | Russian society
Exercise 11
Translate the phrases in brackets into Russian
1 (Whatever you say) vse ostaetsq prenim
2 (Wherever they worked) oni vsegda byli shastlivy
3 (Whenever she thinks about him) ona vsegda nahinaet plakat
4 (Wherever my husband goes) on vsegda posylaet mne otkrytki
5 (However difficult it was) my dolny najti ego
6 (Whenever I saw her) ona vsegda byla odeta po poslednej mode
Exercise 12
To which class in your opinion do these people belong Why
Gazeta ltKomsomolskaq pravdagt maj 2001
NB ottqnus po polnoj programme ndash Irsquoll chill out good and properskupitsq na (+ acc) ndash skimp on ogorod ndash vegetable garden rvanula by khertu na kulihki ndash Irsquod get the hell out of here Berezovskij ndash Russiantycoon
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 213
Stress
Past tense of verbs
Fixed stress ndash the majority of verbs formed from a root verb withtwo or more syllables have stress fixed in the past tense on the samesyllable as the infinitive pisat (pisal pisala pisalo pisali)rabotat (rabotal rabotala rabotalo rabotali)
Some monosyllabic verbs have the stress on the stem throughoutpet (pel pela pelo peli) klast (klal klala klaloklali) det est kryt myt sest stat
Mobile stress on feminine endings ndash some monosyllabic verbs arestressed on the feminine ending but on the stem in all other formspit (pil pila pilo pili) brat (bral brala bralobrali) byt vzqt dat it lit spat
Note also nahat (nahal nahala nahalo nahali)
Stress on the ending ndash verbs ending in -ti and -h are stressedthroughout on the ending vesti (vel vela velo veli) moh(mog mogla moglo mogli) vezti nesti teh
Stressed on the prefix ndash all perfectives with the prefix vy- are stressedon the prefix vypit (vypil vypila vypilo vypili)
Prefixed verbs are otherwise generally stressed in the same way asthe root verb But note these exceptions zabyt (zabyl zabylazabylo zabyli) zadat (zadal zadala zadalo zadali)
Exercise 13
Translate into Russian
1 Sociologists are still arguing over whether a middle class existsin Russia
2 There is a big difference between the Russian and British middleclasses
3 If the economic situation gets worse in Russia many people willlose their jobs
4 If only people knew how dangerous it is to walk at night5 If only I had money I would travel all over the world
214 | Russian society
6 The majority of so-called new Russians became rich thanks totheir connections with the Soviet government
7 I want my son to study at Moscow university I want him to studyEnglish
8 He asked me to buy a Russian newspaper for him9 A Russian family considers itself poor if it cannot afford to buy
fruit and sweets for its children
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Rossijskoe obwestvo | 215
12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE
In this unit you will learn
about health care in Russia about a variety of impersonal expressions when to use the buffer vowel -o in prepositions about stress in short form adjectives
The Soviet Union provided universal and free health care for all itscitizens The health service had both its strengths and its weaknessesThere were a very large number of doctors per head of population(43 per 10000) about three times as many as in Britain Howeverdoctors were extremely badly paid This resulted in the professionbeing female-dominated and in the expectation that patients wouldreward doctors with lsquogiftsrsquo There were some centres of excellencebut in general hospitals were poorly equipped and the primary caredelivered by polyclinics was impersonal The collapse of the SovietUnion and subsequent economic crises had a devastating effect onthe health service However it also opened the way to a burgeoningprivate health sector delivering high quality care Inevitably theseprivate clinics are located in major population centres
Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Zdravooxranenie | 217
Glavnoe ndash zdorove heloveka
Hastnye kliniki stali v Rossii absol[tnoj neobxodimost[Odnoj iz naibolee izvestnyx i pervyx hastnyx klinik v Rossii qvlqetsq C|LT (Centr ndoxirurgii i litotripsii)Ego generalnyj direktor professor Aleksandr SemenovihBronwtejn s momenta sozdaniq Centra staraetsq osu]estvitsvo[ mehtu ndash dostupnost vysokoprofessionalnogo medicin-skogo obsluivaniq dlq vsex rossijskix gradan I shitaethto v nynewnej situacii v zdravooxranenii sredstvom dlqdostieniq toj celi moet byt tolko sozdanie seti hastnyxplatnyx klinik Hto e predstavlqet soboj hastnaq klinika vRossii
V Rossii hastnye bolnicy ndash bolwe hem kommerciq Oni ndashalternativa gosudarstvennoj strukture Pri krizisnomsostoqnii zdravooxraneniq zdes mono razrewit vanye dlqzdorovq problemy mono polzovatsq uslugami vysokokvali-ficirovannyx vrahej Zdes ne tolko ispolzu[t luhwiedostieniq medunarodnoj mediciny no i razrabatyva[tsobstvennye unikalnye texnologii Zdes dela[t operaciikotorye ne dela[tsq bolwe nigde v mire I novejwietexnologii pozvolq[t xirurgam v bolwinstve sluhaevobxoditsq bez noa
Pacienty provodqt v klinike dva-tri dnq Za iskl[heniem osoboslonyx sluhaev diagnostika provoditsq v tehenie odnogo dnqa ne trex nedel kak to byvaet vo mnogix bolnicax No uvycena uslug alternativnoj mediciny vysoka Dae v tomsluhae kogda hastnye kliniki osu]estvlq[t gibku[ cenovu[politiku Vprohem v klinike dela[t vse vozmonoe htobylehenie ostavalos dostupnym dlq vsex ela[]ix Prihem rehidet ne o bogatyx l[dqx Zdes predostavlq[t lgoty veteranamvojny likvidatoram hernobylskoj avarii voinam-afgancammnogodetnym semqm Za odnu nedel[ kliniku pose]a[tprimerno 1200 helovek v god ndash 60 tysqh
Po materialam urnala ltDelovye l[digt 2001
Vocabulary diams
avariq accidentarenda rentvloeniq (pl) investmentsvoin-afganec veteran of the war in Afghanistanvprohem but then againgibkij flexiblealovatsq na (+ acc) to complain aboutal sorryzatraty (pl) expenseszdravooxranenie health service healthcarelehenie treatmentlikvidator avarii relief workermehta dreammnogodetnaq semq large familyobstoqtelstvo circumstanceobxoditsq bez noa to do without the knifeorientirovatsq na (+ acc) to be based onosu]estvlqt osu]estvit to realise implementpolzovatsq uslugami to use the services
Sejhas praktiheski vse alu[tsq na razlihnogo roda problemyNo Aleksandr Semenovih uverqet hto problema tolko odna ndashemu al kadogo heloveka kotoryj prixodit v klinikupotomu hto on dolen platit K soaleni[ bez togonevozmono poskolku zatraty kolossalny Ta e arendapome]eniq stoit ohen dorogo Voob]e pomo] gosudarstvaneobxodima bolnicam v tom hisle i hastnym Konehno uC|LTa est sponsory no sejhas ix finansovye vloeniqsokratilis tak hto klinika soderit sebq sama Segodnq opytkliniki Bronwtejna shitaetsq unikalnym Centru udalosvyit dae v usloviqx ob]ego krizisa v strane I potomumnogie uhredeniq hastnoj mediciny orientiru[tsq imennona opyt C|LTa
218 | The health service
predostavlqt lgoty to provide benefitsprihem moreoverset hastnyx klinik network of private clinicsslonyj sluhaj complicated casesoderat sebq to support itselfsredstvo dlq dostieniq
celi means to achieve a goaluverqt to assureuvy alasxirurg surgeoncenovaq politika pricing policy
NB v tom hisle ndash including
Exercise 1
Answer the questions in Russian
1 Hto takoe C|LT2 Kto vozglavlqet C|LT3 O hem mehtaet professor Bronwtejn4 Kakie problemy mono rewit s pomo][ hastnyx klinik5 Kakie operacii dela[t xirurgi C|LTa6 Komu predostavlq[tsq lgoty7 Pohemu C|LT ne moet snizit ceny8 Kto orientiruetsq sejhas na opyt C|LTa
