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International Journal of Applied And Pure Science and

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An ecological survey & ethnobot

of Hooghly district

Mrinmoy Ghosh1 ,2

Department of Botany, Visva

An ecological survey & ethnobotanical study of four epiphytic Pterid

district in Westbengal has been ma

Epiphytic ferns grow naturally in a totally soilless co

typical water and nutrient storage of soil.

have some important aspect. The

Now a day they are also used for interior decoration. The epiphytic

species are used as source of herbal medicine for primary healthcare.

family name, vernacular name, habit,

their ethno medicinal uses are

calculated by using field data.

Key word: Epiphytic pteridophytes

decoration, West Bengal.

Present study deals with the

part of Lower Gangatic Plain. Early civilizations in India are grown at the plain of Ganges.

area is predominantly an agricultural region and highly rich in herbs, shrubs and trees.

Pteridophytes species are significant element occurring quite frequently in the shady floor of the

mango and bamboo garden and besides small water bodies like canal, pond

The average annual rainfall is normally above 2,000 mm per year. Temperatures vary

considerably with the season, latitude, and elevation. The monthly average maximum and

minimum daily temperatures are from 22°C to 35°C. The day tempe

40°C on sunny days, whereas at night and early morning, the temperatures may drop to 18°C.

The lowest temperatures are usually recorded in January and February, while the highest

temperatures occur between March and April.

Medicinal plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery

of the knowledge and practices associated with these plant resources are part of an important

strategy linked to the conservation

anthropology that deals with the study of traditional medicines.

are not well known about the uses of Pteridophytes, since it is not easily available like flowering

plants. Pteridophytes have an important role

values of higher plants have been investigated thoroughly, unfortunately Pteridophytes have been

ignored. There is not much information

and exploitation except a few. Our survey has revealed that these plant species have some

important aspect. They are used as ethno

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Agriculture

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2015, All rights Reserved

e- ISSN:

p- ISSN:

thnobotanical study of four epiphytic P

Hooghly district in West Bengal

Mrinmoy Ghosh1, Soma Sukul nee Chunari

2

Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235

Abstract

ecological survey & ethnobotanical study of four epiphytic Pteridophytes of Hooghly

estbengal has been made based on field-observations throughout the year

Epiphytic ferns grow naturally in a totally soilless condition.these ferns grow with

typical water and nutrient storage of soil. Our survey has revealed that these plant species

aspect. They are used as ethno-medicine as well as different other uses.

Now a day they are also used for interior decoration. The epiphytic Leaf parts of

species are used as source of herbal medicine for primary healthcare. The botanical name,

vernacular name, habit, frequency, density, dominance, importance value

uses are provided in this study. Importance value and use value are

pteridophytes, Ethno-medicine, important value index, use

I. INTRODUCTION

Present study deals with the epiphytic pteridophytes of Hooghly district in West Bengal, a

part of Lower Gangatic Plain. Early civilizations in India are grown at the plain of Ganges.

is predominantly an agricultural region and highly rich in herbs, shrubs and trees.


mango and bamboo garden and besides small water bodies like canal, pond etc. and tree trunks.



minimum daily temperatures are from 22°C to 35°C. The day temperatures can reach nearly



temperatures occur between March and April.

l plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery


strategy linked to the conservation of biodiversity. Ethno-medicine is a sub-

anthropology that deals with the study of traditional medicines. Most of the indigenous people


plants. Pteridophytes have an important role in the earth’s biodiversity. Economic and medicinal


here is not much information available on the literature about the medicinal properties

. Our survey has revealed that these plant species have some

important aspect. They are used as ethno-medicine as well as horticulture and as


51

ISSN: 2394-5532

ISSN: 2394-823X

anical study of four epiphytic Pteridophytes

ophytes of Hooghly

throughout the year.

ndition.these ferns grow without the

ed that these plant species

different other uses.

