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BACTERIA

Diplococcus (pneumonia)

Streptococcus

(sore throat)

Staphylococcus (boils)

(“Coccus” means “round”)Bacillus (T.B. Tetanus)

(Rod shaped)

Treponema (Syphilis)(Spiral Shaped)

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VIRUSES

• Viruses can only reproduce inside living cells.• Viruses have specific targets e.g.

– Cold virus cells lining nose

• Viruses are specific to one host e.g. • Myxamatosis is fatal to rabbits but not harmful to humans.

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FUNGI

• Fungi cause rapid deterioration of food leading to disease.

• Plants have thick wall that prevents entry.• Human Skin (Intact) prevents invasion.• Examples of fungal infections:-

– Tinia Pedis (athletes foot)– Candida (thrush in mouth or vagina)

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Sources: Ross, J. and Wilson K (1981) Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone N.Y.

Immunity

Natural Artificial

Active

Contact with the disease

Passive

Placenta breast milk

Active

Vaccination toxoid

Passive

Immune serum

Active: causes individual to make own antibodies

Passive: antibodies acquired by other means, body is passive

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Social Factors

Accidentsenvironment

Health expectations

Language

Family environment

Education

Pollution Noise

Life chances

(the “haves and “have nots”)

Accidents Peers

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Economic Factors

Dependents

(under 16 years) Diet

Housing Social activities

Health care

Job Education

Gender Work environment

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Factors that may affect the foetus

STIs

Caffeine

Folic acidLead poisoning

Diet Genetic disorders Drugs

Immunisation/vaccination

ExerciseSmoking

Health hazards

Rubella (German Measles)

HIV/AIDS

Alcohol

Brenn and et al (2001) Child Development

Hadder and Stoughton: London