Exercise 2
Examine this advertisement for C|LT and answer the questions inEnglish
1 What specialist surgeons are employed by C|LT2 How is it possible for operations to take place without using a
scalpel3 For what conditions do they offer traditional surgery
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Zdravooxranenie | 219
Dialogue 1
From an interview with Yurii Leonidovich Shevchenko Minister ofHealth
KORRESPONDENT Zdravooxranenie kotorym Vy rukovoditepereivaet sejhas bolwie trudnosti
WEVHENKO Vse otrasli pereiva[t trudnosti v Rossii Nozdravooxranenie zanimaet osoboe mesto Ot togo vkakom sostoqnii zdorove naroda zavisitpoloenie gosudarstva Bez zdorovq ne nuny nibogatstvo ni vlast Vot pohemu zdravooxranenieqvlqetsq vanejwim prioritetom
220 | The health service
CENTR |NDOXIRURGII I
LITOTRIPSII
XIRURGIHESKOE
OTDELENIE
ndoxirurgiheskie operacii bez razrezov (herez 3-4 prokola s pomo][
optiheskoj sistemy i specialnyx instrumentov)
ndoskopiheskie i tradicionnye (otkrytye) operacii pri ostrom i
xroniheskom appendicite
v C|LTe rabota[t take opytnejwie xirurgi
- xirurg ndrokrinolog
(zabolevanie ]itovidnoj elezy)
- xirurg-proktolog
(gemorroj analnye tre]iny polipy)
- nejroxirurg
(opuxli spinnogo mozga gryi pozvonohnyx diskov)
- xirurg-travmotolog
(artroskopiq operativnaq artroskopiq)
KORRESPONDENT Obyhno zdravooxranenie nazyva[t medicinskimobsluivaniem naseleniq
WEVHENKO Da ego otnosqt k sfere obsluivaniq A e]e ksfere obsluivaniq otnosqt parikmaxerskierestorany gostinicy Zdravooxranenie ndash ne sferaobsluivaniq a sfera izneobespeheniq Esli byk zdravooxraneni[ otnosilis kak k sfereizneobespeheniq v nem ne sloilas by takaqsituaciq
KORRESPONDENT Kakova e situaciq v rossijskom zdravooxraneniiWEVHENKO Situaciq ohen trevonaq Ob]aq smertnost v
strane vysokaq Rastet ob]aq zabolevaemost Vnovpoqvilis infekcii kak tuberkulez Vozniklinovye infekcii kak SPID xotq v Rossi[ talthuma 20 vekagt priwla poze hem v drugie strany
KORRESPONDENT Pehalnaq kartina No kak Vy sami obqsnqetetaku[ situaci[
WEVHENKO Mnogoe mono obqsnit tem hto v straneproizowli ogromnye izmeneniq Mnogie ne mogutprisposobitsq k izni v novyx usloviqx Ots[darost zabolevanij svqzannyx so stressom
KORRESPONDENT Mne kaetsq pressa i televidenie otricatelnovliq[t na psixiheskoe sostoqnie ob]estva Onida[t tolko negativnu[ kartinu izni v Rossii
WEVHENKO |to pravda Vse vremq slywiw po televizoruzaqvleniq o vymiranii nacii o kakix-to zlodeqxi prohix uasax A to zastavlqet narod it voidanii katastrofy Sostoqnie stressa ne moetne skazatsq na zdorove
KORRESPONDENT Sejhas vse bolwe raswirqetsq platnaq medicinaosobenno v krupnyx gorodax Kak Vy otnosites ktomu
WEVHENKO Besplatnoj mediciny dolno byt kak monobolwe Platnye medicinskie uslugi dolnyrazvivatsq Pust u heloveka budet vybor no zadopolnitelnye uslugi nado platit Voob]e nadopomnit hto platnaq medicinskaq pomo] nevsegda luhwe besplatnoj
Po materialam ltNezavisimoj gazetygt 2001
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Zdravooxranenie | 221
Vocabulary diams
vymiranie dying out extinctionizneobespehenie vital necessityzabolevaemost (f ) incidence of disease
zabolevanie diseasezaqvlenie statementzlodej villainotrasl (f ) branchparikmaxerskaq hairdresserrsquosprisposobitsq k (+ dat) to adjust toskazatsq na (+ acc) to tell on affectsloitsq to be formedsostoqnie stateSPID AIDStrevonyj alarminghuma plague
NB Kak Vy otnosites k tomu ndash What do you think about this Pustu heloveka budet vybor ndash Let people have the choice
Exercise 3
Answer the questions in Russian
1 Kto takoj rij Leonidovih Wevhenko2 Pohemu zdravooxranenie zanimaet osoboe mesto3 K kakoj sfere otnosit Wevhenko zdravooxranenie4 Kakova situaciq v rossijskom zdravooxranenii5 Kak Wevhenko obqsnqet situaci[6 Kak vliq[t SMI v Rossii na sostoqnie ob]estva7 Hto dumaet Wevhenko o platnoj i besplatnoj medicine