Leaf parts of the plant

he botanical name,

frequency, density, dominance, importance value and

Importance value and use value are

important value index, use value

istrict in West Bengal, a

part of Lower Gangatic Plain. Early civilizations in India are grown at the plain of Ganges. These

is predominantly an agricultural region and highly rich in herbs, shrubs and trees.


etc. and tree trunks.



ratures can reach nearly



l plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery


-field of medical

Most of the indigenous people


in the earth’s biodiversity. Economic and medicinal


iterature about the medicinal properties

. Our survey has revealed that these plant species have some

horticulture and as fodder. Our

International Journal of Applied and

Volume 01, Issue


present ecological survey was

district, West Bengal.

Ecological survey was carried out throughout the Hooghly district (N 22

30’15” – N 23 0

01’ 20”, E 88

different epiphytic pteridophyte species and their

collected for further laboratory work. Photograph of each species were taken properly.

For the study of the vertical distribution of the epiphytic pteridophytes, the host trees were

vertically divided into three height zones

and 50ft - above.

Importance value index, frequency, density and abundance were determined as per Curtis

and McIntosh (1950). The relative abundance of different species

Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D),

organisms of all species and n = the total number of organisms of a particular species

Simpson’s Diversity Index, 1 – D

Ethnobotanical importance of the studied plant materials were surveyed b

interviews with local inhabitants, herbalists and practitioners. Specific questions focused on the

different ethnobotanical uses that are traditionally practiced in the area (e.g. food, medicine,

gardening, fuel wood, fodder…etc.) were asked to the interviewees.

For quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical importance of the p

importance (RI) was calculated according to Bennett and Prance

NCS (number of body system) = the number of body systems treated by a given species (NCSS)

divided by the total number of body systems treated by

(NSCSV). Then NCS = NCSS / NSCSV. NP (The number of properties) is obtained by the

relationship between the number of properties attributed to a species (NPS) divided by the total

number of properties attributed to

Phytochemical screening tests for

tannins, flavonoids and anthroquinone

Hooghly

International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)

Volume 01, Issue 12, [December - 2015] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p


about the four epiphytic pteridophytes available in

II. METHODS

was carried out throughout the Hooghly district (N 22

01’ 20”, E 88 0

30’20”) in different seasons to make a complete record of

teridophyte species and their occurrence during the year.



into three height zones from the soil surface to 25ft i.e. 0 –

requency, density and abundance were determined as per Curtis

he relative abundance of different species were calculate

Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D), D = Σn(n - 1)/ N(N-1) where N = the total number of

organisms of all species and n = the total number of organisms of a particular species

D is also calculated.

Ethnobotanical importance of the studied plant materials were surveyed b


anical uses that are traditionally practiced in the area (e.g. food, medicine,


For quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical importance of the p

was calculated according to Bennett and Prance (2000), RI = NCS + NP

umber of body system) = the number of body systems treated by a given species (NCSS)

divided by the total number of body systems treated by the most focused on the versatile species



number of properties attributed to the most versatile species (NPSV) i. e. NP = NPS / NPSV.

Phytochemical screening tests for alkaloids, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides,

, flavonoids and anthroquinones were done following the standard laboratory methods

I. STUDY AREA

Hooghly

Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)

5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

52

available in Hooghly

was carried out throughout the Hooghly district (N 22 0

39’32”, E 87 0

30’20”) in different seasons to make a complete record of

Specimens were



25 ft, 25ft - 50ft

requency, density and abundance were determined as per Curtis

calculated following the

1) where N = the total number of

organisms of all species and n = the total number of organisms of a particular species. Later on

Ethnobotanical importance of the studied plant materials were surveyed by conducting


anical uses that are traditionally practiced in the area (e.g. food, medicine,


For quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical importance of the plants, relative

RI = NCS + NP. Where

umber of body system) = the number of body systems treated by a given species (NCSS)

the most focused on the versatile species



NP = NPS / NPSV.

, cardiac glycosides,

were done following the standard laboratory methods.