Exercise 4
True or false
1 Hastnye kliniki v Rossii qvlq[tsq (besplatnymi platnymidostupnymi dlq vsex)
222 | The health service
2 Lgoty v C|LTe predostavlq[tsq (vsem l[dqm voennymmnogodetnym semqm)
3 Zdravooxranenie nado otnosit k sfere (obsluivaniqizneobespeheniq obrazovaniq)
4 Situaci[ v zdravooxranenii mono obqsnit (negativnymvliqniem SMI raspadom SSSR psixiheskim sostoqniemob]estva)
Language points diams
Impersonal expressions
There are a large number of impersonal constructions in Russianwhich involve the use of the dative and or the infinitive
Expressions of possibility
Monovozmono lsquoit is possiblersquo
Mono (vozmono) polzovatsq uslugamivysokokvalificirovannyx vrahejIt is possible to utilise the services of highly-qualified doctors
Mono (but not vozmono) may also be used in the sense of lsquoit ispermittedrsquo
Mono zdes kuritMay one smoke here
Nelzq nevozmono lsquoit is impossiblersquo
Nelzq + perfective and nevozmono mean lsquoit is impossiblersquo
Nelzq nevozmono razrewit vse vanye dlq zdorovqproblemyIt is impossible to resolve all important health problems
Nelzq + imperfective means lsquoit is forbidden not permittedrsquo
Nelzq povywat cenyIt is forbidden to raise prices
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Zdravooxranenie | 223
Exercise 5
Decide whether to use mono or nelzq
1 govorit gromko v biblioteke 2 sozdavat hastnyekliniki 3 vvodit platnoe obrazovanie 4 polzovatsquslugami hastnyx vrahej 5 kurit vo vremq poleta 6 zakazat bilet herez internet 7 ezdit bez bileta
Expressions of necessity
Nadonuno lsquoit is necessaryrsquo
Nam nado nuno uluhwit zdravooxranenieWe need to improve healthcare
Note the use of bylo budet
Nam nado bylo budet uluhwit zdravooxranenieWe had to will have to improve healthcare
In the negative nado and nuno have differentiated meanings
Ne nado otkryvat hastnu[ klinikuOne should not (it is necessary not to) open a private clinic
Ne nuno otkryvat hastnu[ klinikuIt is not necessary to open a private clinic
Prixoditsqprijtis lsquoto be obliged to to have torsquo
The third person singular neuter (ono form) is used impersonally withthe dative
Direktoru prixoditsq zanimatsq finansami klinikiThe director has to deal with the finances of the clinic
Im pridetsq najti platnu[ klinikuThey will have to find a fee-paying clinic
Gosudarstvu priwlos otmenit finansovu[ pomo]hastnym klinikamThe government was obliged to abolish help to private clinics
224 | The health service
Sleduet sledovalo lsquoought to should it is fittingrsquo
Similarly the third person singular neuter (ono form) of sledovat(lsquoto followrsquo) is used impersonally with the dative
Vam ne sleduet tak govoritYou should not talk like that
|togo sledovalo oidatIt was to be expected
Mne sledovalo by sdelat to nemedlennoI should have done it straight away
In contrast dolen lsquomustrsquo obqzan lsquoobligedrsquo and vynuden lsquoforcedrsquoare not used impersonally but agree in number and gender with thesubject
Ona dolna (bylabudet) rabotat v gosudarstvennojbolniceShe must (had to will have to) work in a state hospital
Vy dolny byli by nas predupreditYou ought to have warned us
Oni obqzany vam pomohThey are obliged to help you
Vrah byl vynuden operirovatThe doctor was forced to operate
Exercise 6
Replace dolen by using the word in brackets in the right form andtense
1 Q dolen exat v Rossi[ (prixoditsq) 2 Otec dolen bylkupit bilet na samolet (prijtis) 3 Mat dolna budet idtipewkom (prijtis) 4 Ty ne dolna vozvra]atsq pozdno(sledovat) 5 Vy dolny sdat kzamen (obqzan) 6 Professordolen otkryt hastnu[ kliniku (prixoditsq) 7 On nedolen byl soglawatsq so mnoj (sledovat) 8 Vrah dolenokazat pervu[ pomo] (obqzan) 9 Vy ne dolny prixodit s[da(sledovat) 10 Ty ne dolna byla vstrehat ego (sledovat)
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Zdravooxranenie | 225
Expressions of success and luck
Certain of these expressions also use the third person of verbs imper-sonally with the dative
Udavatsqudatsq lsquoto be successfulrsquo
Nam udalos najti xorowu[ klinikuWe succeeded in finding a good clinic
Nade[s hto tebe udastsq rewit tu problemuI hope that you will be successful in resolving this problem
Note that udavatsq udatsq can also be used with a third personsubject
|ta procedura ne vsegda udaetsq emuHe does not always have success with this procedure(lit This procedure is not always successful for him)
Vezetpovezlo lsquoin luck luckyrsquo
The third person singular neuter (ono form) of veztipovezti is alsoused with the dative to denote luck
Emu povezloHe was in luck
Tebe vezet v izniYou are lucky in life
Exercise 7
Replace the existing verb moh smoh with the verb udavatsq udatsq in the appropriate form
Example Ona smogla dostat bilet na operu ndash Ejudalos dostat bilet na operu
1 Q smog kupit massu knig 2 Q duma[ hto professorBronwtejn smoet vyit v usloviqx krizisa 3 My moemdobeat do doma 4 On moet sxodit v magazin 5 Vy smoglipozavtrakat 6 Ona nikogda ne mogla pisat bez owibok
226 | The health service
Expressions denoting feelings
You are already familiar with the use of short form neuter adjectivesused with the dative to express certain feelings nam veselo (fromveselyj) lsquowe are cheerfulrsquo im xolodno (from xolodnyj) lsquothey arecold mne stydno (from stydnyj) lsquoI am ashamedrsquo studentamskuhno (from skuhnyj) lsquothe students are boredrsquo emu bolno (frombolnoj lsquosorersquo) lsquoit hurts himrsquo
In addition there are a number of other impersonal predicates simi-larly used
alalko lsquosorry forrsquo
Emu al bolnyx devuwkuHe is sorry for the patients the girl
Note the use of the accusative for the person he is sorry for
Mne al smotret na tebqIt grieves me to look at you
Len lsquotoo lazyrsquo
Mne len idtiI am too lazy canrsquot be bothered to go
Pora lsquoit is timersquo
Nam pora idtiIt is time for us to go
Note that any of these expressions can be made past or future byusing bylo budet emu bylo bolno lsquoit hurt himrsquo nam budet allsquowe will be sorryrsquo
There are also impersonal expressions denoting feelings formedfrom the third person singular neuter (ono form) of verbs
Nadoest (perf)
Mne nadoelo rabotatIrsquom sick of working
Ne xvatatxvatit
Nam (or u nas) ne xvataet vremeniWe are short of time
|togo nam e]e ne xvataloThatrsquos all we needed
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Zdravooxranenie | 227
Nedostavatnedostat
Emu nedostaet denegHe is short of lacks money
Note the use of the genitive after ne xvatat and nedostavat
In addition several reflexive verbs can be used impersonally with thedative
Mne xotelos spatI wanted to sleep
Nam kaetsq hto vse v porqdkeIt seems to us that every thing is in order
Emu ostalos tolko soglasitsqAll that was left to him was to agree
Ej ispolnilos 50 letShe is fifty
Exercise 8
Use the most appropriate word from those given below to completethe sentences
(ostalos ispolnitsq nadoelo xohetsq len al poraxvataet)
1 Iz-za ary mne bylo rabotat 2 Ue west hasov idti3 Nam tolko otkazatsq ot togo plana 4 Turistam bylo bednyx krestqn 5 Emu ne opyta dlq takoj raboty 6 Vovtornik mne 21 god 7 Mne ohen uvidet tot film8 Emu rabotat tam i delat skuhnu[ rabotu
Exercise 9
Study the advertisement for the Marina Mashenskaya dental clinic