Volume 01, Issue 12, [December - 2015] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

@IJAPSA-2015, All rights Reserved 53

III. OBSERVATIONS

A. ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS:

Throughout the district there are four epiphytic pteridophytes were reported, they are,

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.; Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.;Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.)

Farw. and Vittaria elongata Sw.The host plant is mainly Mangifera indica. Some times Ficus

bengalensis, Phoenix dactylifera & Albizia sp. are also found as host plant. Mangifera indica

trunks were found to support the greatest numbers of epiphytic pteridophytes. The epiphytes

grow harmlessly upon the plant barks, and derive its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain,

and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. Any direct effect by the epiphytes on their

phorophytes has not been noticed (Ruinen 1953). Mostly the epiphytic pteridophytes are present

within 25ft from ground level and some are present within 25-50 ft. but above 50ft. they are

totally absent. The ecological survey found that the Importance Value Index (IVI) is high for

Microsorium punctatum(87.932) and low for Vittaria elongate (8.514).

Table: 1. Ecological analysis of epiphytic pteridophytes present in Hooghly, West Bengal.

Name of the epiphytic

pteridophytes

Relative

frequency (RF)

Relative Density

(RD)

Relative

Abundance

(RA)

Important

Value Index

(IVI)

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel 47 40.74 0.192 87.932

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. 31.9 30.16 0.208 62.268

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw 18.09 24.328 0.295 42.713

Vittaria elongata Sw. 3.44 4.777 0.304 8.514

Table: 2. Vertical distribution of the epiphytic pteridophytes.


pteridophytes

Height of the host plant

Upto 25 ft from

ground lavel

25ft – 50ft

50ft above

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel Very common common Extremely rare

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Very common common Extremely rare

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw Very common common Extremely rare

Vittaria elongata Sw. common Rare Absent


Volume 01, Issue


B. ETHNOBOTANICINAL ANALYSIS:

In this study we are found that four epiphytic pteridophytes having some importance.

Mainly Microsorium punctatum, Drynaria quercifolia

Importance(RI) is very high than two others

Table: 3.


pteridophytes

Alkaloids

Microsorum punctatum

(L.) Copel

-

Drynaria quercifolia

(L.) J. Sm.

-

Pyrrosia lanceolata

(L.) Farw

-

Vittaria elongata Sw. -

‘+’, refers to present and ‘-‘ refers to absent.




ICINAL ANALYSIS:


Microsorium punctatum, Drynaria quercifolia are used in various aspects. Relative

Importance(RI) is very high than two others Pyrrosia lanceolata and Vittaria elongata

Table: 3. Phytochemical screening test.

Saponin Tannin Steroid Flavonoid

+ + + +

+ - + +

+ + + +

+ + + +


5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

54


are used in various aspects. Relative

Vittaria elongata.

Flavonoid Glycosidase

+

-

+

-


Volume 01, Issue


Figure 2 : RF-Relative Frequency, RD

sp1- Microsorium punctatum, Sp2

Figure 3 : UV

sp1- Microsorium punctatum, Sp2

Table: 4. Ethno-medicinal uses of the epiphytic pteridophytes in Hooghly districts.

Botanical

Name

Family Local

Name

Microsorium

punctatum

(L.)Copel.

Polypodiaceae -

Drynaria

quercifolia

(L.) J.

Sm.

Polypodiaceae Kan

kothari

Pyrrosia

lanceolata

(L.) Farw.

Polypodiaceae loti

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8




Frequency, RD- Relative Density, RA-Relative Aboundance, IVI-Important Value Index.

Sp2- Drynaria quercifolia , sp3- Pyrrosia lanceolata sp4- Vittaria

Figure 3 : UV-Use Value, RI- Relative Importance RA.

Sp2- Drynaria quercifolia , sp3- Pyrrosia lanceolata sp4- Vittaria

medicinal uses of the epiphytic pteridophytes in Hooghly districts.