1 Give four reasons for choosing the Marina Mashenskaya clinic2 What is the advantage of taking the whole family along to the
clinic3 What special programmes does the clinic offer
228 | The health service
4 Which group in society is it targeting5 What resistance to dental treatment is the advertisement trying
to overcome
Language points diams
Nekogo nehego
These expressions meaning respectively lsquothere is no onersquo and lsquothereis nothingrsquo are used with the infinitive and may also be used with thedative
Nekogo sprositThere is no one to ask
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Zdravooxranenie | 229
Nehego delatThere is nothing to do
Emu nekogo sprositHe has no one to ask
Nam nehego delatWe have nothing to do
Nekogo nehego decline like kto and hto and their case depends onthe verb governing them
Ej nekomu pomogatShe has no one to help
Nam nehem zanimatsqWe have nothing to occupy us
When nekogo nehego are used with a preposition it comes betweenne and the rest of the word
Emu ne s kem razgovarivatHe has no one to talk to
Im ne o hem dumatThey have nothing to think about
Note that the form nehto is used with prepositions taking theaccusative otherwise the accusative form is nehego
Nam ne na hto smotretWe have nothing to look at
Nam nehego estWe have nothing to eat
The word nekto means lsquosomeonersquo
Nekto priwelSomeone has arrived
Negde nekuda nekogda
These adverbs meaning respectively lsquothere is nowherersquo (place) lsquothereis nowherersquo (motion) lsquothere is no timersquo are used in the same way asnekogo nehego
Nam negde itWe have nowhere to live
230 | The health service
Im nekuda idtiThey have nowhere to go
Nam nekogda otdyxatWe have no time to relax
Note that nekogda also means lsquoonce upon a timersquo
On nekogda il v MoskveHe once lived in Moscow
All the above expressions can be made past or future by using byloor budet
Nam ne s kem budet razgovarivatWe will have no one to talk to
Im nekuda bylo idtiThey had nowhere to go
Exercise 10
Choose an appropriate word from the list and then put the sentencesin the past and future tense
(nekuda nehego negde nekogo nekogda nehem ne o hemne na kogo ne s kem ne k komu)
1 Mne xodit 2 Emu it 3 Ej delat 4 Materi smotret televizor 5 Mne govorit s toboj 6 Emu dae pojti v pivnu[ 7 Mne priglasit v kino 8 Rebenku est sup 9 Mne nadeqtsq 10 Ej zajti po doroge domoj
The buffer vowel -o in prepositions
You will have noticed that the preposition v changes to vo k to koand s to so before some words beginning with more than one conso-nant Sometimes this happens when the beginning of the word repeatsthe same or a similar sound to the preposition
so sredy since Wednesdaybut v sredu on Wednesday
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Zdravooxranenie | 231
vo Francii in Francebut k Francii towards France
so stadiona from the stadiumbut k stadionu towards the stadium
There are some combinations of consonants which result in -o beingadded to all of these prepositions
These include vr- vs- vt- dn- mn- vo vremq ko vremeniso vremeni vo vsex ko vsem so vsemi vo vtorom ko vtoromuso vtorym vo mnogix ko mnogim so mnogix
Exercise 11
Choose the correct form of the prepositions from the brackets tocomplete the sentence
1 On priexal (v vo) vtornik 2 Ona uwla (v vo) sredu 3 (S so)togo vremeni vse izmenilos 4 |to (v vo) mnogom zavisit ot Vas5 Oni zajdut (k ko) mne 6 Ona podowla (k ko) stadionu
Stress
Short form of adjectives
Fixed stress on the stem krasiv krasiva krasivo krasivyinteresen interesna serezen serezna This group includesmost adjectives of four or more syllables
There are three main types of mobile stress
ndash Stress on the ending in the feminine and otherwise on the stemgust gusta gusto gusty dobr dobra krepok krepka glupglupa iv iva cel cela mil mila