Medicinal Uses

Leaf is grind into juice applied over the affected

places twice a day with hot water to heal wounds.

kothari

Skin removed rhizome is made into a paste and boiled

with pepper, cumin seeds, onion and garlic along with

water. The mixture thus obtained is taken orally to get

relief from body pain, knee pain and joint pain

Leaf is made into paste with pepper and taken

to treat sore throat and itching.

Sp

1

Sp

2

Sp

3

Sp

4

RF

RD

RA

IVI

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4

UV

RI


5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

55

Important Value Index.

Vittaria elongate.

Vittaria elongate

medicinal uses of the epiphytic pteridophytes in Hooghly districts.

UV RI

Leaf is grind into juice applied over the affected

places twice a day with hot water to heal wounds.

1.2 1.8

Skin removed rhizome is made into a paste and boiled

onion and garlic along with

water. The mixture thus obtained is taken orally to get

0.8 1.75

Leaf is made into paste with pepper and taken orally 0.95 1.3


Volume 01, Issue 12, [December - 2015] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

@IJAPSA-2015, All rights Reserved 56

Vittaria

elongata

Sw.

Pteridaceae - The leaf is grind into a paste and applied over the

affected places to get relief from knee pain and

therapeutic pain.

0.35 0.65

IV. DISCUSSION

The quantitative approach is needed in order to address such as threatened species,

pressure over natural resources and impact of the use of plants. Consequently, the popularity of

quantitative ethnobotany appears to be linked to the recognition of its ethical, biological and

social implications. A large numbers of lower group plant species including pteridophytes are

endangered mainly due to indiscriminate collection as well as excessive cutting down of forest.

So there is an urgent need for the conservation of pteridophytes which are important for their

academic, medicinal and ornamental values. The present study provides a base for enhancing

attention towards consideration of ethno-medicinally important Pteridophytes. Ecological study

provides habitat of these four epiphytic pteridophytes as well as their frequency, density,

abundance and their important value index which is helpful for the further consideration of those

plants as medicinal and ornamental. This information may be used in decision making on habitat

conservation and natural resource management and also may help to increase the awareness

among the people.

Acknowledgement:

The authors express their sincere thanks to the HOD, DST-FIST and UGC-SAP (DRS)

sponsored Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati for providing necessary supports.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]. Bir, S S; Vasudeva, S M and Kachroo, P. 1989. Pteridophytic flora of North-Eastern India. Indian Fern J., 6:

30-55.

[2]. Bennett, B.C. and Prance, G.T. 2000. Introduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeia of Northern South

America. Economic Botany, 54(1): 90-102.

[3]. Chwdhury, N. P. 1973. The pteridophytic flora of the upper gangetic plain. Navyug Traders, New Delhi.

[4]. El-Darier S. M. and El-Mogaspi F.M.2009. Ethnobotany and Relative Importance of some Endemic Plant

Species at El-Jabal El-Akhdar Region (Libya).World Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(3): 353-360.

[5]. Fraser-Jenkins,C. R. 2009. A brief comparison of modern pteridophyte classification (families and genera in

India). Indian Fern J, 26 :107-127.

[6]. Mehra, P. N. and Bir, S. S. 1964. Pteridophytic flora of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Punjab University

Research Bulletin (N S), 15 (I-II): 69-182.

[7]. Nayar, B. K. 1957. Medicinal Ferns of India. Bulletin, National Botanical Garden, 29: 1-36.

[8]. Kaushik, P. & Dhiman, A. K. 1995. Common Medicinal Pteridophytes. Indian Fern J, 12: 139-145.

[9]. Pichi-Sermolli, R. E. G. 1977. Tentamen Pteridophytorum genera in taxonomicum ordinem regendi. Webbia,

31(2): 313-512.

[10]. Simpson EM. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163:688.

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2394- 5532 General Impact Factor (GIF): 0.875 2394-823X … · 2017-04-07 · Phytochemical screening tests for tannins , flavonoids and anthroquinone Hooghly ! "# about the four