ndash Stress on the ending in the feminine neuter and plural xorowxorowa xorowo xorowi bolen bolna legok legka umenumna
ndash Stress on the end in the feminine and plural and otherwise on thestem viden vidna vidno vidny
232 | The health service
Exercise 12
Translate into Russian
1 At present the Russian health system is experiencing many diffi-culties There are not enough doctors and nurses and conditionsin hospitals are appalling
2 The cost of treatment in private clinics is very high but I do notthink we can do without private medicine in the present situa-tion
3 State help is essential for all hospitals both state and private4 I think medical treatment should remain accessible to all people
But I do agree that people should have a choice5 I am so sorry for old age pensioners in Russia they worked hard
all their lives and now they cannot afford even basic medicines6 I think Professor Bronstein succeeded in creating his famous clinic
thanks to his enormous energy and practical experience7 I am so fed up with everything I have nothing to do nowhere
to go nobody to talk to8 I hope the Russian government will succeed in getting out of its
present crisis
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Zdravooxranenie | 233
13 VYBORY V DUMU
In this unit you will learn
about the Russian electoral and party system how to form and to use perfective and imperfective gerunds how to write sentences in the negative
The fall of the Soviet Union also ended the role of the CommunistParty of the Soviet Union (CPSU) as the sole political party Howeverit would be inaccurate to say that Russia has now moved to a properlyfunctioning multi-party system With the exception of the successorto the CPSU the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)other political groups are rather ill-defined movements with no realparty structure economic programme or ideological positionAlliances between these groups are constantly changing For exampleprior to the elections to the State Duma (lower house of the Russianparliament) of December 1999 hundreds of small parties formed into 26 alliances The real surprise of the election was that lsquoUnityrsquoan alliance formed only a short while before the election should come second to the communists in the popular vote and because ofother support it could call upon in the Duma become in effect thedominant party
Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Vybory v Dumu | 235
Neoidannaq pobeda
Parlamentskie vybory 19 dekabrq 1999 goda byli odnim izglavnyx sobytij v Rossii na rubee tretego tysqheletiq Itogivyborov vse e]e obsuda[tsq v presse podvergaqs raznymocenkam i vyzyvaq spory o budu]em rossijskoj demokratiiSamym neoidannym rezultatom vyborov byla pobeda novogopolitiheskogo dvieniq ltEdinstvogt (ltMedvedqgt) Onookazalos na vtorom meste posle kommunistov Nikto nikogdane predpolagal hto ta frakciq s minimalnym rejtingomsobrannaq za nedel[ do registracii moet pobedit Ved vkonce oktqbrq rejting ltEdinstvagt po dannym VCIOM byltolko 4 A htoby uhastvovat v vyborax nado preodolet 5-nyj barer Odnako nahav s takogo nizkogo urovnq rejting
236 | Elections to the Duma
Po materialam ltNezavisimoj gazetygt 1999ndash2001
ltEdinstvagt postepenno povywalsq i za mesqc do golosovaniqpodowel k 9 hto bylo ue dostatohno htoby uhastvovat vizbiratelnyx gonkax K koncu e noqbrq za 8ndash9 dnej dogolosovaniq on ue dostigal 18 Ryvok ltMedvedqgt byl sdelanna samom finiwe izbiratelnoj kampanii i prevzowel vseoidaniq dostignuv 232 golosov podannyx izbiratelqmi Zadvienie ltEdinstvogt progolosovala pohti hetvert izbiratelejpriwedwix na vybory
Konehno KPRF po-prenemu lidirovala v vyborax nabrav277 golosov I nesmotrq na to hto neoidannyj uspexltEdinstvagt serezno izmenil sootnowenie sil pobedakommunistov v celom sostoqlas No sensacionnaq pobedaltEdinstvagt kazalos vyrosla na pustom meste VedltEdinstvogt v otlihie ot KPRF ne imelo nikakoj opre-delennoj programmy nikakoj hetkoj idealogiheskoj poziciiU nego ne bylo ni opytnyx liderov ni organizacionnojstruktury Konehno dlq dostieniq takogo rezultata bylimobilizovany kolossalnye administrativnye materialno-finansovye i informacionnye resursy No to ni v koem sluhaene moet obqsnit rezultat takogo maswtaba za stol korotkoevremq Kakovy e prihiny takogo uspexa
Po mneni[ politologov uspex ltEdinstvagt obqsnqetsq tem htoob]estvo istoskovalos po porqdku i obe]aniq novoj partiinavesti porqdok i pokonhit s korrupciej okazalis sozvuhnynastroeni[ rossiqn A lider dvieniq ltMedvedgt SergejWojgu kotoryj ne imel nikakix politiheskix zaslug no prokotorogo xorowo bylo izvestno hto on helovek dela ne vor ine mafiozi okazalsq takim blizkim bolwinstvu l[dej Nokonehno glavnaq prihina pobedy ltEdinstvagt ndash podderkaPutina Ona okazalas dlq bloka rewa[]ej |to Putin s kranatelevizora sovetoval izbiratelqm golosovat za ltmedvedejgt htoi pozvolilo novomu bloku dognat kommunistov
Vocabulary diams
vor thiefgolos golosovanie vote votingdognat to catch upizbiratel voterizbiratelnaq kampaniq election campaignistoskovatsq po porqdku to pine for miss ordermaswtab scalemedved (m) bearnabrat golosa to pick up win votesnavesti porqdok to bring orderobe]anie promisepodvergatsq ocenkam to subject to assessmentprevzojti oidaniq to exceed expectationspredpolagat to supposepreodolet barer to get through the barrier
over the hurdleprogolosovat to voteryvok spurtsozvuhnyj nastroeni[ in keeping with the moodsootnowenie sil correlation of forceshetkij clear
NB na rubee tysqheletiq ndash on the brink of the millennium ni v koemsluhae ndash on no account v celom ndash on the whole VCIOM ndashVserossijskij centr po izuheni[ ob]estvennogo mneniq
Exercise 1
Answer the questions in Russian
1 O kakix vyborax idet reh2 Kakov byl neoidannyj rezultat vyborov3 Hto neobxodimo dlq uhastiq v vyborax4 Kakov byl rejting ltEdinstvagt do i posle vyborov5 Skolko izbiratelej progolosovali za ltEdinstvogt6 Skolko golosov nabrala KPRF7 Pohemu vse byli udivleny pobede ltEdinstvagt8 Kakovy prihiny uspexa ltEdinstvagt9 Kto takoj Sergej Wojgu
10 Kakova glavnaq prihina pobedy bloka
111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111
Vybory v Dumu | 237
Exercise 2
Examine the results of the poll for the period 29 October ndash 2November 1999 a month and a half before the election on 19December 1999 and then answer the questions in Russian
1 Kakov byl rejting KPRF soglasno oprosu2 Kakov byl rejting ltEdinstvagt soglasno oprosu3 Skolko golosov nabrala KPRF v vyborax4 Skolko golosov nabralo ltEdinstvogt v vyborax5 Hej rejting povysilsq Hej rejting ponizilsq6 Hq izbiratelnaq kampaniq byla bolee uspewnoj
Dialogue 1
A conversation between a journalist and political commentator
URNALIST Sudq po kolihestvu nabrannyx golosov samaqpopulqrnaq partiq v Rossii ndash partiq kommunistovI samaq krupnaq frakciq v Dume kommunistiheskaq
POLITOLOG K soaleni[ to tak KPRF ndash edinstvennaq partiqkotoru[ mono nazvat partiej U nee est svojlektorat Sredi ee lektorata preoblada[t poilyel[di pensionery veterany vojny bednye sloinaseleniq kotorye s nostalgiej vspomina[tprowloe Oni e]e verqt hto pri kommunistax bylo
238 | Elections to the Duma
Esli by vybory v Gosdumu sostoqlis v bliajweevoskresene za kogo by vy progolosovali
28 KPRF 4 So[z pravyx sil
14 Otehestvo ndash Vsq Rossiq 3 en]iny Rossii
11 Qbloko 2 Naw dom ndash Rossiq
4 Edinstvo 3 Protiv vsex
4 Blok irinovskogo 21 Zatrudnilis otvetit